C^OBeHCKHTe naHTeoHH bo ^hkobhhot Me^HyM:
Cfiapor
Hukoc Haycuduc
The article represents a segment of global research emanating from the visual images of the Slavic deities, mostly manifested on archaeological finds, in this particular case, early Slavic artefacts (the plates of a cult character, and the so-called radiate-headed fibulae) found in the Balkans. By analysis of the iconography and symbolical features of these finds, the author attempts to define a type of mythical picture of an "anthropomorphic firmament with the phases of a solar cycle". By its Slavic analogies, he follows this mythical picture through to the 19th century. Then, by use of iconographic analogy, and by comparison of visual images, attributes, and functions (the comparison is foremost made to the Iranian-Avesta god Zrvan), the author suggests that this image should be identified as a mythical picture of the Slavic god Svarog who is manifested as the anthropomorphic sky. Finally, the author connects his proposed hypothesis with the known written sources, toponyms and etymological definitions related to the theonym Svarog.
Bo aoceramHHTe HCTpaxyBaaa Ha caoBeHCKHTe MHTonomKo -peanracKH chctcmh HnH K0HKpeTH0 Ha naHTeoHHTe, aHKOBHHTe npeTCTaBH Ha caoBeHcKHTe 6oxecTBa 6ffre bo Mana Mepa KopHcTeHH KaKo 6a3HneH, noneTeH h aBT0H0MeH MaTepHjan, TyKy MHory nonecro, caMo KaKo noTBpaa HnH HnycTpannja Ha pe3ynTaTHTe, ocTBapeHH Bp3 ocHoBa Ha HcTopHcKHTe, nHHrBHcTHnKHTe h eTHonomKHTe HcTpaxyBaaa.1
OBaa cTaTHja e KoHKpeTeH cerMeHT oa eaHo rno6anHo HCTpaxyBaae Koe TprHyBa T0KMy oa nHKoBHHTe npeTcTaBH Ha cnoBeHcKHTe 6oroBH, H3o6pa3eHH Ha pa3HH npeaMeTH (npea ce apxeonomKH HaoaH) koh MoxaT aa ro HocaT enHTeT0T "cnoBeHcKH". flo KapaKTepoT h 3HaneaeT0 (onmToTo, a no moxhoct h KoHKpeTHo) Ha npHKaxaHHTe nHK0BH, ce aoara HajnpBo npeKy MeToaHTe Ha cHM6onHHKaTa (cnopea apyra TepMHHonorHja ceMH0THnKa) aHanraa Ha npHKaxaHHTe ^HrypH, a aypH noToa ce npaBH o6Ha, ao6HeHHTe pe3ynTaTH aa ce noBp3aT, npomHpaT, K0HKpeTH3HpaaT h npoBepaT no naT Ha hhbho conocraByBaae co cooaBeTHHTe hctophckh h3boph, nHHrBHcTHnKHTe h eTHonomKH ^aKTH, KaKo h npeKy KoMnapHpaae co aHanorHHTe ^eH0MeHH oa apyrH KynTypH.2
Bo HamHTe aoceramHH HcTpaxyBaaa, bo HeKonKy HaBpaTH o6paTHBMe BHHMaHHe Ha eaHa cnenH^HHHa MHTcKa cnHKa, 3acTaneHa bo noBeKe apxeonomKH KoMnneKcH koh
1	Bo oBaa cMHcaa aoHeKaae 6h rH H3aB0Hae HCTpaxyBaK.aTa Ha Pbi6aK0B (1981, 1987).
2	OBa npoynyBaae ce HaaoBp3yBa Ha peaynTaTHTe oa HamHTe npeTxoaHH HcTpaxyBaK.a oa BaK0B KapaKTep (BHaH: HaycHaHc 1994; TyKa BHaH h 3a MeToaHTe Ha cHM6oaHnKaTa aHanH3a: cTp. 38-67.
T. I
l.BeaecTHHo, TecaaHja; 2, 3.^ypHCTaH, HpaH.
HocaT c^oBeHCKH oöeaexja. CTaHyBa 3Öop 3a cnMÖoannKa npeTCTaBa Ha HeöecHnoT cboa, noHCToBeTeH co noBe^Ko Top3o, co npnKaxaHn (^a3n o^ coaapHnoT iHKayc, Koja mTo, bo KoHTeKCT Ha HamaTa CHMÖoanHKo-nKoHorpa^CKa aHaaraa ja HfleHTn^nKyBaBMe KaKo npeTCTaBa Ha caoBeHCKoTo HeöecKo öoxsctbo.3 Bo oBaa CTaraja Ke ce oön^eMe, oBaa npeTCTaBa ja noBp3eMe KoHKpeTHo co caoBeHCKHoT 6or CBapor.
3 fleTaaHo 3a oBa, BKay^HTenHo h 3a apryMeHTHTe bo npHaor Ha oBa ToaKyBaae: HaycH^HC 1994, 105-122.
AHa^H3a Ha ^hkobhhtc npeTCTara
KnyHHa npeTCTaBa 3a onpeaeayBaae Ha 3HanefteTO Ha oboj' HK0H0rpa^CKH -ran e MeTaaHaTa nao^Ka (BHCHHa 9 e;m) Koja ihto npHnaKa Ha eaHo aeno C0CTaBeH0 oa ymTe 20 caHHHH nao^KH, npoHajaeHH bo TecaaHja (ceao BeaecTHHo) h aarapaHH bo VII b. (T.I-1; T.II-2; T.III-1).4 06aHKyBaHa e bo BHa Ha MamKa ^Hrypa co noayKpyxHo Top3o, HaMeTHaTo co naamT - TyHHKa, Ha HBHUHTe aonoaHeTa co 4 po3era; Ha rpaaHTe ce HaoKa KpyxeH, a noa Hero aHčTecT cerMeHT. OHrypaTa e 6e3 pane, co y6aBo o6aHKyBaHa raaBa, co 6yjHa Koča, 6paaa h MycTaKH; aoay, oa o6aeKaTa ce cnymTaaT noTKoaeHHEHTe.
0a npeTCTaBeHaTa nao^Ka MoxaT aa če H3BaenaT caeaHHTe THnoaomKH oaaHKH h 3Haneaa Ha npHKaxaHoTo 6oxecTBo:
-6or - noHCToBeTeH co He6oTo T.e. He6ecHHoT CBoa (HaH o6paTHo, aHTponoMop^H3HpaHo T.e. aeH^HnHpaHo He6o);
-bo pačKomHa o6aeKa Koja ito ja CHM6oaH3Hpa aHeBHaTa CBeTaHHa ito ro HčnoaHyBa He6oTo;
-co po3eTH Ha pa6oT oa o6aeKaTa ito rH npeTCTaByBaaT oaaeaHHTe $a3H oa aHeBHoTo aBH^eaeTo Ha coHneTo no He6ecHHoT CBoa.
0a oBHe oaaHKH caeaaT h ocHoBHHTe ^yHKUHH Ha oBa 6oxecTBo: -noKpoBHTeacTBo Haa He6oTo KaKo npocTop T.e. KocMHHKa 3oHa, Ha coaapHHoT nHKayc h BepojaTHo Ha HeKoH apyrH nponecH ito Ha Hero če oaBHBaaT.5
Ha npeTCTaBaTa oa BeaecTHHo, cnopea CHTe oaaeaHH eaeMeHTH h če npH6aHxyBaaT neTHpH, pa3HH no xpoHoaorHja h KapaKTep aHKoBHH MaHH^ecTauHH Ha oboj HKoHorpa^CKH THn:
a)	MoTHBHTe oa H3aoaxeHHoT aea Ha 5 caoBeHCKH (cnopea HeKoH aBTopH h KoHKpeTHo aHTCKH) aBonaonecra ^H6yaH oa hcthot nepHoa (T.II-3-6 /nocaeaHHoT, bo nap oa aBe eaHaKBH $H6yaH/; T.III-4,7). 3aeaHHHKH npra -nponopnHH Ha top3oto h Ha 6paaečTaTa raaBa; BHaTpemH pacnaeHyBaaa; -o6aHKoT, 6pojoT h pacnopeaoT Ha neraprne po3eTH. Pa3aHKH: -cxeMaTH3anHja h "pacTBopaae" Ha $HrypaTa, KaKo naoa Ha
CnenH^HHHHoT KapaKTep H ^yHKUHH Ha HaKHToT.6
6) Peaje^H oa aonHocpearoBeKoBHHTe Haarpo6HH cnoMeHHnH ("creKuH") oa noapanjeTo Ha HeKoramHa nempaaHa COP JyrocaaBHja (T.III-2,5,8,9). 3a pa3aHKa oa npeaxoaHHTe aHaaorHH, oBHe če 6aHCKH Ha nao^KaTa oa BeaecTHHo caMo Ha hhbo Ha ocHoBHHTe eaeMeHTH: nempaaHa (^poHTaaHa ^Hrypa, cxeMaTH3HpaHa Ha noHHaKoB HanHH, oboj' naT co pane, 6e3 eaeMeHTH Ha aHneTo, oKpyxeHa co nerapH HaH aBa Kpyra HaH po3eTH. Ha eaHHoT npHMep (2), aoay noa Ho3eTe Ha $HrypaTa ctoh MeceneB cpn -aoKa3 3a aHeBHo-HoKHoTo 3Haneae Ha oBaa MHTCKa npeTCTaBa. Pa3aHKHTe bo KoMno3HnHjaTa, CTHaoT h aeTaaHTe če aoaxaT Ha xpoHoaomKaTa oaaaaeneHocT, h cneuH^HKHTe Ha TexHHKaTa (peaje^ bo KaMeH, HajBepojaTHo cnopea apBeHH npoToTHnoBH).
b)	Mothbh oa TeKCTHaHaTa opHaMeHTHKa (T.III-3,6,12,13), 3acera caMo oa noapanjeTo Ha HčTOHHHTe CaoBeHH (XIX noneTOK Ha XX BeK), co CHTe HaBeaeHH
4	Werner 1952, 3-8; ToaKyBaK.e Ha oBHe HaoaH bo KoHTeKCT Ha caoBeHCKaTa naraHCKa peararaja h MHToaorHja: HayoHflHC 1992/93, (I) 141-166; (II) 159-178; HaycHflHC 1994, 120 h HaTaMy.
5	fleTaaHo 3a oBoj HKoHorpa^CKH THn: HayoHaHC 1992/93, 141-166; 159-178; HayoHaHC 1994, 120 h HaTaMy; bo KoHTeKCT Ha xtohckhot 6or: HaycH^HC 1997, 58-61.
6	3a MHTCKo-peaHrHCKHoT xopH3oHT bo oBHe $H6yaH h Hay^HHoT npHCTan koh hhb: HaycH^HC 1996/97; 3a npeTCTaBHTe Ha caoBeHCKHTe 6oroBH - onoHeHTH Ha hhb: HaycH^HC 1997, 62-64.
T. II
l.^ypHcTaH, HpaH; 2.BenecTHH0, Tecaraja; 3.^y6oBa^ BojBo^HHa; 4.Bena CpKBa, Bpma^ BojBo^HHa; .Ma^a A3Hja; 6.Hex (Lezhe), AnöaHHja.
HK0H0rpa^cKH eneMeHTH, ho caM0 Ha hhbo Ha co^pxHHaTa (He h ^opMaTa h cth^ot) mT0 ce ^o^xH Ha cne^^HHHaTa CTHHH3au,Hja mT0 ja ^HKTHpa TexHonorajaTa Ha TKaeae h Be3eae h, KaK0 bo npeTX0^HH0T cnynaj, BpeMeHCKH0T h KymypHo-reorpa^CKH pacnoH bo o^Hoc Ha BenecTHHCKaTa napa^Hma.7
floTyKa npeTCTaBeHH0T MaTepHjan hh obo3moxh onmTa H^eHTH^HKa^ja Ha 3HaneaeT0 Ha 0Baa MHTCKa crnKa, noTBp^yBaae Ha n0mHp0KH0T cnoBeHCKH KapaKTep h
7 3a nocne^HHTe ^Be KaTeropHH npe^Mera: MaycH^HC 1994, 120-122. Mothbot ce cne^H h Ha cpe^H0BeK0BHH0T HaKHT h rpa^HTHTe (bh^h: T. 111-10,11).
Hej3HH0 HaneaHO noBp3yBaae co cooapeTHHTe caoBeHcKH TeoHHMH (mTO hm npHnaKaae Ha He6ecHH h bpxobhh Boxecraa, KaKo mTo e BHa, CBapor h Poa), ho 6e3 apryMeHTH 3a 6Hao KaKBa KoHKpeTHa peaanHj'a.
EflHa TaKBa moxhoct, HeoneKyBaHo ce nojaBH Kora HamHoT THn, h oco6eHo BeaecTHHcKaTa nao^Ka, ra cnopeaHBMe co, He oco6eHo 6aHcKara no xpoHoaorHja h KyaTypHa npHna^HocT aHaaorHja: nempaaHaTa ^Hrypa oa eaHa cpe6peHa nao^Ka oa no3HaTHoT KoMnaeKc Ha aypHcTaHcKHTe MeTaaHH npeaMera, aarapaHa bo VIII b. n.H.e. (T.I-2,3).8
Co oraea Ha xpoHoaomKaTa pa3aHKa oa oKoay 1400 roaHHH, 6aHcKocra Ha oBHe npeTcTaBH ce noKaxyBa KaKo H3HeHaaypanKa (cnopeaH: T.I-1 co 2): - HaeHTHHHa KoMno3Hnnja T.e. ra6apHT; -HaeHTHHHo o6pa6oTeHa raaBa, co roaeM KpyxeH nepen, xopH3oHTaaHa hbh^ Ha ^praypaTa h naTen Ha cpea^eao; -cTporo aHne co npaBHaHH npra, co caHHHH MycTaKH h BepTHKaaHH aoKHH Ha 6paaaTa; -sBoHoBHaHo Top3o T.e. o6aeKa - naamT, opHaMeHTHpaHH h co nempaaeH KpyxeH mothb Ha rpaaHTe.
Ce nojaByBaaT h oapeaeH pa3aHKn: -Ha aypHcTaHcKaTa nao^Ka, bo Meaa^oHoT e npHKaxaHo MamKo aHne Koe Ha BeaecraHcKaTa HaH ro HeMa HaH He e KoHcrarapaHo;9 -Ha Hea, bo KoHTeKcT Ha aypHcTaHcKaTa aHaaorHja MoxaT aa ce npeno3HaaT h BeKe coceM opHaMeHTHpaHHTe KpHaa; - 3a pa3aHKa oa TecaaHcKaTa ^Hrypa, aypHcTaHcKaTa ro HeMa aHcrecraoT cerMeHT h Ho3eTe (coceM noKpHeHH oa aoarara TyHHKa); BeaecTHHcKaTa naK, rH HeMa aBeTe cHMexpHHHH noBe^KH 6hcth koh H3BHpaaT oa paMeaara Ha npBara (T.I-3). CMeTaMe aeKa oBHe ape 6hcth (raeaaHo oa aHKoBeHo -KoMno3HUHcKH acneKT) He ce opraHcKH noBp3aHH co ocHoBHaTa ^Hrypa, mTo ynaryBa Ha Toa aeKa He er3Hcrapaae (T.e. He ce pa3BHBaae) co oBoj HKoHorpa^cKH THn, TyKy ce npoH3Boa Ha ceKyHaapHa HHTepnoaa^ja.10
PeaanHHTe co BeaecTHHcKaTa nao^Ka h BoonmTo co HKoHorpa^cKHoT THn mTo ro ae^HHHpaBMe, ce ymTe noHHTepecHH Ha hhbo Ha npeaao3HTe 3a HaeHTH^HKaunja Ha aypHcTaHcKaTa ^Hrypa, oaHocHo Hej3HHoTo noBp3yBaae co HpaHcKaTa T.e. aBecTHHcKaTa MHToaorHja. KaKo HajcooaBeraa ce noKaxyBa Hej3HHaTa HaeHra^HKaunja co 3'pBaH (3epBaH, 3ypBaH) - 6oroT Ha BpeMeTo, HaH ^kthhkh, caMHoT HHKapHanHja nepcoHH^HKanHj'a Ha "BenHoro BpeMe" T.e. Ha "6ecKoHeHHoTo" HaH Ha "noneraoTo BpeMe" (BpeMe Ha eM6pHoHaaHaTa er3HcreHnHja Ha cBeToT).11 Oa pa3HHTe enrnera h ^yhkuhh Ha oBoj 6or, aHjaxpoHo pacnopeaeHH bo TeKoT Ha HeroBaTa pe^HcH apeHajaaHa er3HcTeHnHja, ocBeH cnoMHaTaTa, ce H3aBojyBaaT h caeaHHTe: -Toj e aHaporHHo 6oxecrBo; -ro npeaoapeaypa ceTo mTo ce oaBHBa Ha oBoj cBeT, BKaywreaHo h noBeKoBHoT xhbot; -rH co3aaBa (nopaKa) 6oroBHTe - HHKapHanHja e Ha aBeTe era^Kn Haneaa (ao6poTo h 3aoTo); -caMHoT ^HrypHpa Haa oBHe eranKH KaTeropHH; -cTaHyBa BpxoBeH 6or Ha peaHrHo3HoTo aBHxeae (no Hero HapeneHo 3'pBaHH3aM) Koe My 6Hao cnpoTHBcTaBeHo Ha Ma3aaH3MoT.12
YmTe eaHo H3HeHaayBaae npeaH3BHKyBa ^ktot mTo oBHe aBecTHHcKH enHTeTH Ha 3'pBaH, MHory noao6po KopecnoHaHpaaT ToKMy co HeKoH aeTaaH oa BeaecTHHcKHoT
8	npeflMeTOT ce qyBa bo MyaejoT bo CHHCHHaTH - CAfl ( flaH^aMaeB, HyKOHHH 1980, 68); $0T0rpa$Hja: He^ Larousse 1968, 323.
9	Co orae^ Ha HecoBpmeHaTa $0T0rpa$Hja cnope^ Koja pa6oTeBMe, TaKBaTa moxhoct He e HCK^yqeHa. fla noTceTHMe Ha neTTOTO nH^ Ha nopeHyT, n0CTaBeH0 Ha rpa^HTe (bh^h: HBaHOB, TonopoB 1965, 40,45,48).
10	Co OBa He th HerHpaMe, TyKy KaKO eneMeHTH Ha flpyra BapHjaHTa o^ hcthob HK0H0rpa$cKH THn, th ocTaBaMe 3a e^HO 3ace6H0 HcTpaxyBaae.
11	H^eHTH^HKa^ja Ha R. Ghirshman (L'Iran des origines à l' Islam, Paris, 1976, 100-101, t. III, IV /2/ ) - UHTHpaHO cnope^: flaH^aMaeB, HyKOHHH 1980, 68.
12	flaH^aMaeB HyKOHHH 1980, 66-68, 310; IpaHTOBcKHH 1980; EpaH^T 1989, 3a onmraTa cTapoHpaHcKa penHracKa KOHcTena^ja: 410-471, 3a 3'pBaHH3M0T: 414, 467.
npHMepoK koh o. CBoja CTpaHa, oTCyCTByBaaT Ha .ypHCTaHCKHoT. Ck.ohh CMe oBa .a ro npoTo.KyBaMe KaKo noBHCoK CTeneH Ha h3bophoct Ha npBaTa, bo o.hoc Ha npe..oxeHaTa HH.oHpaHCKa h.h HH.oeBponcKa napa.HrMa, npojaBeHa npeKy ABecTaTa. CTaHyBa 36op 3a c.e.HHTe e.eMeHTH (cnope.yBaj co T. H - 1):
-po3eTHTe Ha (HrypaTa o. Be.ecTHHo, BeKe nopaHo (He3aBHCHo o. oBoj (axr) H.eHTH(HKyBaHH KaKo (a3H o. co.apHHoT nHK.yc,13 coBpmeHo cooTBeTCTByBaaT Ha enHTeToT Ha 3'pBaH, KaKo "He6ecKo 6oxecTBo h nepcoHH^HKanHja Ha bbhhoto öecKoHenHo BpeMe";
-.HCTecTHoT mothb bo npe.e.oT Ha reHHTa.HHTe h HeroBaTa pe.anHja co o6.hkot Ha oTBopeHa By.Ba (Ha mTo hcto TaKa yKaxaBMe nopaHo)14, co or.e. Ha H3pa3HTo MamKHoT jiHK Ha 6oxecTBoTo, ce jaByBa KaKo HecoMHeH aTpHÖyT Ha HeroBaTa .Bono.oBocT -aH.porHHocT.
^oKo.Ky H.HHTe oncepBaqHH Ke noKaxaT .eKa h Ha mb.mhohot Ha Teca.HCKHoT npHMepoK e npeTCTaBeH hobbhkh jihk, Toj mothb 6h Moxe. .a ce noBp3e co ymTe e.Ha (yHKanja Ha oBa 6oxecTBo - patatero Ha b.hhot o. 3'pBaHoBHTe chhobh (AxpHMaH h.h OpMy3.) o. yTpo6aTa Ha 6oxbctboto, npeKy otbop Ha HeroBoTo Te.o (Ha rpa.HTe h.h CToMaKoT).
Pe^auHH Ha hhbo Ha TeoHHMHTe
He caMo c.HKaTa TyKy h hmbto Ha oBoj aBecTHjcKo - HpaHCKH 6or Moxe .a ce nocTaBH bo pe.anHja co HeKoj o. c.oBeHCKHTe 6oroBH. HeKo.Ky (aKTH o.aT bo npH.or Ha BpcKaTa mTo HH ce HaMeTHa ymTe npH HKoHorpa(cKaTa aHa.H3a: 3'pBaH CBapor.15
Ako ce 3eMe npe.BH. .eKa c.oroo6pa3oBHHoT KapaKTep Ha "p" bo hmbto Ha 3'pBaH, coHHHyBa KoHcoHaTCKaTa rpyna Koja, nopa.H TemKHoT H3roBop npe.H3BHKyBa MeTaTe3H, moxho e xHnoTeTHHHoTo *3b'p - aH; *3Bap - aH, mTo e Ha HeKop o. CBap - or Koj, MeKy .pyroTo, bo H3BopHTe ce cpeTHyBa h KaKo CoBapor h 3Bapor. Pa3.HKHTe bo cy(HKcoT .oHeKa.e rH pe.aTHBH3Hpa 6mtckhot tbohhm Meopym,16 h roTCKoTo snjaran,17 koh 6h Moxe.e .a HH.HUHpaaT Ha xHnoTeTHHHHTe *3BapyH, *3BapeH, *3BapaH, (T.e. *CBapyH, *CBapeH, *CBapaH), mTo 6h npeTCTaByBa.e Kope.aT Ha CBapor h 3'pBaH.
npeTCTaBeHHTe HKoHorpa(cKH h (ohbtckh pe.anHH .o6HBaaT noTBp.a h Ha ceMaHTHHKo - eTHMo.orHCKo hhbo. KopeHoT Ha TeoHHMoT CBapor ce CBe.yBa Ha "svar" H.H "svarg" h bo pe.anHja co HH.o-HpaHCKH napa.e.H ce To.KyBa KaKo He6o, CBeT.o T.e. cjajHo He6o, He6ecKa CBeT.HHa, coHne.18 Bo npH.or Ha oBa o.h r.ocaTa svor (bo .e.oTo "Mater verborum"), bo 3HaHeae Ha zodiacus, mTo bo oBoj cynaj 6h Moxe.o .a 3HaHH: -He6o bo .BHxeae h.h, bo noTecHaTa CMHC.a Ha 36opoT, "co.apeH Kpyr" ("cyHnonac"), "coHHeBa naTeKa", naT no Koj ce .bhxh coHneTO,19 mTo e bo cor.acHocT co .o6HeHHTe HKoHorpa(cKH To.KyBaaa ("6or-He6o" no Koj ce .bhxh coHneTo).
13	HaycHÄHO 1994, 120.
14	HaycHÄHO 1997, 64 - (yc HoTa 24.
15	3a npBHTe npeTnocTaBKH oKony BpcKaTa Ha npHKaxaHHTe c.oBeHCKH mhtckh npeicraBH co CBapor: HaycH^HO 1992/93, (H), 144.
16	3a XBopyHa: HBaHoB, TonopoB 1980, 155. HH^HKamBHo e mTo HMeTo Ha oBaa, HHaKy HejacHa no KapaKTep 6ox^a, ce nojaByBa bo kohtbkct Ha KoBaK.eTo Ha coh^to - (yHKanja coo^Beraa Ha CBapor (bhäh: Mansikka 1922, 69-70).
17	Co noHHaKBo 3HaqeK.e (Skok 1974).
18	OacMep 1967; Ježic 1987, 35; Maurhofer 1974, bhäh: svargah, svarnarah.
19	OBa 3Haqeae ro aKTya.H3Hpa. ymTe A(aHacbeB (1865, 129, 130).
T. III
1.BenecTHHO, TecanHja; 2.Cryna, HeyM, BocaHCKO npHMOpje; 3.PycHja; 4.^y6oBa^ BojBonHHa; 5.rop&H CTyneH^, ^yöymKH, Xep^roBHHa; 6.PycHja;	(Lezhe), AnöaHHja; 8.KnamHHK, BHmerpan, BocHa;
9.CenHHe, Hmotckh, ^anMa^ja; 10.Kocobo MeTOxnja; 11.ropHH Ko3jaK, fflran, MaKenoHHja; 12, 13. PycHja.
HCTOPHCKH H30OPH
Bo npHnor Ha oBaa penanHja roBopaT h ^yHKUHHTe Ha CBapor, coapxaHH bo HCTopHCKHTe H3BopH. Ho HHBHaTa cnoxeHocT h aypH npo6neMaTHHHocT, HanaraaT, ao oBHe ^yHKUHH aa ce flojee npeKy cnoxeHa aHanraa Ha HHBHaTa coapxHHa, npocneaeHa co nocTojaHH cnopeayBaaa co apyra cooaBeTHH ^aKTH, mTo Ke 6Hae HanpaBeHo bo 3aBpmHHTe nacycH Ha oBoj Tpya.
HajnpBo Ke ra HaBeaeMe KnynHHTe ^paraemH
CnoBeHcKH npeBoa Ha xpoHHKaTa Ha JoBaH Manana (XII BeK); HnaTjeBcKa jieTonnc (1114 roa.):
"nona ufcapbcTBoBaTH (...) no HeMb OeocTa, nxe h CBapora (bo opHrHHan: CoBapora, 3Bapora) HapeKoma ErynbTaHe. (...) Bt BpeMa ufcapbcTBa ero, ctnaaoma Knf3f ct He6ece, h Hana KoBaTH opyxHe, npexe 6o Toro nanHnaMH h KaMeHHeMb 6HBaxyca. Ttxe Oeocra 3aKoHt ycTaBH xeHaMt 3a eaHHt Myxb nocaraTH h xoaHTH roBfró^H (Bo3apxaHo) (...) h ycTaBH eaHHoMy Myxró eaHHy xeHy HMfTH h xeHf 3a eaHHt Myxb nocaraTH; a^e nH KtTo nepecTynHTb, aa BtBbpryTb h Bt ne^b orHbHy. Cero paaH npo3tBama h CBaportMb, h 6naxHma h ErynbTaHe. H no ceMb nfcapbcTBoBa cHHt ero, HMeHbMb CtnHbne, eroxe HapmróTb ,D,axb6orb ... CtnHbne nfcapb, cHHb CBaporoBt, exe ecTb ,D,axb6orb, 6f Myxb cHnbHt; (...) He xoTa oTbna cBoero 3aKoHa pacnnaTH, CBapoxa. ... "20
HeKonKy apyra H3BopH roBopaT 3a CBapor nocpeaHo, npeKy HeroBaTa penanHja co CBapoxHH (naTpoHHM oa CBapor). Cnopea hhb naraHHTe "orHeBH MonaTb xe ca 3oByne ero cBapoxHneM".21
EaeH aonHexeH H3Bop Koj oneBHaro ce noBHKyBa Ha nocTapH H3BecTyBaaa, eKcnnHnHTHo ro anocTpo^Hpa oHa Ha mTo HMnnHnHTHo yKaxyBaaT npeTxoaHHTe TeKcTOBH. TaMy, MeKy apyroTo, ce roBopH KaKo npocBeTeHHoT xpHcTHjaHHH KHHaMoH (bo IX BeK) ro y6eay®an 6yrapcKHoT naraHcKH KHe3 BojaH aeKa "oroHb TaKxe TBopeHHe Boxne, a He Borb cBaporb".22
TyKa Tpe6a aa ce cnoMHe h HaTnHcoT "CBAPOK" BpexaH Ha aHoTo oa cpeaHoBeKoBeH KepaMHHKH caa oa XIII-XIV b., oTKpHeH Ha noKanHTeToT "D,apeBen", BenHKo Tphobo bo ByrapHja. Toj ro aoKaxyBa npHcycTBoTo Ha oBoj TeoHHM Ha BanKaHoT, aypH h aKo bo KoHKpeTHHoT cnynaj Moxen aa ro o3HanyBa caMo nHHHoTo HMe Ha concTBeHHKoT Ha caaoT.23
TonOHHMH
TonoHHMHTe mTo ro coapxaT bo ce6e HMeTo Ha CBapor, 6apeM bo ceramHHoT cTeneH Ha HcTpaxeHocT (bo KoHTeKcT Ha KapaKTepoT Ha MecTaTa Ha koh ce oaHecyBaaT), aaBaaT
20	^HTaTH h TonKyBaaa: Mansikka 1922, 66,68; HBaHoB, TonopoB 1995, 348, 349; Pbi6aKoB 1981, 9, 10.
21	"CnoBo HeKoero xpHcTonró6na"; "CnoBo o tom KaK noraHH cy^ea a3bi^H KnaHanHca HaonoMt"(cnopea: HBaHoB, TonopoB 1965, 17; apyrH BapHjaHTH: HHeaepne 1916, 106. CBapoxm (Zuarsis, bh^h: Niederle 1916, 106-107) e npHcyTeH h bo H3BopHTe mTo ce oaHecyBaaT Ha 6anTHcKHTe cnoBeHH bo PeTpa, ho bo hhb, KocMonomKHTe (ce ^hhh rnaBHo conapHH) ^yHKnHH Ha 6oroT ce bo ceHKa Ha BoeHo onmTecTBeHHTe.
22	OHnapeT 1894, 70 (Moxe6H H3BopHo: " Bora cBapora" ?).
23	reoprHeBa 1974, 11, 12, 53: o6p. 41/2, 56; o6p. 41; TeoprHeBa 1986.
caMO eaeH 3aKaynoK, 3a HeKoramHaTa pacnp0CTpaHeT0CT Ha oboj' TeoHHM, a OTTyKa h Ha caMOTO 6oxecTBo h HeroBHoT KyaT hh3 caoBeHcKaTa eKyMeHa. Th HaBeayBaMe caeaHHTe: ceao CaBapKa Ha peKaTa Pocb (no npeaaHHja CaBapa); rpaaHmTe CaBapKa (aeHec ceao CBapoMbe) 6aH3y KHeB;24 CBapyxeBo, CBapbix (ncKoBcKa ry6epHHja); Snjaruczen Snjarzevo, Snjarunie, Snjarocin, Snjarzadz, Svarov (noacKa); Svaroženo (Kamy6cKa 3eMja); Znjartonj, Znjartovek, Snjarzenjo, Snjariseno;25 Tnjarog, Tnjarožna gora, Snjarožuno siodlo (noBTopHo Ha Kamy6cKo noapanje).26
TonoHHMH Ha CBapor ce eBHaeHTHpaHH h Ha EaaKaHoT (CBapor - Ha3HB Ha Bo3BHmeHo MecTo Kpaj ceacKaTa peKa ao c. PaKHTa, Epe3HHmKo;27"CBaporoBo MecTo" / co aa6/ 6aH3y Co^Hja,28mTo roBopH 3a npHcycTBoTo Ha oboj TeoHHM h bo jyxHoCToBeHcKHTe Tpa^HnHH. Co oraea Ha Toa mTo noBeKeTo oa o6pa6oTeHHTe mhtckh caHKH noTeKHyBaaT oa EaaKaHoT, HeonxoaHo e, bo npHaor Ha oBa, aa ce HaBeaaT h apyrH ^aKTH. OcBeH BeKe cnoMHaTHoT HaTnHc Ha caaoT oa "CapeBen" h (^pamenroT oa xnmeTo Ha EojaH, TyKa ycaoBHo 6h ce oaHecyBaa h nacycoT 3a CBapor oa caoBeHcKHoT npeBoa Ha XopHHaKaTa Ha JoBaH Maaaaa. HMeHo, nocTojaT npeTnocTaBKH aeKa caoBeHcKHTe TeoHHMH h oapeaeHH í^kth noBp3aHH co hhb, He aocneaae bo oboj' TeKcT npeKy HeroBaTa pycKa peaa^Hja (oa XII-XIII BeK), TyKy nocToeae ymTe bo npBHoT npeBoa, co3aaaeH bo X. BeK bo jyxHocaoBeHcKHoT apeaa.29
PeKOHCTpyKHHja Ha KapaKTepoT h ^yHKHHHTe Ha CBapor
(Bp3 ocHoBa Ha KoMnapanHH Ha ^aKTHTe oa HKoHorpa^cKaTa aHaaH3a, 3HaneaeTo Ha
TeoHHMoT h aHaaraaTa Ha HcTopHcKHTe h3boph)
Bo Hajo6eMHHoT, norope HaBeaeH nHcMeH H3Bop 3a CBapor, oboj' 6or (KaKo hh ^ax6or) He e ocHoBHa nea Ha HcKa3oT, TyKy cpeTcTBo npeKy Koe, eaHo ereoTHHHo no KyaTypa h BpeMe aHTHHKo cHxe, (eaHam BeKe peHHTepnpeTHpaHo bo xpHcTHjaHcKH KoHTeKcT), Tpe6aao aa 6Hae ao6aHxeHo ao HHTaTeaoT koj' npHnaraa Ha eaHa cpeaHoBeKoBHa caoBeHcKa KyaTypa. OTTyKa, bo oaHoc Ha HaynHaTa ynoTpe6aHBocT Ha oboj' H3Bop ce nocTaByBa aKo KaynHo npamaaeTo, ao koj' cTeneH h bo koh KoHKpeTHH eaeMeHTH, caoBeHcKHTe 6otobh oa npeBoaoT ce coBnaraae co aHTHHKHTe napaaHrMH oa opHrHHaaoT, a bo koh He. CMeTaMe aeKa aocera npHMeHyBaHHoT npHHnHn Ha "npH^aKaae caMo Ha pa3aHHHoTo" e oaBeKe pecTpHKTHBeH, 6HaejKH ro HcxaynyBa caoBeHcKHoT KapaKTep Ha cHTe ^aKTH oa npeBoaoT mTo ce npHcyTHH h bo opHrHHaaoT. Co Toa ce aerpaaHpaaT oHHe oco6eHocTH mTo eBemyaaHo 6h 6Hae 3aeaHHHKH 3a Oeocr T.e. Xe^ecr oa xpoHHKaTa h 3a CBapor, a koh BcymHocT h ro HaBeae caoBeHcKHoT npeBeayBan aa ro 3eMe btophot KaKo aHaaoroH Ha npBHoT. EHaejKH TaKBoTo aeTaaHo oneHyBaae Ha ^aKTHTe He ro oBo3MoxyBa caMHoT TeKcT, HHTy 6Hao koh apyrH H3BopH, ce pemHBMe aa ro H3BeaeMe
24	EopoBCKHÉ 1982, 13 (Ha nocae^HOTO MecTo ce npeTnocTaByBa cBeraramTe Ha CBapor). Moxho e HeKOH oä OBHe h Hape^HHTpe TonoHHMH Äa He 6Hae ÄHpeKTHo noBpaaHH co CBapor, TyKy co BeKe HaBe^eHHTe cpo^HH HaH coceM ÄpyrH 3Haqen.a Ha KopeHoT "cBap" (3a oBHe 3HaqeK.a: Skok 1974.
25	CnopeÄ Niederle 1916, 106 (yc HoTa 3.
26	HBaHoB, TonopoB 1965, 141. TyKa Tpe6a Äa ce cnoMHe h qemcKara nepcoHaaHja Svar (XII BeK) Koja bo aHaaorHa (opMa, bo XIII BeK ce jaByBa h bo ÄoKyMeHTHTe oä üoMepaHHja (Niederle 1916, 108, 109, (yc HoTa 4).
27	TepacHMoB 1960, 557 (yc HoTa 3.
28	BtxapoBa 1986.
29	Niederle 1916, 105-107.
Ha HHTepflHCiHnaHHapHo hhbo, cnopeayBajKH rH eaeMeHTHTe oa coapxHHaTa Ha TeKCToT co aHaaorHH (aKTH oa apyrH c(epH Ha TpaaHiHoHaaHaTa KyaTypa Ha CaoBeHHTe. OBa ro npHMeHyBaMe CBecHH aeKa BaKBHoT npHCTan He o6e36eayBa ancoayTHa noTBpaa Ha (aKTHTe oa TeKCToT, TyKy npeTCTaByBa npHaor bo aoaraoT npoiec Ha ao6aHxyBaae ao BHCTHHCKHTe pemeHHja.
XeonxoaHo 6eme, Ha noneTOKoT, oa oBoj h ocTaHaTHTe h3boph aa ce H3aBojaT h rpynHpaaT CHTe noTeHiHjaaHH oaHocH, KapaKTepH h (hkihh, CTaBeHH noa HMeTo Ha OeocT T.e. CBapor, HHj 6poj ce noKaxa He TaKa Maa:30
1.	Cap - Baaaee Haa HeKaKBa TepHTopHja co rao6aaeH KapaKTep (cBeToT - BceaeHaTa - HoBemTOBoTo) bo oapeaeH (no paH) nepHoa
2.	Penpe3eHT Ha aaMHemHH BpeMHraa (no aHHHja HapeTxoaHaTa (yHKiHja)31
3.	noKopoBHTeacTBo Haa peaoT - nopeaoKoT, npeKy:
a)	BocTaHoByBaae Ha 3aKoHoT 3a MoHoraMHja
6)Ka3HyBaae Ha npeKpmHTeaHTe Ha Toj 3aKoH
b)	ypeayBaae, aeaerae, opraHH3Hparae Ha CBeToT (cyaejKH cnopea aHKoBHHTe
npeTCTaBH)32
4.0yHKiHja Ha poaHTea (TaTKo)
a)	eKcnaHiHTHo Ha 6oroT no HMe "CoHie" HapeKyBaH ,D,ax6or
6) Ha orHoT T.e. 6oroT CBapoxnn (HMnaHiHTHo npeKy hcthot KopeH Ha o6eTe HMHfta, KaKo h KoHKpeTHaTa naTpoHHMCKa (opMa Ha CBapor (bo 3Haneae Ha "noTeKHaT oa CBapor", "cHH Ha CBapor", "npHnaaHocT Ha CBapor")
b)	oa oBHe e MoxHa h reHepaaraaiHja: -(yHKiHjaTa TaTKo Ha ymTe HeKoH HaH Ha CHTe apyrH 6oroBH33
5. BpcKa co (noKpoBHTeacTBo Haa) ceMejcTBoTo (Moxe6H nocpeaHo h co naoaHocTa Ha ayreTo),34 npeKy:
30	Ce pemHBMe aa He rH aHyaHpaMe hh oHHe 3a koh bo HayKaTa üoctoh Ha^eaeH (ho HeapryMeHTHpaH) CTaB aeKa He Moxeae aa My npHnaraaT Ha CBapor.
31	Bo qemcKHoT h caoBa^KHoT ja3HK üoctoh raoca praboh, prabuh (npa6or) Koja Moxe aa 6H^e o^paa Ha oBaa (yHKCHja (bhäh Hexe 1984, 55; A(aHacbeB 1865, 133).
32	Cnopea MHpoaro6oB (1981, 213), bo MpbeBKa, Haa HKoHHTe ce o6ecyBaao KpcT^e co noBeKe KpacH, HapeKyBaHo "3BopxHM " HaH "3BopoxHM" (cnope^H co CBapor, 3Bapor). Koe HMaao o6aHK Ha KpcT aypH h aKo ce raeaaao oTCTpaHa. Ce BepyBaao aeKa Toa ja aeaH 3eMjaTa Ha qerapH aeaa (3a KpcToT h bpxobhhot 6or: HaycHÄHC 1994, 471-473).
33	Bo npHaor Ha nocToeraeTo TaKoB oähoc Mery bpxobhhot h ocTaHaTHTe 6oroBH oa caoBeHCKHTe naHTeoHH, roBopaT h apyrH h3boph: -cnopea XeaMoaa (can. 84 c. 160), O6oapHTHTe BepyBaaT aeKa üoctoh Ha He6oTo eaeH BpxoBeH 6or "... a apyrHTe 6oroBH ... noTeKHyBaaT oa HeroBaTa KpB ..."; roBopejKH 3a PycHTe h EyrapHTe Ha Boara, H6H-Oa^aaH (99/210 6) ro cnoMHyBa raaBHoTo 6oxecTBo ("HamHoT rocnoa") ^hJ H^oa, bo CBeTHaHmTeTo ce H3^Hraa Haa noMaaHTe (HrypH mTo ro oKpyxyBaae h rH npHKaxyBaae "... xeHHTe Ha HamHoT rocnoa, KepKHTe HeroBH h CHHoBHTe HeroBH" (KoBaaeBCKHH 1956, 142, 143). A(aHacbeB (1865, 133) bo BpcKa co bpxobhhot 6or ro aKTyaaH3Hpa TepMHHoT "npH6orH", bo 3HaqeK.e Ha 6oroBH, noMaa^H HaH npoH3ae3eHH oa Hero.
34	OBaa (yHKiHja Moxeaa aa 6H^e oBonaoTeHa npeKy 3ace6Ha xHnocTa3a Ha bpxobhhot 6or, MaHH(ecTHpaHa npeKy noce6eH TeoHHM (Poa) h MHTCKa caHKa (aHTponoMop(H3HpaH (aayc). 3a oBa bhäh: Pbi6aKoB 1981, 438-470; HaycH^HC 1994, 341-365, 446-453.
a)	BočTaHoByBaae Ha 3aKoHoT 3a MoHoraMHja 6) Ka3HyBaHe Ha npeKpmHTeaHTe
b)	^yHKnHjaTa poaHTea - TaTKo (eKcnaHnHTHo Ha ^ax6or h HMnaHUHTHo Ha CBapo^HH)
6.	BpčKa co orHoT, npeKy:
a)	Ka3HyBaaeTo Ha npoMHCKyHTeTHHTe bo "oraeHH nenKH"
6) ao6HBaae Ha HMeTo CBapor bo KoHTeKCT Ha cnoMHaTaTa Ka3Ha (oraH - nenKa -ropeae)35
b)	nocpeaHo, npeKy BpcKHTe co MeTaayprHjaTa36
r) npeKy orHoT Koj ayreTo ro HapeKyBaaT CBapoxnn - $opMa Koja HHaHnHpa Ha BpčKaTa TaTKo CBapor - chh CBapoxnn37
a) nocpeaHo npeKy ^yHKqHjaTa TaTKo Ha Coh^to - ,D,ax6or (HMnaHUHTHo: coh^to KaKo aHaaoroH Ha orHoT)
7.	BpčKa co MeTaayprHjaTa:
a)	bo BpeMe Ha BaaaeeaeTo Ha 6oroT, oa He6o naraaT (HMnaHnHpa: Toj rH ^paa) KaemTH co noMom Ha koh ayreTo KoBaaT opyxje (Koe nopaHo 6Hao apBeHo h KaMeHo)
6) co3aaBaae (HMnaHnHpa KoBaae ?) Ha coh^to38
b)	nocpeaHo, bo peaanHja co ^yHKUHHTe noBp3aHH co orHoT
8.	BpčKa co cohečto npeKy:
a)	^yHKqHjaTa TaTKo Ha CoHneTo HapeneHo ^ax6or, eKcnaHnHTHo HaBeaeH KaKo
HeroB CHH39
6) $yHK^jaTa TBopen Ha coHnero40
b)	npHčyčTBoTo Ha coh^to (MyaTHnaHnHpaHo) bo HaBeaeHHTe mhtckh caHKH
35	Bo npHaor Ha oBa oaaT: -caoBeHCKaTa no3ajMH^ sfarog bo pyMyHCKHoT, co KapaKTep Ha npHaaBKa, bo 3HaneK.e Ha "cyB", "H3ropeH" (Skok 1974); Rarog - orHeH ayx oa nemcKHTe, caoBanKHTe h yKpaHHCKHTe 6aeK.a, cnopea HBaHoB, TonopoB (1965, 141) BepojaTHo bo BpčKa co CBapor, (BHaH ja ^opMaTa Svarovšek: CTp. 61).
36	Bo HeKoH caoBeHCKH ja3HCH"cBap", e BKayneH bo noHMH noBp3aHH co MeTaayprnjaTa (Ha npHMep:"cBapKa" = KoBaae, cnojyBaK.e), ho H3raeaa bo nomHpoK KoHTeKCT Ha "TepMHnKa o6pa6oTKa" Koja BKaynyBa h roTBeae (Bapeae).
37	Bo jyxHocaoBeHCKHTe necHH (bo KoHTeKCT Ha o6peaHTe oKoay naaeaeTo Ha CBeTHoT oraH), eKcnaHUHTHo če nojaByBa oaHocoT "Eaaft.aK = CTap 6or / Eoxhk = Maaaa 6or", Koj ao3BoayBa peaacHja "Eaaft.aK = CBapor = CTap 6or / Eojkhk = CBapoxHn (h flax6or ?) = Maaaa 6or (HBaHoB, TonopoB 1965, 133, 134). CBojcTBoTo "CBapor - CTap 6or" oaH h bo npHaor Ha $yHKcnjaTa 1 h 2 oa HamaTa aHCTa.
38	3a KoBaaeTo Ha coh^to BHaH $yc HoTa 16.
39	Cnopea eaHa npHKa3Ha oa ManBa (3anaaHa Cp6Hja) "Eho fla6or cap Ha 3eMO.H a locnoa Eor Ha He6ecHMa" (Kulišic 19796, 203) oa mTo Moxe aa caeaH: Tocnoa Eor = He6eceH 6or - CBapor (TaTKo Ha fla6or T.e. flax6or). Ako e flax6or = Coh^, Toram oBaa $yHKanja ja oapa3yBa h no3HaTaTa necHa "Sar nebesni kad ženjaše sunce" (HoaHao 1981, 148).
40	EHaejKH aeHoT HacTanyBaa npea nojaBaTa Ha coh^to, apxaHnHHoT noBeK He ro TpeTHpaa coh^to KaKo npH^HHa 3a nojaBaTa Ha aHeBHaTa CBeTaHHa, TyKy o6paTHo, KaKo Hej3HH o6jeKT, T.e. nocaeaHca; bo H3BopHTe Toa e "aHeBHoe oko" (oko Ha aeHoT) "Be^ 6o ecTb caH^ CBeTy ..." (Pbi6aKoB 1987, 440, 441); BHaH hcto TaKa: Nodilo 1981, 148.
9.	BpcKa CG HeöoTo:
a)	OHrypaTa Ha HpeTHOCTaBeHHOT CBapor, Ha oöpaöoTyBaHHTe mhtckh cjhkh e HGHCTGBeTeHa CG HeÖeCHHGT CBOfl41
6) Ofl HeÖGTG HaraaT KjemTH (hmhjhuhthg Toj Ofl TaMy rH ^pja, Ofl mTG cjeflH fleKa TaMy h HpecTojyBa)
b)	^yHKnHjaTa "TBopeae Ha coHneTo", co orjefl Ha HpeTX0flHH0T ^aKT h BpcKaTa CGHne - HeÖG, HMHjHnHpa fleKa h hhhot Ha TBopeaero ce oflBHBa Ha HeöoTo, oflHOCHO fleKa h CBapor e Ha He6o
r) HGcpeflHG, HpeKy ^yHKnHjaTa TaTKG Ha CoHneTo - ,n,ax6or h Toa bg KOHTeKCT "CBapor - cGHne; coHne - Heöo; CBapor - He6o", hjh bg 0H03HnHja: "flaxöor - ,D,a6or - nap Ha 3eMjaTa, HeroBHOT TaTKG (CBapor?) - nap Ha HeöoTo"42
10.	npB BG HGBemTBGTG - "HCTOpHjaTa", rjaBeH - BpXOBeH - eflHHCTBeH 6or (MGXe fla HpGH3je3e HpeKy ^aKTHTe CHopefl kgh, bg eHOxHTe Hpefl BjafleeaeTO Ha CBapor hgctgh HjypajH3aM ofl öoroBH)43
11.	TBopen - co3flaTej Ha:
a)	coHneTo - eKCHjHnHTHO KaKo TaTKo, 6e3 hjh co fle^HHHpaH hhh Ha KpeanHja ("TBopeHHe" h "KOBaae")
6) OrHOT (HMHJHnHTHO KaKO TaTKO, HpeKy pejanHja CO HaTpOHHMCKHOT 0ÖJHK CBapOXHH)
b)	HMHjHnHTHO Ha KOBaHKHTe KjemTH h HpeKy HHB Ha caMaTa MeTajyprHja
r) HMHjHnHTHO Ha 3aK0H0T (Moxe fla cjeflH h OHmTO 3aK0HHTe h reHepajHO peflOT - HopeflOKOT) HpeKy ocHOBaae Ha KOHKpeTeH 3aK0H h Ka3HyBaae Ha OHHe mTO He ro HOHHTyBaaT
fl) HMHJHnHTHO Ha CeMejCTBOTO (MOHOraMHO), HpeKy HpeTXOflHHTe ^yHKnHH
CMeTaMe fleKa OBaa aHajH3a ro HOKaxyBa corjacHeTO Mery HOBeKeTO chophh KapaKTepH Ha CBapor ofl cjOBeHCKHOT HpeBOfl Ha MajajHHaTa xpoHHKa h H3BopHHTe CJOBeHCKH MHTOJOmKO-pejHrHCKH TpaflHnHH, mTO rOBOpH BO HpHJOr Ha TOa fleKa HOBeKeTO ofl ^yHKnHHTe Ha Xe^ecT ofl xpoHHKaTa, öapeM bo OHmxa CMHCja, cooTBeTCTByBaje Ha KapaKTepoT h ^yHKnHHTe Ha HeroBHOT cjOBeHCKH aHajoroH CBapor.44
3aBpmHH corae^yBaaa
nocje OBa HCTpaxyBaae, HpeTCTaBHTe 3a cjOBeHCKHOT 6or CBapor 3HanHTejH0 ce HpomHpyBaaT, aKO He HOBeKe, Toram öapeM bo CMHCja Ha HeKaKBH hobh HOTeHnHjajHH
41	CHGpefl Vasiljev (1986, 40), bg HHameBCKaxa jjexoHHG HapHwro ce BejH fleKa CjGBeHHxe, HeöoTo ro HapeKyBaa CBapor (HGpaflH HeHpGBepeHGGxa, ^aKXGX He ro HaBeflGBMe bg HacycoT gg GGxaHaxHxe h3bgph). Bg HpHJor Ha GBa GflH h rjGGaxa ceop (bg "Mater verborum"), bg 3HaqeK.e Ha zodiacus = He6o bg flBHxeK.e (BHflH HGxa 19).
42	BHflH $yc HGxa 39.
43	Bg KOHTeKCT Ha OBoj KapaKxep MGxe fla ce 3eMax qemGKHxe Svebuh (HepcoHajHja) h svebohu (xghghhm) bg kgh ce KpHe eHHxexGX h Ha hpbo6hthhot h BpxGBeH 6or (6h flGflaje ceGH^axeH, aHGGjyxeH 6or Koj ro GH^aÉa GexG, Mery flpyroxo h GHxe 6gtobh): Leže 1984, 55.
44	MHory HGxeMejHa xaKBa aHajH3a 6h MGxeja fla ce ocTBapH gg HpomHpyBaae Ha KGHxeKGXGX Ha HGGHmxG HHBG, HGBp3aHG H GG GGXaHaXHXe GJGBeHGKH BpXGBHH HeÖeGHH ÖGrGBH.
HacoKH bo hhh paMKH, bo HflHHHa, 6h Moxeae fla ce öapaaT flonoaHHTeaHH apryMeHTH h floKa3H.
OcoöeHo e BaxHo oto cHTe KaTeropHH Ha ^aKTH, flojfleHH ofl pa3HH HayHHH flHcuHnaHHH, ce caoxyBaaT oKoay HeöoTo h cBeTaHHaTa totohho "cBeTaoTo He6o" HaH "HeöecKaTa cBeTaHHa" KaKo cyoTecTBeH cHMÖoa h eaeMeHT Ha CBapor. Bo oflHoc Ha yTOHHyBaaeTo h npaBHaHoTo pa3ÖHpaae Ha, ce hhhh, npHaHHHo e3oTepHHHaTa cyoTHHa Ha oBa öoxecTBo, ofl ocoöeHo 3Haneae ce flBeTe HeroBH eMaHauHH - coHueTo h oraoT -(nepcoHa^H3HpaHH bo 3aceÖHH öoroBH), oKoay koh, Mery flpyroTo, ce oflBHBaae h ocHoBHHTe Heflopa3ÖHpaaa Ha noBeKeTo ofl floceraoHHTe HcxpaxyBaHH.45 HaKo BpcKaTa Ha CBapor co coHueTo h orHoT He Moxe fla ce ocnopH, Toj cenaK ro 3acTanyBa BcyoHocT caMo oHa oto e 3aeflHHHKo 3a oBHe flBa eaeMeHTH h oto, bo npeTcxaBHTe Ha flpeBHHoT HoBeK ce jaByBa KaKo HHBHa npHHHHa, reHepaTop, a Toa e eaeMeHTapHaTa T.e. cyncxaHUHjaaHaTa CBeTaHHa, h3bopho HMaHeHTHa Ha atobhoto Heöo, caMaTa Heflo^araa, Hecno3HaT^HBa, flypH h HefleaoTBopHa, ho coflpxaHa bo oBHe flBa (KaKo h bo yrnxe TOKOH) eaeMeHTH. TaKBH cBojcTBa Taa My BaeBa h Ha öoroT oto ja oBonaoTyBa h nepcoHaaH3Hpa. 3aToa h CBapor, cyflejKH cnopefl HaBefleHHTe ^aKTH e caMHoT HeMaTepHjaaeH HeonHnaHB, Heflo^aTaHB, HeKoHKpeTeH, HefleaoTBopeH flypH h "HeceraoeH" h He floKpaj aHTponoMop^eH, ce flofleKa He ce oBonaoTH, reHepHpa bo cBoHTe KoHKpeTHH h fleaoTBopHH eMaHanHH: coHueTo ^axöor h orHoT (floMaoHHoT oraH) CBapoxHH.
OBHe oflHHKH ro cBpcTyBaaT bo floöpo no3HaTaTa h TeMeaHo HCTpaxeHa KaTeropHja Ha öoroBH ofl THnoT "deus otiosus" (npefloflpefleHa 3a BpxoBHHTe HeöecHH öoroBH), 3a koh ce cBojcTBeHH ^yHKqHHTe: -Baafleeae co cBeToT bo flaMHeoHH, mhtckh, HfleaaHH BpeMHaa; - noflouHa noBaeKyBaae ofl KoHKpeTHHTe ^yhkuhh h Boonmxo ofl c^eprne flo^aTHH Ha HoBeKoT; -npecToj bo kocmhhkh (npefl ce HeöecKH) 3ohh, HeflocTanHH 3a ayreTo; - ocxaBaae Ha HaMecHHK (HacaeflHHK, chh) Ha 3eMjaTa Koj ro npofloaxyBa Baafleeaern46
OaKToT oto CBapor h HeroBHTe HfloaH He ce cnoMHyBaaT bo cpeflHoBeKoBHHTe caoBa npoTHB naraHcTBoTo, oto ro HeMa hh bo no3HaTHTe caoBeHcKH naHTeoHH, bo KoHTeKcT Ha npeTxoflHHTe HH^opMauHH yKaxyBa Ha Toa fleKa HaBHcTHHa ce paöoTH HaH 3a BpxoBeH 6or "bo ceHKa" Koj flejcTByBa npeKy cboh HaMecHHUH, a HenocpeflHo caMo bo ocoöeHo HeonxoflHH caynaH, HaH naK, fleKa e HaBHcTHHa "cTap" T.e. "flpeBeH" 6or Koj Ha hhbo Ha KyaToT e 3aMeHeT ofl HacaeflHHUH, na oTTyKa, bo cpeflHHoT BeK e npHcyTeH caMo bo MHToaorHjaTa, ofl Kafle Ke HaBae3e h bo fleaaTa co khhxsbho-hctophckh KapaKTep. BaKBaTa HeroBa, ofl acneKT Ha KyaToT HeaKTyeaHa cocTojöa, H3raefla He ÖHaa floBoaHa fla rH HHHUHpa xpHcTHjaHHTe 3a HeroBo KpHTHKyBaae (oto He ce oflHecyBa h Ha HeroBHoT HMeaaK CBapoxHH).
BpaKajKH ce, nocae BaKBaTa aHaaraa Ha CBaporoBHoT aHK, koh floöpo no3HaTHTe bo HayKaTa hctophckh h3boph, He MoxeMe a fla He rH coraeflaMe KaKo flaaeKyBHflH h aKTyaaHH Te3HTe rapeneHH yoTe ofl A^aHacbeB, fleKa 3afl öe3HMeHHoT BpxoBeH öor Kaj npoKonHj h XeaMoafl ce KpHe bpxobho öoxecTBo ofl cnoMHaTHoT THn, a MoxeÖH h KoHKpeTHo CBapor.47
45	Bhäh: Kulišic 1979a, 170-173. HfleHXH^HKauHjaxa Ha CBapor go orHoT ce npoBaeKyBa h bo HajHoBHTe xpyfloBH (Ha npHMep: HBaHoB, TonopoB 1995, 348, 349) h noKpaj xoa oxo, cnopefl Hac bhgxhhgkoxo peoeHHe e BeKe oflaMHa anocxpo^HpaHo (A^aHacbeB 1865, 129-132).
46	EaHjafle 1986, 118-120; EaHjafle 1992, 104-109.
47	A^aHacbeB 1865, 131-133.
Bo 3aBpmHHüT flena Ha oBaa CTarnja flonxnMe HeKaKBo, öapeM HanenHo KynTypHo-ncTopncKo onpaBflyBaae Ha KnynHara bo oBa ncTpaxyBaae penaunja Mery cnoBeHCKHoT CBapor n aBecrnHCKnoT 3'pBaH. CBecHn 3a cnoxeeHocTa Ha oBa npamaae n KoMneTeHunnTe mro rn 6apa ofl ncTpaxyBanoT, ce pemnBMe caMo fla rn HaBefleMe TpnTe ocHoBHn Moflenn bo nnn paMKn CMeTaMe fleKa Mopa fla ce Haora pemeHneTo. Cnopefl HnB, penaunnTe Mery cnnKHTe ofl BenecTHHCKara n nypnCTaHCKara nnonKa n HMnaaTa Ha CBapor n 3'pBaH 6n ce 6a3npane: -Bp3 HeKoja 3aeflHnnKa napaflnrMa ofl BpeMeTo Ha nHfloeBponcKaTa npa3aeflHnua -Ha nHflonpaHCKaTa KoMnoHeHTa Koja npeKy ceBepo3anaflHaTa rpaHKa Ha npaHCKHTe Hapofln (CKnTn, CaBpoMaTn, KHMepnjun ...), no naT Ha KynTypHn n fleMorpa^CKn BnnjaHnja ce Brpaflnna bo KynTypaTa Ha HeKon nflHn cnoBeHCKH nonynaunn.48
-Ha HeKaKBn ymTe noflouHexHn BnnjaHnja Ha oflpefleHn npaHCKn nnn npaHoja3HnKH nonynaunn Bp3 CnoBeHnTe, nnn Ha HnBHoTo ynecTBo bo eTHoreHe3aTa n KynTypHoTo KoHCTnTynpafte Ha CnoBeHCKHoT eTHoc (HenocpeflHo npefl nnn bo TeKoT Ha caMaTa roneMa npecen6a Ha HapoflnTe).49
npeflnoxeHnTe o6enexja n ^yHKunn, ocBeH co BeKe cnoMHaTnoT 3'pBaH, ro Bp3yBaaT CBapor co HeKonKy mhtckh nnKoBn Kon, KaKo n Toj, HocaT nenaT Ha "npacTapn öoxecTBa" mTo ro raryönne cboj'ot KynreH KapaKTep, npexHByBajKH eflnHCTBeHo bo MeflnyMoT Ha MnToT (KpoHoc - XpoHoc, CaTypH, HMnp, nypyma ...). KaKo n npeTnocTaBeHnoT CBapor ofl npnKaxaHnTe mhtckh cnnKH, n oBne HeroBn aHanoronn ro HocaT KapaKTepoT Ha npacymTecTBa co rnraHTCKn MaKpoKocMnnKn pa3Mepn, necTo öecnonoBn nnn xepMa^poflnTHn, CTaBeHn bo ^yHKunja Ha rpaflnTenn, opraHn3aTopn nnn noflflpxyBann Ha He6oTo nnn nomnpoKo Ha kocmocot.
PenaunjaTa Mery Xe^ecT n CBapor bo cnoBeHCKnoT npeBofl Ha XpoHnKaTa Ha JoBaH Manana, Mery flpyroTo, ro noKaxyBa n HameTo Heno3HaBaae Ha bhcthhckhot KapaKTep Ha apxannHnoT, npeflonnMncKH Xe^ecr. KnynHaTa ^yHKunja, 3aeflHnnKa 3a o6aTa 6ora e ceKaKo rocnoflapeaero co orHoT. Bo KoHTeKCT Ha HamaBa penaunja co KapaKTepoT Ha CBapor n HeroBnTe MnTCKn cnnKn, 3acnyxyBa BHnMaHne n xnnoTeTnnHaTa eTnMonornja (Moxe6n n3BopHa npaeTnMonornja) Ha nMeTo Ha Xe^ecT, Koja cnopefl TpeBC n3BopHo rnacena "hemero-phaistos" bo 3Haneae Ha "oHoj Koj cjae fleae". HcTnoT aBTop npeflnara, flBaeceTTe Xe^ecroBn tpohoxhhuh fla ce TonKyBaaT KaKo 3naTHn coHneBn flncKoBn co Tpn Ho3e, mTo o6paMyBane HeKoja HeroBa paHa nKoHa (cnopefln co conapHnTe po3eTn oKony TenoTo Ha cnoBeHCKnoT 6or: T. I-1).50
CorneflaH bo flnjaxpoHHCKH n KoMnapaTnBHo-MnTonomKn KoHTeKCT, CBapor e cpeflHa ^a3a Ha efleH pennrncKH npouec Ha Koj Moxeno fla My npeTxofln xeHCKo öoxecTBo co MaKpoKocMnnKn KapaKTep, MaHn^ecTnpaHo npeKy TnnoT Ha TaKaHapeneHa "^anycHa MajKa", (Ha npnMep: ToproHa-Mefly3a, flypra - Kann, EenoHa ...), a My cnefln HeKoj TecHo cneunjann3npaH BpxoBeH 6or, (Kaj CnoBeHnTe, noKpaj cnoMHamre, oco6eHo rpoMoBHnKoT n KoHKpeTHo nepyH), Koj Ke Hacnefln MHory ofl HeroBnTe ^yHKunn n eBojeTBa.
48	TaKBara npaHCKa (cKnTCKo-capMaycKo-anaHCKa) reHeaa Ha CBapor ja flonymTa h Niederle (1916, 109). BoonmTo, bo nooneflHo BpeMe, bo HayKaTa noBTopHo ce aKTyannanpa 3HaneaeTo Ha npaHCKara KoMnoHeHTa bo o^opMyBaaeTo Ha onoBeHCKHTe eTHocn h HHBHaTa Kyrrypa (h pennrnja), Ha npnMep, bo flenaTa Ha B.B.CefloB, E.A.Pü6aKoB, Z. Binski, A HoMa (bhäh: HaycHflHC 1996, 256,257).
49	Moxe6n co noepeTeTBo Ha AHTHTe, CpÖHTe h XpBaTHTe (bo koh e npncyTHa 3HanHTenHa npaHCKa KoMnoHeHTa), nnn npeKy TypKojaannHHTe HapoflH (Eyrapn, ABapn ...).
50	Graves 1974, rnaBa 23/1,2. Bo oBaa CMHona ce nHHH önnaoK h HKoHorpa^CKnoT THn Ha xHHflyncTHnKnoT fflHBa-Harapaya, Koj ro nrpa TaHuoT Ha KocMHnKHTe uHKnycn nofl cboä (nnn bo Kpyr) ofl MyrrannHunpaHH nnaMeHn.
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The Slavic Pantheons in visual medium - Svarog
Nikos Causidis
In the research on Slavic mythological-religious systems - or, in this particular case the pantheon - that have been conducted so far, visual images of Slavic deities have been mostly used as "illustrative material", only in a few cases were they considered as basic autonomous research material. The article represents a segment of a global research emanating precisely from the visual images of the Slavic deities. In this particular case, the primary research starts from the early Slavic artefacts dated from the 7th century A.D. - the plates of a cult character found in Velestino in Thessaly, and a particular type of the so-called radiate-headed fibulae, found in Pannonia, Albania and Asia Minor. On the basis of his earlier research and by analysis of iconography and symbolical features of these finds, the author attempts to define a type of a mythical picture that could be described as "anthropomorphic firmament with the phases of a solar cycle". By its Slavic analogies he diachronically follows this mythical picture on the standing tombstones ("stecci") found in the Balkans and dated from the late Middle Ages, as well as jewellery, and folk embroideries dated from the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries.
Subsequently, by comparative analysis, this iconographic type (especially the Thessaly finds) is compared to the almost 1400-year-old analogue image on a silver plate belonging to the group of the so-called Luristan bronzes. Furthermore, the author applies the principles of comparative analysis to the deities who are associated with these mythical pictures (the Iranian-Avesta god Z'rvan, and the Slavic god Svarog). The close relations of their theonyms (Z'rvan - Zvarun - Zvarog - Svarog) as well as the etymological components of their names (svar, svarg = the sky, the bright sky, celestial light) point to the close relations between Z'rvan and Svarog. The author cites written sources, toponyms, and other language traces associated with the Slavic Svarog. On the basis of iconographic, etymological and semiotic analysis, as well as the analysis of the ancient written sources (especially the Slavic translation of the Malala's Chronicle), the author suggests a list of potential functions and attributes of Svarog, as well as his sphere of existence and activities.
In conclusion, the author sums up the results of his earlier analysis, which reveal the profoundly esoteric essence of Svarog. Although Svarog is related to the fire and sun (and the deities Svarozic and Dazbog who represent those two elements), in its very essence Svarog incarnates only the most elementary, i.e. substantial light (which is unreachable, non-material, and unfathomable) originally immanent to daylight but also included in the above-mentioned elements. These characteristics justify the key functions ascribed to Svarog: his supreme character on the one hand, and non-activity (deus otiosus) on the other hand; he is assigned the roles of a procreator, the father and the supreme ruler of the gods, the universe and order, as well as the role of being a link to former times.
Finally, the author introduces some Indo-European parallels towards such an understanding of a macrocosmic, semi-anthropomorphic Svarog (Cronus, Saturnus, Purusa, Ymir), and suggests three alternatives for the cultural-historic justifications for the Iranian-Avesta-Slavic relations, which are the underlying basis of the research.