C. G. DEEPANRAJ, V. RAJKUMAR: BEHAVIOUR OF FIBRE-BASED POLYMER CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO ...
465–472
BEHAVIOUR OF FIBRE-BASED POLYMER CONCRETE
SUBJECTED TO AMBIENT AND HEAT CURING
OBNA[ANJE POLIMERNEGA BETONA, OJA^ANEGA Z VLAKNI
IN IZPOSTAVLJENEGA OBDELAVI NA SOBNI IN POVI[ANI
TEMPERATURI
Cherupillil Govindhan Deepanraj
*
, Rajkumar Veeran
Government College of Engineering, Karppur Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu - 636 011, India
Prejem rokopisa – received: 2019-07-07; sprejem za objavo – accepted for publication: 2019-02-12
doi:10.17222/mit.2019.143
This paper focuses on the important role of water-bearing factors in mineral-based concrete composites activated by alkali
solution and also the function of fibre in draining the water molecules that are formed as the end product of the polymerization
process in geopolymer concrete. Polymer-made concrete is found to be more stable than normal concrete in all aspects. The
reason that research states in the application of geopolymer concrete is its initial set. Normally, geopolymer concrete takes more
than three hours to attain its initial set. Strength attainment is made by applying advanced curing methods. Concrete made with
an alkali-activated polymerization process remains fresh even up to four days in ambient curing. An investigation has been made
to measure the water discharged after the polymerization process. Draining the discharged water in this study is made by using
fibres. In this investigation the geopolymer concrete is admitted to two types of curing, i.e., the ambient and heat modes. The
reversibility and retentivity of the water are the factors that relate to the amount of discharged water with its early age
properties. The results confirmed that fibres ofa1%fraction were useful in increasing the draining property and early age
weight attainment effectively.
Keywords: geopolymer concrete, fibres, curing, water-bearing factors
V ~lanku se avtorji osredoto~ajo na opis pomembnih zakonov vpliva vsebnosti vode v mineralnem betonskem kompozitu,
aktiviranem z alkalno raztopino in prav tako na delovanje vlaken med odvajanjem vodnih molekul v kon~nem izdelku
polimerizacijskega procesa izdelave geopolimernega betona. Avtorji ugotavljajo, da je polimerni beton v vseh pogledih bolj
stabilen kot normalni (standardni) beton. Razlog, da raziskovalci omahujejo pri uporabi geopolimernega betona je v njegovi
za~etni fazi. Normalni geopolimerni beton potrebuje namre~ ve~ kot tri ure, da dose`e svoje za~etno (uporabno) stanje. Ustrezno
trdnost geopolimernega betona dose`emo le z naprednimi postopki njegove obdelave. Beton, narejen z alkalno aktiviranim
procesom polimerizacije, ostane sve` celo do {tiri dni pri sobni temperaturi obdelave. Avtorji so ugotavljali kak{ni naj bi bili
postopki za odstranitev vode po procesu polimerizacije. Odvajanje vode v {tudiji je bilo izvedeno s pomo~jo vlaken. V raziskavi
geopolimernega betona so avtorji uporabili dve vrsti obdelave, t.i. pristop pri sobni in pristop pri povi{ani temperaturi.
Reverzibilnost in ohranjanje vode sta dva faktorja izvornih lastnost betona, ki sta odvisna od vsebnosti odstranjene vode.
Rezultati raziskave ka`ejo, da dodatek enega procenta (1 %) vlaken ugodno vpliva na pospe{evanje su{enja in `e zelo zgodaj
u~inkovito dose`emo ustrezne lastnosti betona.
Klju~ne besede: geopolimerni beton, vlakna, obdelava, faktorji obrabe
1 INTRODUCTION
Alkali-activated concrete has advantages over con-
ventional concrete in major aspects, such as low CO
2
emission, strength and durability. The only disadvantage
found with geopolymer concrete is the time taken for its
initial set, which results after the polymerization process.
It is well known that alkali-activated geopolymer con-
crete needs a greater time in its setting. This is due to the
presence of water molecules inside the concrete mass.
The water molecules resulting after the polymerization
process makes the concrete green for a long period. The
water molecules move towards the open portion of the
mould and are evaporated. The anti-gravitation move-
ment of the water molecules from the concrete slow the
polymerization process in concrete. A quick remedy in
expelling the water from the GPC is oven curing in order
to decrease the time for the initial set.
This experiment involves the draining of water mole-
cules from the wet concrete, thereby decreasing the time
of the initial set and speeds up the weight attainment.
The addition of polypropylene fibres into the concrete
makes the concrete drain water molecules much more
quickly. To attain the initial set, the specimens are
subjected to ambient and heat dry modes to attain it full
weight. This investigation is about the initial level of
processing i.e., from its cast before the curing.
The end products resulting from the polymerization
process are given in Figure 1.
The complimentary component water formed during
the end product of the polymerization process needs to
expel the concrete to make it set faster. This study is an
attempt to measure the quantity of drained water mole-
cules from the concrete. A special test setup has been
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 4, 465–472 465
UDK 67.017:625.843:620.1 ISSN 1580-2949
Original scientific article/Izvirni znanstveni ~lanek MTAEC9, 54(4)465(2020)
*Corresponding author's e-mail:
deepancdhassini@gmail.com (Deepanraj C.G.)

made for measuring the resulting water. A different fibre
fraction, namely, 0.5 %, 1 % and 1.5 %, are added to the
mix and the optimization was made on the concentra-
tions with the mechanical property, and an optimum fibre
was produced to study its significance in the effective
draining of the water from the concrete mix.
2 EXPERIMENTAL PART AND
METHODOLOGY
The basic methodology is to experiment the role of
fibers in draining out the water from:
Step 1: material study
Step 2: methods
Step 3: testing
Step 4: evaluation of results
Step 5: conclusion
3 MATERIAL STUDY
3.1 Fly ash
Fly ash of Class-F type was used as the source
material, which is enriched with silica and alumina, and
the specific gravity is 3.12.
3.2 Fine aggregate (FA)
Clean river sand free of impurities passing through a
4.75 mm sieve and retained on a 60-micron sieve with a
fineness modulus of 3.11 and a specific gravity of 2.64
was used for the study.
3.3 Coarse aggregate (CA)
12-mm coarse aggregate was used for the present
study. The physical properties of the coarse aggregate are
tested as per IS2386-1963. The specific gravity of the
coarse aggregate is 2.36 and its impact value is 4.6 2%.
3.4 Water
Potable water available in the laboratory, which
fulfils the needs as per IS 456:2000, was used to make
the sodium hydroxide solution
3.5 Sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH)
Sodium hydroxide flakes of specific gravity 1.44
were used to make the solution with a 12-molar concen-
tration.
3.6 Sodium silicate solution (Na
2
SiO
3
)
Sodium silicate solution of 99% purity with specific
gravity 1.52 was used for the present study.
3-P.7 lypropylene fibres (PPF)
Low-density and acid-resistant 12-mm length
polypropylene fibres with an aspect ratio of 60 were
used.
4 METHODS
4.1 Alkaline activator solution
In the preparation of the sodium hydroxide solution,
sodium hydroxide flakes were mixed with water, which
liberates heat when it reacts with water. Since the acti-
vator solution; a mixture of sodium hydroxide solution
and sodium silicate was prepared one day prior to the
day of the cast.
4.2 Mix design and designation
The design mix for the M35 grade was made as per
the modified guidelines and the quantity of the
ingredients is indicated below in Table 1.
Table 1: Mix of ingredients and ratios
Fly Ash NaOH Na2SiO
3 FA CA PPF Water
600
kg/m
3
39
kg/m
3
265
kg/m
3
584
kg/m
3
734
kg/m
3
6
kg/m
3
68
kg/m
3
1 0.065 0.442 0.973 1.223 0.01 0.113
Mix designation:
AMNF – ambient mode with no fibre
AMF – ambient mode with1%f ibre concentration
HMNF – heat mode with no fibre
HMF – heat mode with1%f ibre concentration
4.3 Mode
Curing was one of the synthesizing parameters which
progress the strength of the geopolymer concrete. To
synthesize geopolymer specimens, curing were adapted.
Two types of curing mode were adapted for the present
study:
1) ambient mode – room temperature (30 °C), and
2) heat mode (80 °C). The initial set also depends on
the processing parameters, such as the ratio between the
hydroxides and the silicates, the molarity of the hydro-
xides etc. The initial set starts after the polymerization
process occurs.
4.4 Mixing
Fly ash, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate were
mixed dry with and without fibres. After the dry mixing,
the activator solution is mixed with the dry mass and cast
in a mould of size 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm cube.
After the cast the cubes with and without fibres are
placed in the ambient and heat modes for study.
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466 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 4, 465–472
Figure 1: End product of polymerization process

4.5 Duration of the mode
It was observed that the initial set of the geopolymer
concrete was 210 min; hence in the case of the ambient
mode the tests are conducted after its initial set
(210 min). In the case of the heat mode, the specimens
are kept under heat for 120 min. After 120 min the
concrete was ready for the test.
4.6 Mechanical test
Different fibre fractions were mixed into the concrete
to find the optimum fibre fraction from the mechanical
performance for the detailed investigation towards the
measurement of the water-bearing factors. The optimiza-
tion was carried out for the fibre fractions of 0.5 %, 1 %
and 1.5 %. The optimum fibre fraction was considered
for the measurement of the reversibility and retaintivity.
The tests are shown in Figure 2.
4.7 Experimental setup
An experimental setup was made for measuring the
discharge from the concrete mix, which is indicated in
Figure 3. The cube mould of 100 mm was made using
glass panels, which was open at its base. Porous stone of
100-mm diameter was placed at the base of the mould,
right below the concrete surface. The whole setup was
kept inside a glass container to exclude the room con-
ditions, since the water expelled can be absorbed due to
there being less humidity in air. A thin film of perforated
polythene sheet was placed between the concrete and
porous stones, which act as the filter media.
4.8 Sizing of perforations
The fresh concrete was used to find the correct per-
foration diameter. Perforations of diameter 3 mm, 4 mm
and 5 mm were checked with the fresh concrete. In the
3-mm diameter perforations the fresh concrete found it
very difficult to expel the processed water. The surface
tension was higher, thereby draining the water was found
to be impossible. In the 5-mm diameter perforations, the
concrete slurry came out since a larger diameter made
the concrete pump out. The 4-mm diameter perforations
drained the processed water from the concrete.
4.9 Testing
Fresh concrete was kept in the test set-up. The curing
modes were applied for each specimen. The difference in
the initial and final weights of the porous stone led to the
water being discharged over a period of time. The testing
was carried out until the final discharge was reached.
The discharged water with the corresponding time in
hours was noted. Different stages of the concrete and the
expelled water molecules are studied in details.
4.10 Reversibility
Reversibility is defined as the ratio of added water to
make the concrete to the processed water after the
polymerization process from the concrete. Water added
while preparing the NaOH solution was considered. The
water was mixed with NaOH flakes. The water that was
processed was measured by test set up. This property
indicates the reversed quantity of water from the con-
crete.
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Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 4, 465–472 467
Figure 3: a) Experimental set up, b) concrete at fresh stage, c) con-
crete after initial set, d) perforated plastic sheet on concrete
Figure 2: a) Compressive strength test, b) flexural test, c) split tensile test

4.11 Retain property
Retentivity is defined as the percentage of concrete to
withhold the water within it. Retentivity is inversely
related to the drainage ability. Until the polymerization
process, the water will be in an unprocessed form, which
was withheld by the concrete matrix. Perforations drain
the processed water from the concrete, thereby reducing
the retaining capacity of the concrete.
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 Mechanical properties
Different percentage of fibre concentrations were
optimized based on the mechanical properties. Tables 2
to 5 indicate the different strength properties of the geo-
polymer concrete specimens with the mentioned fibre
fraction under the ambient and heat modes. The results
concluded that the geopolymer specimens with the fibre
fraction of 1 % recorded the maximum values.
Table 2: Compressive strength of GPC specimens under ambient
curing
Description
Compressive strength (N/mm
2
)at
3d 7d 28d
GPC 10.42 21.27 33.27
GPC
1
24.48 36.22 52.41
GPC
2
28.82 38.58 54.77
GPC
3
22.32 31.18 38.56
GPC- geopolymer concrete with0%off ibre fraction
GPC
1
- geopolymer concrete with 0.5 % of fibre fraction
GPC
2
- geopolymer concrete with1%off ibre fraction
GPC
3
- geopolymer concrete with 1.5 % of fibre fraction
Table 3: Compressive strength of GPC specimens under heat curing
Description
Compressive strength (N/mm
2
)at
3d 7d 28d
GPC 13.26 25.28 34.79
GPC
1
28.35 44.12 61.23
GPC
2
34.22 44.26 65.91
GPC
3
24.16 35.68 41.12
Table 4: Flexural strength of GPC Specimens under ambient and heat
modes
Description
Flexural strength (N/mm
2
)at
Ambient mode Heat mode
7 d2 8 d7 d2 8 d
GPC 2.58 3.88 3.59 4.01
GPC
1
3.22 5.27 3.98 6.83
GPC
2
4.32 6.14 5.81 7.69
GPC
3
3.02 3.27 3.72 3.66
Table 5: Split strength of GPC specimens under ambient and heat
modes
Description
Split tensile strength (N/mm
2
)at
Ambient mode Heat mode
7 d2 8 d7 d2 8 d
GPC 1.04 2.23 1.17 2.76
GPC
1
1.14 2.31 1.26 2.82
GPC
2
1.19 2.46 1.38 2.92
GPC
3
1.13 2.28 1.31 2.87
5.2 Reversibility
Figure 4 shows the time vs coefficient of reversibility
for the specimens with and without the fibre under
ambient and heat modes of curing.
AMNF shows a faster rate of discharge found during
the last segment (37–52 h). In AMF the rate of discharge
was found to be faster from the 12
th
hour itself and it
continues in a constant rate until its final expulsion.
Fibres in AMF specimens proved to have a better drain-
age capacity than that of the non-fibre-based specimens.
In HMNF the activation of the polymerization pro-
cess was initiated by the application of heat. It showed a
faster rate of water expulsion from the initial stage itself.
The HMF specimens showed a better expulsion rate
when compared to the HMNF specimens. The maximum
coefficient of reversibility was found in the HMF speci-
mens, which infer that the fibres in the heat mode of the
initial set perform better in terms of draining the water
than all the other specimens.
The fibres, when mixed with the geopolymer con-
crete in both the curing modes, improve the draining
capability more than that of the normal geopolymer
concrete.
5.3 Retentivity
The retaining capacity of the AMNF specimens indi-
cated in Figure 5 showed the retentivity was still good in
its 9
th
hour, while from the 9
th
hour to the 33
rd
hour the
retentivity was reduced by 31.24 %, and a heavier loss of
retentivity was observed from the period of the 33
rd
hour
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Figure 4: Time vs. coefficient of reversibility

to the 60
th
hour and recorded as 59.1 %. From the results
it can be seen that the retentivity loss occurred during the
last stage of its setting, which indicates that the AMNF
specimens had the best retentivity of all the specimens.
Retentivity was indirectly related to the setting time of
the concrete: the higher the retentivity the shorter the
setting time of the GPC specimens. In the case of AMF
specimens, the retentivity was good up to 3
rd
hour. After
that the fibres played a major role in breaking the
retentivity of the concrete to hold the water within it. The
loss in the retentivity was found to be 9.5 % up to 12 h.
A steep loss in retentivity was observed from the 15
th
to
the 45
th
hour and observed as 75.2 %. The loss of reten-
tivity was higher when compared with the AMF speci-
mens. The fibre-based specimen broke the retentivity of
the concrete, thereby making the concrete set faster. The
HMNF specimens started to break their retentivity at the
9
th
hour; this may be due to the application of heat. The
loss in retentiveness was found to be 56.21 % at the
33
rd
hour. At the end of the 45
th
hour it was observed as
28.96 %. This retentivity loss was observed during the
second phase of setting. Only a lesser percentage of loss
was observed during the last phase of the concrete
setting. HMF specimens showed the loss of retentivity at
the 9
th
hour. This was same as that of the HMNF
specimens, but 11.84 % was observed. After 45
th
hour it
was observed as 28 %. It was clear that the specimens set
during the second phase. A rapid rate of decrease in the
retentivity of the specimen was monitored during the 30
th
hour, indicated in Figure 6. This proved that the fibres
made a faster setting of the concrete than without the
fibres.
5.4 Percentage of weight attained
Figure 7 clearly depicts the average weight attained
with respect to time for all the specimens. Figure 8
indicates that the AMNF specimen showed a linear
increase in all the zone classification points. (zone
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Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 4, 465–472 469
Figure 7: Average weight in kg vs time in hours
Figure 6: Water retentivity in % for the specimens: a) without fibre
and b) with fibre under heat mode
Figure 5: Water retentivity in % for the specimens: a) without fibre,
b) with fibre under ambient mode

classification points are the points which showed an
average out limit of the percentage of weight attained).
The weight attained in the AMNF specimen was found
to have a direct relationship with time.
Figure 9 indicates that the AMF specimens showed a
rapid transition in weight attained from the 15
th
to the
27
th
hour at 60.93 %. The addition of fibres drained out
water, thereby increasing the set time and increasing the
weight of the concrete specimen.
From Figure 10 it is clear that HMNF specimens
exist in three levels of stages in attaining the weight.
Until the 15
th
hour it was 28.06 %, which can be under a
linear transition zone, from 15
th
hour to 27
th
hour lies
under a stabilized or steady zone where the weight
attained was found to be attained by 11.39 %. A rapid
transition was found from the 27
th
hour to the 45
th
hour
for 57.1 %, which showed that during the last stage a
higher transition occurred.
From Figure 11 the HMF specimens showed a
moderate transition until the 6
th
hour. It was also seen
that the fibres made the transition very quick. From the
6
th
to the 24
th
hour it was observed 66.67 %. A rapid
transition occurred at this stage. From the 24
th
hour to the
45
th
hour a moderate transition occurred. It showed that
the rapid transition zone occurred during the second
phase, whereas a moderate transition was observed at the
third stage in the HMNF specimens.
5.5 Microstructural property
In Figure 12 indicates the even distribution of the
fibre inside the concrete matrix. It is also clear, the type
of bond it made with the concrete and even with the
fibres. The uniform mixing of the fibre inside the con-
crete makes the concrete perform better and be stable in
all environments. The fibres play a major role in
enhancing the draining property of the concrete as well.
The concrete with fibres in both modes, i.e., ambient
mode and heat mode, after studying the drainage pattern,
showed specimens with fibres had a draining path that
turned out to be a proof for the draining property of fibre
from Figures 12b and 12c. The paths that were formed
by the fibres concluded that the fibres arranged them-
selves in such a path that the water will drain easier and
faster. The drain path formed, due to the bottom side of
the concrete being kept open. Gravity played a major
role in eliminating the water from the concrete. The pic-
tures with fibres also showed that the relations between
the resulting water and fibres were good, since the fibres
channelled the water to exit the concrete. The fibres
rearranged themselves in a pattern such that the water
can be eventually expelled from the concrete and thereby
easily making the concrete to set quickly. The fibre made
C. G. DEEPANRAJ, V. RAJKUMAR: BEHAVIOUR OF FIBRE-BASED POLYMER CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO ...
470 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 4, 465–472
Figure 11: Weight attained in % vs time in hours for HMF specimens
Figure 9: Weight attained in % vs. time in hours for AMF specimens
Figure 8: Weight attained in % vs. time in hours for AMNF
specimens
Figure 10: Weight attained in % vs. time in hours for HMNF speci-
mens

the concrete set quickly and get hard. In heat mode, it
was observed that with more channels being formed due
to application of heat, the fibres were able to rearrange
themselves to form the necessary path inside the con-
crete surface. Thus, it was clear that the fibres pulled out
the water from the concrete for improved performance.
6 CONCLUSIONS
A fibre fraction of1%wasef fective in all the mecha-
nical tests when compared to other fractions in both the
modes: ambient and heat.
AMF specimens showed a higher reversibility coeffi-
cient of 0.426 than the AMNF specimens of 0.406
HMF specimens also showed a higher reversibility
coefficient of 0.456 than the HMNF specimens of 0.422
AMF breaks the retaining property of the concrete in
the third hour, while AMNF specimens break the
retentiveness during the ninth hour.
Both HMNF and HMF break the retaining property
during the ninth hour, with little variation in its percent-
ages.
A linear transition zone profile is observed for the
AMNF, a rapid transition zone profile is observed for the
AMF, steadily followed by a rapid transition zone profile
for the HMNF, moderately followed by a rapid transition
zone profile observed for the HMF specimens.
Drain paths are found in the AMF and HMF speci-
mens, which prove that fibres made the path for draining
the water molecules from the concrete specimen.
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