HACQUETIA 3/2 • 2004, 51–80 RIVERINE FORESTS IN THE UPPER SOČA VALLEY (THE JULIAN ALPS, WESTERN SLOVENIA) Igor DAKSKOBLER*, Urban ŠILC** & Boško ČUŠIN* Abstract Riverine forests (willow stands and groves) along the upper course of the Soča River in western Slovenia were researched applying the standard Central-European phytosociological method (Braun-Blanquet 1964). After processing 52 relevés applying the hierachical classification and ordination method (PCoA) we determined two subassociations of the association Salicetum albae Issler 1926 (alliance Salicion albae Soó 1930): -myosotidetosum I. Kárpáti ex Soó 1958 and -leucojetosum verni Šilc, Čušin & Dakskobler 2004 subass. nova and two syntaxa from the alliance Alnion incanae Pawłowski in Pawłowski & Wallisch 1928: Lamio orvalae-Salicetum eleagni nom. prov. and Alnetum incanae Lüdi 1921 var. geogr. Anemone trifolia Müller & Görs 1958 forma Galanthus nivalis f. nova. As a specific successional stage (subassociation -caricetosum albae, differentiated by the species Tilia cordata, Carex alba and Carpinus betulus) we classified into the latter syntaxon also the stands which thrive on sites that are only rarely (occasionally) still flooded and where hydromorphic soil traverses into automorphic. Even regarding its floristic composition this community is transitional between the forests from the alliance Alnion incanae and the forests from the alliance Erythronio-Carpinion. Izvleček Po standardni srednjeevropski fitocenološki metodi (Braun-Blanquet 1964) smo raziskali obrečne gozdove (vrbovja in loge) ob zgornjem teku reke Soče v zahodni Sloveniji. Po obdelavi 52 fitocenoloških popisov s hierarhično klasifikacijo in ordinacijsko metodo glavnih koordinat (PCoA) smo ugotovili dve subasociaciji asociacije Salicetum albae Issler 1926 (zveza Salicion albae Soó 1930): -myosotidetosum I. Kárpáti ex Soó 1958 in -leucojetosum verni Šilc, Čušin & Dakskobler 2004 subass. nova in dva sintaksona iz zveze Alnion incanae Pawłowski in Pawłowski & Wallisch 1928: Lamio orvalae-Salicetum eleagni nom. prov. in Alnetum incanae Lüdi 1921 var. geogr. Anemone trifolia Müller & Görs 1958 forma Galanthus nivalis f. nova. V slednji sintakson smo kot posebno razvojno obliko (subasociacijo -caricetosum albae, razlikujejo jo vrste Tilia cordata, Carex alba in Carpinus betulus) uvrstili tudi sestoje, ki uspevajo na rastiščih, ki so le redko (občasno) še poplavljena in kjer hidromorfna tla prehajajo v avtomorfna. Tudi po floristični sestavi je to prehodna združba med gozdovi iz zveze Alnion incanae in gozdovi iz zveze Erythronio-Carpinion. Key words: riverine forest, Salicion albae, Alnion incanae, Erythronio-Carpinion, synsystematics, the Soča River, western Slovenia Ključne besede: obrečni gozd, Salicion albae, Alnion incanae, Erythronio-Carpinion, sinsistematika, reka Soča, zahodna Slovenija 1. INTRODUCTION The Soča River is one of the best preserved Alpine is protected as a natural monument. Also sup- rivers, above all its upper course from the source posed to be protected is its riparian belt, namely in the Trenta valley to the confluence with the Tol-gravel sites, willow stands and riverine forests minka at the town of Tolmin. This part of the river which overgrow the youngest river terraces that * Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Regional research unit Tolmin, Brunov drevored 13, SI- 5220 Tolmin ** Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Novi trg 2, p. b. 306, SI-1001 Ljubljana 51 HACQUETIA 3/2 • 2004 are up to a few metres above the present river level. The vegetation of riverine forests along the Soča and the Nadiža was studied by Gabrijel Tomažič (Robič & T. Wraber 2001: 15) in 1956 and 1957, but the report in which his research was collected was lost (Prof. D. Robič, verbal report 2002). More systematic research of this riparian vegetation started in the period between 1960 and 1970, at the time when the Trnovo and Kobarid power stations were being projected. Most studies at the time were conducted in the section between the towns of Bovec and Kobarid. Most noteworthy among the publications at the time was an article by T. Wraber (1966) and some professional papers in the journal Varstvo narave (Protection of Nature), No. 2–3 (1965), but most of the studies were not published and are only available in experts’ detailed reports. In the same form, an interdisciplinary study Watershed of the Soča River, The Soča Development Project (Černilogar et al. 1991, 1993) was made, in which forest stands along the Soča were studied by I. Mlekuž. Several comparable vegetation studies conducted along the Nadiža River in the Breginjski kot were made in the last few years (Šilc & Čušin 2000, Čušin 2001, 2002, and currently in print is also an article on vegetation of gravel sites of the Upper Soča Valley – Čušin & Šilc 2004). In 2001 we started, systematically and phytosociologically to research the forest stands along the Soča between the Trenta valley and Most na Soči, as well as similar stands along the lower course of the Idrijca River. Our research included riparian willow stands (forest stands of grey willow near the villages of Soča, Žaga, Srpenica and Ladra, stands with predominating white willow near Tolmin) and mixed forest stands of grey willow, grey alder, European ash-tree and other deciduous trees (mountain elm, sycamore maple, small-leaved lime, pedunculate oak, hornbeam), which indicate a syndynamic connection (link) with forests of oaks and hornbeam (Querco-Carpinetum s. lat.). These, however, have long ago been cleared and transformed into agricultural land (fields and today mostly cultivated meadows). These forest stands are mostly young, having been formed in the last fifty years from former pastures or land where willow rods were being acquired (the vicinity of Tolmin). Occasionally, and without plan,qualitytrees(hardandvaluablebroad-leaved species) are cut down here. These stands are in some places also more systematically managed withthinning(Srpenica,Žaga,someplacesaround Tolmin). 2. METHODS In conducting our research we applied the standard Central-European phytosociological method (Braun-Blanquet 1964, Dierschke 1994). Relevés were made in spring (April, May), as the early spring flora in these stands is the richest in the number of species and is therefore diagnostically important. They were repeated in the summer (when in certain parts anthropophytes predominate). When arranging the relevés into tables and comparing them with the stands of similar syntaxa we used the hierarchical classification and ordination method Principal Coordinates Analysis (Metric Multidimensional Scaling) – PCoA (using the programme package SYN-TAX, Podani 1993, 2001). On final arrangement of relevés in Table 2 we combined the results obtained with numerical methods with the classic arrangement based on diagnostic species. Nomenclature source for the names of vascular plants is the Mala flora Slovenije (Martinčič & al. 1999). The nomenclature source for the names of mosses are Frahm & Frey(1992). With the names of syntaxa we follow Grass (1993), Wallnöfer & al. (1993), as well as Marinček & Čarni (2000). For lower syntaxonomical units of the association Alnetum incanae s. lat. we employed the principle of multidimensional division of vegetation units (W. Matuszkiewicz & A. Matuszkiewicz 1981, Schwabe 1985). 3. ECOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH AREA The Upper Soča Valley from Trenta to Most na Soči can be divided into three sections. The section reaching from the spring in Trenta to the confluence with the Koritnica at Bovec is most Alpine. In this part the Soča runs mostly down a narrow valley, on entirely limestone terrain. There are more extensive alluvia near the village of Soča, downstream from the confluence with the Lepenica, at about 430 m a.s.l., which are at least partly (along the still predominating initial willow stands, Salicetum incano-purpureae Sillinger 1933) overgrown with forest stands of grey willow with addition of spruce. The second section is between the confluence with the Koritnica and ravine at Trnovo. Extensive gravel sites in this section are at the village of Čezsoča, downstream from the confluence with the right tributary Koritnica and the left tributary Slatenik (Slatenk), at about 360 m a.s.l. It is here 52 IGOR DAKSKOBLER, URBAN ŠILC & BOŠKO ČUŠIN: RIVERINE FORESTS IN THE UPPER SOČA VALLEY (THE JULIAN ALPS, WESTERN SLOVENIA) Figure 1: Research area at the upper course of the Soča River between the village of Soča and the town of Tolmin Slika 1: Raziskovano območje ob zgornjem teku reke Soče med vasjo Soča in Tolminom also that limestone gravel prevails, although the Koritnica and Slatenik carry clay and marl gravel stones as well. The gravel sites are overgrown with initial willow stands (Salicetum incano-purpureae), with mixed riparian stands of grey willow, grey alder and other deciduous trees, whereas on slighty more developed soil that is more rarely exposed to flooding, mixed stands of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris), spruce (Picea abies) and deciduous trees (Alno incanae-Pinetum sylvestris Poldini 1984) grow. Due to the windbreakage in autumn 2002 (November, 16) and salvage fellings which followed, these stands are very open, their natural structure is destabilized (deciduous trees are likely to prevail in the succession). There are extensive gravel sites also near the village of Žaga (at the confluence with the Učja) and between Žaga and Srpenica (where the Soča is joined by the torrent Sušec which flows from the slopes of the Stol ridge) at about 330 m a.s.l. For the most part they are overgrown with stands of grey willow and riparian stands of grey alder and European ash-tree. The climate in the upper course of the Soča River is mostly Alpine, but there is a considerable sub-Mediterranean impact. Ogrin (1996) classifies it into the moderate continental climate of western and southern Slovenia (typical of which is a sub-Mediterranean rainfall regime – with its peak in the months of October and November). Rainfall there is rather abundant: Lepena (480 m) – 3018 mm, Bovec (452 m) – 2735 mm and Žaga (353 m) – 3018 mm (in the period between 1961 and 1990) and evenly distributed throughout the year, with the peak in the autumn months (October, November) – B. Zupančič (1995: 12, 126, 360). Temperature conditions can be described only for the measure station in Bovec (452 m). Average yearly temperature measured here in the period of 1961–1990 was 9.2 °C (interpolated value), the coldest month was January (–0.7 °C), and the warmest July (18.7 °C) – Mekinda - Majaron (1995: 35). At the town of Kobarid, where the Soča exits the gorge between the Stol and the Polovnik ridge, the river flows over a wide plain with more or less extensive gravel sites on both embankments (at about 200 m a.s.l.) all the way to Tolmin or the conflu 53 HACQUETIA 3/2 • 2004 ence with the Tolminka (at about 160 m a.s.l.). The gravel itself is composed of limestone, but the left tributaries (Kozjak, Ročica, Volarja) carry with them also marl and clay material. Mixed stands of grey willow and grey alder prevail, mixed stands of these two species and other deciduous trees (European ash-tree, small-leaved lime and in places also hornbeam and pedunculate oak), whereas in the vicinity of Tolmin there are also stands with predominating white willow. This part of the Soča Valley has a slightly warmer and less humid climate. Average rainfall in the period of 1961–1990 in Kobarid (263 m) was 2699 mm, and in Tolmin (180 m) 2243 mm (B. Zupančič 1995: 99, 311). Average yearly temperature in Tolmin in the period of 1961–1990 was 10.6 °C (interpolated value), the coldest month was Jauary (0.6 °C) and the warmest month July (20.0 °C) – Mekinda - Majaron (1995: 122). Ogrin (1996) classifies also the Kobarid and Tolmin region into the moderate continental climate of western and southern Slovenia. M. Wraber (1969) classified the Upper Soča Valley up to Tolmin into the Alpine phytosociological region of Slovenia, but Zupančič et al. (1989) classified its lower valley parts into the sub-Mediterranean-pre-Alpine district of the pre-Alpine subsector and southeastern sector of the Illyrian floral province. Within the research area the Soča has a snow regime. The height of water level is above average between April and July, and reaches its peak in May. Autumn high water with its peak in November is short-term and hardly exceeds the average yearly discharge (flow rate of stream) (at Kobarid it is 34.1 l/s). Winter low water lasts from December until March, with its primary low in February, whereas the summer low water is limited to August (Bat in Bat & Skoberne 1998: 132). The Soča Valley up to the confluence with the Idrijca is an explicitly torrential region. It was determined that 14,500 m3 of material per square kilometre is loosened from this region every year (Paulič 1995: 155). 4. RESULTS 4.1 Survey of vegetation units Salicetea purpureae Moor 1958 Salicetalia purpureae Moor 1958 Salicion albae Soó 1930 Salicetum albae Issler 1926 myosotidetosum I. Kárpáti ex Soó 1958 Salicetum albae Issler 1926 leucojetosum verni Šilc, Čušin & Dakskobler 2004 subass. nova Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937 Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawłowski in Pawłowski et al. 1928 Alnion incanae Pawłowski in Pawłowski et Wal lisch 1928 Lamio orvalae-Salicetum eleagni nom. prov. Alnetum incanae Lüdi 1921 var. geogr. Anemone trifolia Müller & Görs 1958 forma Galanthus nivalis f. nova -typicum var. Salix eleagnos var. typica -caricetosum albae var. typica var. Crocus napolitanus Figure 2: Two-dimensional scatter diagram of 52 relevés (PCoA, similarity ratio). – Salicetum albae, – Lamio orvalae-Salicetum eleagni, – Alnetum incanae var. geogr. Anemone trifolia forma Galanthus nivalis typicum, – Alnetum incanae var. geogr. Anemone trifolia forma Galanthus nivalis caricetosum albae var. typica, Alnetum incanae var. geogr. Anemone trifolia forma Galanthus nivalis caricetosum albae var. Crocus napolitanus Slika 2: Dvorazsežni ordinacijski diagram popisnega gradiva (PCoA, similarity ratio). – Salicetum albae, – Lamio orvalae-Salicetum eleagni, – Alnetum incanae var. geogr. Anemone trifolia forma Galanthus nivalis typicum, – Alnetum incanae var. geogr. Anemone trifolia forma Galanthus nivalis caricetosum albae var. typica, Alnetum incanae var. geogr. Anemone trifolia forma Galanthus nivalis caricetosum albae var. Crocus napolitanus 54 IGOR DAKSKOBLER, URBAN ŠILC & BOŠKO ČUŠIN: RIVERINE FORESTS IN THE UPPER SOČA VALLEY (THE JULIAN ALPS, WESTERN SLOVENIA) 4.2 Salicetum albae So far, 52 relevés have been comparatively processed and four main groups have been determined applying the Principal Coordinates Analysis (Podani 1993, 2000) – Figure 2. Completely separated from others were the relevés of white willow stands which were made in the vicinity of Tolmin. These relevés were therefore arranged into Table 1 and compared to similar stands of white willow from other regions of Central Europe. This way we determined considerable differences as the relevés of white willow stands along the Soča are floristically a little different from other communities compared. The closest similarity was determined with the stands of white willow along the Tagliamento River in northeastern Italy (Lippert & al. 1995). We suppose that along the Soča thrive mostly those stands of white willow which, regarding their floristic composition and ecology, are a link in the syndynamic development from white willow stands to grey alder stands. Due to various regulations (e.g. regular gravel excavation and deepening of the riverbed), human impact on this development is rather strong, which is the cause for the drop in the underground water level. Apart from that, human impact is the cause of the lower frequency and duration of flooding. This is the reason why the soil in these stands, at least in comparison with the soils in a typical white willow stand, is drier and more developed. Only two relevés (No. 1 and 2) were classified into the subassociation Salicetum albae Issler 1926 myosotidetosum I. Kárpáti ex Soó 1958 after the comparisons were completed. These stands were found in concavities, where water is retained for a longer period. Other relevés are classified into a new subassociation Salicetum albae Issler 1926 leucojetosum verni Šilc, Čušin & Dakskobler 2004 subass. nova (holotypus is relevé No. 8 in Table 1). Its differential species are those which are common in contact forests of grey alder and European ash- tree, in hornbeam forests and (some of them) in beech forests (that is the species from the alliances Alnion incanae and Erythronio-Carpinion, order Fagetalia and class Querco-Fagetea): Leucojum vernum, Galanthus nivalis, Corydalis cava, Anemone ranunculoides and Crocus napolitanus. These geophytes are not usually found in white willow stands as their bulbs tend to rot due to high water level (comp. Grass 1993: 52). Phytogeographical differential species are Lamium orvala and Anemone trifolia. Similar syndynamic (transitional) forms in the successional sere from softwood to transitional forms and hardwood forests were, in relation to human impact, described also by other authors (Müller 1995, Gallandat & al. 1993, Uheričkova 1998). Wildi (1989) found considerable changes of vegetation 40 years after the pioneer research conducted by Moor (1958). Due to altered site conditions (decrease in frequency and duration of flooding), new vegetational types of riverine forests occured. Among dominant species he determined a regression of the species of the genus Salix and an increase in abundance of the species Fraxinus excelsior, which has a wider ecological amplitude. As an important reason for the excessive surface growth of grey alder stands, Müller (1995) mentions its good regenerational ability after felling. This way, the successional development in the direction of the stands from the association Querco- Ulmetum Issler 1926 terminates. Similarly, the stands of grey alder occur on the sites of the association Salicetum albae because they are less flooded. Grey alder stands (Alnetum incanae s. lat.) also spread along old riverbeds which are being deepened on account of erosion. 4.3 Lamio orvalae-Salicetum eleagni nom. prov. (Alnion incanae) The other 37 relevés were arranged in Table 2. The relevés of grey willow stands found on gravel sites of the Soča near the village of Soča (downstream from the confluence with the Lepenica) are in the first four columns. In relatively unified pole stands (with largest diameters up to 30 cm and up to 18 m in tree height) grey willow (Salix eleagnos) completely prevails at the moment. Often, but mostly individually, there is also spruce (Picea abies), and occasionally European ash-tree (Fraxinus excelsior), mountain elm (Ulmus glabra), lime tree (Tilia platyphyllos) and hop hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia). Species of beech forests (order Fagetalia sylvaticae s. lat.) prevail in the herb layer, as well as the character species of the alliance Alnion incanae. However, we did not detect grey alder among them (possibly because of the soil conditions, lack of nutrients on limestone and dolomite gravel), which is why we provisionally treat these relevés as a specific successional stage Lamio orvalae-Salicetum eleagni nom. prov. (which is classified into the alliance Alnion incanae). These stands cannot be classified within the associaton Salicetum incano-purpureae Sillinger 1933, as was confirmed by the comparison of our relevés with the relevés of the ecologically most similar 55 HACQUETIA 3/2 • 2004 mesophilous form Salicetum incano-purpureae petasitetosum hybridi (Šilc & Čušin 2000) Oriolo & Poldini 2002 (comp. Šilc & Čušin 2000, Oriolo & Poldini 2002, Čušin & Šilc 2004, submitted). Apart from the obvious differences in the composition of these stands as well as in soil conditions (in our case those are unified forest stands on comparatively better developed soil) there are huge differences also regarding floristic composition (with a considerably larger proportion of species of the alliances Alnion incanae and Tilio-Acerion, of the order Fagetalia and the class Querco-Fagetea in our stands, and with a considerably larger proportion of the species of the classes Artemisietea, Galio-Urticetea, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea in the stands of the compared subassociation). Even the simple floristic similarity according to Sorensen (1948) – with consideration of all the species, irrespective of their constancy – with the compared subassociation as described by Šilc and Čušin (2000) in the Nadiža valley reaches only about 45 %. These differences are even larger when considering mean coverage. For now, the stage described can be evaluated as a provisional association. Four relevés do not suffice for its typification, so further comparisons would be needed. Its diagnostic species are Salix eleagnos, Picea abies and Lamium orvala. Spruce is spontaneous in these stands and will probably prevail in the next stage, together with an admixture of hard and valuable broad-leaved tree species, in case of progressive succession (improvement of soil conditions) when grey willow will gradually disappear. Further development is likely to proceed in the direction of beech forest (Anemono trifoliae-Fagetum Tregubov 1962), which is the predominant community of this part of the Upper Soča Valley. 4.4 Alnetum incanae s. lat. All other relevés are classified into the macroassociation Alnetum incanae s. lat. These relevés were made in almost the entire research region (from Čezsoča to Tolmin), which in terms of climate means in both slightly different parts of the Upper Soča Valley. Pole stands, whose diameters measure up to 30 (35) cm at breast height and which reach up to 20 (25) m in height, prevail. In the tree layer there is, together with the generally prevailing grey alder, also a good deal of grey willow, which was the edifier of the previous successional stage (Salicetum eleagni s. lat.). In certain parts European ash-tree (Fraxinus excelsior) has an almost equal share as grey alder and grey willow. More common among other species of the tree layer is mostly small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata). The shrub layer is lush, with a large proportion of Cornus sanguinea and Coryllus avellana, which is partly related to human impact (occasional felling, selection of valuable examples of hardwoods). In the lower shrub and herb layer Rubus caesius prevails. Geophytes (Leucojum vernum, Galanthus nivalis, Ranunculus ficaria, less often Crocus napolitanus, Isopyrum thalictroides, Corydalis cava) are characteristic for the early spring aspect. About a month later they are accompanied by the species Paris quadrifolia, Anemone trifolia, A. ranunculoides, Dentaria pentaphyllos, Allium ursinum. Common species of the late spring aspect are e.g. Listera ovata, Stellaria nemorum agg., Adoxa moschatellina, Asarum europaeum, Galeobdolon flavidum, Cerastium sylvaticum, Brachypodium sylvaticum and Deschampsia cespitosa, and above all some tall herbs, such as Lamium orvala, Aegopodium podagraria, Lunaria rediviva, Aconitum lycoctonum agg., Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Angelica sylvestris, Ranunculus lanuginosus and others. In autumn on certain more open surfaces anthropophytes predominate (Solidago gigantea, Helianthus tuberosus). In the moss layer Plagiomnium undulatum is always present. More common is also Climacium dendroides. Riverine stands of grey alder and other deciduous trees along the Soča have a rich and diverse flora: average number of species per relevé is 70, standard deviation (SD) is 9.6 and coefficient of variation is 13.7. Phytosociological descriptions of grey alder stands (Alnetum incane s. lat.) in Central and in part also in Southeastern Europe are found in articles and works of numerous authors (see e.g. Pawłowski & al. 1928, Aichinger & Siegrist 1930, Aichinger 1933, J. & M. Bartsch 1940, Oberdorfer 1953, Moor 1958, Müller & Görs 1958, Trinajstić 1973, Dierschke 1984, Schwabe 1985, T. Müller 1992, Wallnöfer, Mucina & Grass 1993 and in lists of literature quoted in these publications). Moor (1958), for example, proposed division of grey alder stands into two associations: Calamagrostio-Alnetum incanae Moor 1958 in Alpine valleys and Equiseto-Alnetum incanae Moor 1958 in Alpine foothills, where rivers leave the mountains and spread onto hills and lowlands. Comparison of our material with Moor’s scheme (Moor 1958: 310) shows that in the stands of grey alder we can find the species which characterize the first association (Picea abies, Salix eleagnos, Carex alba) as well as those which characterize the second association (Ranunculus ficaria, Anemone ranunculoides, Chrysosplenium alternifolium etc.). Also 56 IGOR DAKSKOBLER, URBAN ŠILC & BOŠKO ČUŠIN: RIVERINE FORESTS IN THE UPPER SOČA VALLEY (THE JULIAN ALPS, WESTERN SLOVENIA) important for us is the Müller & Görs treatise (1958), as there is a detailed geographical division of the association Alnetum incanae based on material published by then. In their article, with consideration of Aichinger’s relevés from the Karavanke mountains, the south-Alpine geographical variant (Rasse, race) with the differential species Cantaurea dubia (=C. nigrescens), Knautyia drymeia, Anemone trifolia and Cyclamen purpurascens is excluded for the first time. A thorough monographic study of grey alder communities in Europe was published by Angelika Schwabe (1985). She classifies grey alder stands in Central Europe into the (macro)association Alnetum incanae Lüdi 1921 and subdivides it into several geographical races, altitudinal forms and site types (subassociations). According to her scheme (Schwabe 1985: 285, 287) the studied community would be classified into the Alpine geographical race, a territorial form of Southeastern Alps, submontane form (differential species Cornus sanguinea, Ligustrum vulgare, Clematis vitalba, Viburnum lantana, Ranunculus ficaria, Anemone ranunculoides) and into at least two site types (-typicum and -caricetosum albae). The grey alder community in the Soča Valley definitely has certain floristic features which differentiate it from the so far described communities of this species within Central Europe. It is differentiated by a group of species distributed mostly in southeastern Europe (in the Southeastern Alps, the northwestern Dinaric mountains, partly in the whole Mediterranean-montane belt), character species of the alliances Erythronio- Carpinion and Aremonio-Fagion: Galanthus nivalis, Primula vulgaris, Helleborus odorus, Crocus napolitanus, Ornithogalum pyrenaicum, Lamium orvala, Anemone trifolia, Knautia drymeia, Helleborus niger, Cyclamen purpurascens, Cardamine trifolia, Isopyrum thalictroides etc., as well as (although more rarely and individually) by some sub-Mediterranean species, such as Ostrya carpinifolia and Fraxinus ornus. More than ecologically (syndynamic relationship with the forests of hornbeam and partly with beech forests), these species characterize the studied community in terms of phytogeography above all. Certain of the above mentioned species can be found also in the grey alder communities in southern Carinthia (comp. e.g. Aichinger & Siegrist 1930, Aichinger 1933, Franz 1990, 1991, Egger & al. 2002) in northeastern Italy (Lippert & al. 1995), species Galanthus nivalis in riverine stands along the Danube east of Linz (Wallsee) – Wendelberger- Zelinka 1952 (quoted after Müller & Görs 1958: 134) and in the region of Kočevsko in southern Slovenia (Alnetum incanae Lüdi 1921 var. geogr. Scopolia carniolica Accetto 1996) – Accetto (1996), but no longer (or hardly ever) in northern Croatia in the Drava River basin – Equiseto-Alnetum incanae (M. Moor 1958) Trinajstić 1973 (Trinajstić 1973). An extensive and detailed comparison with grey alder stands around Slovenia and in Central Europe, for the moment still to be executed, would be required for an adequate synsystematic classification of the stands studied (studies of similar forest stands in Slovenia are for the most part still being conducted, and there are relatively few publications, see e.g. M. Wraber 1960: 84–85 and Accetto 1996). If we follow the scheme of Müller & Görs (1958: 134) and Angelika Schwabe (1985: 285–287) we can treat these stands as a submontane form of southeastern-Alpine-northern-Illyrian geographical variant of the (macro)association Alnetum incanae s. lat., that is Alnetum incanae Lüdi 1921 var. geogr. Anemone trifolia Müller & Görs 1958 forma Galanthus nivalis f. nova. Nomenclatural type, holotypus, of the new form it is relevé No. 15 in Table 2. At the same time, this is the nomenclatural type, lectotypus, of the geographical variant Anemone trifolia, as in the Aichinger’s relevés (1933) used by Müller & Görs (1958: 134) to describe the south- Alpine geographical variant, the species Anemone trifolia is present only in the stands with prevailing spruce. Even Aichinger and Siegrist (1930) did not detect it in the riverine forests of grey alder along the Drava (which are also classified into this geographical variant on account of other differential species). Differential species of the southeast-Alpine geographical variant are above all Anemone trifolia and Lamium orvala (according to Müller & Görs 1958 and Schwabe 1985 also Knautia drymeia, Cyclamen purpurascens and Centaurea nigrescens). Both are mostly distributed in the Southeastern Alps and in the northern part of the Dinaric mountains (comp. e.g. Trinajstić 1992). The first, Anemone trifolia, characterizes our community mainly chorologically, and the second, Lamium orvala, also ecologically. Although it is characteristic for mesophilous submontane and montane beech forests [Lamio orvalae-Fagetum (Ht. 1938) Borhidi 1963], as well as for communities of valuable deciduous trees (Polysticho setiferi-Acerenion pseudoplatani Borhidi et Kevey 1996 =Lamio orvalae-AcerenionMarinček 1990) of the northwestern part of the Illyrian floral province, it is just as common on forest edges and in certain (semi)ruderal communities. Jelem (1979, we quote after Wallnöfer & al. 1993: 95) writes about its diagnostic significance for the grey alder 57 HACQUETIA 3/2 • 2004 stands in limestone and dolomite regions of the southern Alps. Franz (1990: 29–30) even published a description (with only one relevé) of a new subassociation Alnetum incanae lamietosum orvale Franz 1990 in southern Carinthia in Austria. Comparatively, this relevé is floristically impoverished, which means that our stands definitely cannot be classified within this subassociation. The geographical variant described by Accetto (1996), Alnetum incanae var. geogr. Scopolia carniolica, includes grey alder stands of the utmost borderline (Dinaric) form of the (macro)association Alnetum incanae s. lat. According to the only relevé published so far, these stands differ considerably from our community, even as far as its sites are concerned. Scopolia carniolica was not noticed in riverine forests along the Soča, but we have found it in riverine forests in the Idrijca valley (relevé 6 in Table 2). Differential species of the submontane form are Galanthus nivalis, Ranunculus ficaria, Anemone ranunculoides, Veratrum nigrum and Crocus napolitanus. Those are the species which do not usually thrive in montane forms of grey alder communities (such forms are mentioned for Slovenia by M. Wraber 1960: 84–85 among others). In terms of sites, two subassociations are differentiated in the studied community: -typicum (relevés 5–20, nomenclatural type, holotypus, is relevé No. 15 in Table 2) and -caricetosum albae, which means a successional stage with Tilia cordata, Carex alba and Carpinus betulus, which indicate a transition between forests of Alnion incanae and Erythronio-Carpinion alliances (the latter will be treated separately in the following chapter, its nomenclatural type, holotypus, is relevé 24 in Table 2). The typical subassociation is furthermore subdivided into the more initial variant (var. Salix eleagnos), where usually grey willow still prevails in the tree layer (relevés 5–10 in Table 2) and into the more developed form (var. typica), with the usually predominating grey alder in the tree layer (relevés 11–20 in Table 2). 4.5 Successional stage Alnetum incanae caricetosum albae Stands of the last 17 relevés in Table 2 (relevés 21– 37) grow on sites which are only rarely (occasionally) still flooded, where the underground water level is lower and hydromorphic soil is becoming automorphic. Even the entire floristic composition indicates transitional communities between forests from the alliance Alnion incanae and the forests from the alliance Erythronio-Carpinion. A certain similarity was established between these stands with those from the associations Helleboro nigri-Carpinetum Marinček in Wallnöfer, Mucina & Grass 1993 and Carici albae-Carpinetum betuli Čušin 2002. Hornbeam is regularly present there, but only individually (abundance/dominance values r, +, rarely 2). Tilia cordata is most abundant in the tree layer, Fraxinus excelsior is rather common, in places also Salix eleagnos and Alnus incana, and on a few locations near Tolmin also Quercus robur. Timber stands (with diameters at breast height of 30 to 40 cm, pedunculate oak also 50 cm) which reach up to 20 (25) m in height prevail. With few differences, the predominating species in the shrub and herb layer are similar to those in the typical grey alder community, Alnetum incanae typicum. Relevés of these stands were compared to the relevés of the earlier mentioned associations (Marinček 1979, Čušin 2002) and with the relevés of the typical grey alder community (columns 5–20 in Table 2). With classification (complete linkage clustering, similarity ratio) treated stands show an even greater similarity to the typical stands of grey alder than to the hornbeam stands. Applying the Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA), considering the same measure of dissimilarity (1-similarity ratio), we obtained a two-dimensional scatter diagram which gives a good picture of the transitional position of the studied stands between the communities of grey alder (Alnetum incanae s. lat.) and hornbeam communities (Figure 3). Also on account of the abundant presence of character species, differential species and constant companions of the forests from the alliance Alnion incanae, they are temporarily still classified into the association Alnetum incanae s. lat., as a specific subassociation -caricetosum albae, which is most likely a successional stage towards the initial (pioneer) community of hornbeam, very similar to that described by Čušin (2002) along the Nadiža River in Breginjski kot (Carici albae-Carpinetum betuli Čušin 2002). In the stands of the stage studied, all diagnostic species of this association (Carex alba, Leucojum vernum, Veratrum nigrum) are presented with a rather high frequency, the same is true also for character species of the alliance Erythronio-Carpinion (Ht. 1938) Marinček in Wallnöfer, Mucina & Grass 1993. The proportion and number of the species from the alliance Alnion incanae and class Salicetea purpureae is similar as in the other stands of the association Alnetum incanae s. lat., although mean coverage of grey alder and grey wil 58 IGOR DAKSKOBLER, URBAN ŠILC & BOŠKO ČUŠIN: RIVERINE FORESTS IN THE UPPER SOČA VALLEY (THE JULIAN ALPS, WESTERN SLOVENIA) Figure 3: Two-dimensional scatter diagram of the stands of the syntaxa – Helleboro nigri-Carpinetum (Marinček 1979), – Carici albae-Carpinetum (Čušin 2002), – Alnetum incanae var. geogr. Anemone trifolia forma Galanthus nivalis caricetosum albae var. Crocus napolitanus, – Alnetum incanae var.geogr. Anemone trifolia forma Galanthus nivalis caricetosum albae var. typica, – Alnetum incanae var. geogr. Anemone trifolia forma Galanthus nivalis typicum Slika 3: Dvorazsežni ordinacijski diagram sestojev sintaksonov – Helleboro nigri-Carpinetum (Marinček 1979), – Carici albae-Carpinetum (Čušin 2002), – Alnetum incanae var. geogr. Anemone trifolia forma Galanthus nivalis caricetosum albae var. Crocus napolitanus, – Alnetum incanae var. geogr. Anemone trifolia forma Galanthus nivalis caricetosum albae var. typica, – Alnetum incanae var. geogr. Anemone trifolia forma Galanthus nivalis typicum low in these stands is much higher, and mean coverage of hornbeam much smaller. Our classification of the studied stands into the subassociation Alnetum incanae caricetosum albae is further founded on the fact that similar transitional forms towards communities from other alliances have been determined by other researchers of grey alder forests, e.g. Moor 1958: Calamagrostio-Alnetum incanae caricetosum albae and Müller & Görs 1958: 109 (Alnetum incanae caricetosum albae, connection with the stands of the association Carici albae-Tilietum cordatae Müller & Görs 1958). Apart from that, in the scheme of multidimensional division of grey alder forests in the region of the Alps this subassociation is already mentioned with submontane form of the territorial form of northern foothills of the Alps (Gebietsausbildung des nördlichen Alpenvorlandes) – Schwabe (1985: 287). Within the southeastern-Alpine geographical variant (Alnetum incanae var. geogr. Anemone trifolia) the subassociation -caricetosum albae is described as new. Its differential species are Tilia cordata, Carex alba and Carpinus betulus, and with a slightly larger proportion than in other stands there are also some more thermophilous species which are diagnostically important (such as Ostrya carpinifolia and Berberis vulgaris). Two variants have been distinguished. In the tree layer of the more initial (typical) variant (relevés 21–26, holotypus is relevé No. 24) grey willow and grey alder are still common. Stands of this variant connect the stands of the subassociation -caricetosum albae (relevés 21–37) with the stands of the typical subassociation(relevés 5–20). In the stands of the more developed form on automorphic soil (relevés 27–37, var. Crocus napolitanus, holotypus is relevé No. 35 in Table 2) small-leaved lime prevails in the tree layer and hornbeam is relatively common in this layer as well. Among all of the studied stands these are the most similar to the stands of hornbeam communities, above all to the stands of the association Carici albae-Carpinetum betuli and some of relevés could probably be joined also to this association as an alternative (e.g. at least relevé No. 37 in Table 2, see also Fig. 3). We would also like to point out a considerable ecological and relative floristic similarity (similar composition of tree and shrub layer, entire floristic similarity according to Sorensen is about 45 %) of these stands with the stands classified by Müller and Görs (1958: 117–119, 157–160) in southern Germany (Würtembergischen Oberland) into the association Carici albae-Tilietum cordatae (alliance Carpinion Issler 1931). 5. CONCLUSIONS Conducting our phytosociological research of forest stands on gravel sites of the Soča along its upper course from Trenta to the confluence with the Tolminka we determined interesting successional stages, from pioneer communities of grey willow in the spring part (near the village of Soča), to initial and transitional communities of white willow near Tolmin. These initial and transitional forest stages are successionaly connected to the presently predominating forest type of riverine forests along the upper Soča, the grey alder community with a significant proportion of Fraxinus excelsior and Tilia cor- data (Alnetum incanae s. lat.). Further development, when natural conditions allow and where it is not 59 HACQUETIA 3/2 • 2004 obstructed by human impact, leads into hornbeam (in places also pedunculate oak) forests. Recent mixed stands of Tilia cordata and Fraxinus excelsior, with a small addition of Alnus incana and Salix eleagnos (remnants from previous, more initial successional stage) as well as Carpinus betulus and occasionally Quercus robur (indicators of the following, mature successional stage, in our case most likely climax forest of plain belt, Querco-Carpinetum s. lat., that is no longer preserved in the Soča Valley today, as it had long ago been cleared for fields and meadows) undeniably exhibit such development. As the Soča with its gravel sites has an exceptional natural value even according to the European standards, its riverine forest stands should be evaluated in the same manner. This means, however, that their development is to be left in the largest extent to natural processes, whereas human intervention should be allowed only in so far as these measures emphasise their conservation role (even in relation to contact non-forest surfaces and people’s homes). 6. POVZETEK Obrečni gozdovi v Zgornjem Posočju (Julijske Alpe, zahodna Slovenija) Leta 2001 smo začeli načrtno fitocenološko popisovati gozdne sestoje ob Soči med Trento in Mostom na Soči (slika 1) in podobne sestoje ob spodnjem teku reke Idrijce v zahodni Sloveniji. V raziskave smo vključili obrečna vrbovja (gozdne sestoje sive vrbe pri vaseh Soča, Žaga, Srpenica in Ladra, sestoje s prevladujočo belo vrbo pri Tolminu) in mešane gozdne sestoje sive vrbe, sive jelše, velikega jesena in drugih listavcev (gorski brest, gorski javor, lipovec, dob, beli gaber), ki kažejo na sindinamsko (sukcesijsko) povezanost z gozdovi hrastov in belega gabra, ki pa so v tem delu Posočju v glavnem že zelo dolgo izkrčeni v kmetijske površine (njive in v današnjem času predvsem gojene travnike). Ti gozdni sestoji so v glavnem mladi, nastali v zadnjih petdesetih letih iz nekdanjih pašnikov ali površin, kjer so pridobivali vrbovo šibje (okolica Tolmina). Pri urejanju popisov v tabele in pri primerjavah s sestoji podobnih sintaksonov smo si pomagali s hierarhično klasifikacijo in ordinacijsko metodo glavnih koordinat (uporabljali smo programski paket SYN-TAX, Podani 1993, 2001). Pri dokončni razvrstitvi popisov v tabeli 2 smo rezultate numeričnih metod kombinirali s klasično ureditvijo na osnovi diagnostičnih vrst. Z obdelavo 52 fi tocenoloških popisov z ordinacijsko metodo glavnih koordinat smo ugotovili štiri glavne skupine (slika 2). Prvo, njeni sestoji uspevajo na pogosto poplavljenih obrečnih tleh, v širšem smislu uvrščamo v belo vrbovje (Salicetum albae Issler 1926), v njej pa smo ločili dve podskupini. Sestoje v ulekninah, kjer se voda zadržuje dalj časa, smo uvrstili v subasociacijo Salicetum albae Issler 1926 myosotidetosum I. Kárpáti ex Soó 1958. Ob Soči pa zdaj v glavnem uspevajo sestoji bele vrbe, ki so po svoji floristični sestavi in ekologiji člen v sindinamskem razvoju od belega vrbovja k sivemu jelševju. Na ta razvoj precej vpliva človek z raznimi regulacijskimi posegi (npr. pogostim kopanjem proda in poglabljanjem struge), kar povzroči nižanje podtalne vode in zmanjšuje frekvence in trajanja poplavljanja. Zaradi tega so tla v teh sestojih, vsaj v primerjavi s tlemi v tipičnem belem vrbovju, bolj suha in razvitejša. V zeliščni plasti so pogosti geofiti in nekatere »fagetalne« vrste. Te sestoje uvrščamo v novo subasociacijo Salicetum albae Issler 1926 leucojetosum verni Šilc, Čušin & Dakskobler 2004 subass. nova (nomenklaturni tip, holotypus, je fitocenološki popis št. 8 v tabeli 1). Njene razlikovalnice so vrste Leucojum vernum, Galanthus nivalis, Corydalis cava, Anemone ranunculoides in Crocus napolitanus. V drugi skupini so štirje popisi (tabela 2, popisi 1–4) z dominantno sivo vrbo (in skromno primesjo drugih drevesnih vrst, še največ je smreke), ki smo jih naredili pri vasi Soča (dolvodno od Lepene). Teh sestojev ne moremo uvrstiti v asociacijo Salicetum incano-purpureae Sillinger 1933, kar je potrdila tudi primerjava naših popisov s popisi ekološko še najbolj podobne mezofilne oblike Salicetum incanopurpureae petasitetosum hybridi (Šilc & Čušin 2000) Oriolo & Poldini 2002 (prim. Šilc & Čušin 2000, Oriolo & Poldini 2002, Čušin & Šilc 2004, v tisku), zato jih začasno obravnavamo kot razvojni stadij Lamio orvalae-Salicetum eleagni nom. prov. (uvrščamo ga v zvezo Alnion incanae Pawłowski in Pawłowski et Wallisch 1928). Za tipiziranje nove asociacije so štirje popisi premalo, potrebne bi bile še nadaljnje primerjave. Njene diagnostične vrste so Salix eleagnos, Picea abies in Lamium orvala. Smreka je v teh sestojih spontana in bo v primeru progresivnega razvoja (izboljšanje talnih razmer), ko bo siva vrba postopno izginila, v naslednji sukcesijski stopnji najbrž, ob primesi trdih in plemenitih listavcev, prevladovala. Nadaljnji razvoj pa bi verjetno šel v smeri bukovega gozda (Anemono trifoliae-Fagetum Tregubov 1962), ki je prevladujoča združba tega dela Zgornjega Posočja. 60 IGOR DAKSKOBLER, URBAN ŠILC & BOŠKO ČUŠIN: RIVERINE FORESTS IN THE UPPER SOČA VALLEY (THE JULIAN ALPS, WESTERN SLOVENIA) Preostale sestoje (popisi 5–37 v tabeli 2) uvrščamo v makroasociacijo Alnetum incanae s. lat. V njih prevladujejo siva jelša (Alnus incana) in siva vrba (Salix eleagnos) z občasno precejšnjo primesjo velikega jesena (Fraxinus excelsior) in ponekod lipovca (Tilia cordata). Nedvomno ima združba sive jelše v dolini Soče določene floristične posebnosti, po katerih se razlikuje od doslej opisanih podobnih združb v srednji in jugovzhodni Evropi. Zanjo je razlikovalna skupina vrst, ki jih sicer uvrščamo med značilnice in razlikovalnice zvez Erythronio-Carpinion in Aremonio-Fagion: Galanthus nivalis, Primula vulgaris, Helleborus odorus, Crocus napolitanus, Ornithogalum pyrenaicum, Lamium orvala, Anemone trifolia, Knautia drymeia, Helleborus niger, Cyclamen purpurascens, Cardamine trifolia, Isopyrumthalictroides idr., pa tudi (čeprav bolj redko in s posamičnimi primerki) nekatere submediteranske vrste, npr. Ostrya carpinifolia in Fraxinus ornus. Te vrste preučevano sivo jelševje bolj kot ekološko (sindinamska povezanost z gozdovi belega gabra in deloma bukovjem) označujejo predvsem fitogeografsko (t. i. geografske razlikovalne vrste). Ob upoštevanju členitev, ki so jih objavili Müller & Görs (1958: 134) in Schwabe (1985: 285–287), preučevane sestoje uvrščamo v submontansko formo jugovzhodnoalpsko-severnoilirske geografske variante (makro)asociacije Alnetum incanae s. lat., torej Alnetum incanae Lüdi 1921 var. geogr. Anemone trifolia Müller & Görs 1958 forma Galanthus nivalis f. nova. Nomenklaturni tip, holotypus, nove forme je popis št. 15 v tabeli 2. To je obenem tudi nomenklaturni tip, lectotypus, geografske variante Anemone trifolia, saj je v popisih Aichingerja (1933), ki sta jih uporabila Müller & Görs (1958: 134) za opis južnoalpske geografske rase vrsta Anemone trifolia navzoča le v sestojih s prevladujočo smreko, prav tako je nista zapisala Aichinger in Siegrist (1930) v logih sive jelše ob Dravi (ki jih, zaradi ostalih razlikovalnih vrst, prav tako še uvrščamo v to geografsko varianto). Razlikovalnici nove geografske variante sta predvsem vrsti Anemone trifolia in Lamium orvala (Müller & Görs 1958 in Schwabe 1985 navajajo tudi vrste Knautia drymeia, Cyclamen purpurascens in Centaurea nigrescens), razlikovalnice submontanske forme pa vrste Galanthus nivalis, Ranunculus ficaria, Anemone ranunculoides, Veratrum nigrum in Crocus napolitanus. V rastiščnem smislu v obravnavani združbi razlikujemo dve subasociaciji, tipično (popisi 5–20) in subasociacijo -caricetosum albae. Tipično subasociacijo nadalje členimo v inicialnejšo varianto (var. Salix eleagnos), kjer je v drevesni plasti navadno še prevladujoča siva vrba (Salix eleagnos) – popisi 5–10 v tabeli 2, in razvitejšo, tipično varianto, z navadno prevladujočo sivo jelšo v drevesni plasti – popisi 11–20 v tabeli 2. Sestoji zadnjih 17 popisov v tabeli 2 (popisi 21– 37) uspevajo na rastiščih, ki so le redko (občasno) še poplavljena, na njih je nivo podtalnice nižji, hidromorfna tla prehajajo v avtomorfna. V drevesni plasti je najbolj obilen lipovec (Tilia cordata), precej pogost je veliki jesen, ponekod še vedno siva vrba in siva jelša, pri Tolminu na nekaj krajih tudi dob (Quercus robur). Beli gaber je v njih prisoten redno, a le posamično (ocena r, +, redko 2). Tudi celotna floristična sestava kaže na prehodne združbe med gozdovi iz zveze Alnion incanae in gozdovi iz zveze Erythronio-Carpinion. Ugotavljamo določeno podobnost teh sestojev s sestoji asociacij Helleboro nigri-Carpinetum Marinček in Wallnöfer, Mucina & Grass 1993 in Carici albae-Carpinetum betuli Čušin 2002. Začasno jih, tudi zaradi razmeroma obilne prisotnosti značilnic, razlikovalnic in stalnih spremljevalk gozdov iz zveze Alnion incanae, še uvrščamo v asociacijo Alnetum incanae, kot posebno subasociacijo -caricetosum albae. Takšno uvrstitev dodatno utemeljujemo tudi z dejstvom, da so podobne prehodne oblike k združbam iz drugih zvez ugotavljali že drugi raziskovalci gozdov sive jelše, npr. Moor 1958 (Calamagrostio-Alnetum incanae caricetosum albae) in še posebej Müller & Görs 1958: 109 (Alnetum incanae caricetosum albae, stik s sestoji asociacije Carici albae-Tilietum cordatae Müller &Görs 1958) in je ta subasociacija v shemi večrazsežne členitve gozdov sive jelše v alpskem območju navedena že pri submontanski formi območne oblike severnega alpskega prigorja (Gebietsausbildung des nördlichen Alpenvorlandes) – Schwabe (198 : 287). Znotraj submontanske forme jugovzhodnoalpske geografske variante (Alnetum incanae var. geogr. Anemone trifolia f. Galanthus nivalis) je subasociacija -caricetosum albae opisana kot nova. Njene razlikovalnice so vrste Tilia cordata, Carex alba in Carpinus betulus, z nekoliko večjim deležem kot v ostalih sestojih pa so diagnostično pomembne tudi nekatere bolj termofilne vrste (npr. Ostrya carpinifolia in Berberis vulgaris). Razlikujemo dve varianti. V bolj inicialni (tipični) varianti (popisi 21–26, nomenklaturni tip, holotypus, je popis št. 24) sta v drevesni plasti še pogosti siva vrba in siva jelša. Sestoji te variante povezuje sestoje subasociacije -caricetosum albae (popisi 21–37) s sestoji tipične subasociacije (popisi 5–20). V sestojih bolj razvite oblike na avtomorfnih tleh (popisi 27–37, var. Crocus napolitanus, nomenklaturni tip, holotypus, je popis št. 34 v tabeli 2) v drevesni plasti navadno prevladuje lipovec, razme 61 HACQUETIA 3/2 • 2004 roma pogost je v tej plasti tudi beli gaber. Ti sestoji so med vsemi preučenimi sestoji najbolj podobni sestojem združb belega gabra, predvsem sestojem asociacije Carici albae-Carpinetum betuli, ki jo je Čušin (2002) opisal v bližnjem Breginjskem kotu in alternativno bi bilo nekaj popisov najbrž mogoče priključiti tudi k tej asociaciji (vsaj npr. popis št. 37 v tabeli 2, glej tudi sliko 3). Določeno ekološko in relativno floristično podobnost (podobna sestava drevesne in grmovne plasti, celotna floristična podobnost po Sorensenu je okoli 45 %) kažejo tudi s sestoji, ki sta jih Müller & Görs (1958: 117–119, 157–160) v južni Nemčiji (Würtembergischen Oberland) uvrstila v asociacijo Carici albae-Tilietum cordatae (zveza Carpinion Issler 1931). 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT For the critical review of the text, their cogent remarks and corrections we should like to thank two academicians Dr. Mitja Zupančič and Prof. Dr. Livio Poldini. Many thanks also to geographer ethnologist Marjan Jarnjak B.Sc. for making a synoptic map of the research region and graduate engineer of forestry Iztok Mlekuž for the information and material provided. 8. REFERENCES Accetto, M. (1996): Kočevska – neusahljiv vir vegetacijskih in florističnih zanimivosti. Kočevski naravni park (Kočevje) 4 (4): 10-11. Aichinger, E. (1933): Vegetationskunde der Karawanken. 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Hidrometeorološki zavod Republike Slovenije, Ljubljana, 366 pp. Zupančič, M., Marinček, L., Seliškar, A. & Puncer, I. (1989): Considerations on the phytogeographic division of Slovenia. Biogeographia (Bologna) 13 (1987): 89-98. Recieved 30. 10. 2003 Revision recieved 2. 2. 2004 Accepted 6. 2. 2004 g g g p (P y I. r) Slika 4: Obrečni gozdovi na terasah Soče med Žago in Srpenico. (Foto I. Dakskobler) 64 IGOR DAKSKOBLER, URBAN ŠILC & BOŠKO ČUŠIN: RIVERINE FORESTS IN THE UPPER SOČA VALLEY (THE JULIAN ALPS, WESTERN SLOVENIA) Figure 5: Salicetum albae myosotidetosum, southern from the town of Tolmin, spring aspect. (Photo by B. Čušin) Slika 5: Salicetum albae myosotidetosum, južno od Tolmina, spomladanski aspekt. (Foto B. Čušin) Figure 6: Salicetum albae leucojetosum verni, western from the town of Tolmin, spring aspect. (Photo by B. Čušin) Slika 6: Salicetum albae leucojetosum verni, zahodno od Tolmina, spomladanski aspekt. (Foto B. Čušin) 65 HACQUETIA 3/2 • 2004 Figure 7: Alnetum incanae, under the village of Volarje on right Soča bank, spring aspect. (Photo by B. Čušin) Slika 7: Alnetum incanae, pod vasjo Volarje na desnem bregu Soče, spomladanski aspekt. (Foto B. Čušin) Figure 8: Mixed riverine forest (Alnetum incanae caricetosum albae var. Crocus napolitanus) with dominant Fraxinus excelsior, near Tolmin, spring aspect. (Photo by B. Čušin) Slika 8: Mešan obrečni gozd (Alnetum incanae caricetosum albae var. Crocus napolitanus) z velikim jesenom pri Tolminu, spomladanski aspekt. (Foto B. Čušin) 66 IGOR DAKSKOBLER, URBAN ŠILC & BOŠKO ČUŠIN: RIVERINE FORESTS IN THE UPPER SOČA VALLEY (THE JULIAN ALPS, WESTERN SLOVENIA) Table 1: Riverine stands of the association Salicetum albae in the Soča Valley (the Julian Alps, western Slovenia) Number of relevé 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12131415 Relevé area (m2) 200 300 Altitude in m 160 155 Cover in %: Upper tree layer E3b 60 70 Lower tree layer E3a 5 10 Shrub layer E2 0 10 Herb layer E1 90 30 Moss layer E0 / / Maximum height m / 22 Maximum diameter cm / 40 Month of taking relevé 8 4 Number of species 22 41 Character and differential species of the association 400 100 300 400 400 400 400 200 400 400 300 400 400 150 160 158 160 160 160 160 160 155 160 160 160 160 80 60 80 80 70 60 80 70 80 70 70 80 705 5 10 10 20 20 10 10 20 20 20 10 3010 20 10 30 20 40 30 5 20 40 30 30 3060 100 90 60 60 70 70 90 70 60 80 80 705 / 10 5 10 10 10 50 5 50 5 30 30 25 / 26 25 25 24 28 24 25 24 28 25 26 40 / 70 45 50 50 50 40 35 40 40 35 50 4 8 8 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 4 34 22 35 44 54 64 42 18 38 57 58 50 72 + + + 3 1 + . + . + . + . + . + 1 . + + 2 + 2 1 + 1 1 r + + . + + + + . 1 1 1 1 . + + . . + + . . 1 1 + 1 . . . + r + + . . + + + . . . . . . + + + + . + + + Pr. Fr. GU Alliaria petiolata E1 .+ +. +1+1 . +++++ . 11 73 MA Deschampsia cespitosa ++ +.1+.+. . .+++r 10 67 QF Brachypodium sylvaticum .. +.++++. . .++.+ 8 53 SM Stellaria media agg. .. . . .++. .1. . .+. 4 27 AI Circaea lutetiana .. . .+.+. . .+. . . . 32 Differential species of lower syntaxa subass. myosotidetosum B Bidens frondosus E1 ............ . 2 13 B Persicaria hydropiper ............ . 2 13 MA Agrostis stolonifera ............ . 2 13 MA Valeriana dioica ..+. . . . . . . . . . 2 13 PM Galium palustre ............ . 17 MA Lythrum salicaria ............ . 17 MA Myosotis scorpioides ............ . 17 subass. leucojetosum verni F2 Leucojum vernum E1 .. 11 73 EC Galanthus nivalis .. 11 73 QF Anemone ranunculoides .. 8 53 F2 Corydalis cava .. 7 47 EC Crocus napolitanus .. 7 47 Salicion albae Solidago gigantea E1 .+ 12412241 . 21 . . 11 73 Humulus lupulus E3a. . +. . . . . . . . .+. . 2 13 Humulus lupulus E2b. . . . . .++.+++. .+ 6 747 Humulus lupulus E2a. + . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 2 Humulus lupulus E1 . . +. . .+. .+1.++. 64 Calystegia sepium E2a. . .+. . . . . . . . . . . 17 Calystegia sepium E1 +. .1+++.+. . .+. . 7 47 SP Salicetea purpureae Salix alba E3b4 4 5445445454454 1515 1 Salix alba E3a+ + . . . ++ . +1++++1 11 Salix eleagnos E3b. . . . .++. . . . . . .r 3 427 Salix eleagnos E3a. . +. . .+. . . . . . . . 2 Salix purpurea E2b. . .+. .+. . . . . . . . 2 13 AI Alnion incanae Rubus caesius E2a+ + +2133221+2322 15 1 Chaerophyllum hirsutum E1 ++ +. 1+11+111+11 14 93 Aegopodium podagraria E1 . . +111111111111 13 87 Angelica sylvestris .+ ++++++++. .++r 12 8 67 HACQUETIA 3/2 • 2004 Number of relevé 12 Filipendula ulmaria E1 ++ Equisetum arvense .+ Cirsium oleraceum .+ Cardamine amara 21 Impatiens noli-tangere 3+ Ranunculus repens 21 Alnus incana E3b. . Alnus incana E3a. + Alnus incana E2b. + Alnus incana E2a. . Chrysosplenium alternifolium E1 +. Caltha palustris .+ Listera ovata .. Ranunculus auricomus s.lat. . + Veratrum album .. Parietaria officinalis .+ Viburnum opulus E2a. . Viburnum opulus E2b. + Alnus glutinosa E3a. + Alnus glutinosa E3b. . Alnus glutinosa E2b. . Aconitum lycoctonum ssp. vulparia E1 . . Cardamine impatiens .. Colchicum autumnale .. Scirpus sylvaticus ++ Stellaria nemorum agg. .. Festuca gigantea .. TA Tilio-Acerion Arum maculatum E1 +. Lunaria rediviva .. Adoxa moschatellina .. Galeopsis speciosa .1 Ulmus glabra E3a. . Ulmus glabra E2b. . Acer pseudoplatanus E2b. . Acer pseudoplatanus E1 . . EC Erythronio-Carpinion Primula vulgaris E1 . . Helleborus odorus .. AF Aremonio-Fagion Lamium orvala E1 . . Anemone trifolia .. Isopyrum thalictroides .. Helleborus niger .. Cyclamen purpurascens .. Cardamine trifolia .. F Fagetalia sylvaticae Sambucus nigra E2b. . Sambucus nigra E2a. . Ranunculus lanuginosus E1 . . Fraxinus excelsior E3b. . Fraxinus excelsior E3a. . Fraxinus excelsior E2a. . Fraxinus excelsior E2b. + Asarum europaeum E1 . . Salvia glutinosa .. Heracleum sphondylium .. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 . + + . . + + + + + + + + + + . + 1 1 + . + + . + r . + + + + + . . + + + + r 2 . + 1 2 + + + 1 . . . . + . 1 + + + + 1 + . . . . 1 . + . + + . + + . + r . + . . . + 1 . . + + + + 1 . . . . + + + . + 1 + 1 1 . . . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . + . . . + . + . + . 1 . + . 2 . + . + . . . . . + + . + r . . . . . + + . + + + + + . . . . . + . . . 1 1 + + . . + . . + + . + . . + + . . + + + . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . + . . + + . . . . . + . + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . + . . . . . + + + . . 1 + . + 1 1 + . . . + + + + . + . + . + . . . + + + . . . . + 1 + . + + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . + + + + . . 1 + + 1 . . . . . + . . . + 1 + 1 . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + . . + + 1 2 1 2 1 + . 1 1 1 + . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . + + + + + + + + + + . + . . . . . . . + . + + . . . . + + . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + + . . + . . . . . + + . . + . . + + . . + + . + . . . . . + + . . + + + . + . . . + . . . . + + + . 12 8 11 73 11 73 10 67 10 67 10 67 8 10 67 9 3 4 27 3 7 47 7 47 7 47 6 4 6 4 6 4 1 6 4 5 3 4 27 1 1 7 2 13 2 13 2 13 2 13 2 13 1 7 10 67 7 47 6 4 4 27 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 2 13 2 13 8 53 5 33 2 13 1 7 1 7 1 7 12 12 8 1 11 73 4 6 4 4 1 7 47 6 6 4 5 33 5 33 68 IGOR DAKSKOBLER, URBAN ŠILC & BOŠKO ČUŠIN: RIVERINE FORESTS IN THE UPPER SOČA VALLEY (THE JULIAN ALPS, WESTERN SLOVENIA) Number of relevé 12 Dentaria bulbifera E1 . . Symphytum tuberosum .. Viola reichenbachiana .. Senecio ovatus .. Dentaria pentaphyllos .. Carpinus betulus E3b. . Carpinus betulus E3a. . Carpinus betulus E2b. . Polygonatum multiflorum E1 . . Galeobdolon flavidum .. Galium laevigatum .. Tilia cordata E3a. . Tilia cordata E2b. . Campanula trachelium E1 . . Sambucus racemosa E3b. . Allium ursinum E1 . . Paris quadrifolia .. PS Prunetalia spinosae Cornus sanguinea E3a. . Cornus sanguinea E2b. + Cornus sanguinea E2a. . Euonymus europaeus E2b. . Euonymus europaeus E2a. . Euonymus europaeus E1 . . Ligustrum vulgare E2b. . Ligustrum vulgare E2a. . Ligustrum vulgare E1 . . Crataegus monogyna E3a. . Crataegus monogyna E2b. . Crataegus monogyna E2a. . Crataegus monogyna E1 . . Prunus spinosa E2b. . Clematis vitalba E3a. . Clematis vitalba E2b. . Clematis vitalba E2a. . Clematis vitalba E1 . . QR Quercetalia roboris Frangula alnus E3a. . Frangula alnus E2b. . QF Querco-Fagetea Ranunculus ficaria E1 2 . Cerastium sylvaticum .. Vinca minor .. Corylus avellana E3a. . Corylus avellana E2b. . Corylus avellana E2a. . Hedera helix E3a. . Hedera helix E2b. . Hedera helix E1 +. Veratrum nigrum .. Acer campestre E3a. . Acer campestre E2b. . Acer campestre E2a. . Acer campestre E1 . . Lonicera xylosteum E2a. . Anemone nemorosa E1 . . Malus sylvestris E3a. . 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 . . . . + + . . . . + . + . . . . . . . . . + + . + . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . . . + . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . + + . r . . . . + + + r . + . . . . + . . + + . + . . . . . + . . + . + . 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + + 1 2 1 + 2 . . . . . + + . + + + + 1 . + . + . . . . + . . . . . . . + . + . . + + + + + + . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . + + . . + . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + . + . . . . . . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + + . . + . . . . . . + + 1 1 1 1 2 + 2 1 1 2 2 . + . + + 1 . + + 1 + + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 1 . . . . . + . . . + . 1 1 . . . + r . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . + + + + . . + . . . . 1 + . . . . + + + . . + + . + . + + + . + . . . + r . . . + . r . . . . . . . . . + . r . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . + . . . r + . + 1 + 1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . 4 27 3 2 2 13 2 13 2 13 1 1 7 1 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 7 47 5 33 4 14 93 14 7 47 3 8 53 7 2 13 2 5 33 3 1 7 1 7 1 2 13 1 1 7 1 7 1 7 3 4 27 1 1 7 1 7 3 2 14 93 10 67 1 7 2 13 4 6 4 3 4 27 3 2 10 67 5 33 2 13 1 4 27 3 1 7 1 7 7 47 1 7 69 HACQUETIA 3/2 • 2004 Number of relevé 1 2 Malus sylvestris E2b . . AT Asplenietea trichomanis Asplenium ruta-muraria E1 . . Asplenium trichomanes . . GU Galio-Urticetea Petasites hybridus E1 1 + Urtica dioica + + Glechoma hederacea + . Galium aparine + . Helianthus tuberosus + . Geum urbanum . . Anthriscus sylvestris + . Rudbeckia laciniata . . Impatiens parviflora . + Solanum dulcamara . . Lysimachia nummularia . . Lamium maculatum . . Galeopsis pubescens . . PM Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea Carex elata E1 1 1 Phalaris arundinacea 1 . Phragmites australis . + Nasturtium officinale . + MA Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Rumex obtusifolius E1 + + Lycopus europaeus 1 + Taraxacum officinale . . O Other species Myosoton aquaticum E1 + + Hemerocallis fulva . . Acer negundo E3b . . Acer negundo E3a . . Acer negundo E2b . . Acer negundo E2a . . Oxalis acetosella E1 . . Ailanthus altissima E3b . . Chelidonium majus E1 . . Carex flacca . . Commelina communis + . Dactylorhiza maculata . . Galinsoga parviflora + . Juglans regia E2b . . Thalictrum lucidum E1 . + Viscum album E3a . . M Mosses Plagiomnium undulatum E0 . . Mnium sp. E0 . . Anomodon viticulosus E0 . . Brachythecium sp. E0 . . Neckera complanata E0 . . 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . r . . . . . . . . . r 3 + + 1 1 + + + + + + 1 . + + + 1 1 + + 1 + . + . + . + 1 1 + 1 + 1 . 1 1 1 1 + + . 1 + 1 + 1 + . . + + 5 5 . 1 1 1 1 1 . . 2 . . . . + + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . + + . + . + . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + + + . . . . . . . + . 1 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . + + + r . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . r + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . r . r . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . 1 2 3 . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 7 1 7 2 13 14 93 13 87 12 8 11 73 9 6 3 2 2 13 2 13 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 6 4 2 13 2 13 1 7 6 4 5 33 1 7 5 33 4 27 2 3 2 2 3 4 27 2 2 13 2 13 2 13 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 5 33 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 Localities of relevés (all relevés 9848/1): 1, 10, 12: left bank of the river under Dolje; 2, 3, 6, 7, 11: Tolmin, under Brajda (left bank of the river); 4: Volče, Na dolgem (right bank of the river at the separation); 5, 15: Tolmin, Log (left bank of the river); 8, 9, 14: Volče, under sv. Danijel (right bank of the river); 13: Volče, right bank of the river under farm Perše. 70 Table 2: Riverine stands of the syntaxa Lamio orvalae-Salicetum eleagni nom. prov. (A) and Alnetum incanae var. geogr. Anemone trifolia f. Galanthus nivalis(-typicum Ba, Bb, -caricetosum albae Ca, Cb) Number of relevé A 1 2 3 4 Ba 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Bb 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ca 21 22 23 24 25 26 Cb 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Relevé area (m2 ) Altitude in mCover in %: Upper tree layer E3b Lower tree layer E3a Shrub layer E2 Herb layer E1 Moss layer E0 Maximum diameter cm Maximum height m Month of taking relevéNumber of species SPSPSP 200 200 200 200 430 430 430 430 70 70 70 80 10 10 10 10 60 60 30 30 70 70 90 90 30 20 10 20 30 25 25 25 18 18 17 18 5 5 5 5 69 61 65 64 200 200 200 400 200 400 400 150 175 360 330 360 190 190 60 70 70 60 70 70 60 20 10 10 20 10 10 60 60 50 70 50 70 50 70 60 80 80 80 80 60 5 5 10 10 5 20 30 20 30 18 35 30 20 18 16 20 20 22 17 15 5 4 5 5 5 4 3 85 58 59 75 67 73 69 200 400 400 400 400 400 200 400 200 330 160 330 160 160 180 180 160 180 90 70 70 70 60 70 70 80 80 10 20 10 10 30 30 30 10 10 50 40 60 60 50 30 60 60 60 60 80 70 80 80 70 60 70 60 5 10 5 10 10 5 10 10 5 17 40 20 35 40 30 25 30 25 25 22 25 22 25 22 20 22 17 5 4 5 4 4 3 4 5 3 73 78 78 76 60 57 75 68 53 400 200 200 400 200 200 200 330 330 330 360 360 80 70 80 70 80 80 10 20 10 20 10 10 50 30 30 60 40 30 50 70 60 60 80 70 30 5 5 5 5 5 35 30 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 18 25 20 4 5 5 5 5 5 62 60 75 83 79 86 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 600 400 400 400200 200 180 220 180 180 190 160 160 160 16070 70 80 80 90 70 80 70 80 80 8030 30 20 10 30 20 30 20 20 1040 30 40 30 60 40 30 30 20 30 4070 70 70 80 70 70 70 80 80 80 805 5 10 5 10 20 5 10 5 10 10 30 35 40 25 35 40 40 50 40 35 35 20 20 24 19 22 22 22 26 25 25 22 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 61 66 64 48 68 71 63 79 81 76 76 Diagnostic species of the syntaxaSalix eleagnos E3b Salix eleagnos E3aSalix eleagnos E2a Picea abies E3b Picea abies E3aPicea abies E2b Picea abies E2aPicea abies E1Lamium orvala E1 Alnus incana E3bAlnus incana E3a Alnus incana E2bAlnus incana E2aAlnus incana E1Anemone trifolia E1Galanthus nivalis E1Tilia cordata E3b Tilia cordata E3aTilia cordata E2bTilia cordata E2a Tilia cordata E1 Carpinus betulus E3b Carpinus betulus E3a VPVPVPVPVPAFAFEC 1 4 4 3 3 4 2 1 + + + r + + + + r 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 + + + + + 3 2 + 2 3 2 + + + + + + + + r + + + + + 1 2 1 + + 1 + 2 1 1 + + + + + + + 1 + 1 1 1 + + + + 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 + 1 + + r + + + r r + + 1 + + + r r + + + + + + + + + + 1 2 1 2 + r + r 1 + r + r + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 + 1 + 1 2 1 + 4 4 4 4 + + 1 + 1 + 1 1 11+ + + + 3 1 1 + 1 2 2 1 1 1 + + 1 + 2 1 + + + + + + + + 1 1 + r + 1 + + + + 2 1 1 + + + + 1 1 2 2 3 4 1 3 3 3 4 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + 1 + + 1 1 + 1 + 1 2 2 1 1 1 + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + r + + 1 + 1 + r 1 + + + + + + r + + + + + 2 3 1 1 + 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 3 2 1 3 + 1 + 1 + + 1 + 1 1 + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + 2 2 + + + + + + + + 1 + r + AIAIAIAIAI FFFFFFF Pr. Fr. 31 32 86 12 13 9 14 38 11 12 17 46 8 8 22 33 89 27 29 78 17 3 17 46 14 8 22 33 89 33 89 23 27 73 2417 21 57 14 7 19 10 17 46 13 IGOR DAKSKOBLER, URBAN ŠILC & BOŠKO ČUŠIN: RIVERINE FORESTS IN THE UPPER SOČA VALLEY (THE JULIAN ALPS, WESTERN SLOVENIA) 71 Number of relevé EPSP A 1 2 3 4 Ba 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Bb 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ca 21 22 23 24 25 26 Cb 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Carpinus betulus E2b Carpinus betulus E2a Carpinus betulus E1Carex alba E1Differential species of the classSalicetea purpureaeSalix alba E3b Salix alba E3aSalix purpurea E3Salix purpurea E2b Humulus lupulus E3a Humulus lupulus E2bHumulus lupulus E2a Humulus lupulus E1 Galium aparine E1 Stellaria media agg. E1Populus nigra E3bValeriana dioica E1 Alnion incanaeRubus caesius E2a Aegopodium podagraria E1 Listera ovata E1Brachypodium sylvaticum E1 Aconitum lycoctonum agg. E1Angelica sylvestris E1 Deschampsia cespitosa E1 Chaerophyllum hirsutum E1 Viburnum opulus E2b Viburnum opulus E2aViburnum opulus E1 Cirsium oleraceum E1Stellaria nemorum agg. E1Filipendula ulmaria E1Cardamine impatiens E1Veratrum album E1Thalictrum aquilegiifolium E1Parietaria officinalis E1 Ranunculus auricomus agg. E1 Chrysosplenium alternifolium E1Equisetum arvense E1 + + 2 2 2 1 2 3 1 + 1 + 1 1 11 1 1 1 + 1 1 11 1 + + 1 + + 1 + + + + + + 2 + + + + 1 + + + + 1 + + + + 1 + + + + + r 2+ + 1 1 + 1 + + + 1 + + 1 + 4 3 2 1 4 2 + 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + 2 + + 1 + r + + + + r + + + + 1+ + + + + + 1 + + + + + 1 1 + + + 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 4 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 + 1 + r 1 + 1 + + 1 + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + r + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + r + + + + 1 1 + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 4 + 1 1 2 + + + + + + + + + 1 + 1 3 + 4 2 1 + + + 1 r + + + r 2 2 3 3 + 1 1 2 1 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 + + + + + 1 + 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + r + + + + + + + + + + r + + + r + + + 1 + + + r + 2 1 + 1 + + 1 1 1 2 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + + + + + + 1 1 + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + 1 1 + + + r + + + 1 + 2 2 + + + r + + r + + 1 + + r + 7 12 32 F 6 F 5 14 25 68 F 8 924 2 25 25 25 7 13 36 8 7 19 4 11 4 11 25 13 AI 37 100 35 95 35 95 30 81 26 70 26 70 24 65 22 59 4 22 59 20 8 22 18 49 17 46 16 43 16 43 14 38 12 32 11 30 9 24 8 22 8 22 HACQUETIA 3/2 • 2004 72 Ranunculus repens E1Colchicum autumnale E1Festuca gigantea E1 Cardamine amara E1 Caltha palustris E1Impatiens noli-tangere E1Stachys sylvatica E1Alnus glutinosa E3b Chaerophyllum aureum E1Botrychium virginianum E1Carex remota E1Lysimachia vulgaris E1 TA Tilio-AcerionAdoxa moschatellina E1Ulmus glabra E3bUlmus glabra E3aUlmus glabra E2bUlmus glabra E2aUlmus glabra E1Lunaria rediviva E1 Arum maculatum E1Acer pseudoplatanus E3b Acer pseudoplatanus E3aAcer pseudoplatanus E2bAcer pseudoplatanus E2aAcer pseudoplatanus E1Aruncus dioicus E1Tilia platyphyllos E3bTilia platyphyllos E3aTilia platyphyllos E2bTilia platyphyllos E2aTilia platyphyllos E1Geranium robertianum E1Acer platanoides E3Acer platanoides E2b Acer platanoides E2aAcer platanoides E1Hesperis candida E1Galeopsis speciosa E1 Petasites albus E1Corydalis solida E1Euonymus latifolia E2a 1 + + + +1 + + r + + + + + 2 + + + r + + + r r + + + + 1 1 + + + + + ++ ++ + +1 + ++ + + + + + 11 +11 + ++ ++ + ++ + + + 33 +++ ++ 1 + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + + 1 r +1 r + + ++ + ++ + ++ ++ 1111111+1 + + + 1 ++ + +++ ++ +111++ + +++++1+ + r ++ r + + + +++ ++ + + + + + ++ + + + r + + 6 16 +r+ 5 143 5 14 4 11 38 38 + 38 13 13 13 13 13 +++ +++ +1 28 76 + + + + +++1 + ++ 17 20 54 + + + + 8 + + + +++ 14 26 70 + + + + + +++1+++ 20 + 1 ++ 8 22 1+ + + + + 23 62 + r ++++ 17 46 + ++ r+ 7 924 + r+ 4 r 10 10 27 3 ++ + + + ++ 13 35 + + 1 11 30 + + 6 924 + + + 52 616 ++ 4 r 38 + 5 14 13 238 3 r ++ 4 11 38 38 + + 38 25 + 13 IGOR DAKSKOBLER, URBAN ŠILC & BOŠKO ČUŠIN: RIVERINE FORESTS IN THE UPPER SOČA VALLEY (THE JULIAN ALPS, WESTERN SLOVENIA) 73 A Ba Bb Ca Cb 1 234 5 6 7 8 91011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Number of relevé EC Erythronio-CarpinionPrimula vulgarisHelleborus odorusCrocus napolitanusOrnithogalum pyrenaicum AF Aremonio-FagionKnautia drymeiaHelleborus nigerCyclamen purpurascensCardamine trifoliaIsopyrum thalictroidesDentaria enneaphyllosEpimedium alpinumRhamnus fallaxRhamnus fallaxHacquetia epipactisEuphorbia carniolicaOmphalodes vernaScopolia carniolicaGeranium nodosum F Fagetalia sylvaticaeAsarum europaeumParis quadrifoliaGaleobdolon flavidumFraxinus excelsiorFraxinus excelsiorFraxinus excelsiorFraxinus excelsiorFraxinus excelsiorSalvia glutinosaDaphne mezereumLeucojum vernumMercurialis perennisViola reichenbachiana Ranunculus lanuginosusPolygonatum multiflorumAllium ursinumSambucus nigraSambucus nigraSambucus nigra E1 + + + ++ ++1 + ++ +++ 1 ++ + + + 111++ ++1 28 76 E1 + ++ + + + 1++ + + + 1 ++++ ++++ 21 57 E1 + + + r +++1++ 1 1+1 +++1+1 20 54 E1 + + + + + + 6 16 E1 + + + + +++ + ++ +++ 1 1 +1 + + 21+11++ 26 70 E1 + + + r + +++ + ++ + + + +1 + +++r + 22 59 E1 + + ++ ++ ++ + + + ++ ++ 15 41 E1 + + + + + ++ + + + 1 ++++ 15 41 E1 + + ++++ + + +1+ + 12 32 E1 + ++ + 1++ + 1 + 10 27 E1 1 ++3 4 11 E2b + + 2 411 E2a + + r 3 E1 + + + 3 8 E1 + 1 3 E1 + 1 3 E1 + 1 3 E1 + 1 3 E1 + + + + 1 + 1 1 1 1 +1++1111 1 11111 + 11+1111111 35 96 E1 + + + +11+ 1 +1+1+11+ + +11 + + 1 +1+1111111 33 89 E1 1 1 1 + ++ ++ + +++1++++ + +++ + + + +++ + +1++ 32 86 E3b 11 + 1++ 3 2+111 + +3222 + 14+1+2232 28 30 81 E3a + + + + 1+1+1 + 1+ + + +1+3++111 23 E2b + + + + 1 +1 + 1 +2+1+111 +12 + + 11 + 25 32 86 E2a + 1 + ++ + 1++1+++ + 1 + + + +1 ++1 23 E1 + + + 1 ++ ++1 + + ++ + + + ++1 19 51 E1 + + + 1++ + +++++++ 1 +++11 + +++1++111+ 31 84 E2a + + +1 + + ++ + r+ ++ + +++ +1 + ++ +++1+++ 29 78 E1 + 111+1 + 1121211+ 1 111 2 1+++ ++1+ 28 76 E1 + + + + ++1 + + ++ ++ + +111 + ++ +++ 24 65 E1 + + ++ + +++ ++ 1 ++ + + + ++ + ++++ 23 62 E1 + ++ 1 + +1 1 +1+ + 1+ r + + + ++++ 22 59 E1 + r + ++ + ++ + + + +++111+++ 20 54 E1 1 1 +r + ++++11++ + + 2 1 +++ 20 54 E3a + r + 1 + + 6 16 E2b + + + 11 + + ++11 1 + r 14 20 54 E2a + + + ++ + + + 8 HACQUETIA 3/2 • 2004 74 Sambucus nigra E1Symphytum tuberosum E1Dentaria pentaphyllos E1 Fagus sylvatica E3bFagus sylvatica E3aFagus sylvatica E2bFagus sylvatica E2aFagus sylvatica E1Pulmonaria officinalis E1Melica nutans E1Dentaria bulbifera E1Prunus avium E3b Prunus avium E3a Prunus avium E2b Prunus avium E2a Prunus avium E1Senecio ovatus E1 Euphorbia dulcis E1 Heracleum sphondylium E1Dryopteris filix-mas E1Corydalis cava E1Actaea spicata E1 Mycelis muralis E1Galium laevigatum E1Campanula trachelium E1Lathyrus vernus E1Carex sylvatica E1Phyllitis scolopendrium E1 Luzula nivea E1Euphorbia amygdaloides E1Neottia nidus-avis E1 Sanicula europaea E1 Scrophularia nodosa E1Lilium martagon E1Laburnum alpinum E2aFestuca altissima E1 PS Prunetalia spinosaeCornus sanguinea E3aCornus sanguinea E2b Cornus sanguinea E2a Ligustrum vulgare E2b Ligustrum vulgare E2a + r + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + 22 + 121 + + + + + + 12 +1 ++ +++ 1 +++ + r + + + + + + + + ++ + + ++ +r + + + + + + ++ 21211++ 1 +1111+ + + ++ + + + ++ ++++ ++ r rr ++ rr ++ ++++++ ++ + ++ ++ + + + r+ ++ r+ 1+ 1+ ++ + + + + +1+++ 11 22111+121 1+1+1111 +1 +1++1++ + 1 + + 1 + + + + +1+ + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + +++ + + + + + + + + + r+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 211121 211111 + + +1+111 + 25 ++1 1 18 49 ++ 1 + 17 46 +++ r+ 10 16 43 + ++++ 13 ++ + + 10 17 46 + +++ 9 + 5 14 ++++++ + 16 43 ++ 13 35 13 35 +r+ r 6 12 32 +r 7 +r 3 514 + 3 + + + 7 19 + +++++ 11 30 + +++11++ 11 30 + +r 10 27 + 6 16 6 16 ++ + 6 16 6 16 ++ 5 14 + 4 11 + 38 38 +r 38 25 25 r 13 r 13 13 13 13 13 + 18 49 111+11+ 12 35 37 100 +11+ +++++1 355 29 78 +1111+++++1 29 IGOR DAKSKOBLER, URBAN ŠILC & BOŠKO ČUŠIN: RIVERINE FORESTS IN THE UPPER SOČA VALLEY (THE JULIAN ALPS, WESTERN SLOVENIA) 75 Number of relevé Ligustrum vulgare E1Crataegus monogyna E3a Crataegus monogyna E2bCrataegus monogyna E2aCrataegus monogyna E1Euonymus europaeus E3a Euonymus europaeus E2b Euonymus europaeus E2aEuonymus europaeus E1 Berberis vulgaris E2bBerberis vulgaris E2a Berberis vulgaris E1 Clematis vitalba E3b Clematis vitalba E3a Clematis vitalba E2bClematis vitalba E2aClematis vitalba E1 Rhamnus cathartica E2b Rhamnus cathartica E2aRhamnus cathartica E1 Viburnum lantana E2b Viburnum lantana E2a Prunus spinosa E2aCornus mas E2b Rosa arvensis E2 QP Quercetalia pubescentis(inc. Trifolio-Geranietea) Ostrya carpinifolia E3bOstrya carpinifolia E3aOstrya carpinifolia E2bOstrya carpinifolia E2aFraxinus ornus E3b Fraxinus ornus E3aFraxinus ornus E2bFraxinus ornus E2aFraxinus ornus E1Clematis recta E2Campanula rapunculoides E1Sorbus aria E3a Sorbus aria E2b A 1234 + + + r + + + + + + r + + + + r + + + + + + + + + + r Ba 5 6 7 8 91011 + + + + ++ + + + 1 1 ++ + + rr + + + Bb 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 + + ++ + ++ +1 + ++ 1+ + 1++ + + ++ + + r + r+ r Ca 21 22 23 24 +++ + + ++ + + +++ + + + 1 +r ++ + ++ + + + Cb 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 + 11+ + 6 16 +++ +++ 111 12 24 65 r 11+++++1 17 + 5 14 + 13 1 ++1+ + 9 22 59 + + ++11+1+++ 19 ++ 11111+++ 16 43 + 3 13 35 + r ++ + 1++ + 12 13 1 719 + 1++ 6 + ++ 5 13 35 + +1 8 +1++++ 10 27 r 1 719 ++ + + ++ 7 + 38 ++ 3 616 ++ 4 ++ 4 11 ++ 38 + 13 + ++ 7 20 54 + + ++r+ rr 16 r 5 514 1 r 2 616 + + 5 + + 4 924 + + 7 + 13 + 1+ 8 22 +++ + ++ 7 19 13 + 3 411 HACQUETIA 3/2 • 2004 76 Sorbus aria E2a Vincetoxicum hirundinaria E1Polygonatum odoratum E1Valeriana collina E1Primula veris subsp. columnae E1Allium carinatum E1Lilium carniolicum E1 Melittis melissophyllum E1 Peucedanum oreoselinum E1 Ruscus aculeatus E2a Viola hirta E1Lilium bulbiferum E1Laserpitium latifolium E1Thalictrum minus E1 QR Quercetalia roborisQuercus robur E3b Quercus robur E1 Frangula alnus E3a Frangula alnus E2b Frangula alnus E2a Melampyrum pratense E1 QF Querco-FageteaCorylus avellana E3a Corylus avellana E2bCorylus avellana E2aCorylus avellana E1 Lonicera xylosteum E2bLonicera xylosteum E2a Ranunculus ficaria E1Hepatica nobilis E1Hedera helix E3a Hedera helix E2bHedera helix E1 Vinca minor E1 Cerastium sylvaticum E1Anemone ranunculoides E1Carex digitata E1Veratrum nigrum E1Anemone nemorosa E1Acer campestre E3b Acer campestre E3a Acer campestre E2b + + + + + + + + +1 + 11 + + 1 + 2 + + + + + + + + + + 3 + r + + + + 2+1 2 +1111 1 1 + 1 ++ + +1 1 1 ++ ++ ++ 1 + 1 ++ ++ + + ++1 + +1+ + + +1 + + ++ r ++ + + + + + + +12+ + 1+1+ +1 r+ + 11 1 + + + + + + +++ 111+++ 1 +1 1 + ++ + + + + + + + 1+1++ ++ + + ++ 21+11 1 + + ++ 1++++ 1 +++++ + + + 21+1 + ++ + + +++1 + +++1 + 1 + 4 11 + 4 11 38 + 25 + 25 + 13 r 13 r 13 r 13 13 + 13 13 13 r 2 + 38 +++ 38 r 4 11 4 719 + ++ 4 + 13 +1 11 ++ +1+1 19 51 +++ + 2 1 11112111 31 31 84 ++ +++ 11 + 13 + 8 29 78 +1++1 + + + +1111+ + 27 + + + ++ ++ 25 68 + 1+ + + + 1 1+1 ++ 25 68 + ++ +111 + 16 43 + 25 1+ ++ + +1+1+11 25 68 11+1 + 211 2 + 1+ + 24 65 1+ + ++ +++2 22 59 + 2 1+1++ + 20 54 1 + + +++++ 19 51 ++ + ++ + + ++ 17 46 + 21 3+ + + 15 41 +++ 4 8 22 +r ++++ 7 +++ + 6 12 32 IGOR DAKSKOBLER, URBAN ŠILC & BOŠKO ČUŠIN: RIVERINE FORESTS IN THE UPPER SOČA VALLEY (THE JULIAN ALPS, WESTERN SLOVENIA) 77 Number of relevé Acer campestre E2aAcer campestre E1Viola riviniana E1Viola mirabilis E1 Gagea lutea E1 Cruciata glabra E1Malus sylvestris E3a Lathraea squamaria E1 VP Vaccinio-PiceeteaOxalis acetosella E1Abies alba E2b Abies alba E2a Abies alba E1 Solidago virgaurea E1 Maianthemum bifolium E1Aposeris foetida E1Veronica urticifolia E1 EP Erico-PineteaPinus sylvestris E3b Sesleria sp. E1 Carex ornithopoda E1 A AdenostyletaliaMyosotis sylvatica E1Senecio nemorensis agg. E1Aconitum degenii subsp. paniculatum E1Lamium maculatum E1Athyrium filix-femina E1Crepis paludosa E1Myrrhis odorata E1 Phyteuma ovatum E1 Viola biflora E1Astrantia major E1Aconitum angustifolium E1Telekia speciosa E1Saxifraga rotundifolia E1 TR Thlaspietea rotundifoliiAdenostyles glabra E1Petasites paradoxus E1Gymnocarpium robertianum E1Astrantia carniolica E1 1 + + + + + + A234 + + + + 1 2 11 + + + + + + + + + Ba 5 6 7 8 91011 ++ + ++ + + + + +++ + + + ++ ++ + + + + + Bb 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 r+ + + + r +++ r + ++ +1 ++ + + + + Ca 21 22 23 24 25 26 + + 1+ + 1 +1 + + + + + + + + + r r+++ + +1 + + + + + r + + + + Cb 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 11 +++++ +++ + + 9 24 + 1++ 11 30 + +++ 7 19 r + 6 16 + 4 11 r 13 13 1 ++ + +++1 26 70 125 1 13 + 25 + 25 25 13 13 + 13 13 + 15 41 5 14 4 11 4 11 25 25 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 4 11 + 38 25 13 HACQUETIA 3/2 • 2004 78 AT Asplenietea trichomanis Moehringia muscosaCystopteris fragilisCardaminopsis arenosa GU Galio-Urticetea Glechoma hederaceaSolidago giganteaUrtica dioicaGeum urbanumPetasites hybridusAlliaria petiolataHelianthus tuberosusAnthriscus sylvestris O Other species Juglans regiaJuglans regiaJuglans regiaJuglans regiaJuglans regiaFragaria vescaRobinia pseudacaciaRobinia pseudacaciaRobinia pseudacaciaRobinia pseudacaciaHemerocallis fulvaAjuga reptansDactylorhiza maculataTaraxacum officinale Allium schoenoprasumAllium sp. Geranium phaeumOrnithogalum umbellatumPeucedanum verticillareViola sp. Juniperus communisJuniperus communisChelidonium majusErigeron annuusFallopia japonicaPhalaris arundinaceaRibes sp. Viscum album E1E1E1 E1E1E1E1E1E1E1E1 E3bE3aE2bE2aE1E1E3bE3aE2bE1E1E1E1E1E1E1E1E1E1E1E2bE2aE1E1E2aE1E2aE3a + + + 38 + + 25 + + 25 + + + 11 +1+ 1 1+++1+ + + ++ ++11 23 62 2 +++ ++ +1+11 + + ++ 15 41 +1 + + + +1 +++ + 11 30 + ++ ++ ++ + + 9 24 1 + + ++ + 6 16 1+ 1+ + 5 14 + + 25 1+ 25 r 125 + 1 + + + r 4 10 27 + + r ++ 5 + + 25 + 11 +++ + ++ 9 24 + + +++ 5 924 + + r +r+ 6 r r+ r 4 11 + 13 + + ++ ++ ++ 8 22 + + + + + + 6 16 + + + r + r 6 16 + + +r + 5 14 ++ ++ 4 11 + + + 38 ++ + 38 ++ r 38 + ++ 38 r + r 38 r 125 + 1 1 r 25 + + 25 + + 25 + + 25 r r 25 + + 25 IGOR DAKSKOBLER, URBAN ŠILC & BOŠKO ČUŠIN: RIVERINE FORESTS IN THE UPPER SOČA VALLEY (THE JULIAN ALPS, WESTERN SLOVENIA) 79 Number of relevé A Ba Bb Ca Cb 1234 5 6 7 8 91011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 1 r + + + + + + r r+ + + + + + + + 3323 + +11 +22 1+11++1+1 3+++ + + ++ +2 +111 + ++ + ++ 1 + ++ 1+ + + + +2 + ++ + ++ + + + + + + Aethusa cynapiumCardamine hirsutaCarex flaccaEpilobium sp. Lycopus europaeus Myosoton aquaticumPimpinella majorPoa trivialisPrimula elatiorRubus fruticosus agg. Veronica hederifolia Agropyron repensAesculus hippocastanumRibes nigrumNarcissus poeticusEquisetum variegatumSymphytum officinaleLonicera nitida M Mosses Plagiomnium undulatumClimacium dendroidesRhytidiadelphus triquetrusEurhynchium striatumConocephalum conicumThuidium sp. Brachythecium sp. Mnium sp. Anomodon attenuatusIsothecyum alopecuroides E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2b E1 E1 E2 E2 E1 E1 E1 E2 E0E0E0E0E0E0E0E0E0E0 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 34 92 13 35 5 14 38 25 25 13 13 13 13 HACQUETIA 3/2 • 2004 80 Localities of relevés: 9647/4: the village of Soča-Podklanec: 1, 2; the village of Lepena-Rečič: 3, 4; 9848/2: Modrejce, Modrejčansko polje: 5; 9848/4: the Idrijca valley, left bank between the villages of Slap and Dolenja Trebuša: 6; 9647/3: Čezsoča, eyot: 7, 25; 9746/2: between the villages of Žaga and Srpenica, right bank: 8, 12, 14, 22, 23, 24; 9647/3: Bovec, towards the village of Čezsoča, V Brezju: 9, 26; 9747/4: Smast, Lazna: 10, Ladra, Vrblje: 11; 9848/1:Tolmin, Log: 13, 15; Na dolgem, right bank of the river: 16, 17, 19, 20, 28, 34, 35, 36, 37; 9747/4: Kamno, right bank of the river: 18, 29; Kamno, towards the village of Selišče, left bank: 25, 35; 9747/4: between the villages of Idrsko and Kamno, Skala: 30, 31, 32; Ograjenca near the village of Idrsko: 33.