GEOLOGIJA 31, 32, 133-197 (1988/89), Ljubljana
UDK 56.61.62.02(497.12) = 20
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia)
Srednjetriasni radiolariji Slovenije (Jugoslavija)
Spela Goričan
Paleontološki inštitut Ivana Rakovca ZRC SAZU, Novi trg 5, 61000 Ljubljana
Stanko Buser
Geološki zavod Ljubljana, Dimičeva 14, 61000 Ljubljana
Abstract
The radiolarian fauna presented derives from five Middle Triassic localities in
NW and central Slovenia. The sections consist of tuff and tuffile alternating with
micritic limestone with chert.
On the basis of radiolarians extracted from the limestone beds, an Upper
Illyrian-Fassanian age is assumed for the Zaklanec, Bohinj and Vojsko localities
and a Langobardian age for Vršič and Mokronog. 89 species are included in the
investigation, four of them are newly described; Dumitricasphaera ? pennata,
Falcispongus uncus, Hozmadia pyramidalis, Plafkerium ? firmum.
Kratka vsebina
Predstavljena je radiolarijska favna petih nahajališč srednjetriasnih radiolari-
jev v severozahodni in osrednji Sloveniji. Profile z radiolariji sestavljajo tufi in
tufiti v menjavanju z mikritnimi apnenci z roženci.
V apnencu smo našli dobro ohranjene radiolarije, s pomočjo katerih smo plasti
nahajališč Zaklanec, Bohinj in Vojsko uvrstili v zgornji ilir-fassan, nahajališči
Vršič in Mokronog pa v langobard. Določili smo 89 radiolarijskih vrst. Med njimi
so opisane štiri nove; Dumitricasphaera ? pennata, Falcispongus uncus, Hozmadia
pyramidalis in Plafkerium ? firmum.
Introduction
Limestone beds alternating v^ith pyroclastites represent a very characteristic
Middle Triassic lithological unit in Slovenia. All sequences containing primary
volcanic rocks or tuffs were assigned to the Ladinian until recently. Jurkovšek
(1983, 1984) proved by means of daonellas and posidonias that the Fassanian and the
Langobardian Substages are present in the unit. On the basis of the fossil association
fund, some authors assumed an Upper Anisian-Ladinian age for this formation
(Premru, 1974, 1980, 1983). The question arises whether the volcanic activity
134 Špela Gorićan & Stanko Buser
Paleogeographic evolution of the studied part of Slovenia during the Ladinian
Stanko Buser
A period of relative stability, which started in the Upper Permian with the
formation of a large Slovenian Carbonate Platform comprising almost the whole area
of Slovenia and which was even more stable in the Lower Triassic, began to cease in
the Upper Anisian. Long and deep fractures occurred in some places of the former
stable carbonate platform. Soon after that they were widened into narrow intraplat-
form channels. On the major part of the carbonate platform the deposition of
shallow-water limestone, later altered into dolomite, continued during the Upper
Anisian. Deep intraplatform channels were characterized by the deposition of red-
dish nodular limestone of the Han Bulog Type (=Bučka Type) with ammonites (Kühn
& Ramovš, 1965) or marly limestone bearing conodonts and marl with Posidonia
(Ramovš & Jurkovšek, 1983 a).
In the Lower Ladinian the Slovenian Carbonate Platform disintegrated into
several large blocks along deep faults of predominantly E-W direction (Buser,
1986). This structural differentation was caused by the Idrija Tectonic Phase, which
represented one of the most significant tectonic events on the territory of Slovenia
(B u s e r, 1980 a). During the initial tectonic activity most of the newly formed blocks
subsided deeper than the former carbonate platform. Later on some of them were
raised again, in some parts they were even subaerially exposed (Placer & Čar,
1975, 1977; Bus er, 1986). On the elevated parts erosion cut down to the Carbonife-
rous. Eroded rocks are encountered in the Ladinian conglomerates spread over
a large area near Idrija and in the Southern Karavanke Mountains, where they occur
in the variegated conglomerates comparable to the Ugovizza Breccia (Buser, 1980
b).
The central part of Slovenia represented an area of major subsidence. It was
assigned to the eugeosyncline by Premru (1980,1983), while Bus er (1989) ascribed
it to the initial and thus the oldest part of the Slovenian Basin. The area situated
southwards from the eugeosyncline was attributed to the miogeosyncline by Pre-
mru (1980, 1983). According to Buser (1989) it represents the realm of the later
Dinaric Carbonate Platform, which was built up only in the Lower Carnian.
Larger blocks did not remain as uniform subsided or raised areas. They were also
more or less disintegrated so that the sedimentary pattern within the same paleogeo-
graphic unit or block was not perfectly uniform. Placer and Čar (1975, 1977)
described an example of such a differentiated area on the territory around Idrija.
related to the disintegration of the Slovenian Carbonate Platform started as early as
during the Upper Anisian or not until the Ladinian.
The well-known radiolarian assemblages from the lithologically similar sequen-
ces in Northern Italy, Hungary and Romania stimulated us to include radiolarians in
our investigations. We wanted to confirm that the volcanic rocks accumulated during
the Fassanian and the Langobardian as well. First of all we tried to find more
evidence for the presence of the Fassanian Substage, which has been paleontologi-
cally proved only by Bittner (1884) and Jurkovšek (1983) so far. The question
whether volcanic activity on the territory of Slovenia started during the Anisian or
Ladinian cannot be satisfactorily solved with the present knowledge of the Triassic
radiolarians.
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia) 135
Different paleogeographic conditions caused the deposition of different rock sequen-
ces, which exhibit great lateral changes over small distances. In the most deeply
subsided zone, in the Slovenian Basin, lateral changes in the rock composition are
less pronounced than south from the basin, in the area of the subsequent Dinaric
Carbonate Platform, where completely different rock sequences are found at a di-
stance of some hundred meters.
Ladinian rock sequences with tuff in Slovenia
In the central part of present-day Slovenia, that is, in the Slovenian Basin, some
hundred meters thick Pseudizilian Beds (synonym of Pseudogailthal Beds) were
deposited. They consist of shale alternating with graywake and tuff. Local intercala-
tions of thin-bedded micritic limestone with more or less frequent chert sheets or
nodules occur.
Volcanic activity played a very important role in the Ladinian. The major part of
the spilite-keratophyre association (Grafenauer, 1985) is restricted to the middle
part of Slovenia, to the Slovenian Basin. Large masses of primary volcanites, which
extrude through the sediments of the Pseudozilian Formation and dominate over
pyroclastites, were confined to the deep faults along the margins of the basin.
The area situated south from the Slovenian Basin is characterized by the deposi-
tion of thin-bedded limestone with chert, shale and marl. Intercalated in these rock
sequences are numerous tuff and tuffite layers. They often dominate over other rock
units and represent the most characteristic type of rock in the Ladinian. Tuffs are
undoubtedly derived from the volcanic centers in the Slovenian Basin, for outcrops of
primary volcanites south from the basin are very rare. Also the thickness of the
Ladinian beds in the southern zone is much smaller than in the Slovenian Basin.
Generally it reaches only o few meters, exceptionally it exceeds one hundred meters.
Description of samples and localities
Twelve sections have been systematically sampled to obtain as much data as
possible about the age and the beginning of the Middle Triassic volcanic activity.
With field work we covered the major part of Slovenia, where radiolarians can be
expected in appropriate rocks. Five localities revealed radiolarians preserved well
enough for paleontolological research. In the other sections the samples contained
none or very poorly preserved radiolarian fauna. The location and lithology of the
sections studied are presented in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 respectively. The age based on
radiolarians is indicated in Table 1. Other sections are itemized only in the Slovene
summary.
1. Locality name: Zaklanec (Fig. 2)
Paleogeographic unit: southern part of the Slovenian Basin
Location and access: 1,5 km north from Zaklanec near Horjul by the Zaklanec-
-Koreno road. The same section has already been described by Jurkovšek
(1984) under the name Gradišče.
Lithology of samples: dark grey micritic limestone with chert crusts.
Radiolarian fauna: rich, diverse, well preserved.
Other fossils: Daonella lommeli (Wissmann) (Jurkovšek, 1984) 30m above the
highest radiolarian sample.
136
Spela Gorićan & Stanko Buser
Fig. 1. Location of sections: Zaklanec, Bohinj, Vojsko, Vršič and Mokronog
SI. ì. Položaj nahajališč: Zaklanec, Bohinj, Vojsko, Vršič in Mokronog
2. Locality name: Bohinj (Fig. 2)
Paleogeographic unit: Slovenian Basin, tectonic window cropping out beneath the
Julian Carbonate Platform.
Location and access: 1 km in a direct line south from Sveti Duh at Lake Bohinj,
850 m above sea-level. The section is exposed in a narrow mountain-gorge under
a small waterfall.
Lithology of samples: greenish-grey micritic cherty limestone.
Radiolarian fauna: extremely diverse and very well preserved.
3. Locality name: Vojsko (Fig. 2)
Paleogeographic unit: Dinaric Carbonate Platform
Location and access: Vojskarska planota, by the Idrija-Vojsko road, 3 km east
from Vojsko, approximately 100 m west from the Gnezda farm.
Lithology of samples: dark grey and dark red micritic limestone with cherts.
Radiolarian fauna: common, fairly well preserved.
4. Locality name: Vršič (Fig. 2)
Paleogeographic unit: Julian Carbonate Platform
Location and access: 1.5 km south from the Vršič mountain-pass by the road to
Trenta, above a scarp approximately 300 m north from the Šupca viewpoint. The
section has been described by Ramovš and Jurkovšek (1983 b).
Lithology of samples: greenish-grey micritic nodular cherty limestone.
Radiolarian fauna: rare but relatively diverse, preservation moderate, inner struc-
ture commonly recrystallized.
Other fossils: Daoneíía pic/iien Mojsisovics (Ramovš & Jurkovšek, 1983 b).
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia)
137
Fig. 2. Lithological columns of sections showing the position of radiolarian samples and co-occurring bivalves. The Zaklanec and Vršič
sections are generalized according to Jurkovšek (1984) and Ramovš and Jurkovšek (1983 b) respectively
1 limestone; 2 limestone with chert; 3 shale; 4 marl; 5 chert; 6 tuff, tuffite; 7 keratophyre; 8 massive dolomite; 9 covered interval; i 0 fault
SI. 2. Litološki stolpci s položajem radiolarijskih vzorcev in spremljajočimi školjkami. Profil Zaklanec je prirejen po Jurkovšku (1984),
Vršič po Ramovšu in Jurkovšku (1983 b)
1 apnenec; 2 apnenec z rožencem; 3 skrilavi glinovec; 4 lapor; 5 roženec; 6 tuf, tufit; 7 keratofir; 8 masivni dolomit; 9 pokrito; JO prelom
138
Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia)
139:
Tabela 1. Razširjenost radiolarijev
140 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
5. Locality name: Mokronog (Fig. 2)
Paleogeographic unit: southern part of the Slovenian Basin.
Location and access: 3 km in a direct line east from Mokronog, by the Mokronog-
-Malkovec road, near the village Vrh nad Mokronogom.
Lithology of samples: dark yellow sparitic limestone.
Radiolarian fauna: rare, moderately preserved, robust forms only.
Other fossils: Daonella cf. lommeli (Wissmann) 18 m above radiolarians.
Systematic paleontology
Špela Goričan
The taxa are listed in alphabetical order. In the plates the figures are arranged so
that they allow an easier comparison among related or similar forms. Occurrences of
species in the present material studied are shown in Table 1, the frequency being
ignored. If a mofphotype is very abundant (at least 15 specimens in a single sample),
it is indicated under remarks in the text.
Radiolarians were extracted from limestone samples with acetic acid, the residue
being cleaned with diluted hydrofluoric acid. The isolated specimens were mounted
on stubs for scanning microscopy with nail varnish according to the method descri-
bed by De Wever (1980).
Genus   Anisicyrtis Kozur & Mostler, 1981
Type species   Anisicyrtis hungarica Kozur & Mostler, 1981.
Anisicyrtis sp. A
PI. 12, figs. 9, 10, 11 a-b
Description: Test cylindrical in outline, composed of 5 to 6 segments. Cephalis
poreless, hemispherical. Apical horn three-bladed. Thorax larger than cephalis,
postthoracic segments more or less equal in width. All postcephalic segments bear
rounded, irregularly spaced pores. The largest pores occur on the last segment. The
wall of the postcephalic segments except the last one is nodose.
Inner spicule of Napora-type (Takemura, 1986). A, V and 1 prolonged as thorns
outside the wall of the cephalis.
Remarks: The only species of Anisicyrtis described so far is Anisicyrtis hunga-
rica Kozur & Mostler (1981, 105, pi. 13, figs. 2 a, b) of Illyrian age. It differs from
Anisicyrtis sp. A by consisting of only 3 segments, having a smooth thorax and
abdomen and no pores on the cylindrical ending of the test and by the primary lateral
spines of the inner spicule being prolonged outside the cephalic wall.
Stichomitra ? triassica Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler (1981, 25, pi. 9, fig. 7)
from the Buchenstein Beds of Recoaro should probably be assigned to Anisicyrtis. It
differs from Anisicyrtis sp. A by the apical horn being rounded in cross-section and
not three-bladed. Spines V and 1 do not extend outside the cephalic wall. Both
species share a similar ornamentation of postcephalic segments, which have perfora-
ted and all except the last one nodose surfaces.
Genus   Archaeosemantis Dumitrica, 1978 b
Type species   Archaeosemantis pterostephanus Dumitrica, 1978 b.
Archaeosemantis cristianensis Dumitrica, 1982 c
PI. 7, fig. 1
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia) 141
1978 b Archaeosemantis pterostephanus DumitTÌca - Dum i trica, 52, pl. 5, figs. 7,
8, non figs. 9-12.
1982 c Archaeosemantis cristianensis Dumitrica - Dumi trica, 423, pl. 1, fig. 11;
pl. 3, fig. 11; pl. 4, figs. 5, 7, 11; pl. 6, fig. 2; pl. 7, figs. 3, 12, 13.
Archaeosemantis pterostephanus Dumitrica, 1978 b
PI. 7, fig. 2
1978b Archaeosemantis pterostephanus Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 52, pi. 5, figs.
9-12, non figs. 7, 8.
1982c Archaeosemantis pterostephanus Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 423-424, pi. 5,
fig. 1; pi. 6, figs. 1, 4, 5; pi. 7, fig. 1.
Genus   Baumgartnena Dumitrica, 1982 a
Type species   Baumgartneria retrospina Dumitrica, 1982a.
Baumgartneria bifurcata Dumitrica, 1982 a
PI. 3, fig. 1
1982a Baumgartneria bifurcata Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 71, pi. 10, figs. 3, 4.
Baumgartneria retrospina Dumitrica, 1982 a
Pi. 3, fig. 3
1982a Bumgartneria retrospina Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 70-71, pi. 9, figs. 3-8; pi.
10, figs. 1, 2; pi. 12, fig. 3.
Baumgartneria trifurcata Dumitrica, 1982 a
PI. 3, fig. 2
1982a Baumgartneria trifurcata Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 71, pl. 10, fig. 6; pi. 11,
figs. 4-7.
1982   Baumgartneria trifurcata Dumitrica - Dumitrica & Mello, pl. 2, figs. 4,
5.
Genus   Beturiella Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
Type species   Beturiella robusta Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1981.
Beturiella robusta Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
PI. 1, fig. 3
1980 BeíuheZía robusia Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumitrica et al., 11, pi. 3,   .
fig. 5; pi. 12, figs. 1-3.
1984 Beturiella robusta Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Lahm, 29, pl. 3, fig. 9.
Genus   Bulbocyrtium Kozur & Mostler, 1981
Type species   Bulbocyrtium reticulatum Kozur & Mostler, 1981.
Bulbocyrtium spp.
PI. 11, figs. 6-8
Remarks: Various forms consisting of a large inflated reticular cephalis with
a three-bladed apical horn and two to three perforated postcephalic segments are
frequent in our Fassanian and Langobardian samples. The illustrated specimens
differ from each other in the number and the relative width of the segments. They all
142 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
differ from the two species described so far (Bulbocyrtium reticulatum Kozur
& Mostler, 1981, 106, pi. 11, fig. 1; Bulbocyrtium cordevolicum Kozur & Most-
ler, 1981, 107, pi. 11, fig. 2; pi. 13, fig. 1) in having a cylindrical ending of the test
instead of a flaring imperforate skirt.
Genus   Cruccila Pessagno, 1971 emend. Baumgartner, 1980
Type species   Cruccila messinae Pessagno, 1971.
Cruccila sp.
PI. 1, fig. 8
Genus   Cryptostephanidium Dumitrica, 1978 a
Type species   Cryptostephanidium cornigerum Dumitrica, 1978a.
Cryptostephanidium cornigerum Dumitrica, 1978 a
PI. 8, figs. 1-3
1978a Cryptostephanidium cornigerum Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 31, pi. 1, figs.
1-4; pi. 4, fig. 4.
1982   Cryptostephanidium cf. cornigerum Dumitrica - Yao, pi. 1, fig. 16.
Remarks: PI. 8, fig. 3 represents an abnormal form with a pylome. Only one
specimen of this type was found.
Cryptostephanidium ? japonicum (Nakaseko & Nishimura), 1979
PI. 8, fig. 5
1979 Thionche japónica Nakaseko & Nishimura - Nakaseko & Nishimura, 72,
pi. 4, figs. 8, 10.
1986 ? Tripocyclia japónica Nakaseko & Nishimura - Bio me et al., pl. 8.3, figs. 13,
18.
Remarks: The species is questionably assigned to Cryptostephanidium. The
inner structure was not illustrated by Nakaseko and Nishimura (1979) and it
also could not be observed in our material.
Cryptostephanidium ? japonicum differs from C. verrucosum Dumitrica in that
the horns are three-bladed only on the proximal part. Distally they are rounded in
cross-section.
Cryptostephanidium verrucosum Dumitrica, 1978 a
PI. 8, fig. 4
1978a Cryptostephanidium verrucosum Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 31, pi. 1, figs. 7,
8; pi. 4, fig. 8.
Genus   Dumitricasphaera Kozur & Mostler, 1979 emend. Lahm, 1984
Type species   Dumitricasphaera goestlingensis Kozur & Mostler, 1979.
Remarks : Included are morphotypes with a spongy outer shell and two polar
spines, which have three wings or three spinules on their tips. Most of the forms are
new. The inner structure is not preserved in the material studied. The original
definition of Dumitricasphaera (Kozur & Mostler, 1979, 60) also lacks the
description of the inner structure, therefore the generic name is determined with
a question mark.
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia) 143
Dumitricasphaera ? pennata Goričan n. sp.
PI. 4, figs. 9a-b, 10
Etymology: pennatus, a, um (Latin) = winged.
Type locality: Vršič, NW Yugoslavia.
Diagnosis: Three thorny wings on the spine tips.
Description: Shell spherical, spongy. Two short polar spines. Spines strong,
three-bladed, slightly torsioned distally. Blades rounded, grooves deep. The blades
are distally widened to form three flattened wings. Outer edge of wings convex,
ornamented with small thorns. Spines constricted at the beginning of wings. Length
of spines together with wings approximately equal to the diameter of the shell.
Remarks: Three species of Dumitricasphaera have been described so far: D.
goestlingensis Kozur & Mostler (1979, 60, pi. 3. fig. 1), D. latispinosa Kozur & Mostler
(1979, 61, pi. 3. fig. 3) and D. planustyla Lahm (1984, 71, pl. 12, fig. 9). They all have
three very long backward twisted thorny spinules on the spine tips instead of small
flattened wings as with D. ? pennata.
Occurrence: Upper Fassanian?-Langobardian from NW Yugoslavia.
Dimensions (in џт): diameter of shell: 100-140 (holotype: 117, average of 10
specimens: 112); length of spines (including wings): 90-140 (holotype: 113, 127,
average: 125); width of spines (at base): 45-60 (holotype: 50, average: 51).
Dumitricasphaera ? cf. trispinosa (Kozur & Mostler), 1979
PI. 4, fig. 14
cf. 1979 SpongfostyZus ímpinosMS Kozur & Mostler - Kozur & Mostler, 57, pi. 5.
fig. 3.
Remarks: Our specimens differ from the holotype by spinules being turned
towards the shell and not in the opposite direction.
Dumitricasphaera ? spp.
PI. 4, figs. 11-13
Remarks: Beside Dumitricasphaera ? pennata, wich is the most frequent repre-
sentative of the genus, there occur other similar forms with wings on the spine-tips.
They differ from each other in the shape of the wings and length of the spines.
Genus   Eonapora Kuzur & Mostler, 1979 emend. Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
Type species   Eonapora pulchra Kozur & Mostler, 1979.
Eonapora mesotriassica Kozur & Mostler, 1981
PI. 10, fig. 1
1981 Eonapora mesotriassica Kozur & Mostler - Kozur & Mostler, 81-82, pi. 27,
fig. 1 a-d.
Eonapora aff. robusta Kozur & Mostler, 1981
PI. 10, fig. 2 a-b
aff. 1981 Eonapora robusta Kozur & Mostler - Kozur & Mostler, 82, pi. 29, fig.
1 a-c.
144 Spela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Remarks: Eonapora aff. robusta has thinner and shorter feet and apical horn
than typical representatives of E. robusta. The ridges representing arches AV and Al
on the outer surface of the cephalis are also slenderer. The whole test therefore looks
more delicate.
Eonapora sp.
PI. 10, fig. 3
1980 Eonapora n. sp. - Dumitrica et al., 21, pl. 9, figs. 3, 4.
Genus   Eptingium Dumitrica, 1978a
Type species   Eptingium manfredi Dumitrica, 1978a.
Eptingium manfredi Dumitrica, 1978a
PI. 8, figs. 7-8
1978 a Eptingium manfredi Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 33-34, pi. 3, figs, 3, 4; pi. 4,
figs. 1, 2, 5-7.
7 1979 Tripocyclia japónica Nakaseko & Nishimura - Nakaseko & Nishi-
mura, 73, pi. 4, figs. 4-6.
1979 Eptingium manfredi Dumitrica - Pessagno et al., pl. 6, figs, 9, 10, 11.
1980 Eptingium manfredi manfredi Dumitrica - Dumitrica et al.. 19, pl. 3,
figs. 1-3; pl. 6, figs. 5-7.
1980 Eptingium manfredi robustum Kozur & Mostler - Dumitrica et al., 20,
pl. 6, figs, 1-4, 8.
1982 Eptingium manfredi Dumitrica - De Wever, 275-276, pi. 35, fig. 5.
1982 Eptingium manfredi Dumitrica - Dumitrica & Mello, pl. 2, figs. 6, 7.
1982 Eptingium cf. manfredi Dumitrica - Matsuda & Isozaki, pi. 3, fig. 25.
1982 Eptingium manfredi Dumitrica - Sato et al., pl. 2, fig. 13.
1982 Eptingium cf. manfredi manfredi Dumitrica - Takashima & Koike,
pi. 1, figs. 7, 8.
1982 Eptingium cf. manfredi Dumitrica - Yao, pi. 1, fig. 17.
1982 Eptingium cf. manfredi Dumitrica - Yao et al., pl. 1, fig. 12.
non 1984 Eptingium manfredi Durritrica ? - De Wever, pl. 2, fig. 5.
1986 Eptingium manfredi robustum Kozur & Mostler - Kozur & Réti, fig.
5 A.
1989 Pseudostylosphaera sudari Kolar-Jurkovšek -  Kolar-Jurkovšek,
158, fig. 2, no. 5a, b.
Remarks : Eptingium manfredi robustum is not distinguished from E. manfredi
manfredi, because in the material studied both subspecies occur together. The
morphotype is very frequent in all Upper Illyrian-Fassanian samples.
Genus   Falcispongus Dumitrica, 1982 a
Type species   Fa/cispongus/a/ci/ormis Dumitrica, 1982a.
Falcispongus calcaneum Dumitrica, 1982 a
PI. 3, figs. 4-6
1982a Falcispongus calcaneum Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 65, pi. 1, fig. 1; pi. 2, figs.
2, 4-6, 8.
1982   Falcispongus calcaneum Dumitrica - Dumitrica & Mello, pl. 2, fig. 3.
1984   Falcispongus calcaneum Dumitrica - De Wever, pi, 3, fig. 1.
1984   Falcispongus calcaneum Dumitrica - Lahm, 49-50, pl. 8, fig. 5.
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia) 145
Falcispongus uncus Goričan n. sp.
PI. 3, figs. 8-9
Etymology: uncus, a, um (Latin) = hooked, bent in.
Type locality: Vršič, NW Yugoslavia.
Diagnosis: flattened spine with large external wing.
Description: Spine long, flattened, asymmetrical. Outer wing large. It widens
abruptly at a right angle to the stem or it is even slightly curved downwards. Inner
wing much smaller. The indentation on the inner wing can result in a craw-like form
(pi. 3, fig. 8). Distal part of main spine long, needle shaped.
Remarks: The general shape of the spine is more flattened than with Falcispon-
gus falciformis Dumitrica (1982 a). The transition between the wing and the median
part of the spine is less pronounced. The outer wing is broader.
Falcispongus uncus n. sp. has a smaller inner wing than F. rostratus Dumitrica
(1982a).
It further differs from F. hamatus Dumitrica (1982 a) in having a bigger spine with
a proportionally much longer stem and an abrupt transition between the stem and
the outer wing.
Occurrence: Upper Fassanian?-Langobardian from NW Yugoslavia.
Dimensions (in џт, based on 4 specimens): total length of spine: 265-360
(holotype: 360), length of radius: 130-190 (holotype: 190), breadth of spine with
wings: 105-150 (holotype 135), diameter of stem: 25-35 (holotype: 30).
Falcispongus hamatus Dumitrica, 1982 a
PI. 3, fig. 7
1982a Falcispongus hamatus Dumitrica ~ Dumitrica, 66-67, pi. 3, figs. 1, 4; pi. 4,
fig. 1.
Falcispongus rostratus Dumitrica, 1982 a
PI. 3, fig. 12
1982a Falcispongus rostratus Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 66, pi. 3, figs. 8, 9; pi. 4,
figs. 2, 3, 5, 6; pi. 5, figs. ?2, 4.
1984   Falcispongus rostratus Dumitrica - De Wever, pi. 3, fig. 2.
Genus   Foremanellina Dumitrica, 1982 b
Type species   Foremanellina helenae Dumitrica, 1982b.
Foremanellina expansolabrum Dumitrica, 1982 b
PI. 11, fig. 4
1982 b Foremanellina expansolabrum Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 79-80, pi. 2, figs. 4,
5.
R e ni a r k s : Specimens from the Vršič locality (upper Fassanian-Langobardian)
(pi. 3, fig. 6) have a shorter stem, the spine is less thick, the passage between the
external wing and the rest of the spine less pronounced. The spine is therefore more
flattened than the typical forms from the uppermost Illyrian-Fassanian.
146 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Foremanellina macrocephala Dumitrica, 1982 b
Pl. 11, flg. 5
1982b Foremanellina macrocephala Dumitrica - Dumitrica , 78, pl. 1, fig. 3; pl. 2.
fig. 2; pl. 3, figs. 1-4.
Genus   Goestlingella Kozur & Mostler, 1979
Type species   Goestlingella cordevolica Kozur & Mostler, 1979.
Goestlingella illyrica Kozur 1984
Pl. 11, fig. 9
1984 Goestlingella illyrica Kozur - Kozur, 67, pl. 4, fig. 1.
Genus   Gomberellus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
Type species   Gomberellus hircicornus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980.
Gomberellus bispinosus (Kozur & Mostler), 1981
Pl. 1, fig. 10
1979 Spumellaria gen. et spec. inc. - Kozur & Mostler, pl. 21, fig. 2.
1981 Karnospongella bispinosa Kozur & Mostler - Kozur & Mostler, 42, pl. 50,
figs, la-d, 2.
Remarks: Karnospongella Kozur & Mostler is considered a younger synonym of
Gomberellus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler. Both genera have an oval spongy shell
with two main spines and some shorter additional spines in the opposite side of the
shell. Gomberellus bispinosus (Kozur & Mostler) probably evolved from G. hircicor-
nus by stronger torsion of the main spines.
Gomberellus hircicornus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
PI. 1, fig. 9
1980 Gomberellus hircicornus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumitrica et al., 6,
pl. 10, fig. 6; pl. 14, fig. 3.
1984 Gomberellus hircicornus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Lahm, 52, pl. 8, fig.
11.
Genus   Hinedorcus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
Type species   Hinedorcus alatus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980.
Hinedorcus alatus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
PI. 10, fig. 5
1980 Hinedorcus alatus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumitrica et al., 24, pl. 9,
figs. 2, 8; pl. 15, fig. 4.
Genus   Hozmadia Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
Type species   Hozmadia reticulata Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980.
Hozmadia pyramidalis Goričan n. sp.
Pl. 9, figs. 4, 5 a-b, 6, 7 a-b
Etymology: pyramidalis, e (Latin) = pyramidal.
Type locality: Bohinj, NW Yugoslavia.
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia) 147
Diagnosis: small pyramidal Hozmadia with straight feet.
Description: Cephalis small, subspherical, constricted at the feet. Its surface
perforated, covered with a reticulate network of ribs. Apical horn stout, three-
bladed. Feet strong, straight, three-bladed distally. On the proximal part of the feet
the outer ridge bifurcates, the ridges are prolonged on the outer surface of the
cephalis. The other two blades of the adjacent feet connected to form a relatively
wide poreless collar edge.
Remarks: Hozmadia pyramidalis differs from H. reticulata Dumitrica, Kozur
& Mostler by being much smaller in size and by having straight pyramidal feet and
a wide poreless collar edge. Apical horn is three-bladed.
Hozmadia longobardica Kozur & Mostler (1981, 82, pi. 28, figs, la, b, 3) has no
collar edge and should probably be assigned to Eonapora Kozur & Mostler. Hozma-
dia parva Kozur & Mostler (1981, 83, pi. 32, fig. 2) has a smooth surface and slightly
curved feet.
Occurrence: Upper Illyrian-Fassanian (equivalent of the Buchenstein Beds)
from NW Yugoslavia.
Dimensions (in џт): width of cephalis: 52-76 (holotype: 62, average of 9 speci-
mens: 62); height of cephalis without collar edge: 50-72 (holotype: 57, average: 59);
height of apical horn: 40-60 (holotype: 55, average: 50) length of feet: 50-67
(holotype: 57, average: 56).
Hozmadia reticulata Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
PI. 9, figs. 8-10
1980 Hozmadia reíicu/aía Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumitrica et al., 21-22,
pl. 9, figs. 9, 10.
Remarks: Hozmadia reticulata is one of the most frequent species in the Upper
Illyrian-Fassanian. Two slightly different forms occur together. A typical one is
illustrated in pi. 9, fig. 8. Included are also forms with a larger cephalis, thinner
cephalic wall and ridges, and slimmer apical horn and feet (pi. 9, figs. 9, 10).
Genus   Hungarosaturnalis Kozur & Mostler, 1983
Type species   Hungarosaturnalis multispinosus Kozur & Mostler, 1983.
Hungarosaturnalis multispinosus Kozur & Mostler, 1983
PI. 1, fig. 5
1983 Hungarosaturnalis multispinosa Kozur & Mostler - Kozur & Mostler, 8,
pi. 4, figs, la, b, 2; pi. 5, fig. 5; pi. 6; fig. la, b; pi. 7, figs. 2, 3.
Genus   Katorella Kozur & Mostler, 1981
Type species   Katorella bifurcata Kozur & Mostler, 1981.
Katorella bifurcata Kozur & Mostler, 1981
PI. 1, fig. 11
1979 Staurodor as der courti Be ^ ever - Nakaseko & Nishimura, 71, pl.
3, fig. 7.
1981 Katorella bifurcata Kozur & Mostler - Kozur & Mostler, 51, pi. 3,
figs. 4, 5; pi. 60, fig. 2a, b.
1984 Katorella bifurcata Kozur & Mostler - Lahm, 52-53, pl. 9, fig. 2.
1984 Katorella sp. - Lahm, 53, pl. 9, fig. 3.
148 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Genus  Natraglia Pessagno, 1979
Type species   Natraglia luminosa Pessagno, 1979.
Natraglia luminosa Pessagno, 1979
PI. 1, fig. 7
1979 Natraglia luminosa Pessagno - Pessagno et al., 172, pl. 6, fig. 8.
1982 Natraglia luminosa Pessagno - De Wever, 266, pl. 33, fig. 5.
1984 Natraglia unica Pessagno - Kozur, pi. 2, fig. 2.
Natraglia unica Pessagno, 1979
PI. 1, fig. 6
1979 Natraglia unica Pessagno - Pessagno et al., 172, pl. 6, fig. 7.
1982 Ntraglia unica Pessagno - De Wever, 265-266, pl. 33, fig. 6.
Genus   Neopylentonema Kozur, 1984
Type species   Neopylentonema mesotriassica Kozur, 1984.
Neopylentonema mesotriassica Kozur, 1984
PI. 8, fig. 11
1984 Neopylentonema mesotriassica Kozur - Kozur, 71, pi. 4, fig. 5; pi. 5, fig. la-c;
pi. 6, fig. 1.
Genus   Nofrema Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
Type species   Nofrema trispinosa Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980.
Nofrema trispinosa Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
PI. 10, fig. 6
1980 Nofrema trispinosa Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumitrica et al., 25, pi. 9,
fig. 1; pi. 15, fig. 3.
Genus   Oertlispongus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
Type species   Oertlispongus inaequispinosus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler
1980.
Oertlispongus inaequispinosus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
PI. 3, figs. 10-11
1980   Oertlispongus inaequispinosus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumitrica et
al., 5, pl. 10, fig. 7.
1982a Oertlispongus inaequispinosus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumitrica,
64-65, pi. 1, figs. 2, 4, 6. 9; non fig. 7.
1982 Oertlispongus inaequispinosus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumitrica
& Mello, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2.
1983 Oertlispongus annulatus Kozur 8¿ Mostler - Kozur & Mostler, 33, pi. l,fig.
6.
1983 Oertlispongus longirecurvatus Kozur & Mostler - Kozur & Mostler,
33-34, pi. 1, fig. 5.
1984 Oertlispongus inaequispinosus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Lahm, 48, pl.
8, fig. 2.
1984   n. gen. n. sp. - Lahm, 48, pl. 8, fig. 4.
1986   Oertlispongus inaequispinosus Dumitrica,  Kozur &i Mostler -   Kozur
& Réti, fig. 5F.
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia) 149
Genus   Parasepsagon Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
Type species   Parasepsagon tetracanthus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980.
Parasepsagon tetracanthus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
PI. 6, fig. 1
1980 Parasepsagon tetracanthus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumitrica et al.,
13, pl. 1, fig. 8; pl. 2, fig. 7.
1981 Parasepsagon tetracanthus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Kozur & Most-
ler, 36, pi. 36, fig. 2; pi. 51, fig. 3.
1984 Parasepsagon tetracanthus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - L a h m , 41, pi. 6, fig.
11.
Genus   Parentactinia Dumitrica, 1978b
Type species   Parentactinia pugnax Dumitrica, 1978b.
Parentactinia pugnax Dumitrica, 1978b
PI. 7, fig. 6
1978b Parentactinia pugnax Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 50-51, pi. 4, figs. 4?, 5; pi. 5,
figs. 1-3.
Genus   Pentactinocapsa Dumitrica, 1978b
Type species   Pentactinocapsa quadripes Dumitrica, 1978b.
Pentactinocapsa quadripes Dumitrica, 1978 b
PI. 7, fig. 5
1978b Pentactinocapsa quadripes Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 45-46, pi. 1, figs. 2-4.,
Genus   Pentactinocarpus Dumitrica, 1978b
Type species   P entactino carpus fusiformis Dumitrica, 1978b.
P entactino car pus acanthicus Dumitrica, 1978 b
PI. 7, fig. 12
1978b Pentactinocarpus acanthicus Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 44-45, pi. 3, fig. 3.
1980 Pentaciinocarpus acani/iicus Dumitrica - Dumitrica et al., 7-8, pi. 4, fig. 7.
1981 Pentactinocarpus bispinosus Kozur & Mock - Kozur & Mostler, 21, pi.
52, fig. 2 a-b.
1984   Pentactinocarpus acanthicus Dumitrica - Lahm, 22-23, pl. 2, figs. 9, 10.
Remarks: Pentactinocarpus bispinosus Kozur & Mostler is considered an aber-
rant form of P. acanthicus with a bifurcate apical spine.
Remarks: In our samples the specimens of Oertlispongus inaequispinosus are
abundant but mostly represented by broken spines without a shell, the distinction of
O. annulatus Kozur & Mostler and O. longirecurvatus Kozur & Mostler from O.
inaequispinosus is not possible. Moreover, all our specimens are found in the Upper
Illyrian-Fassanian, the difference in the stratigraphie range of the three morphotypes
thus could not have been assumed.
The spines of Oertlispongus inaequispinosus are resistant to the dissolutional
processes. In the poorly preserved Gr 7 sample they absolutely predominate in the
assemblage.
150 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Pentactinocarpus fusiformis Dumitrica, 1978b
Pl. 7, flg. 11
1978 b Pentactinocarpus fusiformis Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 44, pl. 2, fig. 2.
1980   Pentactinocarpus fusiformis Dumitvica - Dumitrica et al., 8, pl. 4, figs. 2, 3,
5, 6, 8.
1982   Pentactinocarpus fusiformis Dumitrica - Yao, pl. 1, fig. 20.
1982   Pentactinocarpus fusiformis Dumitrica - Yao et. al., pl. 1, fig. 13.
1984   Pentactinocarpus fusiformis Dumitrica - Lahm, 24-25, pl. 3, fig. 1.
1986   Pentactinocarpus fusiformis Dumitrica - Kozur & Réti, fig. 6C.
Pentactinocarpus tetracanthus Dumitrica, 197&b
Pl. 7, figs. 8-10
1978b Pentactinocarpus tetracanthus Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 44, pl. 2, fig. 1.
1979 Sethophaena (?) sp. A - Nakaseko & Nishimura, 79, pl. 8, fig. 7, non fig.
8.
1980 Pentactinocarpus tetracanthus Dumitrica - Dumitrica et al., 8, pl. 4, figs. 1,
4.
1984 Pentactinocarpus tetracanthus Dumitrica - Lahm, 23-24, pl. 2, fig. 11.
1984 Pentactinocarpus cf. tetracanthus Dumitrica - Lahm, 24, pl. 2, fig. 12.
1984   Pentactinocarpus bispinosus Kozur & Mock - Lahm, 24, pl. 2, fig. 13.
Remarks: Pentactinocarpus cf. tetracanthus and P. bispinosus described by
Lahm (1984) are aberrant forms of P. tetracanthus. Two aberrant specimens from
our material are illustrated in pi. 7, figs. 9, 10. The first one has two antapical spines,
the second has five basal spines. Aberrant forms of P. tetracanthus are rather
frequent but differ one from another.
The frequency of P. tetracanthus is about half of that of P. fusiformis in the
Buchenstein Limestone of Recoaro (Dumitrica, 1978b). In the present studied
material from NW Yugoslavia the situation is the opposite. P. tetracanthus is
relatively abundant but P. fusiformis very rare.
Genus   Pentactinorbis Dumitrica, 1978
Type species   Pentactinorbis kozuri Dumitrica, 1978b.
Pentactinorbis kozuri Dumitrica 1978b
PI. 7, fig. 7
1978b Pentactinorbis kozuri Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 46-47, pi. 3, figs. 4-5.
non 1982 Pentactinorbis kozuri Dumitrica - De Wever, 119-121, pi. 1, fig. 4.
1984 Pentactinorbis kozuri Dumitrica - Lahm, 26, pl. 3, fig. 2.
Genus   Pentaspongodiscus Kozur & Mostler, 1979 emend. Dumitrica, Kozur
& Mostler, 1980
Type species   Pentaspongodiscus tortilis Kozur & Mostler, 1979.
Pentaspongodiscus ladinicus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
PI. 2, fig.3
1980 Pentaspongodiscus tortilis ladinicus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumi-
trica et al., 10, pl. 8, fig. 5.
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia) 151
Pentastpongodiscus mesotriassicus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
PI. 2, figs. 1-2
1980 Pentaspongodiscus mesotriassicus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumi-
trica et al., 10, pl. 8, fig. 7.
? 1981 Pentaspongodiscus ? ruesti Kozur & Mostler - Kozur & Mostler, 62-63,
pi. 59, figs. 2, 3.
? 1984 Pentaspongodiscus ruesti Kozur & Mostler - Lahm, 55-56, pl. 9, fig. 9.
? 1984 Pentaspongodiscus cf. ruesti Kozur & Mostler - Lahm, 56, pl. 9, fig. 10.
1984 Pentaspongodiscus mesotriassicus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Lahm, 56,
pl. 9, fig. 11.
Remarks : Pentaspongodiscus ruesti Kozur & Mostler is questionably assigned
to P. mesotriassicus. The additional spine does not lie at the same angle and in the
same place with all the specimens. It seems more probable that P. ruesti is an
aberrant representative of P. mesotriassicus.
P. mesotriassicus is very frequent.
Pentaspongodiscus symmetricus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler 1980
PI. 2, fig. 5
1980 PeniaspongfodiscMS symmeiricus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumitrica et
al., 10, pl. 8, fig. 4.
1984 Pentaspongodiscus symmetricus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler -  Lahm,
57-58, pl. 10, fig. 2.
1984 Pentaspongodiscus heptastylus Lahm - Lahm, 58, pl. 10, fig. 3.
Remarks: Pentaspongodiscus heptastylus is considered an aberrant form of P.
symmetricus.
Genus   Picapora Kozur & Mostler, 1981
Type species   Picapora robusta Kozur & Mostler, 1981.
Remarks: Picapora was originally defined as having a closed thorax (Kozur
& Mostler, 1981, 109). This criterium is now discarded, because in the material
studied there occur otherwise identical specimens with a closed or open mouthy
1981 Pentaspongodiscus ladinicus Dumitrica, KozxiT &i Mostler - Kozur & Most-
ler, 62, pi. 45, fig. 2.
1984 Pentaspongodiscus ladinicus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Lahm, 55, pl. 9,
fig. 8.
Pentaspongodiscus ci. ladinicus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
PI. 2, fig. 4
Remarks: It differs from the type material by having a larger shell, relatively
shorter and broader spines, which are more torsioned, especially on their distal part.
According to the occurrence in NW Yugoslavia (Table 1) P. cf. ladinicus could be
younger than P. ladinicus.
152 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Picapora sp. A
Pl. 11, figs, la-b, 2a-b, 3a-b
Description: Test dicyrtid. Cephalis small, its surface covered with ribs.
Thorax pyramidal, thoracic wall smooth. Apical horn and feet three-bladed. Feet
visible on external side of the thorax. Vertical spine penetrates the cephalic wall as
a short thorn. Thorax distally closed with a thin plate (pi. 11, figs, lb, 2b) or it has
a rounded aperture with a strong rim (pi. 11, fig. 3 b).
Remarks: Two morphotypes are included - one with a closed and the other with
an open mouth. The difference in the stratigraphie range of these two types has not
yet been stated. It is possible that they represent only two different onthogenetic
stages of the same species.
Picapora robusta Kozur & Mostler (1981, 110, pi. 7, fig. la-d, 2a-b) differs from
Picapora sp. A in having a fourbladed apical horn and a longer prolongation of the
vertical spine.
Genus   Plafkerium Pessagno, 1979
Type species   Plafkerium abbotti Pessagno, 1979.
Remarks: The inner structure of Plaflcerium has not yet been described or
illustrated. The bad preservation of our material does not allow this either. The
cortical shell is double-layered as with Parasepsagon. For this reason the newly
described species Plafkerium? firmum is questionably ascribed to this genus.
Plafkerium abboti Pessagno, 1979
PI. 6, figs. 7-8
1979 Plafkerium abbotti Pessagno - Pessagno et al., 179-180, pl. 9, figs. 6, 10, 14.
1982 Plafkerium abboti Pessagno - De Wever, 172-173, pi. 9, fig. 3.
Remarks : The test is somewhat smaller than with the type material, the spines
are relatively thicker.
Plafkerium ? firmum Goričan n. sp.
PI. 6, figs. 3-6
Etymology: firmus, a, um (Latin) = firm, solid, strong.
Type locality: Vršič, NW Yugoslavia.
Diagnosis: Four straight spines with primary and secondary ridges and gro-
oves.
Description: Cortical shell square in outline, slightly convex, two-layered.
Outer layer consisting of irregular nodes and connecting rays. Four spines extending
from the corners of the square at right angles, not always absolutely coplanar (pi. 6,
fig. 4). One spine longer. All the spines straight or only very slightly twisted (pi. 6, fig.
5). Spines with three primary and three relatively deep secondary grooves. Ridges
wide, rounded. Spine-tips rounded, terminating with a short needle, circular in
cross-section.
The size of the test, especially the lenght of the spines, displays great variability.
With the biggest specimens the spines are nearly twice as long as with the smallest
ones. In the material studied the two extreme types occur together, therefore they are
defined as the same species.
Remarks: Plafkerium ? firmum differs from Plafkerium abbotti Pessagno (Pes-
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia) 153
s agno et al., 1979), Plafkerium hindei Pessagno (Pessagno et al., 1979), Emiluvia
? cochleata Nakaseko & Nishimura (1979) and Stauracontium minoense Nakaseko
& Nishimura (1979) in that all four spines are straight and have distinctive secondary
grooves beside primary ones.
Occurrence: Langobardian of NW Yugoslavia, very frequent.
Dimensions (in цт): width of shell (bettween adjacent spines): 115-140 (holo-
type: 120, average of 19 specimens: 129); length of shorter spines: 73-165 (holotype:
77, average: 100); length of longer spine: 110-240 (holotype: 110, average: 143);
maximum width of spines: 47-66 (holotype: 47, average: 56).
Plafkerium ? cf. longidentatum Kozur & Mostler, 1981
PI. 6, fig. 2
cf. 1981 Plafkerium ? longidentatum Kozur & Mostler - Kozur & Mostler, 71,
pi. 51, fig. 1.
1984 Staurosphaera ? fluegeli Kozur & Mostler - Lahm, 75, pl. 13, fig. 7.
cf. 1984 Plafkerium longidentatum Kozur & Mostler - Lahm, 87, pl. 15, fig. 12.
Remarks: The form differs from the type material in that all the four spins are
equal in length. The whole test is somewhat larger, the spines are relatively narrower.
Plafkerium sp.
PI. 6, fig. 9
1982 Plafkerium sp. - De Wever, pi. 9, fig. 4.
Remarks : The form differs from P. abbotti Pessagno in having very strong and
broad spines, which widen distally and terminate abruptly. Primary grooves wide,
secondary ones insignificant.
Genus   Poulpus De Wever, 1979
Type species   Poulpus piabyx De ^ever, 1979.
Poulpus curvispinus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
PI. 9, figs. 1-2
1980 Poulpus curvispinus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumitrica et al., 22, pl.
2, fig. 1; pl. 15, figs. 5, 6.
Remarks: One abnormal specimen with a foot being split along the whole
length was found (pi. 9, fig. 2).
Poulpus aff. curvispinus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
PI. 9, fig. 3
1982 Poulpus aff. curvispinus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Yao, pi. 1, fig. 18.
Description: Large hemispherical cephalis with an irregular meshwork of
widely open rounded pores, pore frames pentagonal to hexagonal.
Genus   Pseudostylosphaera Kozur & Mostler, 1981
Type species   Pseudostylosphaera gracilis Kozur & Mostler, 1981.
Pseudostylosphaera coccostyla (Rust), 1892
.       .        , - PI- 5, fig. 1
154 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
1892 Spongatractus coccostylus Rust - Rust, 160, pl. 21, fig. 8.
1981 Pseudostylosphaera coccostyla (Rust) - Kozur & Mostler, 31-32, pl. 15,
fig. 3; pl. 46, fig. 5.
1981 Pseudostylosphaera ? sp. - Kozur & Mostler, 33, pl. 47, fig. 5.
1948 Pseudostylosphaera coccostyla (Rust) - Lahm, 33-34, pl. 4, figs. 7, 8.
1986 Pseudostylosphaera coccostyla (Rust) - Kozur & Réti, fig. 6E.
Remarks: The test is much larger and more robust than with other representati-
ves of Pseudostylosphaera. On the spines there are prominent secondary ridges and
grooves beside primary ones. The illustration of the holotype (Rust, 1892, pi. 21, fig.
8) is not very clear. Our material corresponds well to other descriptions and photo-
graphs cited in the synonymy.
Pseudostylosphaera goestlingensis (Kozur & Mostler), 1979
PI. 5, fig. 7
1979 Stylosphaera ? goestlingensis Kozur 8¿ Mostler - Kozur & Mostler, 54,
pi. 17, fig. 5; pi. 18, fig. 1.
non 1984 Pseudostylosphaera goestlingensis (Kozur & Mostler) - Lahm, 35-36, pl.
5, figs. 3, 4.
Remarks: The shell structure of P. goestlingensis described by Lahm (1984)
does not correspond to Pseudostylosphaera. The spines have sharp blades and not
rounded as with the type material.
The species is frequent.
Pseudostylosphaera cf. hellenica (De Wever), 1979
PI. 5, fig. 8
cf. 1979 Archaeospongoprunum (?) hellenicum De Wever - De Wever et al., 78, pl.
1, fig. 8.
cf. 1979 Stylosphaera ? cf. hellenica (De Wever) - Kozur & Mostler, 55, pi. 1, fig.
4; pi. 17, fig. 4.
cf. 1982 Archaeospongoprunum hellenicum De Wever - De Wever, 179-180, pi.
10, figs. 4, 5?.
cf. 1984 Pseudostylosphaera hellenica (De Wever) - Lahm, 35, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2.
Remarks: Included are forms with spines being distally more torsioned than
proximally. With the type material this difference is even more pronounced.
Pseudostylosphaera japónica (Nakaseko & Nishimura), 1979
PI. 5, fig. 2
1979 Archaeospongoprunum japonicum Nakaseko & Nishimura - Nakaseko
& Nishimura, 67, pi. 1, figs. 2, 4, 9.
1982 Archaeospongoprunum japonicum Nakaseko & Nishimura -  Mizutani
& Koike, pi. 3, fig. 3.
1982 Archaeospongoprunum japonicum Nakaseko & Nishimura - Sato et al., pl. 2,
figs. 1, 2.
1982 Archaeospongfopritnum japonicum Nakaseko & Nishimura - Yao, pi. l,fig. 21.
1984 Pseudostj/iosphaera japónica (Nakaseko & Nishimura) - Lahm, 34, pl. 4, figs.
9, 10.
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia) 155
1986 Pseudostylosphaera japónica (Nakaseko & Nishimura) - Blome et al., pi. 8.3,
figs. 1-2.
Remarks: In the Upper Illyrian-Fassanian assemblages P. japónica prevails
over other representatives of the genus.
Pseudostylosphaera longispinosa Kozur & Mostler, 1981
PI. 5, figs. 3-5
1981 Pseudostylosphaera longispinosa Kozur 8z Mostler - Kozur & Mostler, 32,
pi. 1, fig. 6.
1981 Pseudostylosphaera longobardica Kozur &¿ Mostler - Kozur & Mostler, 33,
pi. 49, fig. 3.
1984 Pseudostylosphaera longispinosa Kozur & Mostler - Lahm, 34-35, pl. 4, figs.
11, 12.
1986 Transitional form between Pseudostylosphaera longispinosa Kozur & Mostler
1981 and P. longobardica - Kozur & Réti, fig. 6D.
Remarks: Included are forms with two straight polar spines being more or less
equal in length and at least 1.5 times longer than the main axis of the shell (with P.
japónica this ratio is approximately 1:1).
P. longobardica Kozur & Mostler is not considered a different species. The
difference between the spherical to subspherical shell of P. longispinosa and the
ellipsoidal to subellipsoidal shell of P. longobardica is difficult to recognize. Most
specimens represent transitional forms.
Pseudostylosphaera tenuis (Nakaseko & Nishimura), 1979
PI. 5, fig. 6
1979 Archaeospongoprunum tenue Nakaseko & Nishimura - Nakaseko & Nis-
himura, 68-69, pi. 1, figs. 8, 10.
1982 Archaeospongoprunum tenue Nakaseko & Nishimura - Mizutani & Ko-
ike, pi. 3, fig. 2.
1984 Pseudostylosphaera tenue (Nakaseko & Nishimura) - Lahm, 36, pl. 5, figs. 5,
6.
Genus   S anfHippo ella Kozur & Mostler, 1979
Type species   Sanfilippoella tortilis Kozur & Mostler, 1979.
Sanfilippoella recta Kozur & Mostler, 1981
PI. 10, fig. 4
1981 Sanfilippoella recta Kozur & Mostler - Kozur & Mostler, 101, pi. 21, fig.
la-c; pi. 22, figs. 1, 2.
Genus   Sarla Pessagno, 1979
Type species   Sarla prietoensis Pessagno, 1979.
Sarla spp.
PI. 5, figs. 11-12
Remarks: Various forms with a double-layered cortical shell and three coplanar
spines (one of them of different size and sometimes structure than the other two) were
156 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Genus   Silicarmiger Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
Type species   Silicarmiger costatus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980.
Silicarmiger costatus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
PI. 10, fig. 8
1980 Silicarmiger costatus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumitrica et al., 23, pi.
7, figs. 1-6; pi. 14, fig. 4; pi. 15, fig. 2.
1981 Silicarmiger costatus anisicus Kozur & Mostler - Kozur & Mostler, 104,
pi. 10, fig. la, b.
Remarks: Silicarmiger costatus anisicus is included in the synonymy. In the
number of transverse ribs and lack of velum it resembles the juvenile stage of S.
costatus costatus illustrated by Dumitrica et. al. (1980, pl. 15, fig. 2).
Silicarmiger aff. costatus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
PI. 10, fig. 9
Remarks: It differs from the type material by having a smaller cephalis and
a shorter apical horn. According to the occurrence in NW Yugoslavia Silicarmiger
aff. costatus seems to be younger than S. costatus.
found in the Upper Fassanian?-Langobardian from Vršič. They differ in the relative
length and structure of the spines.
Sarla ? kretaensis Kozur & Krahl (1984) has well-pronounced secondary ridges and
grooves on the spines, the shorter spines are more twisted than in our material. Sarla
ariana Cordey et al. (1988), S. integrità Cordey et al. (1988) and S. soustra Cordey et
al. (1988) have longer spines.
Genus   Sepsagon Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
Type species   Triactoma longispinosum Kozur & Mostler, 1979.
Sepsagon longispinosus (Kozur & Mostler), 1979
PI. 5, fig. 9.
1979 Triactoma longispinosum Kozur & Mostler - Kozur & Mostler, 59, pi. 1,
fig. 6; pi. 11, fig. 3, 8; pi. 12, fig. 6; pi. 13, fig.l.
1980 Sepsagon longispinosus (Kozur & Mostler) - Dumitrica et al., 15, pl. 5, figs.
1, 2, 5, 6; pl. 15, fig. 1.
1983 Sarla longispinosum (Kozur &i Mostler) - Bio me, 19-20, pi. 3, figs. 5, 7, 10, 18;
pi. 11, fig. 4.
1984 Saria/ongfispinosa (Kozur & Mostler) emend. Blome - Blome, 31, pi. 4, fig. 3.
1984 Sepsagon longispinosus longispinosus (Kozur & Mostler) - Lahm, 39, pl. 6,
figs. 3, 4, 5.
1984 Sepsagon cf. longispinosus longispinosus (Kozur & Mostler) - Lahm, 39, pl. 6,
figs. 6, 7.
1984 Sepsagon longispinosus recoarensis Lahm - Lahm, 40, pl. 6, fig. 8.
Sepsagon ? robustus Lahm, 1984
Pl. 5, fig. 10
1984 Sepsagon ? robustus Lahm - Lahm, 40-41, pl. 6, fig. 10.
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia) 157
Genus   Spongopallium Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
Type species    Spongopallium contortum Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980.
Remarks: Included are forms with a spongy cortical shell and two polar spines,
which can be straight, torsioned or even hollow.
According to the original definition of Spongopallium (Dumitrica et al., 1980,
15) it has a spongy cortical mantle and two latticed inner shells. With most of our
material the inner structure has not been observed, with the others it differs from
that of Spongopallium (Spongopallium cf. koppi, pi. 4, fig. 4). For the sake of
simplicity and an easier survey the forms are assigned to the same genus. The generic
name is thus mostly determined with a question mark.
Spongopallium contortum Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
PI. 4, figs. 7-8
1980 Spongopallium contortum Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumitrica et al.,
16, pl. 2, fig. 5; pl. 11, fig. 1.
1984 Spongopallium contortum Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Lahm, 109, pl. 19,
figs. 8, 9.
Spongopallium ? koppi (Lahm), 1984
Pl. 4, fig. 1
1984 Cromyostylus ? koppi Lahm - Lahm, 68, pl. 12, figs. 1, 2.
1986 Spongopallium n. sp. - Kozur & Réti, fig. 6H.
Remarks: The outer outlook of the form is most similar to Spongopallium but the
inner structure as illustrated by Lahm (1984, pl. 12, fig. 2) is different (see remarks
under the generic name).
In the same samples as S. ? koppi there occur forms with completely straight or very
slightly twisted spines, which have wider grooves and sharp blades. They are
determined as Spongopallium ? cf. koppi (pi. 4, figs. 2-4). Their occurrence is not
included in Table 1.
Spongopallium ? sp. A
PI. 4, fig. 5
Description: Spherical shell with two polar spines of somewhat unequal length.
Outer layer of the shell spongy. Spines three-bladed, ending with a needle. Blades
sharp, twisted.
Remarks: This morphotype occurs in the Upper Illyrian-Fassanian. It probably
represents an ancestral species oi Spongostylus camicus Kozur & Mostler (1979,56,
pi. 9, figs. 5, 6) and Spongostylus tortilis Kozur & Mostler (1979, 56, pi. 4. fig. 2), wich
differ by having more torsioned spines. The inner structure of none of these species
has been observed so far, thus the phylogenetic relationship among them cannot be
confirmed.
A very closely related species has recently been described as Pseudostylosphaera
slovenica Kolar-Jurkovšek (1989, 158, fig. 2, no 1-3).
158 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Spongopallium ? sp. B
Pl. 4, fig. 6
1982 Spumellaria gen. et sp. indet. with tubular spines - Dumitrica & Mello,
pl. 2, fig. 13.
Genus   Spongosilicarmiger Kozxxr, 1984
Type species   Spongosilicarmiger italiens Koznr, 1984.
Spongosilicarmiger italiens Kozur, 1984
PI. 10, fig. 7
1979 Stichopterium (?) sp. B - Nakaseko & Nishimura, 80-81, pi. 11, figs.
2, 5.
1984 Spongosilicarmiger italiens Kozur - Kozur, 64, pi. 6, fig. 2; pi. 7, fig. la, b.
Remarks: The apical horn of the holotype ends with a short three-bladed spine.
In our material the distal portion of the apical horn is long, curved, circular in cross-
section.
Genus   Stauracontium Haeckel, 1881
Type species   Stauracontium cruciferum Haeckel, 1887.
Stauracontium ? granulosum Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
PI. 1, fig. 1
1980 Stauracontium ? granulosum Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumitrica et al.,
16, pl. 1, fig. 7; pl. 11, flg. 5.
1980 Plafkerium ? muelleri Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumitrica et al., 14, pl.
1, flg. 3.
1984 Stauracontium granulosum Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Lahm, 76-77, pl.
13, fig. 9.
1984 Plafkerium muelleri Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Lahm, 87, pl. 15, fig. 11.
Remarks: According to the original definition Stauracontium ? granulosum
(Dumitrica et al., 1980, 16) has a latticed shell while the shell of Plafkerium
? muelleri (Dumitrica et al., 1980, 14) is somewhat spongy. The spines are identical
with both species. So far no difference in the stratigraphie range of these two
morphotypes has been recorded. They most probably represent only two different
ontogenetic stages of the same species.
Stauracontium ? trispinosum (Kozur & Mostler), 1979
PI. 1, fig. 2
1979 Staurosphaera trispinosa Kozur & Mostler - Kozur & Mostler, 58, pi. 21,
fig. 3.
1979 Staurosphaera triloba Nakaseko & Nishimura - Nakaseko & Nishi-
mura, 72, pi. 5, figs. 1, 2.
1980 Stauracontium ? trispinosum ladinicum Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Du-
mitrica et al., 17, pl. 1, fig. ?5; pl. 2, fig. 4; pl. 3, figs. 6, 7; pl. 5, fig. 4; pl. 14, fig. 5.
1984 Stauracontium ? trispinosum (Kozur & Mostler) - Lahm, 76, pl. 13, fig. 8.
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia) _159
Genus   Tiborella Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
Type species   Tiborella magnidentata Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
Tiborella magnidentata Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
PI. 1, fig. 4
1980 Tiborella magnidentata Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumitrica et al., 18,
pi. 1, figs. 2, 6; pl. 11, figs. 2-4; pl. 12, fig. 4.
1984 Tiborella magnidentata Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Lahm, 108, pl. 19, fig.
7.
Genus   Triassistephanidium Dumitrica, 1978a
Type species   Triassistephanidium laticornis Dumitrica, 1978a.
Triassistephanidium laticorne Dumitrica, 1978a
Pl. 8, fig. 6
1978a Triassistephanidium laticornis Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 32, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6;
pl. 2, fig. 1; pl. 4, fig. 3.
1980   Triassistephanidium laticornis Dumitrica - Dumitrica et al., 20, pl. 6, fig. 9.
1986   Triassistephanidium laticorne Dumitrica - Kozur & Réti, fig. 6F.
Genus   Triassobipedis Kozur, 1984
Type species   Triassobipedis balatonica Kozur, 1984.
Triassobipedis balatonica Kozur, 1984
Pl. 8, figs. 9-10
1984 Triassobipedis balatonica Kozur - Kozur, 69, pl. 4, fig. 4a, b.
Genus   Triassocampe Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
Type species   Triassocampe scalaris Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler 1980.
Triassocampe scalaris Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980
Pl. 12, figs. 2-3
7 1979 Dictyomitrella deweveri Nakaseko & Nishimura - Nakaseko & Nishi-
mura, 77, pl. 10, figs. 8, 9.
1980 Triassocampe scalaris Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Dumitrica et al., 26,
pl. 9, figs. 5, 6, 11; pl. 14, fig. 2.
1982 Triassocampe scalaris Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler- Dumitrica & Mello,
pl. 2, figs. 8, 9a-b.
1982 Triassocampe scaiam Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler - Mizutani & Koike,
pl. 4, fig. 4.
1986 Triassocampe dei¿»eueri (Nakaseko & Nishimura) - Kozur & Réti, fig. 5E.
1986 Triassocampe sp. - Kozur & Réti, fig. 6A.
Genus   Tandarnia Dumitrica, 1982c
Type species   Tandarnia recoarense Dumitrica 1982c.
Tandarnia recoarensis Dumitrica, 1982 c
PI. 7, fig. 4
1982c Tandarnia recoarense Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 415, pi. 3, figs. 6-10.
160 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Genus   Vinassaspongus Kozur & Mostler, 1979
Type species   Vinassaspongus subsphaericus Kozur & Mostler, 1979.
Vinassaspongus subsphaericus Kozur & Mostler, 1979
PI. 2, fig. 6
1979 Vinassaspongus subsphaericus Kozur 8z Mostler - Kozur & Mostler, 66, pi.
3, figs. 5-7; pi. 5, fig. 5.
1984 Vinassaspongus subsphaericus Kozur & Mostler - Lahm , 73-74, pl. 13, fig. 2.
Vinassaspongus cf. subsphaericus Kozur & Mostler, 1979
PI. 2, fig. 7
Remarks: Included are forms found in the Upper Illyrian-Fassanian. They show
less torsioned spines with a more gradual transition to the needle-like tip.
Triassocampe sulovensis Kozur & Mock, 1981
Pl. 12, figs. 4-5
1981 Triassocampe sulovensis Kozm 8z Mock - Kozur & Mostler, 99, pl. 13, fig.
3.
Triassocampe sp. A
Pl. 12, fig. 1
Description: Test composed of 12 to 13 segments. First four segments poreless.
Other segments with irregularly spaced small pores, surface smooth. Constrictions
between segments well-pronounced, poreless. No thickened rings. All postabdominal
segments approximately of equal height and width.
The species is relatively frequent and easily recogizable due to its distinctive
shape of a long narrow cylinder.
Triassocampe spp.
PI. 12, figs. 7-8
Remarks: Various forms with an irregular nodose surface appear in the Lango-
bardian samples.
Cephalis and thorax poreless. The following segments have small pores, covered
by node-like thickenings. Nodes of different size, joined together vertically and not
arranged in horizontal rows as for example with T. scalaris Dumitrica, Kozur
& Mostler. Constrictions among segments weakly pronounced externally.
Genus   Triassothamnus Kozur & Mostler, 1981
Type species   Palacantholithus ? verticillatus Dumitrica, 191 Sh.
Triassothamnus verticillatus (Dumitrica), 1978b
PI. 7, fig. 3
1978b Palacantholithus (?) verticillatus Dumitrica - Dumitrica, 42-43, pi. 1, fig.
1; pi. 2, fig. 5.
1982c Archaeothamnulus verticillatus (Dumitrica) - Dumitrica, 418, pi. 5, figs. 3,
4; pi. 7, fig. 4.
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia) 161
Age assignment and correlation with other radiolarian assemblages
The radiolarian fauna from the localities Zaklanec, Bohinj and Vojsko (Table 1)
corresponds to the well known assemblage from the Buchenstein Beds in Northern
Italy, described by Dumitrica (1978a; 1978b; 1982a; 1982b; 1982c), Dumitrica
et al. (1980), Kozur and Mostler (1981) and Lahm (1984). The characteristic
species are: Archaeosemantis pterostephanus Dumitrica, Baumgartneria bifurcata
Dumitrica, Cryptostephanidium verrucosum Dumitrica, Falcispongus calcaneum
Dumitrica, Foremanellina macrocephala Dumitrica, Hozmadia reticulata Dumitrica,
Kozur & Mostler, Parentactinia pugnax Dumitrica, Pentactinocarpus tetracanthus
Dumitrica, Pentactinorbis kozuri Dumitrica, Pentaspongodiscus mesotriassicus Du-
mitrica, Kozur & Mostler, Poulpus curvispinus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, Pseudo-
stylosphaera japónica (Nakaseko & Nishimura), Silicarmiger costatus Dumitrica,
Kozur & Mostler, Tiborella magnidentata Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, Triassistep-
hanidium laticorne Dumitrica, Triassothamnus verticillatus (Dumitrica). All the
samples from each locality contain more or less the same radiolarian assemblage, the
slight differences being explicable as a result of selective dissolutional processes.
Genus   Yeharaia Nakaseko & Nishimura, 1979
Type species   Yeharaia elegans Nakaseko & Nishimura, 1979.
Yeharaia annulata Nakaseko & Nishimura, 1979
PI. 12, fig. 6
1979 Yeharaia annulata Nakaseko & Nishimura - Nakaseko & Nishimura,
82-83, pi. 10, figs. 1, ?7; pi. 12, fig. 5.
1982 Yeharaia annulata Nakaseko & Nishimura - Kido, pi. 1, fig. 10.
1982 Yeharaia annulata Nakaseko & Nishimura - Kojima, pl. 2, fig. 5.
1982 Triassocampe (?) annulata (Nakaseko & Nishimura) - Yao, pi. 1, fig. 11.
1982 Triassocampe (?) annulata (Nakaseko & Nishimura) - Yao et al., pi. 1, fig. 8.
1986 Triassocampe annuíaía (Nakaseko & Nishimura) - Blome et al., pi. 8.3, fig 11.
Remarks: Postthoracic segments in the material studied display more than one
row of pores in distinction from the original description by Nakaseko and Nishi-
mura (1979).
Genus   Zhamojdasphaera Kozur & Mostler, 1979
Type species   Zhamojdasphaera latispinosa Kozur & Mostler, 1979.
Zhamojdasphaera latispinosa Kozur & Mostler 1979
PI. 2, fig. 8
1979 Zhamojdasphaera íaíispinosa Kozur & Mostler - Kozur & Mostler, 67, pi.
7, figs. 7-9; pi. 12, fig. 5.
1984 Zhamojdasphaera latispinosa Kozur & Mostler - Lahm, 74-75, pl. 13, fig. 5.
Zhamojdasphaera sp.
PI. 2, fig. 9
Remarks: The form differs from Zhamojdasphaera latispinosa Kozur & Mostler
by the shell being smaller, somewhat triangular in outline and by the spines being
narrower.
162 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
The age of the radiolarian-bearing beds is assumed to be Upper Illyrian to
Fassanian, which is the maximum range of the Buchenstein Formation. M i e 11 o and
Petroni (1979) proved on the basis of conodonts that the Upper Illyrian (Avisianus
Zone) and the Fassanian (Reitzi and Curionii Zones) are represented in the Buchen-
stein Beds, where these are thickest.
Similar assemblages were also found in chert and limestone olistoliths in the
wildflysch of the Rarau Syncline in the Eastern Carpathians (Dumitrica, 1978a;
1978b; 1982a; 1982c). Their Upper Illyrian-Fassanian age was determined on the
basis of radiolarians.
Our assemblage can be correlated with the assemblage found in the ophiolitic
sequence of NNE Hungary (Kozur & Réti, 1986). The species common to both
assemblages are: Eptingium manfredi Dumitrica, Oertlispongus inaequispinosus
Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, Pentactinocarpus fusiformis Dumitrica, Pseudostylosp-
haera coccostyla (Rust) and Triassistephanidium laticorne Dumitrica. The authors
assigned this radiolarian assemblage to a higher Fassanian.
Some species present in our assemblage are also reported from the Tripocyclia cf.
acythus assemblage from SW Japan (Nakaseko & Nishimura, 1979). These
species are Pseudostylosphaera japónica (Nakaseko & Nishimura), Pseudostylospha-
era tenuis (Nakaseko & Nishimura), Katorella bifurcata Kozur & Mostler, Crypto-
stephanidium ? japonicum (Nakaseko & Nishimura), and Yeharaia annulata Naka-
seko & Nishimura. Although the Tripocyclia of. acythus assemblage was originally
assigned to the Upper Triassic (Nakaseko & Nishimura, 1979), it is more
probable that it belongs at least to the Lower Ladinian if not even to the Anisian.
The radiolarian association from the Vršič locality (Table 1) is quite differrent
from the above mentioned associations. Most species show an evolutionary higher
stage. Oertlisponginae with flattened spines (Falcispongus hamatus Dumitrica, F.
rostratus Dumitrica, F. uncus n. sp.) and representatives of Pseudostylosphaera
Kozur & Mostler with twisted spines (Pseudostylosphaera goestlingensis (Kozur
& Mostler), P. cf. hellenica (De Wever)) occur. In spite of the rather poor preservation,
the species of Dumitricasphaera? Kozur & Mostler with wings or spinules on the
spine-tips (Dumitricasphaera ? pennata n. sp., D. ? trispinosa (Kozur & Mostler),
Dumitricasphaera ? spp.) are frequent. They probably evolved from Spongopallium
Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler by the specialisation of spines, which would allow them
a better flotation. Zhamojdasphaera Kozur & Mostler is also present.
In the upper part of the Vršič section (samples Vr 4 and Vr 5) representatives of
Plafkerium Pessagno (Plafkerium ? firmum n. sp., Plafkerium ? sp.) are most abun-
dant. Hungarosatumalis multispinosus Kozur & Mostler, known from the Langobar-
dian (Kozur & Mostler, 1983) is present. The assumed age is thus Langobardian,
the lower part of the section perhaps ranges to the Fassanian.
From the same section a bivalve Daonella pichleri Mojsisovics, indicating a Ladi-
nian age, was reported by Ramovš and Jurkovšek (1983b).
At the Gorenja Trenta locality, situated 4 km SW in a direct line from Vršič, five
radiolarian species were described from a lithologicaly identical sequence (Kolar-
Jurkovšek, 1989). On the basis of the genera Praeheliostaurus Kozur & Mostler
and Pterospongus Dumitrica a more or less the same age of radiolarian-bearing rocks
can be assumed for both localities.
The exact correlation with other assemblages described so far is difficult, because
many of our forms are new. On the basis of Oertlisponginae the assemblage can be
compared with the assemblages from two olistoliths from the wildflysch of the Rarau
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia) 163
Syncline (Dumitrica, 1982a, samples R 114/4 and R 78/6). The species found in
NW Yugoslavia as v^^ell as in the Eastern Carpathians are Falcispongus hamatus
Dumitrica and Falcispongus rostratus Dumitrica. The representatives of Spongoser-
rula Dumitrica and Pterospongus Dumitrica are missing in our material probably
only because of a rather poor preservation.
The recorded radiolarians show some similarities with the Emiluvia ? cochleata
assemblage from SW Japan (Nakaseko & Nishimura, 1979). The representatives of
Plafkerium Pessagno are somewhat similar to Emiluvia ? cochleata Nakaseko & Nis-
himura, and Stauracontium minoense Nakaseko & Nishimura, Hungarosatumalis
multispinosus Kozur & Mostler resembles Saturnosphaera pileata Nakaseko & Nis-
himura and Saturnosphaera triassica Nakaseko & Nishimura. The age of Emiluvia
? cochleata assemblage is probably Ladinian and not Upper Triassic as suggested by
Nakaseko and Nishimura (1979).
In the Camp Cove Formation in Canada, Cordey et al. (1988) found a radiolarian
assemblage with representatives of Sarla Pessagno (comparable to Sarla spp. pi. 5,
figs. 11, 12) and Pseudostylosphaera Kozur & Mostler with twisted spines. On the
basis of conodonts the concluded age of their radiolarian assemblage is Upper
Anisian-Lower Ladinian.
The radiolarian assemblage from the locality Mokronog (Table 1) is characterized
by abundant Plafkerium ? firmum n. sp. and Plafkerium abbotti Pessagno. There
occur also Cruccila sp., Gomberellus bispinosus (Kozur & Mostler), Sanfilippoella
recta Kozur & Mostler, Vinassaspongus subsphaericus Kozur & Mostler and Zhamoj-
dasphaera latispinosa Kozur & Mostler. The radiolarian content is similar to that of
the Cordevolian assemblages described by Kozur and Mostler (1979; 1981) and
Lahm (1984). According to the stratigraphie position in the Mokronog section below
the bivalve Daonella cf. lommeli (Wissmann), the probable age is Langobardian.
The Cordevolian fauna from the Reifling Limestone (Lahm, 1984) contains two
species in common with the assemblage from Mokronog: Vinassaspongus subsphaeri-
cus Kozur & Mostler and Zhamojdasphaera latispinosa Kozur & Mostler. Beside
there are various representatives of Capnuchosphaera De Wever, still missing in our
material, but representatives of Plafkerium Pessagno very common at Mokronog
have not been recorded from Grossreifling.
The radiolarian assemblage from Mokronog can be correlated with the radiolari-
ans from the Tourla locality in the Inner Hellenides of Greece (Ladinian to Middle
Carnian) (De Wever, 1982). The species both assemblages have in common are:
Natraglia luminosa Pessagno, N. unica Pessagno and Plafkerium abbotti Pessagno.
The same three species were also found in the Pantanellium silberlingi Zone
defined by Pessagno et al. (1979) in the San Hipólito Formation of Baja California.
They occur together with representatives of Capnuchosphaera De Wever and Panta-
nellium Pessagno. The age of the assemblage is supposed to be upper middle Norian
(Pessagno et al., 1979).
Conclusion: In the studied sections from northwestern Yugoslavia, consisting
of micritic cherty limestone alternating with piroclastits Upper Illyrian-Fassanian
and Langobardian age was determined on the basis of radiolarians. The older
assemblage compares well with the assemblage from the Buchenstein Formation of
the Southern Alps and its equivalents from the Carpathians. The age of the Lango-
bardian assemblage was assumed on the basis of the evolutionary stage of selected
species and a certain similarity with the Upper Triassic assemblages. The data on
Langobardian radiolarians are still too scarce to make an exact correlation possible.
164 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Acknowledgements
Our sincere thanks go to J. Pavšič, K. Drobne and D. Turnšek for their encourage-
ment, helpful discussion and much advice during the study. Special thanks go to P.
Dumitrica for his critical remarks and the review of the final manuscript.
A. Ramovš helped with the field work. K. Cvetko prepared the samples in the
laboratory. V. Segalla made the scanning electron micrographs. F. Cimerman took
the transmitted light photographs. M. Huzjan and M. Karer prepared figures, tables
and plates. M. Davis edited the English text. We are much indebted to all of them.
Srednjetriasni radiolariji Slovenije
Povzetek
Uvod
Plasti apnenca z roženci, ki nastopajo med piroklastičnimi kamninami, predstav-
ljajo v Sloveniji zelo značilen litološki člen v srednjem triasu. Do nedavna smo
uvrščali vse plasti, ki so vsebovale primarne vulkanske kamnine ali tufe, v ladinij.
Jurkovšek (1983, 1984) je z daonelami in pozidonijami dokazal, da sta v tem
razvoju zastopana tako fassan kot tudi langobard. Nekateri raziskovalci so na
podlagi fosilne združbe iz teh plasti uvrstili le-te v obdobje zgornji anizij-ladinij
(Premru, 1974; 1980; 1983). S tem se je odprlo vprašanje, ali se je vulkansko
delovanje in torej razpad Slovenske karbonatne platforme pričelo že v zgornjem
aniziju ali šele v ladiniju.
Dobro znane radiolarijske združbe v litološko podobnih razvojih severne Italije,
Madžarske in Romunije so nas spodbudile, da smo v svoje raziskave vključili tudi to
fosilno skupino. Želeli smo potrditi, da so vulkanske kamnine nastajale v fassanu in
langobardu, predvsem pa smo želeli najti več dokazov za obstoj fassanske podstop-
nje, ki sta jo pri nas do sedaj paleontološko dokazala le Bittner (1984) in Jurkov-
šek (1983). Vprašanja, ali se je vulkansko delovanje na ozemlju Slovenije začelo že
v aniziju ali šele v ladiniju, pa na sedanji stopnji poznavanja triasnih radiolarijev
v svetu še ne moremo zadovoljivo rešiti.
Paleogeografski razvoj dela Slovenije v ladiniju
Stanko Buser
Mirno geološko obdobje, ki se je v Sloveniji pričelo v zgornjem permu z nastan-
kom velike Slovenske karbonatne platforme, ki je obsegala skoraj celoten prostor
Slovenije in se je v spodnjem triasu še bolj stabilizirala, je pričelo pojenjevati
v zgornjem aniziju. Na nekaterih mestih dotakratne stabilne karbonatne platforme
The associations investigated do not derive from a continuous section, so that a direct
transition of the radiolarian fauna from the Lower to the Upper Ladinian has not
been recorded.
Srednjetriasni radiolariji Slovenije (Jugoslavija) 165
Razvoj ladinijskih plasti s tufi v Sloveniji
V osrednjem delu današnje Slovenije oziroma Slovenskem bazenu se je v ladiniju
odložila nekaj sto metrov debela skladovnica kamnin psevdoziljske formacije. Se-
stavljajo jo skrilavi glinovci v menjavanju z drobami in tufi, poredki pa so vmesni
vložki ploščastega mikritnega apnenca z bolj ali manj pogostnimi polami in gomolji
roženca.
Izredno pomembno vlogo je v ladiniju imelo vulkansko delovanje. Večina vulkani-
tov spilitno-aretofirske asociacije (Grafenauer, 1985) je vezana na osrednji del
Slovenije oziroma Slovenski bazen. Velike gmote primarnih vulkanskih kamnin, ki
v Slovenskem bazenu prebijajo sedimente psevdoziljske formacije in prevladujejo
nad piroklastiti, so vezane pretežno na globoke prelome ob robovih bazena.
so se pojavile dolge in globoke razpoke, ki so bile kmalu razširjene v ozka intraplat-
formna korita. Na večjem delu karbonatne platforme pa so v zgornjem aniziju še
naprej nastajali plitvomorski apnenci, ki so bili kasneje zvečine spremenjeni v dolo-
mit. V globokih intraplatformskih koritih so nastajali gomoljasti rdečkasti apnenci
tipa Han Bulog oziroma Bučka (Kühn & Ramovš, 1965), lapornati apnenci
s konodonti in laporji s pozidonijskimi školjkami (Ramovš & Jurkovšek,
1983 a).
V spodnjem ladiniju je Slovenska karbonatna platforma ob globokih prelomih
prevladujoče smeri vzhod-zahod razpadla na večje grude (Buser, 1986). Ta razpad
karbonatne platforme je povzročila idrijska tektonska faza, ki je bila ena najpo-
membnejših faz na slovenskih tleh (Buser, 1980a). V večini primerov so bile te
grude pri začetnem tektonskem delovanju globlje pogreznjene, kot je bila prejšnja
karbonatna platforma. Vendar so bile kasneje nekatere grude ponovno dvignjene,
ponekod celo iznad morja (Placer & Car, 1975, 1977; Buser, 1986). Na teh
dvignjenih predelih je erozija odstranila kamnine celo do karbonske podlage. Erodi-
rane kamnine najdemo presedimentirane v ladinijskih konglomeratih na večjem
predelu Idrije in Južnih Karavank, kjer jim pripada pisani konglomerat tipa ugoviške
breče (Buser, 1980b).
Predel, ki predstavlja današnji del osrednje Slovenije, je bil kot gruda pogreznjen
najgloblje in ga je Premru (1980, 1983) uvrstil v evgeosinklinalno območje. Buser
(1989) pa uvršča ta predel v začetni in s tem najstarejši del Slovenskega bazena.
Južneje ležeči predel od evgeosinklinale je Premru (1980, 1983) prištel k miogeosin-
klinali. Po mnenju Buser j a (1989) pa je to predel kasnejše Dinarske karbonatne
platforme, ki je nastala šele v spodnjem karniju.
Večje grude pa niso ostale kot enoviti pogreznjeni ali dvignjeni predeli. Tudi na
njih je prišlo do manjših ali večjih razkosanj, ki so povzročila nastanek diferencira-
nih sedimentacijskih prostorov v okviru iste paleogeografske enote oziroma grude.
O takih razčlenjenih in neenotnih sedimentacijskih prostorih na idrijskem ozemlju
sta pisala Placer in Čar (1975,1977). Zaradi teh pestrih paleogeografskih razmer so
nastale tudi izredno pestre kamnine, ki se lateralno spreminjano že na majhnih
razdaljah. V najgloblje pogreznjenem predelu, to je v Slovenskem bazenu, so late-
ralne spremembe v sestavi kamnin manj občutne kot na prostoru, ki leži južno od
tega bazena oziroma na kasnejši Dinarski karbonatni platformi. Tukaj je že redkost,
če ne dobimo na dolžini nekaj sto metrov popolnoma drugačnega zaporedja kamnin-
skih različkov.
166 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Mesta vzorčevanih srednjetriasnih plasti z radiolariji v Sloveniji
Da bi dobili čimveč podatkov o starosti oziroma začetku vulkanskega delovanja
v srednjem triasu v Sloveniji, smo opravili sistematično vzorčevanje za radiolarije na
dvanajstih mestih. S tem smo »pokrili« pretežni del Slovenije, kjer v primernih
kamninah lahko pričakujemo radiolarije. Na vseh lokacijah smo opravili sistema-
tično in enako natančno vzorčevanje, vsi vzorci so bili tudi enako natančno preiskani
na radiolarije. Žal pa so vsebovale določljive in zadostno število radiolarijev kamnine
le na petih vzorčevanih mestih. Na preostalih sedmih mestih so bili vzorci prazni ali
pa so vsebovali slabo ohranjene in nedoločljive radiolarije. Pretežno smo vzorčevali
kremenaste apnence med polami rožencev, manj vzorcev pa smo vzeli v roženčevih
polah in gomoljih med apnenci, še manj v tufih. Na radiolarijih pozitivne lokalnosti
so opisane v angleškem delu besedila in prikazane tudi v stolpcih (si. 1, 2). Druge
vzorčevane lokalnosti pa so še naslednje:
Mišji dol pri Primskovem
Ob cesti, ki pelje iz Temenice na Primskovo, smo vzorčevali dobro odkriti profil
v dolini vzhodno od vasice Mišji dol severno od Primskovega. V nižjem delu profila so
značilno zeleni tufi pietra verde, ki leže na anizijskem dolomitu. Navzgor sledi
menjavanje tufa in kalkarenita, ki višje preide v mikritni apnenec s polami roženca.
Še više prevlada apnenec nad tufom. V vrhnjem delu profila pa je tudi ploščasti
dolomit s polami roženca. Vsega skupaj smo v tem profilu vzeli 19 vzorcev pretežno
apnenca za radiolarije, vendar so bili vsi prazni.
Trebelno
Južno od vasice Trebelno leži nad anizijskim dolomitom rožnato sivi do zelenkasti
gomoljasti mikritni apnenec tipa Han Bulog oziroma Bučka. Apnenec vsebuje gomo-
lje temno sivega in rdečega roženca. Nad apnencem, ki je debel nekaj metrov, leži
zelenkasti tuf, ki se višje menjava s plastmi temno sivega mikritnega apnenca. Za
radiolarije smo vzeli vzorce v rožnato sivem gomoljastem apnencu v najvišjem delu
profila. Pet vzetih vzorcev pa žal ni vsebovalo radiolarijev.
Zgornja Idrijca
Okoli 500 metrov NW od kmetije Riže v Zgornji Idrijci smo ob cesti vzeli v dveh
ločenih profilih 13 vzorcev za radiolarije. V vzhodnem profilu leži nad belim masiv-
nim anizijskim dolomitom z vložki tufa okoli 4 metre menjavanja rdečkasto zelenega
Na območju, ki je ležalo južno od Slovenskega bazena, so v ladiniju nastali
ploščasti apnenci z gomolji in polami roženca, glinovci in laporji. Med temi kamni-
nami so številne plasti tufov in tufitov, ki mnogokje prevladujejo nad drugimi
kamninami in so v bistvu najbolj značilni kamninski člen ladinija. Tufi imajo brez
dvoma svoj izvor v vulkanskem delovanju v Slovenskem bazenu, saj dobimo pri-
marne vulkanite na izredno redkih mestih južno od Slovenskega bazena. V primer-
javi s Slovenskim bazenom so tudi debeline ladinijskih plasti v južneje ležeči grudi
občutno manjše. Običajno so debele le nekaj metrov in redko presegajo debelino sto
metrov.
Srednjetriasni radiolariji Slovenije (Jugoslavija) 167
Idrske Krnice
Južno od kmetije Petrnel je v potoku Otuška razkrit gomoljasti rožnati in svetlo
sivi apnenec tipa Han Bulog oziroma Bučka, ki vsebuje amonite. V apnencu so tudi
vložki zelenega tufa pietra verde. Nad apnencem slede sivkasto zeleni tufi (Bu s er,
1986). V gomoljastem apnencu je Kolar-Jurkovšek (1983) določila zgornjeanizij-
ske konodonte. V devetih vzorcih iz vrhnjega dela apnenca pa so bili določeni
naslednji radiolariji: Baumgartneria retrospina Dumitrica, Falcispongus calcaneum
Dumitrica in Oertlispongus inaequispinosus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler. Pri radi-
olarijih so ohranjene večinoma samo bodice brez lupin in material ni primeren za
podrobno paleontološko analizo. Radiolariji kažejo na zgornjeanizijsko-spodnjeladi-
nijsko starost.
Jagršče
Ob izdelavi nove ceste med Zelinom in Jagrščami so bile krasno odkrite ladinijske
plasti, katerih kamninska sestava se že na nekaj sto metrov hitro spreminja. Tik pod
Jagrščami pričenjajo ladinijske plasti z lapornato-glinenimi kameninami, navzgor pa
se menjava črni ploščasti mikritni apnenec, ki vsebuje pole in gomolje roženca
s plastmi tufa. V nižjem delu profila prevladujejo tufi, v srednjem pa apnenec, ki se
v vrhnjem delu, že blizu meje s cordevolskim dolomitom, zopet menjava s tufi. Med
dvajsetimi vzetimi vzorci apnenca in roženca sta samo dva vsebovala slabo ohranjene
radiolarije.
Severozahodno od opisanega zaporedja kamenin pa so ob cesti skoraj sami tufi, ki
obsegajo celotno skladovnico med anizijskim dolomitom v podlagi in cordevolskim
dolomitom v krovnini. Blizu stika s cordevolskim dolomitom so v tufu večji gomolji
črnega okremenelega apnenca. Tik pod cordevolskim dolomitom so v tufu in laporju
razmeroma številni lepo ohranjeni amoniti in školjke Daonella lommeli (Wissmann).
Korošica v Savinjskih Alpah
Profil je razkrit vzhodno od Korošice ob križišču planinskih poti, ki pripeljeta iz
Robanovega kota in Luč. Anizijski apnenec z algami normalno prehaja v ploščast in
temno sivkasto rjav, precej bituminozen apnenec z roženci, ki verjetno pripada že
ladiniju. Približno 30 metrov nad kontaktom se med apnencem začnejo pojavljati trši
zeleni tufi tipa pietra verde. Posamezni horizonti tufa so debeli do 3 metre. V vrhnjem
delu skladovnice je apnenec svetlejši, debeleje plastovit, med njim so plasti drobnozr-
nate okremenjene apnenčeve breče. V apnencu smo vzeli 14 vzorcev, ki so vsebovali le
močno prekristaljene in poškodovane radiolarije. Profil je 700 m vzhodno od tam,
kjer je Jurkovšek (1984) našel langobardske školjke in amonite.
apnenca in rdečega glinovca. Višje sledi dolomit v menjavanju z rdečim glinovcem.
V osmih vzorcih, ki smo jih vzeli v apnencu in dolomitu, ni bilo radiolarijev.
Drugi vzorčevani profil leži prav tako ob omenjeni cesti približno 80 metrov
zahodneje od prej imenovanega profila. Čeprav sta profila tako blizu skupaj in
v enako starih plasteh, si kamninsko nista prav nič podobna. V drugem profilu se
menjavajo plasti okremenelega gomoljastega mikritnega apnenca s sivkasto zelenimi
laporji in tufi. Še posebno značilni so gomoljasti apnenčevi vključki v laporju, sivem
glinovcu in tufu. Pet vzorcev apnenca ni vsebovalo radiolarijev.
168 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Starost plasti z radiolariji in primerjava z drugimi nahajališči
Radiolarijsko združbo nahajališč Zaklanec, Bohinj in Vojsko (tabela 1) lahko
vzporejamo z dobro znano združbo buchensteinskih plasti severne Italije (Dumi-
trica, 1978a, 1978b, 1982a, 1982b, 1982c; Dumitrica et al., 1980; Kozur
& Mostler, 1981; Lahm, 1984). Značilne vrste so: Arc/iaeosemaníis píerosíepha-
nus Dumitrica, Baumgartneria bifurcata Dumitrica, Cryptostephanidium verruco-
sum Dumitrica, Falcispongus calcaneum Dumitrica, Foremanellina macrocephala
Dumitrica, Hozmadia reticulata Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, Parentactinia pugnax
Dumitrica, Pentactinocarpus tetracanthus Dumitrica, Pentactinorbis kozuri Dumi-
trica, Pentaspongodiscus mesotriassicus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, Poulpus curvi-
spinus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, Pseudostylosphaera japónica (Nakaseko & Nis-
himura), Silicarmiger costatus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, Tiborella magnidentata
Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, Triassistephanidium laticorne Dumitrica, Triassotham-
nus verticillatus (Dumitrica). Vsi vzorci z enega nahajališča vsebujejo bolj ali manj
enako združbo radiolarijev, manjše razlike so lahko samo posledica različne ohranje-
nosti favne v teh vzorcih. V slabše ohranjenih vzorcih najdemo le odpornejše oblike,
vrste s krhkim skeletom se med diagenezo raztopijo.
Mietto in Petroni (1979) sta s konodonti dokazala, da buchensteinske plasti,
kjer je serija najdebelejša, segajo od zgornjega ilira do fassana. Določila sta vse tri
cone tega intervala: zgornjeilirsko cono avisianus in fassanski coni reitzi in curionii.
Plasti z radiolariji na nahajališčih Zaklanec, Bohinj in Vojsko smo torej uvrstili
v zgornji ilir-fassan, kar je najširša možna starost buchensteinskih plasti severne
Italije.
Enake združbe so bile najdene tudi v olistolitih v vildflišu vzhodnih Karpatov
Dumitrica, 1978 a, 1978 b, 1982 a, 1982 c). Uvrščene so v zgornji ilir-fassan po
primerjavi s favno buchensteinskih plasti.
Podobno združbo, najdeno v rožencih ofiolitne serije na severovzhodu Madžarske,
sta Kozur in Réti (1986) uvrstila v zgornji del fassana.
Nekatere vrste, ki nastopajo v naših vzorcih, sta opisala Nakaseko in Nishi-
mura (1979) na Japonskem v združbi Tripocyclia cf. acythus. Te vrste so: Pseudosty-
losphaera japónica (Nakaseko & Nishimura), Pseudostylosphaera tenuis (Nakaseko
& Nishimura), Katorella bifurcata Kozur & Mostler, Cryptostephanidium ? japoni-
cum (Nakaseko & Nishimura) in Yeharaia annulata Nakaseko & Nishimura. Čeprav
je bila združba Tripocylia cf. acythus prvotno uvrščena v zgornji trias (Nakaseko
& Nishimura, 1979), je bolj verjetno, da pripada spodnjemu ladiniju ali celo
aniziju.
Združba nahajališča Vršič (tabela 1) se od prej omenjenih združb precej razlikuje.
Večina rodov kaže evolucijsko naprednejše znake. Predstavniki poddružine Oertli-
sponginae imajo sploščene bodice (Falcispongus hamatus Dumitrica, F. rostratus
Sistematska paleontologija
Špela Goričan
Določili snno 89 radiolarijskih vrst. Navedene so po abecedi rodov s sinonimiko in
opombami v angleškem delu besedila. Opisane so štiri nove vrste: Dumitricasphaera
? pennata, Falcispongus uncus Hozmadia pyramidalis in Plaflcerium ? firmum.
Združba posameznih vzorcev je prikazana v tabeli 1.
Srednjetriasni radiolariji Slovenije (Jugoslavija) 169
Dumitrica, F. uncus n. sp.)- Poleg vrst z ravnimi bodicami (Pseudostylosphaera
longispinosa Kozur & Mostler) se med predstavniki rodu Pseudostylosphaera pojav-
ljajo tudi vrste z zavitimi bodicami (Pseudostylosphaera goestlingensis (Kozur
& Mostler), P. cf. hellenica (De Wever)). Za združbo je značilen rod Dumitricasphaera
? Kozur & Mostler, ki ima na koncu bodic krilca ali spinule (Dumitricasphaera
? pennata n. sp., D. ? trispinosa (Kozur & Mostler), Dumitricasphaera ? spp.). Verjetno
se je razvil iz rodu Spongopallium Dumitrica Kozur & Mostler. Specializacija bodic
predstavlja prilagoditev na planktonski način življenja. V združbi je najden tudi rod
Zhamojdasphaera Kozur & Mostler.
V zgornjem delu profila Vršič (vzorca Vr 4 in 5) prevladujejo predstavniki rodu
Plafkerium Pessagno z zelo širokimi, lahko tudi zavitimi bodicami (Plafkerium
? firmum n. sp., Plafkerium ? sp.). Najdena je bila tudi langobardska vrsta Hungaro-
satumalis multispinosus Kozur & Mostler. Sklepamo lahko, da so plasti nahajališča
Vršič langobardske starosti, spodnji del profila morda sega še v fassan.
V istem profilu sta Ramovš in Jurkovšek (1983b) našla školjko Daonella
pichleri Mojsisovics, ki kaže ladinijsko starost.
Iz litološko enakega zaporedja plasti z nahajališča Gorenja Trenta je opisanih pet
radiolarijskih vrst (Kolar-Jurkovšek, 1989). Najdena sta bila rodova Praehelio-
staurus Kozur & Mostler in Pterospongus Dumitrica, na podlagi katerih lahko
domnevamo, da gre na nahajališčih Vršič in Gorenja Trenta za približno enako stare
plasti.
Združbo nahajališča Vršič je nemoče z gotovostjo vzporejati z drugimi nahajališči
v svetu. Do sedaj namreč ni bila opisana ali vsaj kot celota ilustrirana še nobena
langobardska radiolarijska združba. Poznane so le posamezne vrste. Vrsti Falcispon-
gus hamatus Dumitrica in Falcispongus rostratus Dumitrica sta bili na primer
najdeni tudi v langobardskih združbah vzhodnih Karpatov Romunije (Dumitrica,
1982 a).
Radiolariji kažejo nekatere skupne značilnosti z združbo Emiluvia ? cochleata, ki
sta jo opisala Nakaseko in Nishimura (1979) na Japonskem. Naše vrste rodu
Plafkerium so podobne vrstama Emiluvia ? cochleata Nakaseko & Nishimura in
Stauracontium minoense Nakaseko & Nishimura. Podobno velja za vrsto Hungarosa-
tumalis multispinosus Kozur & Mostler, ki jo lahko uvrstimo v isti rod kot vrsti
Saturnosphaera pileata Nakaseko & Nishimura in Saturnosphaera triassica Naka-
seko & Nishimura. Starost združbe Emiluvia ? cochleata je verjetno ladinij, čeprav
stajo Nakaseko in Nishimura (1979) uvrstila v zgornji trias.
Iz Kanade je Cordey s sodelavci (1988) prikazal združbo s predstavniki rodu
Sarla Pessagno (podobnimi vrsti Sarla spp., tab. 5, si. 11, 12) in Pseudostylosphaera
Kozur & Mostler z zavitima bodicama in jo na podlagi konodontov uvrstil v zgornji
anizij-spodnji ladinij.
V radiolarijski združbi nahajališča Mokronog (tabela 1) sta najbolj tipični vrsti
Plafkerium ? firmum n. sp. in Plafkerium abbotti Pessagno. Najdene so še vrste:
Cruccila sp., Gomberellus bispinosus (Kozur & Mostler), Sanfilippoella recta Kozur
& Mostler, Vinassaspongus subsphaericus Kozur & Mostler in Zhamojdasphaera
latispinosa Kozur & Mostler. Združba je precej podobna cordevolskim združbam, ki
sta jih opisala Kozur in Mostler (1979, 1981) in Lahm (1984). Kljub temu lahko
plasti nahajališča Mokronog uvrstimo v langobard, saj smo nekaj metrov nad radi-
olariji našli školjko Daonella cf. lommeli (Wissmann).
Od vrst, ki jih Lahm (1984) našteva iz cordevolske združbe v reiflinških apnen-
cih, smo pri Mokronogu določili vrsti Vinassaspongus subsphaericus Kozur & Most-
170 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Sklep
V severozahodni in osrednji Sloveniji smo podrobneje preiskali radiolarije petih
profilov v srednjetriasnih plasteh s tufi.
Našli smo dve očitno različni združbi. Starejša se lepo ujema z združbami
buchensteinskih plasti severne Italije in njihovih ekvivalentov v Karpatih in smo jo
zato uvrstili v zgornji ilir-fassan. Druga je mlajša, verjetno langobardska. Njena
starost je določena na podlagi evolucijsko naprednejših znakov pri nekaterih rodo-
vih. Združba kaže tudi določeno podobnost z zgornjetriasnimi združbami. Natančna
primerjava zaradi preskopih podatkov o langobardskih radiolarijih ni možna.
Vsi vzorci iz posameznega profila vsebujejo bolj ali manj enako radiolarijsko
združbo, tako da neposrednega favnističnega prehoda med fassanom in langobardom
žal nismo našli.
1er in Zhamojdasphaera latispinosa Kozur & Mostler. Poleg teh je avtor našel številne
primerke rodu Capnuchosphaera De Wever, ki pri Mokronogu manjkajo. Vrst rodu
Plafkerium Pessagno z zavitimi bodicami ali z zelo širokimi ravnimi bodicami, ki so
pri Mokronogu pogoste, pa ne omenja.
Združba iz Mokronoga je primerljiva z združbo nahajališča Tourla v Notranjih
Helenidih Grčije (ladinij do srednji karnij) (De Wever, 1982). Skupne vrste so:
Natraglia luminosa Pessagno, Natraglia unica Pessagno in Plafkerium abbotti Pes-
sagno.
Iste tri vrste so znane tudi iz radiolarijske cone Pantanellium silberlingi, ki jo je
določil Pessagno s sodelavci (1979) na Kalifornijskem polotoku. Pojavljajo se
skupaj s predstavniki rodu Capnuchosphaera De Wever in Pantanellium Pessagno.
Pessagno s sodelavci (1979) domneva, da je združba norijske starosti.
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia) 171
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174 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Platel-Tablai
1 Stauracontium   granulosum Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, 16513/2, 87/170/3
2 Stauracontium   trispinosum (Kozur & Mostler), 150 x, 19726/3, 87/231/2
3 Beturiella robusta Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, 19726/3, 87/206/3
4 Tiborella magnidentata Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, 19726/3, 87/228/8
5 Hungarosatumalis multispinosus Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, Vr 5, 87/266/2
6 Natraglia unica Pessagno, 150 x, Mo 18, 87/192/4
7 Natraglia luminosa Pessagno, 150 x, Mo 18, 87/192/1
8 Crucella sp., 150 x, Mo 18, 87/193/7
9 Gomberellus hircicornus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, 19726/5, 87/219/6
10 Gomberellus bispinosus (Kozur & Mostler), 150 x, Mo 18, 87/192/8
11 Katorella bifurcata Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, 19726/3, 87/231/9
Plates 1-12: The illustrations are not in accordance with the alphabetical order followed in
the text. Related or similar forms are presented together to allow an easier comparison.
Designations of each illustration are indicated in this sequence; magnification, sample number,
SEM/optical-negative number.
Scanning electron micrographs were taken on a Jeol JSM P-15 at the Montanistika
department, Edvard Kardelj University of Ljubljana. All the illustrated material is deposited at
the Ivan Rakovec Paleontological Institute, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Table 1-12: Razporeditev slik se ne ujema z abecednim vrstnim redom, po katerem so
taksoni urejeni v besedilu. Podobne ali sorodne oblike so zaradi lažje primerjave predstavljene
skupaj. Oznake za vsako sliko so navedene v naslednjem zaporedju: povečava, številka vzorca,
številka negativa.
Fotografije so posnete na elektronskem vrstičnem mikroskopu Jeol JSM P-15 na VTOZD
Montanistika Univerze Edvarda Kardelja v Ljubljani. Material je shranjen na Paleontološkem
inštitutu Ivana Rakovca, ZRC SAZU v Ljubljani.
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia)
175
176 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Plate 2-Tabla 2
1, 2 Pentaspongodiscus mesotriassicus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1: 100 x, Gr 10 87/224/4;
2: 150 X, 19726/3, 87/211/3
3 Pentaspongodiscus ladinicus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, 16513/2, 87/170/10
4 Pentaspongodiscus cf. ladinicus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, Mo 19, 87/196/2
5 Pentaspongodiscus symmetricus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, 19726/3, 87/211/4
6 Vinassaspongus subsphaericus Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, Mo 18, 87/192/6
7 Vinassaspongus cf. subspihaericus Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, 19726/3, 87/206/2
8 Zhamojdasphaera latispinosa Kozur & Mostler, 200 x, Mo 19, 87/196/4
9 Zhamojdasphaera sp., 200 x, Vr 3, 87/178/7
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia)
177i
178 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Plates-Tabla 3
1 Baumgartneria bifurcata Dumitrica, 100 x, Gr 10, 87/238/3
2 Baumgartneria trifurcata Dumitrica, 100 x, 19726/3, 84/1/7
3 Baumgartneria retrospina Dumitrica, 100 x, 19726/3, 84/1/5
4, 5, 6 Falcispongus calcaneum Dumitrica, 100 x, 4: Gr 10, 87/232/10; 5; 19726/3, 84/1/3; 6; Vr 2,
87/4/9
7 Falcispongus hamatus Dumitrica, 150 x, Vr 2, 87/183/8
8, 9 Falcispongus micus Goričan n. sp., 100 x, Vr 2, 8: 87/5/1; 9; holotype, 87/5/2
10, 11 Oertlispongus inaequispinosus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 100 x, 10: 16513/1, 87/6/7;
11: 16513/4, 87/6/3
12 Falcispongus rostratus Dumitrica, 100 x, Vr 2, 87/4/2
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia)
179
180 Špela Gorićan & Stanko Buser
Plate 4 - Tabla 4
1 Spongopallium ? koppi (Lahm), 100 x, 16513/1, 87/175/3
2, 3, 4 Spongopallium ? cf. koppi (Lahm), 100 x, 2: Gr 10, 87/224/2; 3: 19726/3, 87/229/3; 4:
19726/3, 87/210/10
5 Spongopallium ? sp. A, 100 x, 19726/3, 87/229/1
6 Spongopallium ? sp. B, 150 x, 19726/5, 87/220/7
7, 8 Spongopallium contortum Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, 7; 19726/5, 87/222/4;
8: Vr 4, 87/183/2
9a, 9b, 10 Dumitricasphaera? pennata Govičann. sp., 9:ho\otype,Vr 3, 9a: 150 x, 87/179/9; 9Ò:
polar View of the spine, 200 x, 88/298/9; 10: Vr 4, 87/182/7
11, 12, 13 Dumitricasphaera ? spp., 150 x, Л : Vr 2, 87/185/5; 12: Vr 3, 87/180/4; 13: Vr 3, 87/
180/3
14 Dumitricasphaera ? cf. trispinosa (Kozur & Mostler); 150 x, Vr 2, 87/185/2
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia)
181
182 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Plate 5 - Tabla 5
1 Pseudostylosphaera coccostyla (Rust), 100 x, Gr 11, 87/211/7
2 Pseudostylosphaera japónica (Nakaseko & Nishimura), 100 x, 16513/1, 87/172/5
3, 4, 5 Pseudostylosphaera longispinosa Kozur & Mostler, 100 x, 3: Gr 11, 87/213/7; 4- 16513/2
87/170/8; 5: Vr 2, 87/184/6
6 Pseudostylosphaera tenuis (Nakaseko & Nishimura), 100 x, 16513/1, 87/176/5
7 Pseudostylosphaera goestlingensis (Kozur & Mostler), 100 x, Vr 4, 87/182/4
8 Pseudostylosphaera cf. hellenica (De Wever), 100 x, Mo 19, 87/194/9
9 Sepsagon longispinosus (Kozur & Mostler), 150 x, 19726/3, 87/206/5
10 Sepsagon ? robustus Lahm, 150 x, 16513/4, 87/168/4
11, 12 Sarla spp., 150 x, Vr 2, 11: 87/183/6; 12: 87/184/5
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia)
183
184 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Plate 6-Tabla 6
1 Parasepsagon tetracanthus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 100 x, 19726/3, 88/269/2
2 Plafkerium ? cf. longidentatum Kozur & Mostler, 100 x, 19726/3, 87/231/4
3, 4, 5, 6 Plafkerium ? firmum Goričan n. sp., 3: holotype, 150 x, Vr 5, 88/265/9; 4: 150 x, Vr 5,
180/9; 5: 150 x, Mo 18, 87/195/8; 6: 100 x, Vr 5, 88/265/8
7, 8 Plaßerium abbotti Pessagno, 150 x, 7; Mo 19, 87/201/9; 8: Mo 18, 87/193/1
9 Plaßerium sp,, 150 x, Vr 4, 87/182/1
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia)
185:
186 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Plate 7-Tabla 7
1 Archaeosemantis cristianensis Dumitrica, 200 x, Gr 10, 87/227/6
2 Archaeosemantis pterostephanus Dumitrica. 200 x, 19726/3, 87/229/6
3 Triassothamnus verticillatus (Dumitrica), 100 x, 19726/3, 87/229/9
4 Tandarnia recoarensis Dumitrica, 200 x, 19726/3, 87/229/8
5 Pentactinocapsa quadripes Dumitrica, 150 x, 19726/3, 88/268/9
6 Parentactinia pugnax Dumitrica, 200 x, 19726/3, 87/209/9
7 Pentactinorbis kozuri Dumitrica, 150 x, 16513/1, 87/176/7
9, 10 Pentactinocarpus tetracanthus Dumitrica, 150 x, 8: 16513/2, 87/170/1; 9: abnormal
specimen, 19726/3, 87/230/6; 10: abnormal specimen, 19726/3, 87/230/2
11 Pentactinocarpus fusiformis Dumitrica, 150 x, 19726/3, 87/231/5
12 Pentactinocarpus acanthicus Dumitrica, 150 x, Gr 11, 87/212/4
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia)
187 j
188 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Plate 8 - Tabla 8
1, 2, 3 Cryptostephanidium cornigerum Dumitrica, 200 x, i: Gr 11, 87/212/1; 2: Vr 3, 87/179/3;
3: abnormal specimen, Gr 10, 87/226/2
4 Cryptostephanidium verrucosum Dumitrica, 150 x, 19726/3, 87/206/9
5 Cryptostephanidium   japonicum (Nakaseko & Nishimura), 150 x, 19726/3, 87/206/10
6 Triassistephanidium laticorne Dumitrica, 150 x, Gr 11, 87/213/5
7, 8 Eptingium manfredi Dumitrica, 100 x, 7: Gr 10, 87/225/5; 8: 19726/3, 88/268/5
9, 10 Triassobipedis balatonica Kozur, 200 x, 9: 19726/3, 87/209/8; 10: Gr 9, 87/215/8
11 Neopylentonema mesotriassica Kozur, 200 x, 19726/3, 84/1879
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia)
1891
190 Špela Goričan & Stanko Buser
Plate 9-Tabla 9
1, 2 Poulpus curvispinus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 200 x, i: 19726/3, 87/230/5; 2: abnor-
mal specimen, Gr 10, 87/226/1
3 Poulpus aff. curvispinus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, Vr 2, 87/186/10
4, 5a, 5b, 6, 7a, 7b Hozmadia pyramidalis Goričan n. sp., 4: holotype, 200 x, 19726/5, 87/221/6;
5a: 200 x, 19726/5,87/269/4; 5b: apical view, 300 x, 87/269/5; 6: 200 x, Gr 10,87/236/6; 7a:
200 X, 16513/1, 87/173/6; 7b: antapical view, 300 x, 87/173/7
8, 9, 10 Hozmadia reticulata Dumitvica, Kozur & Mostler, 200 x,8: 19726/3, 88/275/10; 9: Gr 10,
87/238/5; 10: 19726/3, 87/230/4
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia)
191
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Plate 10-Tabla 10
1 Eonapora mesotriassica Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, 19726/3, 87/209/6
2a, 2b Eonapora aff. robusta Kozur & Mostler. 200 x. 19726/3, 2a: 87/209/3; 2b- antapical view
87/209/4
3 Eonapora sp., 150 x, Gr 10, 87/237/10
4 Sanfilippoella recta Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, Mo 18, 87/193/8
5 Hinedorcus alatus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, 19726/3, 87/207/10
6 Nofrema trispinosa Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, 16513/1, 87/187/7
7 Spongosilicarmiger italicus Kozur, 150 x, 19726/3, 84/1888
8 Silicarmiger costatus Dumitrica. Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, Gr 11. 87/214/10
9 Silicarmiger aff. costatus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 150 x, Vr 5. 88/266/6
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia)
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Plate 11-Tabla 11
la, lb, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b Picapora sp. A, 200 x, b: antapical views, la, lb: Gr 10, 87/232/6-7; 2a,
2b: 19726/3, 87/210/1-2; 3a, 3b: Gr 10, 87/232/4-5
4 Foremanellina expansolabrum Dumitrica, 200 x, Gr 10, 87/227/7
5 Foremanellina macrocephala Dumitrica, 200 x, 19726/5, 87/219/10
6, 7, 8 Bulbocyrtium spp., 200 x, 6; Mo 19, 87/200/1; 7: 19726/3, 87/209/2; 8: 19726/3, 87/208/4
9 Goestlingella illyrica Kozur, 200 x, 19726/3, 87/207/9
Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia)
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Plate 12-Tabla 12
1 Triassocampe sp. A, 200 x, Gr 9, 87/218/7
2, 3 Triassocampe scalaris Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 200 x, 2: Gr 10, 87/233/5- 3- Vr 5 87/
181/1
4, 5 Triassocampe sulovensis Kozur & Mock, 200 x, 4: 19726/5, 87/233/8; 5: Mo 19, 87/198/9
6 Yeharaia annulata Nakaseko & Nishimura, 200 x, 19726/5, 87/222/7
7, 8 Triassocampe spp., 200 x, Mo 19, 7: 87/198/6; 8: 87/199/3
9, 10, lia, 11b Anisicyrtis sp. A, 200 x, 9: Gr 11, 87/214/1; 10: 19726/3, 87/207/5; lia- 19726/3
87/207/7; 11b: antapical view, 300 x, 87/207/6
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