241 Laura Mrhar: /DE/TERMINOLOGIZATION IN ENGLISH AND SLOVENE GREEN ENERGY TERMINOLOGY Laura Mrhar lauramrhar@gmail.com /DE/TERMINOLOGIZATION IN ENGLISH AND SLOVENE GREEN ENERGY TERMINOLOGY 1 INTRODUCTION Whilst terminology is not a new field of study, it is still developing due to the basic human need to name and identify. Its precise definition and extent, however, have still not been clearly defined, which can be seen from the numerous debates and critiques surrounding it (Sageder 2010: 123). Questioned most often are the main principles of traditional terminology, which can be divided into five categories. The first principle (the onomasiological perspective) applies to the concept as the meaning of the term that exists, according to the traditional theory, independently of the term. This is rather con­ tradictory, since the concept as the meaning of the term cannot exist independently of the term, especially as the naming of concepts is in fact part of their creation in the human mind. Evidence suggests that in the case of some concepts, the phenomena existed prior to being properly understood and named (e.g., DNA), whereas others are creations of our pursuits/actions and comprehension (e.g., biotechnology) (Temmerman 2000: 1–6). The latter are especially common in new, rapidly evolving specialized domains, such as that of green energy, in which terms of the type active biomonitoring, bioenergetics, eco-audit, ecotourism, hybrid vehicle, recycling, sustainable development, etc., speak of human activities (concepts) that needed to be named (become terms) as the need arose. According to the second principle, concepts are clear-cut and can be given a place in a structured concept system in which each individual concept reveals its relationships to other concepts, whereas in reality, as Temmerman (2000: 6–8) explains, many concepts are ambiguous and clear-cut boundaries practically inexistent. Traditional terminology requires a clear definition of the concept placed into the concept system, before the concept can actually become a term, which brings us to the third principle of terminolo­ gical definitions. As stated by Temmerman (2000: 9–10) definitions proposed by tradi­ tional schools of terminology do not favor unnecessary explanations of ‘real’ definitions, which in no way point towards the position of a concept in the concept system, even though definitions are only meaningful if they provide enough information for the proper understanding of the term in question. The fourth principle Temmerman (2000: 10) establishes is that each concept must be assigned permanently to only one term (the univocity ideal), thus eliminating synonymy UDK 81'373.46=111=163.6:620.92 DOI: 10.4312/vestnik.10.241-254 Vestnik za tuje jezike 2018_FINAL.indd 241 21.12.2018 14:05:03 242 VESTNIK ZA TUJE JEZIKE/JOURNAL FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGES and polysemy. Especially in the case of rapidly evolving specialized domains with ex­ ceptionally dynamic terminologies (e.g., green energy), we are currently witnessing a complex linguistic phenomenon in which synonymy and polysemy are the norm rather than the exception; words tend to travel from here to there, from one domain into another, from general to specialized language, and vice versa. Sageder (2010: 125) furthermore believes that synonymy and polysemy are facts in a language and terms are often vague and ambiguous, particularly in specialized language. In the fifth and final principle, traditional terminology steps away from studying lan ­ guage development and evolution (the synchrony principle), and again puts to the forefront the concept system and permanence of the concept/term. Concepts, however, change and evolve with time, as do their designations (Temmerman 2000: 15–16). The critiques of the general theory of terminology therefore might lie in the fact that its practical goals are not always clear or, as Žagar Karer (2011: 16) states, are too random and imprecisely defined 1 . Nevertheless, the significance of terminology must not be ignored, especially due to the changes it has undergone recently, its advancement and continuing evolution. 1.1 /DE/TERMINOLOGIZATION Within the context of specialized language pertaining to the field of green energy, this paper will mainly focus on the second, fourth and fifth principles, with the purpose of showing how and why these concepts are not always applicable in practice. First of all the lan ­ guage of new and unstable domains is particularly vulnerable and open to variation. It often happens that terms reciprocally move from general language to specialized language, and also from one domain into another, which is described as the nomadization of expressions or /de/terminologization. Whenever lexemes move from general language into specialized language, this phenomenon is referred to as terminologization 2 , the process during which the lesser known is named with an expression that is typically already part of our collective conscience (Vidovič Muha 2000: 16). Determinologization is, on the other hand, the pro­ cess of semantically generalizing the term with its use in less specialized contexts or, rather, the movement of the terms from specialized into general language. In the case of /de/terminologization the terms keep their core meaning for the most part, which ultimately produces polysemy (Bertels 2014: 260). As numerous terms coexist in different domains, especially those that were formed from general, non-terminological meanings, monosemy cannot be transferred from one domain to another, and the fourth principle (the univocity principle) thus becomes inapplicable. As the general theory of terminology developed, numerous studies (Cabré 2003: 168) began accepting a certain 1 All translations from Slovene to English: Laura Mrhar. 2 Žele (2004: 77−89) also talks about wider terminologization, the process during which the same lexeme moves into several different specialized domains. It must be mentioned, however, that such expressions are mostly non-ter­ minological and thus cannot be perceived as true terms. Vestnik za tuje jezike 2018_FINAL.indd 242 21.12.2018 14:05:03 243 Laura Mrhar: /DE/TERMINOLOGIZATION IN ENGLISH AND SLOVENE GREEN ENERGY TERMINOLOGY degree of polysemy (synonyms in the form of variants), but all the while emphasized the importance of its avoidance in terminology intended to be standardized, labelling this phenomenon as ‘controlled synonymy’. Whereas there are scientific and technological fields where definiteness and determ ­ inacy are required and unavoidable (e.g., mathematics, physics, engineering) (Sageder 2010: 125), other fields, characterized by constant development and a massive influx of new ideas, advancements and concepts, remain fairly flexible. In such domains (e.g., green energy) concepts and terms are not always clear-cut but, rather often ambiguous and fuzzy, which can also be attributed to the nomadization or the /de/terminologization process. It is precisely this flexibility (of constant movement and evolution) that enables more functional communication, variation, and progress in understanding (Temmerman 2000: 8). The second principle (concepts are clear-cut) and the fifth principle (the syn­ chrony principle) therefore become irrelevant. 1.2 VERBS AS A LEXICAL CATEGORY OF TERMS In terminological research related to a particular specialized domain, the most perilous task remains in determining what constitutes a term, as it normally does not differ from a general language lexeme in neither shape nor form (Jemec Tomazin 2010: 155). Vintar (2008: 37) adds this is precisely why we cannot devise a formal criterion for the separa­ tion of terms from general language lexemes, as the only criterion for their differentiation is their specialized use. Even though the concepts in use within a particular specialized domain should be precisely defined and the relationships between them unambiguous, examples of specialized use prove the opposite; existing concepts change and new con­ cepts are constantly formed. Due to their organizational role in verbal clauses, verbs in general are a rather un­ typical lexical category for terms (Žele 2004: 78), which is often overlooked, despite the fact that it is a part of a structured system in which terms can be connected to other terms in the same specialized domain or to terms in other domains. Even though verbs are often not perceived as potential verbalizations for concepts (Vintar 2008: 41), they are used in all specialized domains, much like nouns or nouns phrases, the most common lexical category for terms. Žagar Karer (2011: 33) estimates that verbal terms in Slovene are much more common in the specialized domains of electrotechnics, military and sports terminologies than other domains. The most effective criterion for determining whether a given verb is used terminologically (i.e., with a specialized meaning related to a particular specialized domain that differs from the meaning used in general language) is its actual use in authentic texts. With regard to actual use, Žele (2004: 79) distinguishes between primary and secondary verbal terms. Primary verbal terms are classified as semantically specialized, whereas secondary verbal terms are classified as semantically primitive and base verbs or, rather, verbs with a generalized meaning. The semantically specialized Vestnik za tuje jezike 2018_FINAL.indd 243 21.12.2018 14:05:03 244 VESTNIK ZA TUJE JEZIKE/JOURNAL FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGES verbs can undergo the process of determinologization as their use spreads from one to multiple specialized domains as well as general language, whereas the semantically prim­ itive and base verbs can undergo the process of terminologization as their use spreads from general language to a given specialized domain. 2 DEGREES OF /DE/TERMINOLOGIZATION IN GREEN ENERGY TERMINOLOGY The abovementioned studies inspired the semantic and corpus analysis of verbs as they occur in the English-Slovene Dictionary of Green Energy Terms 3 (Mrhar 2015). GREET includes 300 headwords, only 16 of which are verbs, which will be analyzed from the point of view of /non/terminological use in the dictionary, the Dictionary of Standard Slovene 4 , and the monolingual corpus Gigafida. GREET was compiled as a bilingual translational dictionary, which functions, to a limited extent, as an explanatory dictionary. The technical terms are given brief, non-encyclopedic definitions, which are extracted from various specialized dictionaries or from SSKJ. Following the definition the acronym in parentheses shows the dictionary from which the definition was taken. In some cases the borrowed definitions have already been shortened, modified or made more specific (particularly when the definition in GREET was taken from SSKJ), but could, in the future, also be omitted, as they are seen as additional and not obligatory pieces of information. The verbs will be analyzed according to their meaning, as provided by GREET and SSKJ, and examples of actual use, as provided by Gigafida. Two hundred concordances from Gigafida will serve as a sample for the detailed analysis and quantification of each individual verb. Based on the acquired data the verbs will be classified as semantically specialized and semantically unspecialized, upon which it will be determined to what extent the language of this particular domain overlaps with general language as well as the language of other domains, and in which cases /de/terminologization has occurred. 3 THE ANALYSIS OF VERBAL TERMS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF /DE/TERMINOLOGIZATION (1) aerate – prezračevati Definition in GREET: to force a larger quantity of air to have an effect on something (SSKJ) Definition in SSKJ: (1) to force, cause the air in a particular area to change, (2) to 3 Henceforth abbreviated as GREET. 4 The online version of the Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika (The Dictionary of Standard Slovene), accessible at: http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/sskj.html. Henceforth abbreviated as SSKJ. Vestnik za tuje jezike 2018_FINAL.indd 244 21.12.2018 14:05:03 245 Laura Mrhar: /DE/TERMINOLOGIZATION IN ENGLISH AND SLOVENE GREEN ENERGY TERMINOLOGY force a larger quantity of air to have an effect on something In Gigafida the verbal term prezračevati ‘to aerate’ occurs especially in the com­ binations prezračevati prostor/stavbo/sobo/hišo/stanovanje ‘to aerate an area/ building/room/house/apartment’. There are significantly fewer examples of the type prezračevati tla/zemljo ‘to aerate land/soil’ and prezračevati gnojevko ‘to aerate manure’, which are more specialized and consequently of greater importance for specialized dictionaries such as GREET. In most examples the verbal term carries the meaning to force, cause the air in a particular area to change (1). When it occurs in specialized texts, related to the fields of chemistry, geography or green energy, it carries the meaning to force a larger quantity of air to have an effect on something (2) (e.g., Through its stool the reed aerates the muddy soil and changes the quality of water. / After a while the sludge will be pumped into the dispensable sludge pool, where it will be aerated and aerobically stabilized.). Such examples show that the verb, often used in general language, takes on a specialized meaning in specialized domains such as chemistry, geography and green energy. Terminologization thus occurs. (2) damage – poškodovati Definition in GREET: to cause damage (SSKJ) Definition in SSKJ: (1) to cause damage, (2) to make something worse, useless In Gigafida the verbal term poškodovati ‘to damage’ most often has the first mean­ ing (1) and is typically found in texts related to medicine, for example poškodovati imunski sistem/možgansko tkivo/stegensko mišico ‘to damage one’s immune system/ cerebral tissue/femoral muscle’. It also occurs in examples of the type poškodovati z nožem ‘to damage with a knife’, poškodovati v prometni nesreči ‘to suffer damage in a car accident’, whereas there are significantly fewer instances of the verbal term being used in the specialized field of green energy, as in the following examples: poškodovati gozd/okolje/rastlinje/ekosistem ‘to damage the forest/environment/ vegetation/ecosystem’. In green energy terminology the verb is semantically spe­ cialized and relates only to the damage caused to the environment by man and his actions. In this case terminologization can be observed. (3) decompose – razkrojiti Definition in GREET: to make, cause a substance to change into simpler compounds or elements (SSKJ) Definition in SSKJ: (1) to make, cause a substance to change into its components, (2) chem. to make, cause a substance to change into simpler compounds or elements, (3) lit. to make something stop doing its core activity, (4) lit. to make something defunct In Gigafida the verbal term razkrojiti ‘to decompose’ most often arises in examples related to biology, chemistry and medicine, for example: razkrojiti v enostavne Vestnik za tuje jezike 2018_FINAL.indd 245 21.12.2018 14:05:03 246 VESTNIK ZA TUJE JEZIKE/JOURNAL FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGES sladkorje/sluz/organska hranila ‘to decompose/break down into simple sugars/ slime/organic nutrients’, razkrojiti odpadke/hrano/holesterol ‘to decompose waste/ food/cholesterol’. The examples clearly show that the verb is terminological. De­ terminologization occurs in texts related to law, politics and the economy, in the case of which the verb carries either the third (3) or the fourth (4) meaning, e.g., razkrojiti javni sektor/državo/stranko/družbene vrednote/javno moralo ‘to decom­ pose the public sector/country/party/social values/public moral’. The verb carrying the fourth meaning (4) frequently occurs in the domain of meteorology, where it also undergoes the process of determinologization, especially in examples of the type: razkrojiti meglo/oblak/ledeno skorjo ‘to decompose fog/a cloud/ice crust’. (4) distil – destilirati Definition in GREET: to change a liquid into vapor and this vapor into liquid (SSKJ) Definition in SSKJ: (1) to change a liquid into vapor and this vapor into liquid, (2) to obtain by distillation In most examples taken from Gigafida the verbal term carries either the first (1) or the second meaning (2), but the number of examples carrying the second meaning (2) is significantly larger, e.g., destilirati eterično olje/olje iz rastlin/vino/snov ‘to distil essential oils/oils from plants/wine/substances’, destilirati v kotlu ‘to distil in a boiler’. In green energy terminology the verbal term mostly carries the first meaning (1), in examples of the type destilirati nafto/bituminozno zmes ‘to distil oil/a bituminous substance’, which confirms that the verb is used terminologically and terminologization occurs. Interestingly the verbal term undergoes the process of determinologization especially when used figuratively or with a literary meaning, e.g., destilirati iz eseja/podobe ‘to distil from an essay/image’, destilirati duha časa zgodnjih osemdesetih let/pozicijo individualizma ‘to distil the attitude of the early eighties/position of individualism’. In this case the verb acquires a third meaning, i.e., ‘to extract, draw something out of something else’. (5) eco-audit – ekološko nadzorovati Definition in GREET: to determine and control the effects of something on the envir­ onment Definition in SSKJ: / The verbal term cannot be found in SSKJ or Gigafida, as its use is not sufficiently widespread in the Slovene area. Generally the verb is only used in the domain of green energy and environmental protection and has a specialized meaning, which is significantly narrower than the base meaning of the verb nadzorovati ‘to audit’ (to systematically examine, monitor the progress or development of something, espe­ cially a particular activity) (SSKJ), indicating that the process of terminologization occurs. It would be particularly interesting to furthermore inspect the use of the Vestnik za tuje jezike 2018_FINAL.indd 246 21.12.2018 14:05:03 247 Laura Mrhar: /DE/TERMINOLOGIZATION IN ENGLISH AND SLOVENE GREEN ENERGY TERMINOLOGY prefix eko- ‘eco-’ in the Slovene language, especially in cases such as ekorevidirati 5 (a variant of ekološko nadzorovati), to see whether the semantically specialized verbal term could be used without the prefix (i.e., revidirati) and whether the sur­ rounding text would convey its concrete meaning without it getting lost. (6) forecast – napovedati Definition in GREET: to predict, set the course of something in advance (SSKJ) Definition in SSKJ: (1) to make the arrival of someone, the occurrence of something known in advance, (2) to predict, set the course of something in advance, (3) with a verbal noun to express one’s own determination in completing the activity proposed by the noun, (4) expr. to tell, report The verb taken from general language is most often used with its first (1) and second (2) meanings, and does not undergo the process of terminologization when used in specialized domains, as it keeps its base meaning. (7) insulate – izolirati Definition in GREET: to protect, cover something with a material that prevents the passage of moisture, heat, sound, electricity (SSKJ) Definition in SSKJ: (1) to cause a person to not live with, be with others, isolate, (2) to prevent a person from being in contact with others, (3) to protect, cover something with a material that prevents the passage of moisture, heat, sound, electricity, (4) biol. to obtain a substance, item from a substance in pure form The first (1) and the second (2) meanings are most often used in general language, in examples of the type izolirati od zunanjega sveta/skupin ‘to isolate from the outside world/group’, izolirati pred skupnostjo ‘to isolate from the community’. The verb ‘to isolate’ is used in these two cases instead of ‘to insulate’, as different verbs occur here in English for the same verb in Slovene. In specialized domains of green energy, environment protection and the building industry, the third (3) meaning is normally used, in examples of the type izolirati s stiroporom ‘to insulate with styrofoam’, izolirati pred hrupom ‘to insulate from sound’, izolirati hišo/prostor/ stene ‘to insulate a house/space/walls’. The fourth (4) meaning is only used in the specialized domains of biology and chemistry, in examples of the type izolirati virus/bakterijo/DNK/molekulo ‘to isolate a virus/bacterium/DNA/molecule’. In 5 According to Slovene orthography the prefix eko- ‘eco-’, abbreviated from the adjective ekološki ‘ecological’, must be written together with the word that follows. If the prefix and the following word were hyphenated (e.g., eko-revidirati), this would suggest that the prefix could also connect to another word or ending. It must be mentioned that the prefix eko- ‘eco-’ is a highly productive form of word-formation in Slovene (Gigafida shows a large number of examples of the type ekotelefon ‘eco-telephone’, ekoturizem ‘ecotourism’, ekosklad ‘eco-trust’, ekoprogram ‘eco­ -program’, ekoterorizem ‘ecoterrorism’, along with several examples in the case of which the prefix and the following word are written separately, e.g., eko organsko gnojilo ‘eco organic fertilizer’, eko šola ‘eco school’, eko projekt ‘eco project’, eko počitnice ‘eco holiday’, pointing to the fact that as of yet, the use of the prefix has not stabilized). A summary of a personal communication with Mateja Jemec Tomazin, 28 June 2012. Vestnik za tuje jezike 2018_FINAL.indd 247 21.12.2018 14:05:03 248 VESTNIK ZA TUJE JEZIKE/JOURNAL FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGES specialized domains the process of terminologization occurs and the verbal term is used terminologically. (8) irrigate – namakati Definition in GREET: to supply water, especially to arable land (SSKJ) Definition in SSKJ: (1) to immerse something in liquid, usually with a particular purpose, (2) to supply water, especially to arable land, (3) to dip, (4) to take a dip The first (1) meaning of the verb is most often used, particularly in examples of the type namakati v kisu/vroči vodi ‘to immerse in vinegar/hot water’, namakati preko noči ‘to immerse something overnight’. In colloquial language the fourth (4) mean­ ing is also used quite regularly, and always with the free morpheme se: namakati se v morju/bazenu ‘to take a dip in the sea/pool’. Used to a significantly lesser extent are the third (3): namakati v omako/gorčico ‘to dip in a sauce/mustard’ and second (2) meanings: namakati polje/zemljo/puščavo ‘to irrigate a field/land/the desert’. In the specialized domain of green energy terminologization occurs and the semantically specialized verb is used terminologically (2). It must also be mentioned that three different verbs (i.e., ‘to dip’, ‘to immerse’ and ‘to irrigate’) are used in English for the same verb in Slovene; their meanings, however, differ according to the context in which they are used. (9) liquefy – utekočiniti Definition in GREET: to make a substance liquid Definition in SSKJ: (1) to make a substance in the gaseous state change into a liquid state, (2) to make a substance in the solid state change into a liquid state The verb, frequently used in general language, retains its unspecialized meaning when used in specialized domains. In the field of green energy both the first (1) and the second (2) meanings are used, in examples of the type utekočiniti plin/zrak/klor ‘to liquefy gas/air/chlorine’ and utekočiniti sladkor/maso/kristal ‘to liquefy sugar/ mass/crystal’. (10) mitigate – ublažiti Definition in GREET: to make something reach a lesser degree (SSKJ) Definition in SSKJ: (1) to make something less unpleasant, harmful, painful, severe, negative (2) to make something reach a lesser degree, (3) to make something light, mild In the field of green energy the verbal term is repeatedly used with the second (2) meaning, especially in examples of the type ublažiti posledice suše/iztekanja nafte ‘to mitigate the effects of drought/oil leakage’. As such the verbal term is used ter­ minologically and can be categorized as semantically specialized. Terminologiza­ tion occurs. In contrast the verbal term is normally used with the first (1) meaning in Vestnik za tuje jezike 2018_FINAL.indd 248 21.12.2018 14:05:03 249 Laura Mrhar: /DE/TERMINOLOGIZATION IN ENGLISH AND SLOVENE GREEN ENERGY TERMINOLOGY the field of medicine, specifically in examples of the type ublažiti simptome/kašelj/ vnetje/srbenje ‘to mitigate symptoms/cough/inflammation/itching’. (11) pollute – onesnaževati Definition in GREET: to make something unclean, contaminated, usually detrimental to health (SSKJ) Definition in SSKJ: (1) to make something unclean, contaminated, usually detri­ mental to health The verb is semantically specialized and occurs in the domain of green energy espe­ cially in examples of the type onesnaževati z dušikovimi oksidi/blatom/kemikalijami ‘to pollute with nitric oxides/sludge/chemicals’ and onesnaževati okolje/naravo/ pitno vodo/zrak/lokalna jezera ‘to pollute the environment/nature/drinking water/ air/regional lakes’. In all probability the verb first came into being as a term which then underwent the process of determinologization as its use spread to general lan­ guage and the language of other domains, e.g., politics, in which it nowadays arises in phrases of the type onesnaževati javno življenje ‘to pollute public life’. (12) power – poganjati Definition in GREET: to supply a machine or vehicle with energy Definition in SSKJ: (1) to make, cause something to move, (2) to make, cause some­ thing to move at high speed, (3) to make, cause an animal to move to a certain spot, (4) to make, cause something to perform a certain task, (5) to make, cause something to get somewhere, (6) to make, cause someone to get to a certain state; to push forward, (7) to chase off, drive away, (8) to put out shoots, (9) to cause something to be made from something else, (10) to begin growing The verb is often used in both general language and specialized domains, such as politics, e.g., nemško-francoska os poganja združeno Evropo ‘the French-German axis powers the united Europe’, slovenski trg poganja zaveza vlade ‘the Slovene market is powered by the government’, economy, e.g., poganjati gospodarsko rast/ inflacijo ‘to power economic growth/inflation’, and computer sciences, e.g., pogan- jati strežnik/procesor/program ‘to power a server/processor/program’, in which it retains an unspecialized meaning. When the verb taken from general language occurs in the specialized domain of green energy, it is usually in examples of the type x is powered by x (e.g., vlak poganja elektrika iz sončnih celic ‘the train is powered by solar cell electricity’, avtobus poganja elekromotor ‘the bus is powered by an electric motor’, letalo poganja sončna energija ‘the airplane is powered by solar energy’). The most often used meanings of the verb in the domain of green energy are the first (1), second (2) and fourth (4) meanings. The verb is semantically unspecialized and terminologization does not occur. Vestnik za tuje jezike 2018_FINAL.indd 249 21.12.2018 14:05:03 250 VESTNIK ZA TUJE JEZIKE/JOURNAL FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGES (13) reclaim – predelati Definition in GREET: to make a previously used thing reusable Definition in SSKJ: (1) to make a product, products out of something, (2) to make one thing from another, (3) to cause something to change its characteristics, form, usability, (4) to get a planned knowledge of a certain topic The verb taken from general language remains semantically unspecialized in the domain of green energy in which the first (1), second (2) and third (3) meanings are used, particularly in examples of the type predelati iz cinkove rude v svinec ‘to reclaim lead from zinc ore’ and predelati surovo nafto ‘to reclaim crude oil’. Even though the use of the verb is widespread, the primary meaning is retained in all examples. Terminologization does not occur. (14) recycle – reciklirati Definition in GREET: to reuse waste material in a production process (SNBSJ 6 ) Definition in SNBSJ: (1) to reuse waste material in a production process, (2) expr. to reuse, reanimate, reactualize In Gigafida the verbal term principally arises in examples of the type reciklirati odpadno embalažo/izdelke/odpadke/papir/materiale ‘to recycle packaging waste/ products/waste/paper/materials’. The verbal term is highly characteristic of the green energy domain and is semantically specialized, even though it has the same meaning (1) in both general and specialized language. This can mainly be attributed to the fact that it is a newly formed word which has as of yet not been introduced into the SSKJ despite its extensive use in all areas of life. As likely as not the verb underwent a slow process of determinologization, during which it spread from the specialized domain of green energy to other domains as well as general language, in which the second (2) meaning of the verb can also be used in examples of the type reciklirati stare uspešnice/zamisel/pohištvo ‘to recycle old chart-toppers/ideas/furniture’. (15) transmit – oddajati Definition in GREET: to be the source of something that passes into the surrounding area (SSKJ) Definition in SNBSJ: (1) to cause something to pass from one place to another, (2) to make someone not have something anymore, (3) to be the source of something that passes into the surrounding area, (4) to broadcast a program, news with radio or television devices In the domain of green energy the verbal term is semantically specialized and as such only occurs with its third (3) meaning, e.g., oddajati škodljive hlape/zvok/svetlobo/ 6 SNBSJ stands for the Slovar novejšega besedja slovenskega jezika ʻDictionary of New Slovene Wordsʼ (Bizjak Končar et al. 2012). Vestnik za tuje jezike 2018_FINAL.indd 250 21.12.2018 14:05:03 251 Laura Mrhar: /DE/TERMINOLOGIZATION IN ENGLISH AND SLOVENE GREEN ENERGY TERMINOLOGY ogljikov dioksid ‘to transmit noxious fumes/sound/light/carbon dioxide’. Termino­ logization occurs. (16) transplant – presaditi Definition in GREET: to dig out a plant and replant it somewhere else (SSKJ) Definition in SNBSJ: (1) to dig out a plant and replant it somewhere else, (2) to take tissue, an organ and implant it in another part of the body or another organism In the domain of green energy and other related domains (e.g., biology), the se­ mantically specialized verb undergoes the process of terminologization and is typ­ ically used with a preposition, e.g., na ‘onto’, iz ‘from’, v ‘into’ (presaditi na novo gredo ‘to transplant onto a new bed’, presaditi iz lončkov v gredice ‘to transplant from small pots onto beds’, presaditi v nov substrat ‘to transplant into a new sub­ strate’). The use of the verb is especially extensive in the medical domain, in which the verb undergoes the process of determinologization and is used with its second (2) meaning: presaditi ledvico/jetra/roko ‘to transplant a kidney/liver/arm’. In Gigafida the verb also occurs in examples of the type Verdijevo opero je presadil iz renes- ančne Italije v povojni New York. ‘He transplanted Verdi’s opera from renaissance Italy into post-war New York.’ / Poglavitna novost je motor, ki so ga presadili iz modela 916. ‘The great novelty is the engine, which was transplanted from the 916 model.’ / Nazivov ni bilo mogoče kar presaditi iz slovenščine v drug jezik. ‘The titles could not be transplanted from Slovene into another language.’ Such examples show the broader use of the verb and point towards determinologization. 4 CONCLUSION It can be deduced from the detailed analysis of verbal terms taken from GREET that the majority are semantically specialized and occur not only in the domain of green energy but also other related domains, e.g., biology, chemistry, environmental protection, geology, and geography, among others. Examples of specialized use show that in some cases the concepts are not precisely defined and the relationship between them often remains am ­ biguous and clear-cut boundaries hard to establish (Temmerman 2000: 6–8). Even though some verbal terms are used terminologically (e.g., destilirati ‘to distil’), they are often used in general language as well, which furthermore points toward the principal characteristic of verbal terms related to green energy terminology, i.e., their recurrent coinciding with verbs taken from general language. What distinguishes terms from lexemes is their spe­ cialized use in technical texts and communication, in this case related to the domains of green energy, environmental protection, etc. Some verbs taken from GREET are subjected to the process of determinologization as they migrate into other domains (e.g., reciklirati ‘to recycle’, razkrojiti ‘to decompose’ when used in political, economic and legal contexts, Vestnik za tuje jezike 2018_FINAL.indd 251 21.12.2018 14:05:03 252 VESTNIK ZA TUJE JEZIKE/JOURNAL FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGES destilirati ‘to distil’ when used in a literary sense, utekočiniti ‘to liquefy’ when used in col­ loquial language, especially in examples of the type utekočiniti denar ‘to liquefy money’, i.e., to drink away the money left from something, onesnaževati ‘to pollute’ when used in political or economic contexts). As the use of a particular verb is increased it becomes less specific. Monosemy, the essential quality of terms in general, indicating that a single term is attributed a single meaning, is weakened with verbal terms of the type predelati ‘to reclaim’, which are used to the point of acquiring several different meanings in the same domain (e.g., (1) to make a product, products out of something, (2) to make one thing from another, (3) to cause something to change its characteristics, form, usability). A significantly smaller amount of verbs taken from GREET remains semantically unspecialized or, rather, retains the meaning normally used in general language (e.g., napovedati ‘to forecast’, poganjati ‘to power’). Such verbs are often used in several dif­ ferent domains, whereas the number of verbs used in no more than one domain is even smaller (e.g., ekološko nadzorovati ‘to eco-audit’). In Slovene green energy terminology such terms are more often than not relatively recent, and thus frequently set apart with variants (e.g., ekološko nadzorovati in contrast to ekorevidirati ‘to eco-audit’) or different transcriptions (e.g., ekorevidirati / eko-revidirati / eko revidirati ‘to eco-audit’). Even though synonyms or variants are both undesirable and non-functional, they are highly characteristic of fairly new domains such as that of green energy, in which the use of terminology is not as regulated or as unified as it should be. Monosemy and the perman­ ence of the concept/term thus cannot be ensured, as both concepts and terms change and evolve with time. According to this and the socio-cognitive approach to terminology, many principles of the traditional theory of terminology (namely the second, fourth and fifth principles) cannot always be applied in practice (Temmerman 2000: 6–16). In in­ terdisciplinary fields, distinguished by both terminologization and determinologization, which encourage broader terminological use, constant and rapid changes will continue to happen, and it will become more and more important to monitor these changes (in spe­ cialized bilingual dictionaries) to keep the specialized language alive and fully functional. LITERATURE: BERTELS, Ann (2014) The Dynamics of Terms and Meaning in the Domain of Ma­ chining and Metalworking Terminology in French and English. Rita Temmerman and Marc Van Campenhoudt (eds.), Dynamics and Terminology. Amsterdam, Phil­ adelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 259−280. CABRÉ, Maria Teresa (2003) Theories of Terminology: Their Description, Prescription and Explanation. Marie-Claude L’Homme, Ulrich Heid and Juan C. Sager (eds.), Terminology 9:2. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 163−199. Vestnik za tuje jezike 2018_FINAL.indd 252 21.12.2018 14:05:03 253 Laura Mrhar: /DE/TERMINOLOGIZATION IN ENGLISH AND SLOVENE GREEN ENERGY TERMINOLOGY JEMEC TOMAZIN, Mateja (2010) Slovenska pravna terminologija. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU. MRHAR, Laura (2015) Bilingual Specialized Dictionary Compilation from a Transla- tional Point of View. (Unpublished doctoral thesis) Ljubljana: Filozofska fakulteta. SAGEDER, Dagmar (2010) Terminology Today: a Science, an Art or a Practice? Some Aspects on Terminology and Its Development. 6 October 2018. https:// digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/105092/1_BrnoStudiesEng­ lish_36-2010-1_9.pdf. 123−134. TEMMERMAN, Rita (2000) Towards New Ways of Terminology Description: The Sociocognitive Approach. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. VIDOVIČ MUHA, Ada (2000) Slovensko leksikalno pomenoslovje: Govorica slovarja. Ljubljana: Znanstveni inštitut Filozofske fakultete (Razprave Filozofske fakultete). VINTAR, Špela (2008) Terminologija: Terminološka veda in računalniško podprta terminologija. Ljubljana: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete, Oddelek za pre­ vajalstvo. ŽAGAR KARER, Mojca (2011) Terminologija med slovarjem in besedilom. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU. ŽELE, Andreja (2004) Stopnje terminologizacije v leksiki na primerih glagolov. Marjeta Humar (ed.), Terminologija v času globalizacije. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU, 77−91. POVZETEK /De/terminologizacija v angleški in slovenski zelenoenergetski terminologiji Prispevek obravnava dinamiko glagolskih terminov s področja zelenoenergetske terminologije, s poudarkom na glagolskem pomenju ter smernicami /de/terminologizacije tako splošnopomenskih kot pomensko specializiranih glagolov. Primeri rabe v konkretnih besedilih, analizirani s pomo­ čjo Angleško-slovenskega slovarja zelenoenergetskih terminov (GREET) (Mrhar 2015), Slovarja slovenskega knjižnega jezika (SSKJ) in enojezičnega korpusa Gigafida, kažejo poti in stopnje /de/ terminologizacije, izsledki pa prikazujejo ali večina glagolov s področja zelene energije izvira iz splošnega jezika ali v zelenoenergetsko terminologijo prehaja iz drugih strok. Prikazani so tudi primeri specializiranih glagolov, ki v zelenoenergetski stroki uvajajo popolnoma nove pomene, in se nato iz te interdisciplinarne stroke širijo drugam. Ključne besede: terminologija, zelenoenergetska terminologija, splošni jezik, specializirani jezik, /de/terminologizacija, glagoli, korpusna analiza Vestnik za tuje jezike 2018_FINAL.indd 253 21.12.2018 14:05:03 254 VESTNIK ZA TUJE JEZIKE/JOURNAL FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGES ABSTRACT This paper discusses the dynamics of verbal terms in the specialized domain of green energy terminology, with a special emphasis on verbal meanings and the directions of /de/terminolo­ gization of both general and semantically specialized verbs. Examples of use in authentic texts, analyzed with the help of the English-Slovene Dictionary of Green Energy Terms (GREET) (Mrhar 2015), the Dictionary of Standard Slovene (SSKJ), and the monolingual corpus Gigafida, show the degrees of /de/terminologization, and the research findings reveal how many verbs used in this domain are taken from general language and how many migrate into green energy terminology from other specialized domains. Typical cases of semantically specialized verbs that introduce new meanings in the interdisciplinary domain of green energy and then move to other domains are presented as well. Key words: terminology, green energy terminology, general language, specialized language, /de/ terminologization, verbs, corpus analysis Vestnik za tuje jezike 2018_FINAL.indd 254 21.12.2018 14:05:03