^yxH, BceiaMwueca b neiOBeKa1
ïïndMuna H. Bunoepadoea
The article deals with a folk tradition about an evil ghost, usually in the form of an insect, possessing a human. It is believed that these notions are linked with phrases like: "flies in one's head", "flies in one's nose", etc.
OflHOH H3 npHHHH aeM0H0a0rH3anHH OÔblHHbix aroaeH, nO HapOflHHM npeacTaBaeHHaM, aBaaeTca BceaeHHe b HeaoBeKa 3aoro ayxa, HepTa, 6eca. 9to Morao npOHCXO^HTb aHÔo c coraacna HeaoBeKa, aHÔo npoTHB ero boot. HanpHMep, HeaoBeK 3aKaroHaa caeaKy c HeHHcTOH cHaoH b neaax npHOÔpeTeHHa ôoraTCTBa HaH oco6oh MarnnecKOH cHabi. TaKHe nepemeamHe noa n0Kp0BHTeabcTB0 3abix ayxoB aroaH (KoaayHbi, BeflBMH h apyrHe snan^ue), cTaHOBHaHcb, KaK cHHTaaocb, noayaeMOHHHecKHMH cy^ecTBaMH. Hx aBOHcTBeHHaa npHpoaa (noayHeaoBeK - noayaeMOH) onpeaeaaaacb HMHHHeM b HeaoBeKe flByx aym: oôhhhoh Hea0BeHecK0H h BceaHBmeHca aeMOHHHecKOH aymH, cnoco6HoH no HOHaM noKHaaTb Teao aBoeaymHHKa, htoôh b BHae oôoporaa (HaceKOMoro, xhbothoto) BpeaHTb oaHoceabnaHaM.
^pyryro KaTeropnro aB0eaymHHK0B o6pa3yroT aroaH (ôecHOBarae, oaepxHMbie, KaHKymn, hkothhuh, ropoaHBbie), K0T0pbie 0Ka3bBaroTca xepTBaMH B03aeHcTBHa HeHHcTOH cnabi, nocKoabKy b hhx 6e3 hx BeaoMa h coraacHa BceaaeTca BpeaoHocHbiH ayx, BH3HBaa TeM caMHM 6oae3HeHHbie cocToaHHa, yMcTBeHHHe paccTpoHcTBa, ho BMecTe c TeM h npopoHecKHe, h HeK0T0pbie apyrHe cBepxtecTecTBeHHbie cnocoÔHocm. no ôeaopyccKHM BepoBaHHaM, ecaH HepTH noceaaroTca b HeaoBeKe npoTHB ero BoaH, to noab3H aHHHO eMy ot TaKoro KOHTaKTa HHKaKOH HeT ("KapbicnH aa HopTa xaaHae He Mae"), - HaoôopoT, HepT MyHaeT ero ôoaaMH, OTÔHpaeT pa3yM, ToaKaeT Ha ccopbi (MB, c.88). HeoôbHHoe noBeaeHHe SecHOBarax, hx 3araa0HHaa, KaK 6h He hm npHHaaaexa^aa peHb, HenoHaTHbie bhkphkh pacneHHBaaHcb OKpyxaro^HMH KaK ocoôbie 3HaHHMHe npopHnaHHa, cBHaeTeabcTByro^He 0 npHcyTcTBHH b HeaoBeKe "He cBoero ayxa", 6eca, KOToporo Haaaexaao H3rHaTb H3 nocTpaaaBmero.
Haea oaepxHMocTH 6ecaMH KaK npHHHHa MHorHx 3a6oaeBaHHH, noMemaTeabcTB, HcTepHHecKHx cocToaHHH aroaeH, no cBHaeTeabcTBaM 3TH0rpa^0B, hocht noHTH yHHBepcaabHHH xapaKTep b BepoBaHHax ôoabmHHcTBa HapoaoB MHpa (TaHaop, 1939, c.352-364; KpaHHcKHH, 1900, c.8-9).
1 This article was financially supported by RGNF (grant N 96-04-06034 "Mifologiceskie osnovy slavjanskoj narodnoj kul'tury").
y CnaBAH nOflOÖHHe BepOBaHHa H3BecTHbi KaK B CpeflHeBeKOBHX peiHrHO3Hbix HCTOHHHKax, TaK H B HapOflHOH KyibType. OflHO H3 CTapeÖmHX ynOMHHaHHH 06 3TOM HaxoflHM b nO^bCKOH pyKOnHCH "Xhthh cb. ^eKa" (XIV b.), b KOTopoö noBecTByeTca O TOM, HTO HeKHH npaBOBepHblH Myx H3rHai H3 Teia 6eCHOBaTOH XeH^HHH flByx Bpe^OHOCHHx aeMOHOB (Baranowski, 1981, s.242). B eBponeöcKon xhthhhoh jiHTepaType XVI-XVII BB. TaKHe snraoflbi o6 H3rHaHHH 6ecoB H3 Teia HeiOBeKa ctmh o6^hm MecTOM. BniOTb flo X1X BeKa noibCKHe TeoiorH nbrraiHcb flOKa3aTb, hto, coriacHO o^HiHaibHbiM AorMaTaM KaTOiHHecKoro KocTeia, HafliexHT BepHTb TOMy, 6yflTO b HeiOBeKa MoxeT BceiHTbca 3iOH flyx. H3flaHHaa b cepeflHHe XVIII BeKa "HayHHaa" sHiHKioneflHa KceHfl3a BeHeflHKTa XMeieBcKoro BKiroHaia cneiHaibHbrä pa3flei nofl Ha3BaHHeM "KaK y3HaTb hcthhho oflepxHMoro 6ecaMH", cocToa^HÖ h3 24 nyHKTOB: "HeiOBeK b TeHeHHe 30-th flHeö He MoxeT ecTb KO3iaTHHbi", "oTKa3HBaeTca npoH3HocHTb HeKOTopbie moihtbh", "Ha cBÄTHe peiHKBHH cMOTpHT c HeHaBHCTbM H He flaeT BHecTH ce6a B xpaM 6oxHh", "cKpnnHT 3y6aMH", "noflpaxaeT roiocaM xhbothhx", "oTKa3HBaeTca roBopHTb hih pa3roBapHBaeT Ha HHocTpaHHbix a3HKax, 6yflyHH 6e3rpaMOTHbiM npocTaKOM", "ot Hero HcxoflHT xoiOflHoe flyHOBeHHe", "oh yTBepxflaeT, hto b xeiyflKe y Hero cKaneT yx, amepHia hih xa6a" h T.n. (Chmielowski, 1754, s.217-218). 3HaHHTeibHO no3xe H3flaHHaa KHHra KceHfl3a .eoHa neiiOBcKoro "Mhp aHreiOB h fleMOHOB" (1930 r.) Bcepbe3 paccMaTpHBaia cmyaiHH, Korfla HeiOBeKOM aKo6bi 3aBiafleBai 6ec, npoHHKmHH b ero Teio. B noibcKOH npecce yxe HHHemHero cTOieTHa Hamei OTpaxeHHe cieflyro^HÔ ^aKT: b aHBape 1926 rofla Ha lempaibHOM BOK3aie BapmaBbi 6hi 3aflepxaH HeKHÔ cia6oyMHbrä 6poflara, y KOToporo o6HapyxHiH cnpaBKy, BbiflaHHyro eMy KceHfl3OM HoBHiKoro noBeTa, cBHfleTeibcTByromyro o tom, hto stot HeiOBeK "hocht b ce6e flbaBOia" (Baranowski, 1981, s. 242-243).
noBepba o BceieHHH 3ioro flyxa b HeiOBeKa npeflcraBiaroT co6oö oco6brä HHTepec flia H3yneHHa TaKOÔ KaTeropHH MH^HHecKHx cymecTB, KOTopbie He MoryT 6biTb oxapaKTepH3OBaHH KaK THn nepcoHaxeö, HMeromHx HeTKO 3aKpenieHHbrä 3a hhmh Kpyr HHflHBHflyaibHHx npH3HaKOB, - sto cKopee HeKoe MHoxecTBo cia6o nepcoHH-^HiHpoBaHHHx MeiKHx flyxoB HeacHoro o6iHKa h npoHcxoxfleHHa c eflHHcTBeHHOH flOCTaTOHHO BHpa3HTeibHOH (^yHKIHeÖ npOHHKaTb BO BHyTpeHHOcTH HeiOBeKa, BH3HBaa TeM caMHM pa3Horo pofla HeflyrH. H xoTa no npH3HaKy HOMHHaiHH ohh cooTHocaTca c HepTOM, 6ecoM, Bce xe aBcraeHHO o6HapyxHBaeTca pafl oco6eHHocTeö, no3BOiaromHx paccMaTpHBaTb rpynny "BceiaromHxca" flyxoB KaK oco6yro KaTeropHro HeHHcTOÔ chih.
Kto xe, no HapoflHHM noBepbaM, h KaKHMH cnoco6aMH npoHHKaeT b HeiOBeKa h KaKHe nocieflcTBHa flia nocTpaflaBmero sto HMeeT? OflHHM H3 HaH6oiee pacnpocTpaHeHHHx cnoco6oB BxoxfleHHa 6eca b yTpo6y HeiOBeKa cHHTaiocb nporiaTHBaHHe ero c efloö h nHTbeM. CoriacHO mHpoKO H3BecTHHM npeflcTaBieHHaM, 6ecb npoHHKaroT b HenoKpHTHe h He6iarociOBeHHHe HanHTKH h KymaHba, b cBa3H c HeM noBceMecTHHM y boctohhhx ciaBaH 6^iio Tpe6oBaHHe KpecTHTb poT h nHmy nepefl eflOH, a TaKxe npHKpHBaTb cocyflH c nHTbeBOÖ BOflOÖ KpHmKaMH, TpanKaMH hih xoTa 6h flByMa jyHHHKaMH, noioxeHHHMH Ha Beflpo "KpecT-Ha-KpecT, hto6h HepT He Bie3". Onacaacb nporioTHTb He3pHMyro HeHHcTyro cHiy, iroflH H36eraiH nHTb Bofly H3 pyHba npaMo pTOM, KpecTHiH poT bo BpeMa 3eBOTH, hto6h 6ec He 3acKOHHi. 3anpemaiocb ecTb Ha xofly hih nepecTynaa nopor flOMa, a b noiHOHb Boo6me ocTeperaiHcb ecTb, TaK KaK 3TO "6ecoBcKoe BpeMa, h HeT bo3moxhocth orpaflHTb nHmy ot 6eca" (PflC, c.48-49). no 3THM xe coo6paxeHHaM cieflOBaio HenpeMeHHo KpecTHTbca bo BpeMa pacKaTOB rpoMa,
höo bo BpeMa rpo3H HeöecHbie cnnbi eTaparoTea nopa3HTb moahhhmh nepTeö, KOTopbie HmyT yöexn^a, cKpbiBaacb b nenoBeKe.
OTHomeHne k TaKHM xepTBaM B03neöcTBHa 3nbx flyxoB öbino conyBCTBeHHHM h TepnenHBbiM. no cBHfleTenbcTBy C.B.MaKcHMOBa, Korna b nepKBH nponcxonaT myMHHe npnnaflKH KnHKymecTBa, Ha nnnax npnxoxaH noaBnaeTca BbipaxeHHe cepnenHoro ynacraa h cocrpanaHHa: "3to MarKoe h cepne^Hoe OTHomeHHe k KnHKymaM noKomxa Ha TOM npennonoxeHHH, hto He caM nenoBeK, npnmenmHË b xpaM noMonHTbca, HapymaeT nepKOBHoe önaroHHHHe h bbo^ht b coöna3H, ho tot 3noö nyx, kotophh Bcennnca b Hero h OBnanen BceM ero cy^ecTBOM" (MaKcnM0B,1989, c.91). CaMH xbh^hhh, cTpanaro^ne npnnaflKaMH ncrepHH, TBepno h Hen0K0nHÖHM0 yöexneHbi, hto sto 6ecH Bcennnncb b hx HyTpo, hto ohh npoHHKnn nepe3 HenepeKpe^eHHbm pot bo BpeMa 3eBOTH nnn b nHTbe h ene: ",D,ana MHe KonnyHba BHHa, - cooö^aeT nopneHHaa, - neö, roBopHT, 3eneH0 bhho, 3flopoBee öynemb, a T0nbK0 a Bbinnna, - h cran y MeHa b xHBOTe kto-to cnepBa ayKaTb, a h3 xHBOTa b pot nepemen h cran BbipaxaTb nnoxne cnoBa, Hen0TpeÖH0 pyraTbca" (MaKcnMOB, 1989, c.93).
Ecnn b Bone, no HaponHbiM noBepbaM, nacro MOxeT 0Ka3aTbca HenncTbiË nyx, to b nnBe h BHHe (b nroöoM cöpoxeHHOM HanHTKe) oh ecTb Bcerna h 0Öa3aTenbH0, n03T0My nepen nHTbeM HannexHT nepeKpecTHTb napKy nnn nonyTb Ha Hee, hto6h OToraaTb HenncTyro cnny (BnacoBa, 1995, c.288). no-BHflHMOMy, c sthm cBa3aHb mnpoKO H3BecTHbie npe^cTaBneHHa, hto b nenoBeKa, cTpanaro^ero 3anoeM, BceHenpeMeHHO BcenaeTca nepT.
Hto6h He npornoTHTb BpenoHocHbix nyxoB, nronn 3aKpe^HBann nnn önarocnaBnann eny h nHTbe, cnennnn, hto6h b cocyn He nonann HaceKOMbie, cnyBann c noBepxHocTH niqn h BOflbi He3pHMbx öecoB. OÖMbBaHHe pyK nepen enoö TOxe c^HTanocb npe^oxpaHHTenbHHM cpencTBOM npoTHB npoHHKHOBeHHa b yTpoöy nenoBeKa HenncTOH cnnbi. Ecnn nepeKycbiBaTb npnxonnnocb 3a npenenaMH noMa, a bo^h noönraocm He öbino, to Bepnnn, hto nocTaTOHHO nepen enoö Tpnxnbi nonyTb Ha cboh pyKH, "hto6h corHaTb HenncTbx c pyK" (BonoroncK. - BnacoBa, 1995, c.256).
Bec Mor bohth b nenoBeKa He T0nbK0 bo BpeMa enbi, nHTba, npn 3eBaHHH, ho h npn He0cT0p0XH0M ynoMHHaHHH HMeHH nepTa Hnn öeca. KaK paccKa3HBaeTca b o^hoh h3 HOBropo^cKHx öbinmeK, b pe3ynbTaTe npoH3HeceHHoro pa3rHeBaHHHM MyxeM npoKnaTba b anpec xeHH ("hto6h Teöa nepra B3ann"), - xeH^HHa TyT xe cnenanacb He b ceöe, ee rna3a Hannnncb KpoBbro, OHa cTana yflHBnaTb Bcex HeoÖHHHOH cnnoö, TeM, hto He y3HaBana cbohx fleTeö, nneBana Ha hkohh h Bena ceöa KaK öecHOBaTaa (BnacoBa, 1995, c.348). B Hapo^e Bepnnn, hto öecy nerne Bcero npoHHKHyTb b Toro, kto He MonHTca, He KpecTHTca, pyraeTca nnn noMHHaeT HenncTyro cnny; b Toro, kto TocKyeT, "oxBaneH ayMOö", yrHeTeH Taxenoö Mbicnbro, kto HMeeT npHBHHKy ecTb Ha xo^y (PflC, c.48).
npoHHKHOBeHHe 3noro flyxa b HyTpo nenoBeKa Morno ocy^ecTBnaTbca b pe3ynbTaTe Bpe^OHocHOH MarHH, cnennanbHO Hac^inaeMOö nopnn Kon^yHaMH h "ahxhmh nrojbMH". MHoroHHcneHHHe cnynan oÖBHHeHHH b a^pec o^HocenbnaH, aKOÖH "noca^HBmnx nepTa" b yTpoöy nocTpa^aBmero, ynoMHHaroTca b cy^eÖHHx aKTax Be^OBcKHx nponeccoB. CnocoÖHHMH npHHHHHTb Bpefl cHHTanncb TaKHe fleöcTBHa co ctopohh HeflOÖpoxenaTeneö, KaK npoKnaTHe, npHKocHOBeHHe, nonenyö, BHnycKaHHe TaöanHoro flHMa b cTopoHy cBoeö xepTBH, nonHTKa ayHyTb Ha nenoBeKa h T.n. B o^hom h3 cy^eÖHHx aKTOB 1826 rofla (Tomckoh ryö.) 3anncaHH n0Ka3aHHa o tom, hto HeKHH KpecTbaHHH nonenoBan HacnnbHO fleBKy Map^y h flyHyn Ha Hee npn stom; c Toro BpeMeHH nonyBCTBOBana OHa BenHKyro rpycTb, a 3aTeM npnmna b öe3yMHe h cTana roBopHTb, hto
BHyTpn y Hee "Moaoaen 3anaceH h 3aKpenieH", a 3acaani ero Tyaa stot KpecTbaHHH (KpanHCKHH, 1900, c.52).
Cpean HanSoiee THnHHHbix npH3HaKoB 6ecHoBaTocTH b pyccKHx noBepbax CHHTanHCb Henpon3BonbHHe kphkh nocTpaaaBmero, kotophh noa Bo3aeñcTBHeM 3ioro ayxa HanHHan muKamb, oT3HBanca roiocaMH xhbothhx, 6paHHaca "nepHbiMH cioBaMH". KpoMe Toro, cocToaHne HeBMeHaeMocTH, oaepxHMocTH nacro conpoBoxaaiocb cHibHoñ hkotoh, 3eBoToñ, o3ho6om, HCTepnHecKHMH npnnaaKaMH. B ceBepHopyccKHx o6aacrax oaHoñ h3 pa3HoBHflHocTeñ KnHKymecTBa npH3HaBaiH uKomy. 9Ta no npenMy^ecTBy xeHcKaa 6oae3Hb npoflBaaaacb no-pa3HoMy, ho nonra Bceraa, no HapoaHbM noBepbaM, 6bma CB^3aHa c ocoSeHHocTHMH peneBoro noBeaeHHa neaoBeKa, kotophh jih6o inmaica aapa penn h HanHHaa "yxaTb", KpnnaTb no-3BepHHoMy, ih6o b HeM HanHHaa Be^aTb "He cboh" roioc.
no cBHaeTeibcTBy pyccKnx cTapoo6paaneB, npoxHBaro^Hx b BeTKoBcKoM p-He ToMeibcKon o6a., HKoTa noaBiaeTca BcieacTBHe Toro, hto b neioBeKa BceiaeTca HeKoe aeMoHHnecKoe cy^ecTBo h xHBeT b HeM cBoeñ xH3Hbro. HKoTa, KaK noiaraiH, He MoxeT cy^ecTBoBaTb caMa no ce6e BHe neaoBeKa hih bo bcakom ciynae oHa HcnbiTbiBaeT noTpeÓHocTb b HeM noceiHTbca. 3toto He3pHMoro ayxa moxho cibmaTb h aaxe roBopHTb c hhm: oh roBopnT roiocoM, otihhhhm ot roioca neaoBeKa, b kotopom ch^ht. HepeaKo cTpaaaro^aa stoh 6oae3Hbro xeH^HHa npn nonbTKe 3aroBopHTb HanHHaaa BbTb no-BoiHbH, KyKoBaTb, KpnnaTb neTyxoM, jiaaTb no-co6anbH (Xhb. Ct., 1996, N 1, c.13). flyxa hkoth nonTH HeBo3MoxHo H3rHaTb H3 Teia neioBeKa, o^HaKo nocie ero cMepTH oh noKH^aeT noKoñHHKa h BceiaeTca b onepeaHyro xepTBy H3 Kpyra poacTBeHHHKoB hih 3HaKoMbx yMepmero. B HeKoTopbx MecTax chhtsih, hto He Hameamaa cBoero hoboto BMecTHiH^a HKoTa MoxeT npocy^ecTBoBaTb caMocToaTeibHo He 6oiee copoKa aHeñ (HHKHTHHa, 1993, c.15).
Bo MHornx ciynaax caMo ciobo uKoma ocMbciaeTca KaK hmh Henncroro ayxa, Bomeamero b neaoBeKa. BapnaHToM stoh 6oae3HH BbicTynaeT b noBepbax ApxaHreibcKoñ ry6. TaK Ha3HBaeMaa ¿oeopyxa - TepMHH, c noMo^bro KoToporo b stoh MecraocTH onpeaeiaeTca h KiHKymecTBo, h inxopaaKa. .Oroan cnHTaiH, hto HKoTa noa Ha3BaHHeM ¿oeopyxa MeHee cnibHaa 6oae3Hb, npn kotopoh 6oibHbie "He BbiKpHKHBaroT", ho Ha Bonpocb oKpyxaro^Hx He oTBenaroT (BiacoBa, 1995. c.119). XeH^HH, cTpaaaro^nx hkotoh, nacTo BocnpHHHMaiH KaK npeacKa3aTeibHHn 6yay^ero: "Koraa y Mera b BoñHy ot MyxHKa nnceM He 6^iao, xoania k HKoTKe. OHa MHHe cKa3aia, hto oh xhboh, - h BepHo Beab..." (nepMcK.- BiacoBa, 1995, c.168).
Hapaay c npeacTaBieHHaMH o 6ecnaoTHocTH h HeBHaHMocTH npoHHKaro^ero b neaoBeKa 3ioro ayxa, mnpoKo H3BecTHH TaKxe noBepba o tom, hto ero 3phmoh nnocTacbro BHcTynaroT na^e Bcero HaceKoMbie hih xToHHnecKHe xHBoTHHe. TaK, pyccKHe xeH^HHH-ceBepaHKH, cTpaaaro^ne hkotoh, yTBepxaaiH, hto 6ec npoHHKaeT b hhx, 3aieTaa b poT Myxoñ. ^axe eciH noaoÓHHH ^aKT He 6bi 3aMeneH, nocTpaaaBmne yBepaiH, hto nepea TeM, KaK ayx BceiHica, neaoBeK ^ko6h cibmai xyxxaHHe MyxH (P^C, c.209). CaMbM xe o6hhhhm cnoco6oM npoHHKHoBeHHa HenncToñ chih b neaoBeKa 6^iao HeocTopoxHoe nHTbe: 3a6oaeBmaa xeH^HHa Bepnia, hto oHa "nporioTHia 6eca b BHae BoaaHoro xy^Ka H3 KyBmHHa c Boaoñ, cTaKaHa c bhhom, KBacoM h T.a." (PflC, c.240).
B noibcKHx aeMoHoaorHnecKHx BepoBaHHax H3BecTHb HeKHe MeiKHe BpeaoHocHbe ayxH, kotophx KoiayHbH nepeaaroT iroaaM BMecTe c nHTbeM hih nn^eñ co 3ioHaMepeHHbMH neaaMH. B HaHMeHoBaHHH sthx ayxoB na^e Bcero Hcnoib3yroTca ih6o
amHbie HMeHa (Jurek, Kuba, Michalk), aHSo Ha3BaHHa HaceKOMHx h 3eMH0B0aHbix xhbothhx (Mqtel, Gadzina), aHSo Ha3BaHHa Soae3Heft (Gosciec, Macica). no KamyScKHM noBepbAM, "ropeK" - 3to 3aoft ayx b BHae nepBanKa HaH Boaoca, KOToporo BeabMa nepeaaeT neaoBeKy c eaoft; o 6ecHOBaTOM roBopaT "oh HMeeT ropKa" ["On ma Jurka"] (Sychta, t.2, s.112). Ocrpbie xeayaonHbie KoaHKH h cna3MH onpeaeaaroTca b noabcKoft HapoaHOft TepMHHoaorHH ca0B0M macica. CnHTaaocb, hto 3to 3aoft ayx b BHae nepBa c octphmh koftamh, noceaHBmHftca bo BHyTpeHHocTax neaoBeKa (Wisla, t.6, s.175). HeKoe ^eMOHHHecKoe cy^ecTBO b o6pa3e 3MeH, Ha3biBaeMoe y noaaKOB "raaHHa", HMeao 06biKH0BeHHe BceaATbca b pe6eHKa, b pe3yabTaTe nero tot craHOBHaca BaabiM h coh^hbhm. Koraa oh 3acbinaa rae-HHSyab B03ae 03epa HaH peKH, BceaHBmHftca b Hero ayx Bbinoa3aa b BHae 3MeH, Kynaaca b 03epe h BHOBb B03Bpa^aaca b yTpoSy pe6eHKa. CnHTaaocb, hto ecaH b 3tot MHr MaTb ycneeT yHecTH cna^ero aoMoft, to BpeaoHocHbift ayx BbrnyxaeH SyaeT HcKaTb ce6e apyryro xepTBy aaa BceaeHHa (Sychta, t.1, s.294-295).
Coraacro MHoronHcaeHHbiM caaBAHcKHM noBepbAM, nepe3 eay h HanHTKH b neaoBeKa MoryT npoHHKHyTb He3pHMHe ayxH (srnx neMonb, dyxu-rnxopadm), KOTOpbie jHmb b yTpo6e neaoBeKa npHHHMaroT bha "pa3Hbix raaoB" - 3Meft, xaS, aarymeK, Mbmeft; ohh cocyT ero KpoBb, Tep3aroT BHyTpeHHocTH, aeaaroT SoabHbiM HaH SecHOBaTHM (A^aHacbeB, 1994, t.3, c.520).
KaK pe3yabTaT aeftcTBeHHoro aeneHHa HaH H3rHaHHa 6eca nacTO onHcHBaeTca cmyanHA, npH kotopoh H3 SoabHoro BbiaeTaeT HaceK0M0e HaH BHcKaKHBaroT MeaKHe xHBOTHbie. HanpHMep, npH H3rHaHHH HenHcToft cHabi H3 KaHKyxH y Hee cHanaaa 3aapoxaaa pyKa, 3aTeM 3aaoMHao Soabmoft naaen, h h3 Hero Bbimea HenHcTbift b BHae SecxBocToft kphch, KOTopaa TyT xe ySexaaa b noanenbe (PflC, c.241). O xeH^HHe, cTpaaaro^eft HKOTOft, Ha PyccKOM CeBepe paccKa3HBaaH, hto b pe3yabTaTe ycnemHoro aeneHHA OHa akoSh poxaeT KaKyro-HHSyab MeaKyro TBapb THna aarymKH HaH kphch (HHKHTHHa, 1993, c.15).
Oahh h3 HH^opMaHTOB noabcKoro 3TH0rpa^a E.EapaHOBcKoro noBeaaa 0 tom, KaK ero aeaa aymHa h MynHa no HonaM noceaHBmHftca b ero ropae abABoa. no coBeTy 3Haxapa, aea cyMea H3rHaTb HenHcToro, Hcnoab3ya cBATyro Boay: H3 ropaa cTaa BHxoaHTb rHoft h BMecTe c hhm BbicKonHa nepHbift nayK, K0T0pbift ycnea 3aSexaTb 3a yroa. flea nonHTaa pa3aaBHTb HaceK0M0e, ho nayK BHe3anH0 npeBpaTHaca b Myxy h BbiaeTea H3 aoMa. C 3Toro MOMeHTa aea BH3aopoBea, 0aHaK0 3aHeM0r ero SaHxaftmHft cocea, caynaftHO nporaoTHBmHft b 3to xe BpeMa KaKyro-TO BaeTeBmyro b aom Myxy (Baranowski, 1981, s.247).
KpecTbAHe KaayxcKoft ryS. BepHaH, hto ecaH KaHKyxa He cMOxeT ocBoSoaHTbca ot cHaa^ero b Heft Seca ao caMoft cMepTH, to tot bhxoaht h3 yMHparo^eft BMecTe c ee nocaeaHHM b3aoxom. no cBHaeTeabcTBy oneBHaneB, y 0aH0ft SecHOBaTOft nepea cMepTbro Hanaaacb pBOTa h BMecTe c Hero BbicKonHa nepHbift nepBanoK c naaen Toa^HHoft, b nerape BepmKa aaHHoft, K0T0pbift nocnemHa cKpHTbca noa nenbro; b tot xe MHr SoabHaa cKOHnaaacb (PflC, c.242).
n0-pa3H0My npeacTaBaaaH ceSe HocHTeaH TpaaHnHOHHbix BepoBaHHft KOHKpeTHHe MecTa b Teae neaoBeKa, rae Mor pa3Me^aTbca BceaHBmHftca 3aoft ayx. Eoabme Bcero cBHaeTeabcTB, hto TaKHM MecTOM Sbiaa roaoBa, pexe Ha3HBaaocb - cepane, rpyab, xeayaoK. HHoraa roBopHaH, hto ayx SayxaaeT no BceMy opraHH3My HaH nocTOAHHO Bpa^aeTca TaM c tokom kpobh (Baranowski, 1981, s.246). H3r0HABmHft SecoB 3Haxapb HaH cba^hhhk cnenHaabHHMH 3ar0B0paMH h MoaHTBaMH cTapaaca npHHyaHTb
HenHCToro ayxa bhhth h3 Teaa 6oabHoro. no HapoaHHM noBepbaM, noKHHyTb neaoBeKa 6ec aoaxeH 6bia TeM xe nyTeM, KaKHM npoHHK b Hero (HanpHMep, nepe3 oTKpbrryro paHKy HaH nope3 Ha Koxe, nepe3 poT, hoc, yxo). B o^hom h3 pyccKHx cBHaeTeabcTB BceaHBmHHca nepT, H3roHaeMbiH H3 nocTpaaaBmero, cnpamHBaeT y cBa^eHHHKa, HHTaBmero MoaHTBbi Haa oaepxHMbiM: 'Tae MHe bhhth?" Tot oTBenaa:"OTKyaa 3amea, TaM h BHxoaH". noKa TaKHM o6pa3oM oTHHTHBaaH 6oabHoro, onyxoab cTaaa cnaaaTb c ero aHna, Teaa, c Hor h , HaKoHen, c 6oabmoro naabna HorH - 3aecb aKo6bi h BHmea HenHcTHH H3 oaepxHMoro (PflC, c.51).
fflHpoKaa nonyaapHocTb noao6HHx npeacTaBaeHHH BH3HBaaa y 3THorpa^oB h hctophkob HapoaHoft KyabTypH yaHBaeHHe h HeaoyMeHHe. no aaHHHM, 3a^HKcHpo-BaHHHM H.M.TaabKoBcKHM, b pyccKHx aene6HHKax XVII-XVIII bb. nocToaHHo ynoMHHaroTca MaranecKHe npHeMH, c noMo^bro kotophx moxho jiko6h H3rHaTb aarymeK h 3Meft H3 HyTpa 3a6oaeBmero neaoBeKa: "HecMoTpa Ha Bcro cTpaHHocTb 3Toro aBaeHHa, - nHmeT H.M.TaabKoBcKHft, - Bepa b TaKHe caynaH BecbMa pacnpocTpaHeHa b Hapoae". ^aaee oh oTMenaeT paa cBHaeTeabcTB o tom, hto - no paccKa3aM oneBHaneB - b oaHoft H3 6oabHHn y 3a6oaeBmero BHmao H3 HyTpa BMecTe co pbotoh TpHanaTb naTb aarymeK, a H3 apyroro - 3Mea; b xeayaKe y 6oabHoro coaaaTa o6HTaaH «ko6h nbaBKH. "OTHocHTeabHo 3thx caynaeB, - c HeaoyMeHHeM oTMenaeT HccaeaoBaTeab, - mh co6cTBeHHoro cyxaeHHa He HMeeM" (TaabKoBcKHH, 1913, t.1, c.283).
Moxho npeanoaoxHTb, hto Bce sth 3araaonHbie aaHHHe aBaaroTca cBHaeTeabcTBoM nopa3HTeabHoft xmynecTH apxamecKHx npeacTaBaeHHH o 6oae3HeHHbix cocroaHHax KaK caeacTBHH BceaeHHa b neaoBeKa BpeaoHocHbix ayxoB. noaTBepxaeHHeM ToMy, no-BHaHMoMy, cayxHT MHoroo6pa3Ho npeacTaBaeHHbH bo Bcex caaBaHcKHx a3HKax naacT ^pa3eoaorHnecKHx BbipaxeHHH, nocTpoeHHbix no cTepeoranHoft MoaeaH: "y Hero MyxH b roaoBe", coxpaHHBmHx oTroaocKH noao6Hbix MH^oaoranecKHx noBepHH. npHMena-TeabHaa KoaaeKnHa TaKHx ycTOHHHBbix o6opotob npoaHaaH3HpoBaHa b cTaTbe O.A.TepHoBcKoft "BeaoBcTBo y caaBaH. 2. "B3hk" (MyxH b roaoBe)". HaH6oaee nacre BcTpenaro^Heca ^pa3eoaorH3Mbi 3Toro THna crporoTca Ha ocHoBe TaKHx THnoBbix ^opMya, KaK: nenoeeK c MyxaMU, Myxu e zonoee h Myxu e nocy. TaaBHoe hx 3HaneHHe -'neaoBeK co crpaHHocraMH, c npHHyaaMH, HeHopMaabHHH, cyMacmeamHH, aypaK'. Hapaay c 3thm b paae aHaaeKToB oTMenaroTca h aeMoHoaoranecKHe HHTepnpeTanHH: c Myxou e nocy - 'KoaayH', "6a6a 3 MyxaMH - ro BeabMa", "y Hero abaBoa (nepT, 6ec) b Hocy". no Ha6aroaeHHaM aBTopa cTaTbH, b cocTaBe 3thx Bep6aabHHx cTepeoTHnoB ceMaHTHnecKHe Koae6aHHa npoHcxoaaT b paMKax onno3HnHH: aypaK (HaHoT) - Myapen (3Haxapb, KyaecHHK); cp. BbipaxeHHa: yxp. "y Hboro MyxH b roaoBi" - 'y Hero He Bce aoMa', 6eaop. "Oh Tpoxi 3 MyxaMi" - 'HeHopMaabHHH' HaH "3 MyxaMi y raaaBe - aypHaBaTH, 6ecTaaKoBbi"; h Hapaay c 3thm - nemcK. "Ten musky v nose"- 'yMHHH, xhtphh, KoBapHHH, xmpo-yMHHH', noaeccK. "Ba6a 3 MyxaMH, mo MHoro 3Hae" (TepHoBcKaa, 1984-a, c.120-124).
Opa3eoaorHa noao6Horo poaa bo Bcex caaBaHcKHx a3HKax onHpaeTca npeHMy^ecTBeHHo Ha 3HTOMoaorHHecKyro aeKcHKy: noMHMo Myx, ynoMHHaroTca b cxoaHHx cHTyanHax MoTbiabKH, MypaBbH, nayKH, TapaKaHH, xpy^H, xyKH, cBep^KH h T.n. Pexe Hcnoab3yeTca aeKcHKa 3ooMop^Horo h opHHToaoraqecKoro paaa ("Mbimb b roaoBe", "3aan b roaoBe"; "Bopo6bH, cohkh, cobh - b roaoBe"). MecTaMH aoKaaraanHH HaceKoMHx HaH xhbothhx b neaoBeKe, coraacHo 3toh ^pa3eoaorHH, aBaaroTca: roaoBa, hoc, rpyab, yxo, neneHb (cp. caeayro^He oGopora: noaeccK. "MaTbiaH y nenejHKy 3aaa3aTb" - 'o aypaKe'; nem. "Mit mouchu v uchu" - '6biTb yMHHM, xhtphm'; "Hudci mu v prsiach hudu" - '3a6oaeTb').
BiH3KHe K 3THM 3HaHeHHa oTMeHaroTca H fliH BbipaxeHHH, nocTpoeHHHx no MOieiH "MyxH b Hocy": c Myxoü e nocy - Koadyn, y nee Myxu e nocy (o Be^bMe), amom c MyxaMu e nocy (o HeioBeKe co crpaHHocraMH), ten ma diabta w nosie, ma cčerta v nose h noioÖHbie,- r^e b cxo^Hbix ^opMyiax ^HrypnpyroT to "MyxH", to "HepT, abaBoi".
npHBeieHHbie npHMepbi no3BoiaroT cooTHecrn Becb Kpyr MeTa^opHnecKHx o6pa3oB ycToÖHHBHx BHpaxeHHH THna "MyxH b roioBe" c noBepbaMH o BceieHHH BpeaoHocHoro ayxa b HeioBeKa, b pe3yibTaTe Hero oh cTaHoBHica ihöo "3Ha»qHM" (T.e. noiyieMoHHHecKHM cymecTBoM - KoiayHoM, BeabMoö), ihöo npHoöpeTai npH3HaKH HeioBeKa c ncHxHHecKHMH paccTpoöcTBaMH (oÖHapyxHBai npHMeTH ciaöoyMHa, öecHoBaTocTH, onb^HeHHH, 6e3paccyicTBa h T.n.). CooTBeTcraeHHo, o6 H3ieHHBmeMca roBopHiH "raraaiH y Hero MymeK H3 roioBbi", "3aÖHHKH nepecTaiH öeraTb y Hero b roioBe" (TepHoBcKaa, 1984a, c.124-125). B noibcKoö $pa3eoiorHH noaoÖHoro THna, Hacro BHcTynaroT "cBepHKH": Ma wierszcze wgtowie (NKPP, t.1 s.650).
npeicTaBieHHA o tom, öy^To b roioBe HeioBeKa MoryT 3aBecTHcb ceepnKu, H.M.raibKoBcKHH cHHTai BecbMa ipeBHHMH, HanpaMyro cBœaHHbiMH c ipeBHepyccKHMH BepoBaHHHMH, coxpaHHBmHMHca b cpe^HeBeKoBbix HcToHHHKax. Oh nepecKa3ai o^Hy H3 cTapnx khhxhhx npHTH o tom, hto o^HH HeioBeK öyiTo 6h BHflei, KaK iBa aHreia, nbrraacb H3ieHHTb o^epxHMoro öecoM riyxoHeMoro, - pa3pe3aiH a3By Ha ero roioBe, BbiHyiH oTTy^a HaceKoMoe "aKo cKoHKa TpaBHaro" (T.e. Ky3HeHHKa), h pacTonraiH ero HoraMH (raibKoBcKHH, 1913, c.283).
Ha ocHoBe H3ioxeHHbix aaHHbix moxho 3aKiroHHTb, hto xoTa ayxH, o kotophx H^eT peHb, TepMHHoiorHHecKH cooTHocaTca c KaTeropHeö nepmeü, dbaeonoe h ôecoe, -ohh oöia^aroT cbohmh oTiHHHTeibHHMH ocoöeHHocT^MH. "BceiaromHeca" ayxH - sto He3pHMHe h öecTeiecHbie MH^HHecKHe cymecTBa, cnocoÖHbie npH onpeaeieHHbix oöcroaTeibcTBax npHHHMaTb bha HaceKoMoro (Hame Bcero MyxH, - hto He THnHHHo lia ^opM oöopoTHHHecTBa nepma) hih xToHHHecKoro xhbothoto; ohh MoryT BnoiHe He3aBHcHMo cymecTBoBaTb b Teie HeioBeKa, noKH^aTb ero noa Bo3ieöcTBHeM pHTyaioB "H3rHaHHa" h nepeceiaTbca b HoByro xepTBy; BHyTpH HeioBeKa pa3MemaroTca b roioBe, ropie, rpy^H, cepme, xeiy^Ke, HHoraa b kpobh; MoMeHTbi BceieHHa hih Bbixo^a H3 öoibHoro Hepe^Ko conpoBox^aroTca iyHoBeHHeM BeTpa (cp.: "HepT BeTpoM BHmei H3 nopHeHoö" - KpaHHcKHÖ, 1900, c.72), a htoöh HaciaTb 3ioro ayxa (nocadumb ero b HeioBeKa), KoiayH floixeH öhi nodymb Ha cBoro xepTBy; pe3yibTaToM BceieHHa öbiio He ToibKo cTpaHHoe noBe^eHHe, ncHxHHecKHe paccTpoöcTBa, ho nocrpaflaBmHH aKoöbi npHoöpeTai npopoHecKHö aap h HyaecHoe cBepx3HaHHe. Bce sto yKa3HBaeT Ha cBa3b "BceiaromHxca" ayxoB c chmboihkoö aymH, ocTaBmeöca öe3 TeiecHoro BMecTHiHma. no-BHflHMoMy, peHb H^eT o 3a^epxaBmHxca b 3eMHoM npocTpaHcTBe "HenpHKaaHHbix", "öecnpHMTHHx" aymax iroaeö, yMepmHx ne ceoeü cMepTbro. HHTepecHo b stom cMHcie ceBepHopyccKoe noBepbe o tom, hto uKoma "aoxHBaeT" npeflHa3HaHeHHbiö eö BeK, BceiHBmHcb b HeioBeKa, h noKH^aeT ero, nepexoaa b ocHHy, Toraa, Koraa "cocTapHTca" (HHKHTHHa, 1993, c.15).
no noBeaeHHro, 3araaoHHHM peniHKaM h cooömeHHaM BceiHBmeroca ayxa moxho b paae ciyHaeB onpeaeiHTb, KeM H3 KoHKpeTH^ix yMepmHx b HeaaBHee BpeMa iroaeö oh ceöa oco3HaeT, - ero iHHHocTHHe npH3HaKH npoaBiaroTca, HanpHMep, b tom, hto ayx cooömaeT cBoe HMa (Hame Bcero MyxcKoe). CoriacHo noBepbaM, 3anHcaHHbiM b EKaTepHHociaBcKoö ryö., npoHHKmHÖ b KpecTbaHHHa "HeHHcTbö" ayx Ha3HBai ceöa yTonieHHHKoM, oötaBiaa: Ca3oH-yTonieHHHK h xoHy noryiaTb b Teöe, a kto MeHa
Bca.H. b Te5a, - He cKaxy!" (KpaHHcKHH, 1900, c.66). C .pyroH ctopohh, caMH nocTpa.aBmHe nacro Ha3HBa.H cBoero .yxa omuoM, ôamwrnKOû. no cBH.eTe.bcTBy C.B.MaKcHMOBa, hto5h y3HaTb, kto "HcnopTH." 5ecHOBaTyro, c.e.OBa.o cnpocHTb y Hee "Kto tboh OTen?", npH stom cnpamHBaromHe cTaparoraa y5e.HTb, "hto OTKpbrmeM TaHHH OHa He o5h.ht cH.amero b Hen "5aTromKH" (MaKcHMOB, 1989, c.92). Ho.o5Haa cmyauHa onHcHBaeTca b o.hom h3 cy.e5HHx aKTOB, nocBameHHHx .e.y no o5BHHeHHro Me.bHHKa Kona.HHa b tom, hto oh "nopTHT .ro.eH": cBH.eTe.H yTBepx.a.H, hto HcnopneHHaa hm 5a5a Kax.HH pa3 npH BCTpene c Me.bHHKOM 5poca.acb eMy b HorH, o5HHMa.a KO.eHH h BonH.a: "He TpoHbTe Moero 5aTromKy!" (KpaHHcKHH, 1900. c.51). 9tot xe Me.bHHK o5BHHa.ca b tom, hto c.e.a. 5ecHOBaTHM co5cTBeHHoro n.eMaHHHKa EB.OKHMa: Kor.a c HHM cßynuaocb, oh KHHy.ca npH .ro.ax Ha cBoero .a.ro-Me.bHHKa, Ha3biBaa ero "otuom", h bhhh. 3a to, HTO tot BnycTH. eMy b yTpo5y "Bopo5ba c 3O.othmh nepHmKaMH" (TaM xe).
Hcno.baoBaHHe TepMHHOB po.cTBa npH KOHTaKTax c Bce.HBmHMca .yxoM MoxeT 5HTb, c O.HOH ctopohh, pe3y.bTaTOM Ta5yHpoBaHHa pea.bHoro HMeHH HenHcraH ch.h h nonHTKOH aaMeHHTb ero "3a.a5pHBaromHMH", noHTHTe.bHHMH Ha3BaHHaMH, a c .pyroH - pacKpHBaeT onpe.e.eHHHe cBa3H c po.HTe.bcKHMH .ymaMH (npe.KaMH).
CTpeM.eHHe 5ecnpHroTHoH .ymH HaHTH ce5e Te.ecHoe Bon.omeHHe no.BO.HT k mhc.h o tom, HTO 5o.ee apxamecKoH ^opMoH BepoBaHHH o cBa3ax ne.OBeKa h 3.oro .yxa 5h.h npe.craB.eHHa o tom, hto noc.e.HHH npec.e.yeT ne.OBeKa, hto5h Bce.HTbca b ero Te.o, a He oxoTHTca 3a ero .ymoH, - KaK sto H3o5paxaeraa b xpHcTHaHH3OBaHHHx HHTepnpeTanHax MOTHBa o B3aHMOOTHomeHHax nepTa c ne.OBeKOM. 9to no.TBepx.aeraa, b nacTHocTH, noBepbaMH o Bce.eHHH HeHHcTOH ch.h b xhbothhx h .axe b HexHBHe npe.MeTH. Ohpoko H3BecTHH, HanpHMep, cBH.eTe.bcTBa o tom, hto bo BpeMa rpo3H .ro.H cnemH.H nporHaTb h3 .OMa KomeK h co5aK nepHOH MacTH, h5o no.ara.H, hto b hhx HMeeT o5HKHOBeHHe Bce.aTbca nepT, hto5h cnpaTaTbca ot y.apoB rpoMa (PoMaHOB, 1912, c.287). OnHTHHe ph5o.obh, no 5e.opyccKHM BepoBaHHaM, hh 3a hto He ocTaBaT ce5e noHMaHHyro bo BpeMa rpo3H pH5HHy, y KOTopoH c.HmKOM KpacHHe r.a3a, - sto HecoMHeHHO nepT, cnpaTaBmHHca b pH5y (MB, c.92). Ho.bcKHe 3THorpa^H OTMena.H c.ynaH, Kor.a c noMombro cBameHHoc.yxHTe.eH ycTpaHBa.Hcb aKTH "raraaHHa .baBO.a" h3 kopobh H.H .oma.H (Baranowski, 1981, s.251).
Hcxo.a H3 3Toro, Moxno 3aK.ronHTb, hto 5y.ynH HeBH.HMHM, 5ecTe.ecHHM, 3.oh .yx omymaeT ce5a 5o.ee 3amHmeHHHM, ec.H Haxo.HT cooTBeraTByromyro Te.ecHyro o5o.OHKy, T.e. oh Hyx.aeTca bo BMecramme KaK b 5o.ee y.o5HoH ..a Hero ^opMe cymecTBOBaHHa. CBa3b c stoh o5o.ohkoh OKa3HBaeTca HHor.a TaKoH npoHHoH, hto .yx He noKH.aeT Te.o .axe yMepmero ne.OBeKa, ocTaBaacb b noKOHHHKe, b pe3y.bTaTe nero tot cTaHOBHTca "ynHpeM" h.h "xo.anHM" MepTBenoM. 9to npoHcxo.HT, no noBepbaM, c TeMH .ro.bMH-.Boe.ymHHKaMH, KOTopHe npH xh3hh "3Ha.Hcb" c nepTaMH. Ho paccKa3aM KpecTbaH KynaHcKoro y. XapbKOBcKOH ry5., "y npocToro HO.OBHKa, KpoMe .ymH, HHMa HHaKoro .yxa, a y BH.bM, ynHpaKHB H BoBKy.aKHB e .yx, TaK mo BoHH H nHc.a cMepTH MoxyTb xo.hth cKpH3b" (yKpaÏHm, c.487). B KapnaTcKoH .eMOHO.orHH "ynbipaMH" h "cTpHroHaMH" Ha3HBa.H .ro.eH, HMeBmHx npH xh3hh .Be .ymH: cBoro, KpemeHyro, h BTopyro - HeHHCTyro. 9Ta .eMOHHnecKaa .yma, KaK cnHTa.ocb, noKH.aeT Te.o cnamero h .eTaeT b BH.e hohhoh 5a5oHKH .ymHTb .ro.eH h nHTb hx KpoBb, a noc.e cMepTH ne.OBeKa-.Boe.ymHHKa OHa ocTaeTca b ero Te.e h no.HHMaeT MepTBena h3 MorH.H (Eth. 35., 1898, T.5, c.216).
no-BHflHMOMy, He cnynaÖHo Becb ochobhoh Kpyr 3HaneHHH, cBa3aHHbix c npeflCTaB^eHHHMH o cMepTH, Ayme, npeAKax, Ayxax 6one3HeH, aeMOHHHecKHx nepcoHaxax, - Haxo^HT oTpaxeHHe b cnaBaHcKoH TepMHHonorHH Ha3BaHHH öaöoneK, KoTopaa BKnronaeT neKcHKy, HMero^yro oTHomeHHe k npeAKaM (6a6onm, 6a6m, 6a6ywKa), k Ayme (cp. pyccKne flHaneKTHHe Ha3BaHHa öaöoneK - dywa, dywenm), k nepcoHaxaM HenHcroö cHnbi (eidbMa, Mopa, cmpuza, 6ocopKa, napoenuua h ap.). KpoMe Toro, öaöo^Ka HepeAKo BocnpHHHMa^acb h KaK oöpa3 Ayxa 6one3HH (necoTKH, ropa^KH, paccrpoöcTBa paccyAKa). H3yHHBmaa 3tot Kpyr neKcHKH h noBepHH o öaöo^Kax O.A.TepHoBcKaa oTMenaeT, hto cnenneHHe ceMaHTHnecKHx 3neMeHToB 'cMepTb', 'Ayma', 'npe^oK, '3noH Ayx' (a b öonee apxaHnecKoö ^opMe BepoBaHHH — 'yMepmHH ao cpoKa, 3aMMHuü tokohhhk'), cBH3HBarom;ee MoTbinbKa c mhpom AyxoB, - aBnaeTca ocHoBaHHeM Ana BoBneneHHa cro^a nenoHKH fleMoHo^orHHecKHx nepcoHaxeH, KaKHMH oKa3HBaroTca h nepm, 6ec, dbaeoß (TepHoBcKaa, 1989, c.155).
TaKHM oöpa3oM, Ana KaTeropHH "Bcenaro^Hxca" AyxoB xapaKTepHH cneAyro^He HaHÖonee THnHHHbie xapaKTepHcTHKH: öecTenecHocTb HnH HnocTacb HaceKoMoro h xToHHnecKoro xhbothoto; cooTHeceHHocTb c npeAKaMH HnH c 3aMWMbiMu noKoHHHKaMH, AymH kotophx "AoxHBaroT" cboh BeK b Tene xHBoro nenoBeKa; noTpeÖHocTb oöpecTH TenecHoe BMecTHnH^e Ana cBoero nocMepTHoro cy^ecraoBaHHa; cBa3b co craxHeft BeTpa, AbixaHHa, AyHoBeHHa; ^yHKqHa BH3HBaHHa b nenoBeKe 6one3HeHHbix cocroaHHH h, o^HoBpeMeHHo, AeMoHHHecKHx cbohctb. 9tot Haöop npH3HaKoB, KaK HaM KaxeTca, MoxeT HMeTb oTHomeHHe k rpynne MH^HnecKHx cy^ecTB, Bbicrynaro^Hx b ApeBHecnaBaHcKHx HcTonHHKax noA Ha3BaHHeM naebu, T.e. TaKHx BpeAoHocHbix AyxoB, KoTopbie no pa3HHM npHHHHaM He MoryT nony^HTb bo3moxhocth nepeHTH b 3arpoÖHbiH MHp h BbrnyxAeHbi oTÖHBaTb cboh nocMepTHblH cpoK, cKHTaacb MeXAy 3THM h "TeM" cBeToM.
CnHcoK coKpa^eHHÖ
A^aHacbeB 1994 - A. Afanas'ev, no3THnecKHe Bo33peHHa cnaBaH Ha npHpoAy, 1-3, MocKBa 1994
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Die Geister, die in Menschen eindringen
Ljudmila N. Vinogradova
Der Glaube, daß schädliche Geister sich in Menschen eindringen können, ist für die Erforschung jener mythischen Wesen interessant, die als eine gewisse Anzahl kleinerer Geister unklarer Form und Herkunft charakterisiert werden und nur eine bestimmte Funktion haben: sich in Menschen einzudringen, um verschiedene Krankheiten und Störungen zu verursachen. Obwohl diese Geister oft mit "cert" oder "bes" assoziiert werden, könnte man sie auch als eine spezielle Kategorie der bösen Geister betrachten.