N. Belova: CMCTEMA 0BPA30BAHMA B POCCMM 249
Natalia Belova
Filozofska fakulteta
Univerze v Ljubljani in Moskovska državna univerza natalia.belovs@gmail.com
UDK: 37.0(470)
CMCTEMA 0EPA30BAHMA B POCCMM
B pocchhckoh cucTeMe 06pa30BaHua 3a nocnegHee BpeMa nporoomnu cepbe3Hbie H3MeHe-Hua. ^T0 CBH3aH0 c TeM, hto coBeTcKaa cucTeMa 06pa30BaHua cy^ecTBeHHO omrnaracb ot 3anagHoeBponeHcKoH, ho b nocnegHue rogbi, 0C06eHH0 nocne npucoegHHeHua Pocchh k BonoHCKDMy npo^ccy b 2003 rogy, b c^epe 06pa30BaHua b Pocchh MHoroe H3MeHunocb. npoucxoga^ue H3MeHeHua o^HHBaroT n0-pa3H0My: c ogHoH cropoHbi, yHH^HKauua cuc-TeM 06pa30BaHua Pocchh h eBponeHcKux cTpaH OTKpbiBaeT 6onbmue bo3mo®hocth gna yna^uxca, c gpyroH - pa3o6paxbca b npoucxoga^Hx H3MeHeHuax 3anaciyro 6biBaeT oneHb HenpocTO. CerogHa pocchhckhm pogurenaM g0B0nbH0 cn0®H0 noHaTb h cgenarb Bbi6op, Kyga OTgaTb ynuTbca cBoero pe6eHKa: b mK0ny hhh b ruMHa3uro, b npo^eccuoHanbHoe yHunu^e hhh b Konneg®, b yHHBepcuTeT unu b aKageMuro. B HameH cTarbe Mbi nocTapa-eMca pa3o6parbca b tom, neM pa3nrnHbie yne6Hbie 3aBegeHua Poccu OTnmaKrrca gpyr ot gpyra, KaKOBbi 0cH0BHbie ^Ta^bi nonyneHua 06pa30BaHua b ^ToH cipaHe.
B o6^hx nepTax ypoBHH 06pa30BaHua b Pocchh mo^ho npegcTaBHTb b Buge cne-gyro^eH cxeMbi:
flomKonbHoe 06pa30BaHue
HananbHoe o6^ee 06pa30BaHue
0cH0BH0e o6^ee 06pa30BaHue
CpegHee(nomoe)o6^ee 06pa30BaHue
npo^eccuoHanbHoe 06pa30BaHue
CpegHee npo^eccHOHanbHoe o6pa30BaHue
v	v
Bbicmee npo^eccuoHanbHoe 06pa30BaHue
06pa30BaHue
n0gr0T0BKa cneuj
250 VESTNIK ZA TUJE JEZIKE
flomKonbHoe 06pa30BaHHe He aBaaeTca o6a3arenbHbiM. KaK npaBnno, Bocnma-TenbHbie ynpe^geHna gna caMbix ManeHbKux geTeñ (b B03pacre go 3 neT) Ha3MBaroT ncnu. flera nocTapme (b B03pacTe ot 3 go 7 neT) xogaT b demcKuü cad. B acnax u b ge-tckom cagy geTbMH 3aHuMaroTca Bocnmarenu. fleTCKHe cagM aBnaroTca nnaTHMMu; KaK u 6onbmuHCTBO nponnx yne6Hbix 3aBegeHuñ Pocchh, ohh MoryT 6wTb rocygapcTBeH-HbiMu nnu nacTHWMu. YpoBeHb nacTHbix geTCKux cagoB o6mhho 3HaHHrenbH0 Bbime, neM rocygapcTBeHHbix, ho u nnara 3gecb HaMHoro 6onbme.
OcHOBHaa 3agana geTCKoro caga - nogroTOBUTb pe6eHKa k HananbHOM mKone, to ecTb k nonyneHuro HananbHoro 06pa30BaHna. npogon^HrenbHocTb o6yneHna b nauanb-hoü MKone paHbme 3aBucena ot ypoBHa nogroTOBKH pe6eHKa k MOMeHTy nociynneHua b mKony u cocTaBnana 4 nnu 3 roga. B nocnegHeM cnynae pe6eH0K npocTO «nepenpbi-ruBan» nepe3 HeTBepTbiñ Knacc u nocne TpeTbero Knacca nepexognn cpa3y b naTbiñ. B Hacroa^ee BpeMa Tpexneraee o6yneHue b HananbHOM mKone 0TMeHeH0: Bce BHOBb nocTynaro^ue b HananbHyro mKony geTu gon^Hbi b Heñ npoynuTbca 4 roga.
nepBoe cema6pa b Poccuu - fleHb 3HaHuñ. B ^T0T geHb HanuHaroTca 3aHaTna noHTu bo Bcex 06pa30BarenbHbix ynpe^geHnax. B mKony nepBoro ceHTa6pa geTu npuxogaT c upeTaMu u gapaT ux ynuTenro. ^T0T geHb gna nepBOKnaccHHKa - HacToa^uñ npa3gHHK, KOTopbñ oh u ero pogmenu 3an0MHaT Ha Bcro ®u3Hb. B HananbHOM mKone geTu noce-^aroT 3aHHTua no cnegyro^uM npegMeTaM: nnTeparypHoe HTeHue, uHocipaHHbiM a3MK (He o6a3areneH), MareMaTuKa, u3o6pa3HrenbHoe ucKyccTBO, OKpy^aro^uñ Mup (npupo-goBegeHue), My3MKa, TexHonorua (Tpyg) u $u3rnecKaa KynbTypa (pa3^. $u3Kynbiypa). 3aHHTua no 6onbmuHcTBy npegMeTOB Ha npoTa^eHuu Bcex neTbipex neT npoBogm oguH yHHTenb - KnaccHbiñ pyKOBogmenb.
no OKOHHaHuu HananbHoñ mKonbi yneHHK nepexognT b ocnoenyw MKony (5-9 Knac-cm), rge nonynaeT 0cH0BH0e o6^ee 06pa30BaHue, to ecTb 6a30Bbie 3HaHua no rnaB-HbiM HanpaBneHuaM HayK. Cpegu npegMeTOB ochobhoh mKonM mo^ho Ha3BaTb pyccKHñ h3mk, nHrepaiypy, reorpa^uro, npupogoBegeHue, $u3uKy, xumhto, 6uonoraro, uhoct-paHHbñ h3mk, MareMaruKy (anre6py u reoMeTpuro), uH^opMaruKy u uH^opMauuoHHbie TexHonoruu, ucTopuro, 06^ecTB03HaHne, ucKyccTBO (u3o6pa3uTenbHoe ucKyccTBO u My3MKanbH0e ucKyccTBO), MnpoByro xygo^ecTBeHHyro KynbTypy (MXK), ochobm 6e-30nacH0cTu ®u3HegeaTenbH0cra (OB^), nepneHue, TexHonornro (Tpyg), ^rornecKyro KynbTyp u gp. B poccuñcKnx mKonax, b OTnrnue ot cnoBeHcKux, nnTeparypa aBnaeT-ca caMocToaTenbHMM npegMeTOM. Ha ypoKax nuTeparypbi geTu o6ynaroTca 0cH0BaM aHanu3a TeKcTa nuTeparypHoro npou3BegeHna, 3HaK0MaTca c 6uorpa$HaMu u3BecTHbix nncareneM, ynarca nucaTb conuHeHue. Ecnu Ha ypoKax Tpyga b HananbHOM mKone yne-hhkh Bce BMecTe HT0-Hu6ygb MacTepunu, Bbipe3anu, genanu annnuKanuu u T.n., to b ochobhoh mKone ypoKu Tpyga geBOHKH u ManbnuKH noce^aroT pa3genbH0. fleBOHKH, KaK npaBHno, ynarca r0T0BHTb u mHTb, ManbnuKH b 3aBucuM0cTu ot mKonb u3ynaroT ochobm cTonapHoro gena, pe3KH no MeTanny unu pa6oTM Ha cTaHKax. B paMKax TaKoro npegMeTa, KaK 06^ecTB03HaHue, yneHHKu u3ynaroT ochobm o6^ecTBeHH^ix HayK, BBe-geHue b npaBO, ochobm ncuxonoruu u T.n.
B ochobhoh mKone, b OTnnHue ot HananbHOM, 3aHaTHa no Ka^goMy npegMeTy BegeT yHHrenb-cneuuanucT no gaHHOñ gucnunnuHe, 3a kotopmm 3aKpenneH co6cTBeHHMñ Ka-6uHeT, u Knacc b TeneHue yne6Horo gHa nepexognT u3 Ka6uHeTa b Ka6uHeT. KpoMe Toro, 3a KnaccoM 3aKpennaeTca KnaccHMñ pyKOBognTenb — oguH u3 ynuTeneñ mKonM (He 06a3arenbH0 Begy^uñ b ^T0M Knacce KaKue-nu6o ypoKH, a b HeK0T0pMx mKonax oc-
N. Belova: CMCTEMA 0BPA30BAHMA B POCCMM 251
BoSo^geHHMH ot yne6HOH pa6oTb Boo6^e), KoTopbH o^unnanbHo oTBenaeT 3a Knacc, pemaeT agMuHucipaTuBHbie u opraHroannoHHbie Bonpocb, cBH3aHHbie c o6yneHueM Knacca b nenoM u ero yneHHKOB.
PaHbme b ochobhoh mKone yne6HbiH rog genHnca Ha neTBepra, Tenepb b 6onb-muHCTBe mKon oh nogpa3genaeTca Ha TpuMecTpb. Ka^gbiH ypoK gnHrca oguH aKage-MHnecKHH nac (45 MuHyT). 3HaHua yneHuKoB oneHuBaroToa, KaK npaBHno, no n»Tu6an-nbHon cucTeMe. Ecnu goMa 3a peSeHKoM HeKoMy npucMaipuBaTb, oh Mo^eT go Benepa ocTaBaTbca b mKone b rpynne npogneHHoro gHH (rn^; pa3^. npogneHKa). B rpynne npogneHHoro gHH geTu o6egaroT, rynaroT, BbinonHaroT goMamHue 3agaHua.
B KoHne 9 Knacca npoBogmca rocygapcTBeHHaa moroBaa arrecTanuH (rHA), b paMKax kotopoh BwnycKHHKH ochobhoh mKonb gon^Hbi cgaTb neTbipe ^K3aMeHa: nucb-MeHHwe ^K3aMeHb no pyccKoMy H3biKy h anreSpe, a TaK^e gBa ^K3aMeHa no Bb6opy BbinycKHHKa u3 nucna npegMeToB, H3ynaBmnxcH b 9 Knacce. BbinycKHuKaM, ycnemHo cgaBmuM ^K3aMeHbI, BbigaeTca goKyMeHT rocygapcTBeHHoro o6pa3na - ammecmam 06 ochobhom o6^eM o6pa3oeanuu, b kotopom BbCTaBnaroTCH HroroBbie oTMeTKH no npeg-MeTaM, H3ynaBmHMCH b ochobhoh mKone.
PaHbme b Poccuu TonbKo geBaraneTHee o6pa3oBaHue cnHranocb o6a3aTenbHbiM: nocne 9 Knacca mo^ho 6bno ynTu u3 mKonb h ycTponTbca Ha pa6oTy. Tenepb ®e yne-hhk o6^3aH npogon^HTb o6pa3oBaHue b cTapmux Knaccax mKonb unu b cpednux cne-^crnbHbix yne6nbix 3aeedenuHX (ccy3).
06^hm TepMHH ccy3 o6"beguHaeT yne6Hbie 3aBegeHua, rge mo^ho nonynuTb Ha-nanbHoe npo^eccuoHanbHoe o6pa3oBaHue (HnO) u cpegHee npo^eccuoHanbHoe o6-
pa3oBaHue (CnO). B coBeTcKoe BpeMH HananbHoe npo^eccuoHanbHoe o6pa3oBaHue
mo^ho 6bno nonyHHTb b nTY (npo$eccuoHanbHo-TexHrnecKoe ynnnu^e); cerogHH 6onbmuHcTBo nTY nepeuMeHoBaHb b np0$eccu0uanbH0-mexumecKue nu^u u Konned-wui. Hx BbnycKHHKH, KaK npaBuno, cTaHoBHTca pa6onuMu u cny®a^uMu: HanpuMep, BognrenflMH, cnecap^Mu, aBToMexaHUKaMu u T.n. CpoK nonyneHHH HnO cocTaBnaeT ot ogHoro go Tpex neT.
CpegHee npo^eccuoHanbHoe o6pa3oBaHue mo^ho nonynuTb b mexHUKyMax unu Konned^ax. CpoK o6yneHua b TaKux yne6Hbix 3aBegeHuax cocTaBnaeT ot gByx go ne-Tbipex neT. Oznmue Konneg^en ot TexHUKyMoB coctout b tom, hto ohu npegnararoT TaK^e o6yneHue no nporpaMMaM yrny6neHHoH nogroioBKH. TexHUKyMb u Konneg^u BbinycKaroT cnennanucTOB-npaKTuKoB, pa6oTHuKoB cpegHero 3BeHa, o6nagaro^ux 6o-nee BbicoKon KBanu^uKanuen, neM pa6oTHuKu c HananbHbiM npo^eccuoHanbHbiM o6pa-3oBaHueM. BbnycKHuKH ynpe®geHuM CnO MoryT npogon^uTb o6pa3oBaHue b ebicrneM yne6H0M 3aeedeHuu (ey3e).
EonbmuHcTBo yneHuKoB nocne 9 Knacca npegnonmaroT npogon^aTb o6pa3oBa-Hue He b ccy3e, a b cmapwux Knaccax cpedrnu MKonbi (10-11 Knaccb), b kotopoh ohu nonynaroT cpegHee (nonHoe) o6^ee o6pa3oBaHue. noMuMo o6^ihhom mKonb mo^ho TaK^e ynuTbca b ruMHa3uu unu b nunee, npegocTaBnaro^nx 6onee BbcoKHM ypoBeHb o6pa3oBaHua. TuMHa3uu opueHTnpoBaH^i Ha mupoKoe o6pa3oBaHue, pa3BuTue nn^Hoc-tu yna^uxca u ucnonb3oBaHue nporpaMM noBbmeHHon cno^Hocra. KaK npaBuno, ^TO ynpe®geHua c yrny6neHHbM u3yneHueM ryMaHHTapH^ix HayK, $yHKuuoHupyro^ue b cocTaBe 5-11 KnaccoB. B oTnrnue ot ruMHa3uu, cnennanu3anueH nu^H o6^ihho HBna-mtch ^u3uKo-MaTeMaTunecKHe HayKH. 3gecb, KaK npaBnno, o6ynaroTca TonbKo cTapmeK-naccHuKu, ogHaKo uHorga Ha6op ocy^ecTBnaeTca y®e b 8-9 Knaccb. 3anacTyro nunen
252 VESTNIK ZA TUJE JEZIKE
3aKnK«aeT goroBop c onpegeneHHbM By30M o coBMecraoS nogroTOBKe a6mypueHTOB, b ^TOM cnynae b nu^e MoryT BecTu ypoKH npenogaBarenu By3a, ohh ®e ynacTByroT b pa3pa6oTKe yne6Hbix nporpaMM.
nonynarb 06pa30BaHue b pocchhckoh mKone TaK®e mo®ho b ^opMe ^KcmepHama. B ^TOM cnynae yHa^nfica caMOcroaTenbHO u3ynaeT mKonbHyro nporpaMMy, noaBnaacb b yne6HOM 3aBegeHnn T0nbK0 gna npoxo®geHna npoMe®yTOHHoS u utotoboh arrecTa-uuu. TaKoS Bng nonyneHna 06pa30BaHna no3BonaeT c^K0H0MK^b g0B0nbH0 MHoro Bpe-MeHH u cKOH^HTpnpoBarbca, HanpnMep, Ha nogroTOBKe k nocTynneHnro b By3.
PaHbme b HKHe, b koh^ o6yneHna b mKone, rHMHa3HH hah nu^e, yneHuKH cga-Banu BbinycKHbie ^K3aMeHbi. 3aTeM ^enaro^ue nocTynnTb b By3b gon®Hb 6bnu cga-BaTb b Hrone-aBrycTe BciynuTenbHbie ^K3aMeHbi b cooTBeTCTByro^ue yne6Hbie 3aBe-geHHH. TaKHM o6pa3OM, nonra Bce neTO 0Ka3bBan0cb 3aHaTO cganeS BbinycKHbix unu BCTynHTenbH^ix ^K3aMeH0B. ^To6bi o6nernuTb npo^cc nocTynneHna b By3b, c 2008 roga bo Bcex mKonax 6bn BBegeH edunbiu ^ocy^apcmeeHHWu ^K3aMeH (Ett). ^T0T ^K3aMeH aBnaeTca ogHOBpeMeHHO BbnycKHbM ^K3aMeH0M b mKone u BciynHTenbHbiM ^K3aMeH0M b By3b. flna Bcex BbnycKHHKOB o6a3arenbHbiMu aBnaroTca 2 ^K3aMeHa b $opMe E^: pyccKHH a3bK u MareMaruKa. Ecnu yna^HHca HaMepeH npogon®uTb 06-pa3OBaHue b By3e unu ccy3e, to, noMHMO o6a3aTenbHbx, oh gon®eH cgaTb npegMeTb no Bb6opy u3 nucna cnegyro^nx: $u3uKa, xhmhh, uH^opMaruKa u uH$0pMauu0HH0-K0MMyHHKauu0HH^ie TexHonoran (uH^opMaraKa u HKT), 6uonorna, reorpa^na, uc-Topna, 06^ecTB03HaHue, nuTepaTypa, aHrnuncKHH a3bK, HeMeuKuS a3bK, $paH^3-ckhh a3bK, ucnaHcKHH a3bK. To, KaKue npegMeTb Bb6epeT BbnycKHuK b KanecTBe gononHuTenbHbix, onpegenaeTca nepenHeM BcTynnTenbHbix ucnbTaHuS no Ka®goS cneuuanbHocTu, KOTopbiS o6taBnaeT By3. HanpuMep, HTo6b nocTynnTb Ha c^e^u-anbHocTb «®Knonoraa» ^uronormecKoro $aKynbreTa Mry uMeHu M.B. .homohoco-Ba, Heo6xoguMO npegcTaBuTb pe3ynbTaTb E^ no cnegyro^HM npegMeTaM: pyccKnfi a3bK, nKreparypa u HHocTpaHHbiS a3bK. HeK0T0pbe By3b coxpaHunu 3a co6oS npaBO npoBegeHna gononHuTenbHoro BcTynnTenbHoro ucnbrraHna. TaK, gna nocTynneHna Ha cneuuanbHocTb «Ounonoraa» ^KnonorrnecKoro $aKynbreTa Mry Hy®HO He T0nbK0 npo&ru KOHKypc no pe3ynbTaTaM E^, ho u cnpaBHTbca c gononHuTenbHbM nucbMeH-hmm ucnbTaHueM no nuTepaType.
KaK npaBnno, ycTaHaBnnBaeTca egrnoe pacnucaHue npoBegeHna E^ no BceS cTpaHe: ognH u tot ®e npegMeT cgaroT bo Bcex poccuScKHx mKonax b oguH u tot ®e geHb. Pe3ynbTaTb E^ o^HuBaroTca no 100-6annbHoS mKane u npocTaBnaroTca b cbu-geTenbcTBO o E^, KOTopoe geScTByeT go 31 geKa6pa roga, cnegyro^ero 3a rogoM bm-nycKa.
OTnnHHHKH yne6b, nonynnBmue naTepKu no BceM mKonbH^iM npegMeTaM, Harpa®-garoTca 3onoTon Meganbro. BbnycKHuKH c ogHon nnu gByMa neTBepKaMu b airecTare nonynaroT cepe6paHyro Meganb. PaHbme MeganucTb nonynanu nbroTb npu nocTynne-huu b By3b, 0gHaK0 c BBegeHueM E^^ Bce nbroTb 6^inu OTMeHeHb.
C OKOH^aHueM mKonb cBa3aH^i gBa Ba®H^ix Top®ecTBa: nocnegHnn 3bohok u bm-nycKHOH Benep. nocnedHuu 3bohok npoBoguTca b K0H^e Maa nepeg cganen BbnycKH^ix ^K3aMeH0B. Top®ecTBeHHaa nacTb, KaK npaBnno, BKnronaeT BbcTynneHue gnpeKTopa, KnaccHoro pyK0B0gnTena, nepBOH ynuTenbHuu^i, pogmeneS, no3gpaBneHna nepBOKnac-chhkob. 3anacTyro oguHHag^raknacchhkh noKa3bBaroT He6onbmoe npegcTaBneHue, nocBa^eHHoe yHKrenaM u poguTenaM. B K0H^e Benepa nepBOKnaccHnna unu nepBO-
N. Belova: CMCTEMA 0BPA30BAHMA B POCCMM 253
K.accHuK, cuga Ha nnene y BbinycKHuKa, 3bohut b KonoKonrnuK: ^T0 u ecTb nocnegHun
3BOHOK, cuMBonroupyro^un OKOH^aHue mKonbHbix 3aHHTun gna BwnycKHuKOB.
BiopoM mKO.bH^iH npa3gHuK - eunycKHoü eeuep - npoxoguT nocne ^K3aMeH0B b koh^ utohh, b geHb BpyneHua ammecmamoe o cpedHeM o6pa3oeaHuu. 05whho Bwnyc-KHwe conpoBO^garoTca TaH^Mu u BecenbeM go yTpa. AKTuBHoe ynacrae b npa3gHOBa-huu TaK^e 3anacTyro npuHuMaroT ynuTena u poguTenu BwnycKHuKOB.
Okohhub cpegHroro mKony, 5o.bmuHCTBO BHepamHux mKO.bHuKOB CTaHOBHTca aôumypueHmaMU, to ecTb KaHgugaTaMu Ha nocTynneHue b cpegHee cneuuanbHoe unu Bwcmee yne5Hoe 3aBegeHue. nocTynuTb b By3 mo^ho He TonbKO no pe3y.bTaTaM E^: BecHOH HeKOTopwe By3w npoBogaT npedMemHbie oMUMnuadu, no5eguTenu KOTopwx 5e3 ^K3aMeH0B 3aHucnaroTcH b cooTBeTCTByro^un By3. TaK, onuMnuaga, npoBoguMaa 5o.b-muHcTBOM ^aKy.bTeTOB Mry uMeHu M.B. .OMOHocoBa c 2005 r., Ha3WBaeTca «.omo-hocob». Ee npu3ëpaM npegocTaBnaroTca nbroTw npu nocTynneHuu Ha cooTBeTcTByro-^ue ^aKynbTeTw.
Cy^ecTByeT HecKO.bKO BugoB By3OB. HHcmumymu 3aHuMaroTca nogroTOBKOM cne-uuanucTOB gna pa5oTw b onpegenëHHon o5nacTu npo^eccuoHanbHoñ geaTenbHocTu (HanpuMep, Mockobckuh aBua^uoHHWH uhctutyt - MAH). ÄKadeMUu totobht mupo-kuh Kpyr cneuuanucTOB KaKoro-nu5o HanpaBneHua nenoBenecKon geaTenbHocTu: ce.b-cKoro xo3HÖcTBa, 3gpaBOOxpaHeHua, ucKyccTBa u t. n. (HanpuMep, MocKOBcKaa rocy-gapcTBeHHaa aKageMua BogHoro TpaHcnopTa - MrABT - roTOBuT cneuuanucTOB gna OTpacnu MopcKOH u peHHon geaTenbHocTu). HaKOHe^ yHueepcumemu hb^htotch mho-ronpo^unbHWMu yne5HWMu 3aBegeHuaMu c 5o.bmuM Bw5opoM yne5Hwx nporpaMM b caMwx pa3Hwx o5.acTHx 3HaHua (HanpuMep, CaHKT-neTep5yprcKuM rocygapcTBeHHwn yHuBepcuTeT - Cn5ry).
OrapenmuM yHuBepcuTeTOM cTpaHw aBnaeTca Mockobckuh rocygapcTBeHHwn yHuBepcuTeT uMeHu M.B. .OMOHocoBa. Oh 5wn ocHOBaH no yKa3y uMnepaipuuw E.u-3aBeTw neTpoBHw 25 HHBapa (no HOBOMy cTunro) il55 r. - b geHb cbhtoh TamaHw. ^peMOHua Top^ecTBeHHoro otkpwtuh 3aHHTun b yHuBepcuTeTe cocroanacb b geHb npa3gHOBaHua rogoB^uHw KopoHauuu Enu3aBeTw neTpoBHw l Maa 1155 roga. C Tex nop ^Tu gHu ipaguuuoHHO OTMenaroTca b yHuBepcuTeTe cTygernecKuMu npa3gHOBaHu-hmu, k hum npuyponeHw e^erogHaa HayHHaa KOH^epe^ua «.OMOHocoBcKue HTeHua» u gHu HayHHoro TBopnecTBa cTygeHTOB. TamaHuH geHb cnuTaeTca npa3gHuKOM Bcex cTygeHTOB.
noHanany b Mockobckom yHuBepcuTeTe 5wno TO.bKO 3 ^aKynbTeTa: $uïïoco$ckuh, ropugunecKun u MeguuuHcKun. Ha cerogHamHun geHb Mry HBnaeTca KpynHenmuM KnaccuHecKuM yHuBepcuTeTOM Poccuu. B ero cocTaBe ^yH^uoHupyroT 39 ^aKynbTe-TOB, Ha KOTopwx o5yHaroTca 5onee 40 twchh cTygeHTOB, MarucTpaHTOB, acnupaHTOB u gOKTOpaHTOB.
B Mry, KaK u bo MHorux gpyrux By3ax, npegcTaBneHw pa3Hwe $opMw o5yneHua. Bo-nepBwx, cTygeHT MO^eT nonynaTb 05pa30BaHue Ha nnamoM ocHOBe unu Ha 5rog-^eTHOM, b nocnegHeM cnynae y Hero ecTb npaBO nonynaTb cTuneHguro. OmneHguro, KaK npaBuno, nonynaroT cTygeHTw, xopomo cgaBmue npegwgy^yro ceccuro. Bo-bto-pwx, o5yHeHue b By3e MO^eT 5wTb ohh^im unu 3aoHH^iM. OHHoe o5yneHue npegnonara-eT noce^eHue cTygeHTOM yHuBepcmercKux 3aHHTun, npu ^T0M cTygeHT MO^eT ynuTbca Ha gHeBHOM unu BenepHeM OTgeneHuu. Ha BenepHeM OTgeneHuu o5ynaroTca, KaK npa-bu.0, y^e pa5oTaro^ue nrogu, TaK KaK no3gHee BpeMa npoBegeHua 3aHHTun no3BonaeT
254 VESTNIK ZA TUJE JEZIKE
noce^aTb ux nočne paSonero gHa. QrygeHTbi BenepHux oTgeneHuH oSmhho SbiBaroT numeHbi pa3Hoo6pa3Hbix cTygeMecKnx nbroT, TaK KaK y hhx ecTb Bo3Mo®HocTb cob-Me^aTb pa6oTy c yne6oH. QrygeHTbi 3aonHoro oTgeneHna nonynaroT o6pa3oBaHue BHe CTeH By3a, npue3®aa Tyga TonbKo gna cganu ^K3aMeHOB.
CornacHo cTapoH cucTeMe o6yHeHna, b By3e ynunucb b cpegHeM 5 neT; BbinycKHu-KaM npucBauBanacb KBanu^uKauua cne^uanucmc. CerogHa Bce Sonbme $aKynbTeTOB pa3nrnHbix By3oB nepexogaT Ha HoByro CHčTeMy o6yneHua: čHanana čTygeHT oKarnu-BaeT 6aKcnaepucm (o6yneHue grarca, KaK npaBnno, 4 roga), no oKornaHuu kotopo-ro nonynaeT KBanu^uKauuro SaKanaBpa u Bo3Mo®HocTb nocTynnTb b Mcmcmpamypy (oSmhho 2 roga). HoBaa cucTeMa o6yneHua npegcTaBneHa, HanpuMep, Ha ^KOHOMmec-kom $aKynbTeTe Mry, cTapaa - Ha ^nnonormecKoM.
B SonbmuHčTBe By3oB čTygeHTw yHarca 6 gHeH b Hegenro. yne6HbiH rog oSmhho ge-nm-ca Ha 2 ceMecTpa, b KoHne kotopmx cgaroT scnemHue u ^K3CMeHc^uoHHue ceccuu. Ha ^K3aMeHe čTygeHT nonynaeT oneHKy no namSannbHoH cucTeMe: 5 SannoB - «otimho», 4 Sanna - «xopomo», 3 Sanna - «ygoBneTBopnTenbHo», 2 Sanna u Hu^e - «HeygoBneTBopu-TenbHo». CnHTaeTca, hto CTygeHT, nonynuBmuH oneHKy Hu^e tpohku, He cgan ^K3aMeH u oTnpaBnaeTca Ha nepecgany. 3cnem oTnrnaeTca ot ^K3aMeHa TeM, hto 3a ^TO HcnbiTaHHe yna^uHca, KaK npaBuno, He nonynaeT oneHKy: b 3aneTHyro KHu®Ky npocTaBnaeTca Tonb-ko sanmeHO / He sanmeHO (pc3^. sanem / Hesanem). CeccHH oSmhho npoxogaT b aHBape u nroHe. nočne ^T0^0 y CTygeHToB HanuHarorca 3uMHue mu neTHue KaHHKynw.
B SonbmuHčTBe By3oB, HanuHaa co BToporo Kypca, b KoHne Ka^goro roga o6yneHHH čTygeHT npegcTaBnaeT Kypcoeyw pa6omy (pc3^. Kypcoea%). OSmhho KypcoBaa paSoTa numeTca b TeneHue yne6Horo roga nog HaSnrogeHueM Hcy^Ho^o pyKoeodumem. ^Ta paSoTa TpaguuuoHHo coctoht u3 gByx HacTeH: TeopeTrnecKoH, b kotopoh u3nararoTca no3uuuu u nogxogw, cno^uBmueca b HayKe no BbiSpaHHoH TeMe, u npaKTmecKoH, b kotopoh cTygeHT npegcTaBnaeT cboh coScTBeHHbiH aHanu3 TeMH Ha npuMepe KoHKpeT-Horo MaTepuana.
.eTOM SonbmuHcTBo cTygeHToB npoxogaT npcKmuKy, to ecTb ynaTca npuMeHaTb Ha npaKTuKe nonyneHHbie TeopeTmecKue 3HaHua. npaKTuKaHTbi MoryT HanpaBnaTbca b pa3nrnHbie ^KC^egu^uu, npoxoguTb cTa®npoBKy b pa3nrnHbix opraHu3auuax. Ha $u-nonorrnecKoM $aKynbTeTe Mry cTygeHTbi e3gaT b ^onbKnopHbie u guaneKTonormec-Kue ^KC^egu^Hu. B Hanane naToro Kypca SonbmuHcTBo cTygeHToB-^MnonoroB npoxo-gaT negarorunecKyro npaKTuKy: npenogaroT cBoro cnenuanbHocTb b mKonax.
B Mry uMeHu M.B. HoMoHocoBa perynapHo npoBogaTca pa3nMHH^ie HayHH^ie KoH^epeHnuu, npuHaTb ynacTue b kotop^ix MoryT ga^e cTygeHTb. HanpuMep, 6onb-moH nonynapHocTbro nonb3yeTca Me®gyHapogHaa HayHHaa KoH^epeHnua cTygeHTOB, acnupaHToB u Monog^ix yneH^ix «.Homohocob», KoTopaa e^erogHo b anpene npoBogrn-ca SonbmuHcTBoM ^aKynbTeToB. Mry TaK^e npegocTaBnaeT pa3nKHH^ie bo3mo®hoctu gna npoBegeHua gocyra. TaK, b By3e cy^ecTByroT TeaTpanbH^ie MacTepcKue, pa3nKHH^ie TaHneBanbH^ie cTyguu, aKageMuHecKMH xop, opraHHMH u ^opTenuaHHbiH Knaccb, Ka-MepH^iH opKecTp, pa3nrnHbie cnopTuBHbe ceKnuu, npoBogaTca urpb KBH u MHorue gpyrue MeponpuaTua.
®nnoco$cKoMy ^aKynbTeTy .roSnaHcKoro yHuBepcnTeTa cooTBeTcTByeT HecKonb-ko ^aKynbTeToB Mry. Cpegu hux mo^ho Ha3BaTb, HanpuMep, TaKue $aKynbTeTbi, KaK ^Hnoco^CKHH, ^MnonoruHecKuH, ^CHxono^HHecKHH, ucTopunecKun, ^aKynbTeT uhoct-paHH^ix a3MKoB, a TaK^e HCAA (HHcTMTyT cTpaH A3uu u A^puKu).
N. Belova: CMCTEMA 0BPA30BAHMA B POCCMM 255
B koh^ o6yneHua Ha $aKynbreTe crygeHT, KaK npaBuno, gon^eH cgaTb ^oc^K3aMe-ubi (pa3^. rocbi) no npo^unbHbiM npegMeTaM h 3a^HTHTb dumoMuyrn pa6omy. CrpyK-Typa gunn0MH0H pa6oTbi noxo®a Ha CTpyKTypy KypcoBoH, ho pa6oTa aBnaeTca 6onee cepbe3Hon h cogep^aTenbHon.
no OKOHnaHHH By3a BwnycKHHK nonynaeT dunnoM o ebicrneM o6pa3oeanuu. CraH-gapTHbiH gunnoM cuHero ^eTa, ho otohhhhkh yne6w, HMero^ue He 6onee 25 % o^-hok «Xopomo», nonynaroT KpacHbiH gunnoM. no ^TOMy noBogy b crygeHHecKHx Kpyrax 6wTyeT noroBopKa: «Hynme 6wTb c KpacHbiM nu^M h c chhhm gunn0M0M, neM c KpacHbiM gHnn0M0M H c CHHHM nH^M».
Ecnu nonyneHHaa c^e^HanbH0CTb no toh unu hhoh npmuHe He ygoBneTBopaeT BwnycKHHKa, oh BnpaBe Ha nnaraoH ocHoBe nonyHHTb emopoe ebicrnee o6pa3oeanue. Bropoe Bucmee o6pa3oBaHue o6mhho ocy^ecTBnaeTca no coKpa^eHHbiM 06pa30Ba-TenbHbiM nporpaMMaM 3a chčt HcKnroneHHa H3 hhx 06^e06pa30BaTenbHbix npegMeroB, ^0^T0My cpoKH nonyneHua Broporo Bbicmero 06pa30BaHua 06braH0 HaMHoro Kopone, neM nepBoro (KaK npaBuno, 2-4 roga). Bropoe Bbicmee o6pa3oBaHue b Pocchh Bcerga nnaraoe.
HMea KBanH^HKauuro c^e^HanHCTa unu Marucrpa, mo^ho nocTynuTb b acnupan-mypy, rge nonynaroT n0cneBy30BcK0e npo$eccuoHanbHoe o6pa3oBaHue. fl,na nocryn-neHua b acnupamypy o6mhho cgaroT BcrynHTenbHbie ^K3aMeHbI. 06yneHue b acnu-paHType gnnrca b cpegHeM 3 roga, b TeneHue K0T0pbix acnupaHT gon^eH HanucaTb mndudamcKyrn duccepma^m h cgaTb KaududamcKuu MUHUMyM - 3 ^K3aMeHa: c^e^H-anbHocTb, HHocTpaHHMH a3bK, a TaK^e Hcropuro ^hhoco^hh h HayKH. B cnynae yc-nemHoH 3a^HTbi gHCcepTa^HH acnupamy npucy®garoT yueHyw cmeneHb KaHdudama HayK. no cBoeMy ypoBHro poccuHcKaa cTeneHb KaHgugaTa HayK cooTBeTcTByeT yneH0H creneHH goKTopa ^unoco^uu (PhD), cy^ecTByro^eH b CnoBeHHH h bo MHorux gpy-rux cTpaHax. OgHaKo b Pocchhckoh cucTeMe 06pa30BaHua cy^ecTByeT BTopaa, 6onee BbcoKaa yneHaa cTeneHb - doKmop HayK. flna nonyneHua ^T0H creneHH, KaK npaBH-no, npoxogaT noBumeHue KBanH$HKa^HH b doKmopaHmype h 3aTeM 3a^u^aroT do-KmopcKym duccepma^m. Tpe6oBaHHa, npegtaBnaeMbie k gHCcepTa^H0HH0H pa6oTe Ha coucKaHHe yneHoH creneHH goKTopa HayK, oneHb bmcokh: TaKaa pa6oTa gon^Ha npegcTaBnaTb HoBoe KpynHoe HayHHoe gocru^eHne, npegnaraTb pemeHHe KpynHoH HayHHon npo6neMbi.
noMHMo yneHbix creneHeH cy^ecTByroT yueHbie 3eaHU% do^Hma h npo^eccopa. Ohh npucBauBaroTca coTpygHHKaM By3oB h HayHHbix ynpe®geHHH, KaK npaBuno, HMe-m^hm yneHyro cTeneHb. YneHoe 3BaHue go^nra o6mhho npucBauBaeTca KaHgugaTaM HayK, npo^eccopa - goKTopaM HayK. npo^eccop h do^Hm o6o3HanaroT He TonbKo yne-Hbie 3BaHHa: ohh TaK^e MoryT cny®HTb gna o6o3HaneHua gon^HocTeH npenogaBaTena By3a. flanee b nopagKe y6biBaHua cnegyeT gon^HocTb cmapwe^o npenodaeamenn, 3a-TeM npenodaeamenn h, HaK0He^, accucmeHma.
3a BMgaro^ueca ycnexu b pa3BHTuu HayKH yneH^iH Mo^eT 6bTb H36paH uneHoM-KoppecnoHdeHmoM amdeMuu HayK, a 3aTeM h aKageMHK0M. 3BaHHe aKageMHKa aBnaeTca BepmuHoH HayHH0H Kapbepb.
TaK0Ba ocHoBHaa xapaKTepucTHKa pocchhckoh cucTeMb 06pa30BaHua, nepe^HBa-ro^eH cerogHa HenpocroH nepexogHbiH nepuog.
256 VESTNIK ZA TUJE JEZIKE
BIBLIOGRAFIJA
BuKunegua. http://ru.wikipedia.org/.
O^HUHa^bHWH HH^opManHOHHbiH nopTM EguHoro rocygapcTBeHHoro ^K3aMeHa.
http://www.ege.edu.ru/. floKyMeHTbi o6 o6pa3oBaHuu. fflKona h pogrne™. http://www.dozhdikova.ru/. BecTu o6pa3oBaHHH. www.eurekanet.ru/vesti/info/1221.html/. Mockobckhh rocygapcTBeHH^iH yHHBepcureT HMeH M.B. .HoMoHocoBa. http://msu.ru/. CaHT ^HronorrnecKoro ^aKynbreTa Mry HMeHu M.B. .HoMoHocoBa. http://www.phi-lol.msu.ru/.
POVZETEK
Izobraževalni system v Rusiji
V danem članku podajamo opis ruskega sistema izobraževanja. Sovjetski sistem izobraževanja se je bistveno razlikoval od zahodnoevropskega, vendar je v zadnjih letih, posebej po tem, ko je Rusija leta 2003 podpisala Bolonjsko deklaracijo, na področju izobraževanja prišlo do očitnih sprememb. Reforme na področju izobraževanja ocenjujejo različno: po eni strani omogočajo poenotenje izobraževanja v Rusiji z izobraževanjem v drugih evropskih državah odpira večje možnosti študentom, po drugi strani pa se pogosto ni lahko znajti v spremembah. V zadnjih dveh desetletjih so se v Ruski federaciji pojavile novi tipi izobraževalnih ustanov (liceji, gimnazije, kolidži, idr.), dolžina obveznega izobraževanja se je povečala na enajst let, na številnih visokošolskih zavodih so sprejeli delitev na študente prve in druge stopnje študijskega programa. V dani študiji poskušamo slovenskemu bralcu predstaviti osnovne stopnje pridobivanja izobraževanja v Rusiji in ga seznaniti s sodobnimi spremembami na tem področju.
Ključne besede: Rusija, izobraževanje, šola, gimnazija, visokošolski zavod. ABSTRACT
The educational system in Russia
The Soviet educational system was considerably different from the educational system in Western Europe. In recent years, however, much has changed in the Russian educational system, especially after Russia joined the Bologna process in 2003. These changes are being reflected in different ways. On the one hand, the unification of Russian and European educational systems provides better opportunities for students. On the other hand, keeping track of all these newly introduced changes is not an easy task.
Over the course of the last two decades, new types of educational institutions have been introduced in Russia (lyceums, gymnasiums, colleges etc.). The period of compulsory education has been extended to eleven years, and many institutions for higher education have introduced bachelor's and master's degrees.
In this paper the main stages and the length of formal education in Russia are presented.
Keywords: Russia, education, school, gymnasium, university.