Overview of existing information on important closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned mining waste sites and related mines in Slovenia Pregled obstoječih informacij o pomembnejših zaprtih (ali v fazi zapiranja) in opuščenih odlagališčih rudarskih odpadkov in z njimi povezanih rudnikov v Sloveniji Mateja GOSAR, Robert ŠAJN, Miloš MILER, Ana BURGER & Špela BAVEC Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; e-mail: mateja.gosar@geo-zs.si Prejeto / Received 14. 1. 2020; Sprejeto / Accepted 8. 5. 2020; Objavljeno na spletu / Published online 7. 12. 2020 Key words: mining, mines, waste dumps, metals, coals, inventory Ključne besede: rudarjenje, rudniki, odlagališča odpadkov, kovine, premogi, inventar Abstract The presented work provides a comprehensive inventory of data on closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned underground and surface mines and mining waste sites in Slovenia, collected within the framework of the Geological Survey of Slovenia (GeoZS) over the last two decades. Furthermore, a detailed overview of information on closed and abandoned mining waste sites in Slovenia is given. In order to establish the inventory, a definition of the work methodology, a comprehensive research of the archived and published literature, and the harmonisation and management of the collected data was carried out. Based on a selected methodology, the inventory contains information on 33 metal mines, 43 coal mines, 51 non-metallic mineral resource mines, 156 waste sites from metal mines and 18 waste sites from coal mines. The inventory is in the open access Google Earth file . It provides a basis for further research into the environmental impact of mining waste, which has been carried out since the EU Directive on the management of waste from extractive industries (Directive 2006/21/EC hereafter) was adopted into national law. In general, about 11,621,333 m 3 of waste sites from metal mines and 76,188,000 m 3 of waste sites from coal mines are covering about 678 hectares of Slovenian territory. More than half (64 %) of the waste from metal mines was produced in the Mežica lead and zinc mine, while the other two mines with a still significant share of produced waste were the Idrija mercury mine (18 %) and the Žirovski vrh uranium mine (15 %). Among the closed coal mines, the largest amount (46 %) of waste was generated by the coal mine Trbovlje-Hrastnik, while the other two coal mines with still significant share of waste produced were Kočevje (28 %) and Kanižarica (17 %). Izvleček Prispevek članka je obsežni inventar podatkov o zaprtih (ali v fazi zapiranja) in opuščenih podzemnih in površinskih rudnikih in odlagališčih rudarskih odpadkov v Sloveniji, ki smo jih zbrali in uredili na Geološkem zavodu Slovenije (GeoZS) v zadnjih dveh desetletjih. Poleg tega podaja tudi podrobnejši pregled informacij o zaprtih in opuščenih odlagališčih rudarskih odpadkov v Sloveniji. Za vzpostavitev inventarja smo definirali metodologijo dela, izvedli celovit pregled arhivirane in objavljene literature, uskladili zbrane informacije in vzpostavili upravljanje s podatki. Na podlagi izbrane metodologije inventar vključuje informacije o 33 rudnikih kovin, 43 premogovnikih, 51 rudnikih nekovinskih mineralnih surovin, 156 odlagališčih odpadkov iz rudnikov kovin in 18 odlagališčih odpadkov iz premogovnikov. Je prosto dostopen v obliki Google Earth datoteke. Predstavlja osnovo za nadaljnje raziskave o vplivih rudarskih odpadkov na okolje, ki jih izvajamo odkar je bila v državne pravne okvirje sprejeta Uredba o ravnanju z odpadki iz rudarskih in drugih ekstraktivnih dejavnosti (v nadaljevanju Direktiva 2006/21/ES). Okoli 678 hektarjev slovenskega ozemlja pokriva približno 11.621.333 m 3 odlagališč odpadkov iz rudnikov kovin, 76.188.000 m 3 odlagališč pa odpadkov iz premogovnikov. Več kot polovico (64 %) odpadkov iz rudnikov kovin je proizvedel rudnik svinca in cinka Mežica, preostala dva rudnika z znatnim deležem proizvedenih odpadkov pa sta bila rudnik živega srebra Idrija (18 %) in rudnik urana Žirovski vrh (15 %). Od premogovnikov je največji delež (46 %) odpadkov proizvedel premogovnik Trbovlje-Hrastnik, medtem ko sta bila preostala dva premogovnika z večjim deležem proizvedenih odpadkov Kočevje (28 %) in Kanižarica (17 %). GEOLOGIJA 63/2, 221-250, Ljubljana 2020 https://doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2020.018 © Author(s) 2020. CC Atribution 4.0 License 222 Mateja GOSAR, Robert ŠAJN, Miloš MILER, Ana BURGER & Špela BAVEC Introduction Slovenia has a long and important history of prospecting, research, mining and exploitation of metallic (Hg, Pb, Zn, Mo, Cu, Mn, Ba, Al, Ag, Fe and Sb), non-metallic (mineral resources for construction, for the industry of construction materials and products, and for the processing industry) and energy (coal and uranium) mineral resources. The review on metallic, non-metallic and en- ergy mineral resources in Slovenia was written by Pirc and Herlec (2009) in the book Geology of Slovenia. In their work they also list the authors and their publications, in which the geological conditions of some of the mines discussed are ex- plained. Exploitation sites of oil, gas and geothermal energy are not part of this article. At present, all metal and coal mines, except for the Velenje underground lignite mine, are closed or in the process of closing down. The ex- ploitation of non-metallic mineral resources is ongoing. In the year 2017, there was a total of 206 exploitation sites for 25 different non-metallic mineral resources with mining rights in Slovenia (Senegačnik et al., 2018; Internet 1). The majority of the mines currently closed or abandoned were operated at a time when envi- ronmental concerns were significantly lower. Consequently, the disposal of waste associated with mining was carried out mostly in a way that kept costs as low as possible and not to prevent pollution or facilitate rehabilitation. A similar situation has been observed in many other min- ing areas throughout Europe. For this reason, the Directive on the management of waste from ex- tractive industries (hereafter Directive 2006/21/ EC) was adopted by the European Commission to establish measures, procedures and guidance to prevent or reduce any adverse effects on the en- vironment (in particular on water, air, soil, fauna and flora and the landscape, and any resulting risks to human health) arising from the man- agement of waste from the extractive industries. These measures cover the management of waste resulting from prospecting, extraction, treatment and storage of mineral resources and the work- ing of quarries (Directive 2006/21/EC). Directive 2006/21/EC was transposed into national law in 2008 (Official Gazette, No. 43/08 and 30/11). Geological survey of Slovenia (GeoZS) start- ed collecting information on mining waste dur- ing the preparation of EU Directive 2006/21/EC under the supervision of the former Ministry of Environment, Infrastructure and Energy and the Uvod Slovenija ima dolgo in pestro zgodovino is- kanja, raziskovanja, rudarjenja in izkoriščanja kovinskih mineralnih surovin (Hg, Pb, Zn, Mo, Cu, Mn, Ba, Al, Ag, Fe in Sb), trdnih energetskih surovin (premog in uran) in nekovinskih mine- ralnih surovin (mineralne surovine za gradbeni- štvo, za industrijo gradbenih materialov in proi- zvodov ter za predelovalno industrijo). Novejše pregledno delo o mineralnih ko- vinskih in nekovinskih ter energetskih surovi- nah na ozemlju sedanje Slovenije sta napisala Pirc & Herlec (2009) v knjigi Geologija Slovenije. V svojem delu sta navedla avtorje in njihove pu- blikacije o geoloških danostih nekaterih rudni- kov, ki so obravnavani v tem prispevku. Območij pridobivanja nafte in plina ter geo- termalne energije v tem prispevku ne obravna- vamo. Danes so vsi rudniki kovin in premogovniki z izjemo podzemnega rudnika lignita Velenje zaprti ali so v fazi zapiranja. Izkoriščanje neko- vinskih mineralnih surovin pa v veliki meri po- teka še danes. Leta 2017 je bilo v Sloveniji 206 pridobivalnih prostorov, kjer se je izkoriščalo 25 različnih nekovinskih mineralnih surovin (Sene- gačnik et al., 2018; Internet 1). Večina danes zaprtih in opuščenih rudnikov je obratovala v času, ko skrb za okolje še ni bila tako močno izražena kot danes. Posledično je imelo pri odlaganju rudarskih odpadkov pred- nost zmanjševanje stroškov. Preprečevanje one- snaževanja in sanacijski ukrepi niso bili tako po - membni kot danes. Podobna stanja so bila tudi v mnogih območjih rudarjenja drugod po Evropi. Zaradi tega je Evropska komisija leta 2006 spre- jela Uredbo o ravnanju z odpadki iz rudarskih in drugih ekstraktivnih dejavnosti (v nadaljevanju Direktiva 2006/21/ES), s katero je določila uk- repe, postopke in smernice za preprečevanje ali zmanjševanje škodljivih vplivov na okolje (zlasti vode, zraka, tal, favne in flore, pokrajine ter tve- ganj za zdravje ljudi), ki so nastali kot posledica ravnanja z odpadki iz ekstraktivnih dejavnosti. Ti ukrepi zajemajo ravnanje z odpadki, ki nasta- nejo pri raziskovanju, pridobivanju, bogatenju in skladiščenju mineralnih surovin. Direktiva 2006/21/ES je bila leta 2008 prenesena tudi v pravni red Slovenije (Uradni list RS, št. 43/08 in 30/11). Geološki zavod Slovenije (GeoZS) je pričel z zbiranjem podatkov o rudarskih odpadkih že med pripravo Direktive 2006/21/EC in sicer v okviru nalog za nekdanje Ministrstvo za okolje, prostor in energijo ter nekdanje Ministrstvo za 223 Overview of existing information on important closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned mining waste sites and related... former Ministry of Economy. At that time, the in - formation on mining waste was not collected and managed by a single organisation but scattered in the archives of the mines and research organ- isations as well as in studies of various research institutions. In addition, some data was reported in books, scientific articles, thematic maps, and others. With the intention of collecting and com- piling existing information on closed and aban- doned mining waste sites, a systematic collection of data on closed or abandoned mines and relat- ed mining waste was carried out between 2003 and 2013 (Budkovič et al., 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008; Gosar et al., 2007, 2013a, 2013b). Budkovič et al. (2003, 2004) examined the history of met- al mining and metal processing in Slovenia and its impact on the environment. Basic information on abandoned, closed (or in closing phase) min- ing and processing sites was gathered at national level from the documentation of mine archives and scientific/technical publications (e.g. Češmi- ga, 1959; Mohorič, 1978; Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Drovenik, F. et al., 1980). The basic information, where available, consisted of the following in- formation: geographical coordinates, type and physico-chemical properties of the mined and processed ore, type and physico-chemical prop- erties of the waste sites from mines and process- ing sites, raw materials mined, total quantity of ore and raw material mined or processed and environmental impact. As a result, tabular pres- entations, and maps of abandoned ferrous and non-ferrous metal mines as well as of iron works and metal smeltery or hydrometallurgical sites have been produced (Budkovič et al., 2003, 2004). Budkovič et al. (2005) collected existing basic in- formation on abandoned coal mines and mines of non-metallic mineral resources in Slovenia. A more detailed survey of available information on mining waste from the main metal mines and re- lated processing sites was also carried out for the Mežica lead and zinc mine area (Budkovič et al., 2006), for the Idrija mercury and for the Žirovski Vrh uranium mine areas (Gosar et al., 2007) and for the Litija lead, zinc, mercury and baryte mine area (Budkovič et al., 2008). After 2008, a compi- lation and harmonisation of the collected infor- mation (Budkovič et al., 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008; Gosar et al., 2007) and an additional collec- tion of information on mining waste from small- er and less significant mines (Savske jame, Tre- belno, Marija Reka, Lepa njiva, Trojane-Znojile, Škofje, Remšnik, Knapovže and Podljubelj-Sve- ta Ana), which mostly stopped operating before the Second World War, was carried out to create gospodarstvo. V tem času podatki o rudarskih odpadkih še niso bili sistematično zbrani v okvi- ru ene organizacije, ampak so bili razpršeni v ar - hivih rudnikov in v poročilih ter različnih študi- jah posameznih projektantskih in raziskovalnih organizacij. Poleg tega so bili nekateri podatki podani v knjigah in znanstvenih člankih, temat- skih kartah in podobno. Z namenom zbiranja obstoječih informacij o zaprtih in opuščenih od- lagališčih rudarskih odpadkov je med leti 2003 in 2013 potekal sistematičen pregled podatkov o zaprtih in opuščenih rudnikih in z njimi poveza- nih odlagališčih rudarskih odpadkov (Budkovič et al., 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008; Gosar et al., 2007, 2013a, 2013b). Budkovič in sodelavci (2003, 2004) so proučili zgodovino rudarstva in predela - ve kovin v Sloveniji ter s temi dejavnostmi pove- zan vpliv na okolje in stanje v prostoru. Osnov- ne informacije o opuščenih, zaprtih (ali v fazi zapiranja) rudnikih ter o predelovalnih obratih so bile zbrane na državni ravni iz dokumentaci- je rudarskih arhivov, znanstvenih in strokovnih publikacij (na primer: Češmiga, 1959; Mohorič, 1978; Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Drovenik, F. et al., 1980). Osnovne informacije so zajemale naslednje podatke (če so bili dostopni): geografske koordi- nate, tip in fizikalno-kemijske lastnosti izkopane in predelane rude, tip in fizikalno-kemijske last- nosti jalovine iz rudnikov in predelovalnih obra- tov, opis izkopane surovine, skupno količino iz- kopane in predelane rude ter mineralnih surovin in opis morebitnega ugotovljenega vpliva na oko- lje. Izdelane so bile predstavitve v obliki tabel in slik opuščenih železovih in drugih kovinskih ru- dnikov ter železarn in topilnic kovin (Budkovič et al., 2003, 2004). Budkovič in sodelavci (2005) so zbrali obstoječe informacije o opuščenih pre- mogovnikih in rudnikih nekovinskih mineralnih surovin v Sloveniji. Za pomembnejše rudnike kovin in z njimi povezane predelovalne obrate je bil izdelan tudi podrobnejši pregled dostopnih podatkov o odlagališčih rudarskih odpadkov in sicer za območja rudnikov svinca in cinka Meži- ca (Budkovič et al., 2006), živega srebra Idrija in urana Žirovski Vrh (Gosar et al., 2007) ter svinca, cinka, živega srebra in barita Litija (Budkovič et al., 2008). Po letu 2008 so bili na podlagi zbranih podatkov (Budkovič et al., 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008; Gosar et al., 2007) ter dodatnega pregleda podatkov o rudarskih odpadkih manjših in manj pomembnih rudnikov (Savske jame, Trebelno, Marija Reka, Lepa njiva, Trojane-Znojile, Škofje, Remšnik, Knapovže in Podljubelj-Sveta Ana), ki so v večini prenehali delovati pred drugo svetov- no vojno, vzpostavljeni urejeni nizi podatkov o 224 Mateja GOSAR, Robert ŠAJN, Miloš MILER, Ana BURGER & Špela BAVEC harmonised data sets of closed and abandoned mines and associated mining waste (Gosar et al., 2013a, b). In addition, to enable the spatial pres- entation, Google Earth file of existing data was established (Gosar et al., 2013a, b). The basic in- formation on established data sets was prelim- inarily presented at international conferences (Gosar et al., 2015; Bavec et al., 2017; Miler et al., 2019) and in deliverables (Huisman et al., 2019; Wagner et al., 2018, 2019) of ORAMA (Optimiz- ing quality of information in RAw MAterial data collection across Europe) project, which aimed towards optimisation of quality of information in raw material data collection across Europe. The objectives of this study were (1) to present the methodology used to collect information on important closed and abandoned mining waste sites and related mines, (2) to summarise and de- scribe the information collected and (3) to estab- lish and share an open access online source of the information collected (in Google Earth file). Methodology In this study, only closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned mines, open pits or closed and abandoned mining waste sites are discussed. Therefore, active mining sites or active mining waste sites are not the subject of this study. As mentioned in the introduction, the main reason for collecting information on closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned mining waste sites was to determine the environmental impact or to define and implement demands of the EU Direc- tive 2006/21/EC or its Slovenian version (Official Gazzette, No. 43/08 and 30/11). In order to gather information, it was first necessary to draw up a list of mines and open pits, whose mining waste sites could potentially have serious negative ef- fects on the environment or could become a se- rious threat to the environment or human health in the medium or short term (list of mines with potential environmental effects in the further text). Firstly, a working list of all existing active, closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned metal and coal mines as well as non-metallic miner- al resource mines and open pits in Slovenia was established. Subsequently, based on the availa- ble data on permanent closure of mines and in accordance with the Directive on the manage- ment of waste from extractive industries (Di- rective 2006/21/EC), an inventory of closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned metal and coal mines as well as non-metallic mineral resource mines and open pits in Slovenia was drawn up zaprtih in opuščenih rudnikih in z njimi pove- zanih odlagališčih rudarskih odpadkov (Gosar et al., 2013a, b). Poleg tega je bila za prostorski prikaz izdelana predstavitev zbranih podatkov v obliki Google Earth datoteke (Gosar et al., 2013a, b). Osnovne informacije o usklajenih nizih podatkov so bile predstavljene na mednarodnih konferencah (Gosar et al., 2015; Bavec et al., 2017; Miler et al., 2019) ter v poročilih (Huisman et al., 2019; Wagner et al., 2018, 2019) projekta ORAMA (Optimizing quality of information in RAw MA- terial data collection across Europe), katerega glavni namen je bil optimizacija kvalitete zbira- nja podatkov o surovinah v Evropi. Cilji pričujoče študije so naslednji: (1) predsta - viti metodologijo, ki je bila uporabljena za zbira- nje informacij o pomembnih zaprtih in opušče- nih odlagališčih rudarskih odpadkov in z njimi povezanih rudnikov, (2) povzeti in opisati zbrane podatke in (3) vzpostaviti in deliti prosto dosto- pen spletni vir zbranih informacij (v obliki Go- ogle Earth datoteke). Metodologija V tej študiji so obravnavani samo zaprti (ali v fazi zapiranja) in opuščeni rudniki, premogovni- ki, površinski kopi in odlagališča rudarskih od- padkov. Torej aktivni pridobivalni prostori oziro- ma aktivna odlagališča rudarskih odpadkov niso predmet te študije. Kot omenjeno v uvodu, je bil glavni razlog za zbiranje podatkov o zaprtih in opuščenih odlaga- liščih rudarskih odpadkov identifikacija vplivov na okolje oziroma vzpostavitev in implementacija zahtev EU Direktive 2006/21/ES oziroma njene slovenske različice (Uradni list RS, št. 43/08 in 30/11). Za zbiranje podatkov je bilo najprej treba pripraviti seznam rudnikov, premogovnikov in površinskih kopov, katerih odlagališča rudarskih odpadkov bi lahko v skladu z Direktivo 2006/21/ ES utegnila povzročiti resne škodljive vplive na okolje ali srednjeročno ali kratkoročno postati resna grožnja za zdravje ljudi ali okolje (v nada- ljevanju seznam rudnikov z možnim vplivom na okolje). Sprva je bil izdelan delovni seznam obstoječih aktivnih, zaprtih (ali v fazi zapiranja) in opuščenih rudnikov kovin, premogovnikov in rudnikov ter odprtih kopov nekovinskih mineralnih surovin v Sloveniji. Kasneje je bil na podlagi obstoječih po- datkov o dokončnem zaprtju rudnikov in skladno z Uredbo o ravnanju z odpadki iz rudarskih in dru - gih ekstraktivnih dejavnosti (Direktiva 2006/21/ ES) izdelan inventar zaprtih (ali v fazi zapiranja) in opuščenih rudnikov kovin, premogovnikov in Overview of existing information on important closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned mining waste sites and related... 225 (Gosar et al., 2013a). The latter formed the ba- sis for the compilation of the list of mines with potential environmental impacts, which was drawn up using hierarchical decision-making schemes. Hierarchical decision-making schemes were designed by adapting the existing prelim- inary risk screening tools that are based on the EU Guidance document (Stanley et al., 2011), which applies the source-transport route-recep- tor paradigm. In addition, the experience of EU Member States (United Kingdom, Ireland and Hungary), that have already collected national information on mining waste sites, has been tak - en into account with the intention of drawing up an inventory of sites that are important in terms of environmental impact (Stanley et al., 2009; Kiss et al., 2012; Potter & Johnston, 2012). De- cision-making schemes (Tables 1, 2, 3) are based on various criteria relating to three categories: the chemical and physical state of the source, the potential transport pathways for pollutants and receptors of pollutants (Stanley et al., 2011). The criteria are specifically adapted to each type of mineral resource. The categories and crite- ria must be followed in hierarchical order for the decision-making and final selection of the mines and open pits. The basic principle of de- cision-making schemes is the selection of mines and open pits, whose mining waste sites have the potential to cause serious negative environmen- tal impacts or may become a serious threat to the environment or human health in the medium or short term. Such mines and open pits were as- signed to a so-called 2 nd phase (Tables 1, 2 and 3) of the work within the framework of the data collection on mining waste sites. Following the establishment of a final list of mines with potential environmental impacts (1 st p h a s e ) u s i n g h i e r a r c h i c a l d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g schemes, existing information on mining waste sites was collected and an inventory of these sites was drawn up (2 nd phase). As mentioned in the in- troduction, the process of information gathering included the review of studies and documentation of mines and open pits and archives of research organisations. Other sources including data on mining waste, were also examined. For example, books, scientific articles, thematic maps, and oth - er study materials. All collected information on closed and aban- doned mines and open pits or closed and aban- doned mining waste sites was harmonised and stored in STATISTICA software worksheets. Two separate datasets were created. One set contains updated data on closed and abandoned podzemnih rudnikov ter površinskih kopov ne- kovinskih mineralnih surovin v Sloveniji (Gosar et al., 2013a). Slednji je predstavljal podlago za pripravo seznama rudnikov z možnim vplivom na okolje, ki je bil pripravljen z uporabo hierarhičnih odločitvenih shem. Hierarhične odločitvene she- me so bile izdelane s prilagoditvijo že obstoječih orodij za preliminarne ocene tveganja v skladu z EU smernicami (Stanley et al., 2011), ki slonijo na paradigmi: vir – transportna pot – prejemnik. Poleg tega so bile upoštevane tudi izkušnje članic EU (Združeno kraljestvo, Irska in Madžarska), ki so z namenom popisa zaprtih odlagališč v tistem času že pripravile seznam pomembnih rudarskih območij v njihovih državah (Stanley et al., 2009; Kiss et al., 2012; Potter & Johnston, 2012). Hierar- hične odločitvene sheme (Tabele 1, 2 in 3) slonijo na različnih kriterijih, ki se nanašajo na tri kate - gorije: kemično in fizično stanje vira, potencialne transportne poti za onesnaževala ter prejemnike onesnaževal (Stanley et al., 2011). Kriteriji so bili posebej prilagojeni vrsti mineralne surovine. Za odločanje in končni izbor rudnikov, premogovni- kov in površinskih kopov je treba kategorijam in kriterijem slediti hierarhično. Osnovni princip od - ločitvenih shem je izbor rudnikov, premogovnikov in površinskih kopov, katerih odlagališča odpad- kov bi utegnila povzročati resne škodljive vplive na okolje in srednjeročno ali kratkoročno postati resna grožnja za zdravje ljudi ali okolje. Tovrstni rudniki, premogovniki in površinski kopi so bili v sklopu pridobivanja podatkov o njihovih odla- gališčih rudarskih odpadkov uvrščeni v t.i. drugo fazo dela (Tabele 1, 2 in 3). Ko je bil z uporabo hierarhičnih odločitvenih shem pripravljen končni seznam rudnikov z mo- žnim vplivom na okolje (1. faza), sta bila izvedena zbiranje in popis obstoječih informacij o odlaga- liščih rudarskih odpadkov izbranih rudnikov, premogovnikov in površinskih kopov (2. faza). Kot že omenjeno v uvodu je proces zbiranja infor - macij vključeval pregled študij in dokumentacije iz arhivov rudnikov, premogovnikov, površinskih kopov ter arhivov različnih raziskovalnih orga- nizacij. Poleg tega smo pregledali še ostale vire, ki vključujejo podatke o rudarskih odpadkih, na primer knjige, znanstvene in strokovne članke, tematske karte in drugo študijsko gradivo. Vsi zbrani podatki o zaprtih in opuščenih ru- dnikih, premogovnikih in površinskih kopih ozi- roma zaprtih in opuščenih odlagališčih rudarskih odpadkov so bili usklajeni in shranjeni v pregle- dnicah programa STATISTICA. Vzpostavljena sta bila dva seta podatkov. En set vsebuje podatke o zaprtih in opuščenih rudnikih, premogovnikih 226 Mateja GOSAR, Robert ŠAJN, Miloš MILER, Ana BURGER & Špela BAVEC Category Kategorija Criterion Kriterij Fulfilment of criterion Izpolnjevanje kriterija Result Rezultat 1. state of mine stanje rudnika 1. presence of sulphides in the ore or gangue material prisotnost sulfidov v rudi ali jalovini yes - da to 2. category - v 2. kategorijo no - ne to 2. criterion - k 2. kriteriju no data - ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo 2. presence of heavy metals (Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Te, Tl, U, V, Zn) in the produced ore concentrate prisotnost težkih kovin (Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Te, Tl, U, V, Zn) v proizvedenem rudnem koncentratu yes - da to 2. category - v 2. kategorijo no - ne to 3. criterion - k 3. kriteriju no data - ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo 3. use of dangerous chemicals during ore processing uporaba nevarnih kemikalij pri predelavi rude yes - da to 2. category - v 2. kategorijo no - ne to 4. criterion - k 4. kriteriju no data - ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo 4. volume of excavated material > 50,000 m 3 (or. descriptive: larger deposit) volumen izkopanega materiala > 50.000 m 3 (oz. opisno: večje rudišče) yes - da to 2. category - v 2. kategorijo no - ne further handling not needed - nadaljnja obravnava ni potrebna no data - ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo 2. transport pathways transportne poti 5. distance to the nearest water course or water source < 1 km razdalja do najbližjega vodnega toka oz. vodnega vira < 1 km yes - da to 3. category - v 3. kategorijo no - ne further handling not needed - nadaljnja obravnava ni potrebna no data - ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo 3. pollutant receptors prejemniki onesnaževal 6. distance to the nearest settlement with > 100 inhabitants < 1 km razdalja do najbližjega naselja z > 100 prebivalci < 1 km yes - da in 2. phase - v 2. fazo no - ne to 7. criterion - k 7. kriteriju no data - ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo 7. distance to the area of Natura 2000 < 1 km razdalja do območja Natura 2000 < 1 km yes - da to 2. phase - v 2. fazo no - ne to 8. criterion - k 8. kriteriju no data - ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo 8. distance to the nearest pastures and agricultural land < 1 km razdalja do najbližjih pašnikov in kmetijskih površin < 1 km yes - da to 2. phase - v 2. fazo no - ne further handling not needed - nadaljnja obravnava ni potrebna no data - ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo mines and open pits presented in the report of Gosar et al. (2013a) (1 st phase). The other set con- tains updated data on closed and abandoned mining waste sites presented in the report of Go - sar et al. (2013b) (2 nd phase). For the spatial presentation of the data, the data were applied in Google Earth file, of which a working version was presented in the report by Gosar et al. (2014). Within the frame of this study the final version of the file entitled “ Inven- tory on closed (or in closing phase) and aban- doned mines, open pits and mining waste sites in in površinski kopih, ki je bil predstavljen v poro- čilu Gosar in sodelavci (2013a) (1. faza), drugi set pa vsebuje podatke o njihovih odlagališčih rudar - skih odpadkov, ki je bil predstavljen v poročilu Gosar in sodelavci (2013b) (2. faza). Za prostorski prikaz podatkov so bili podatki prenešeni v Google Earth, katerega delovna ver- zija je bila predstavljena v poročilu Gosar in sode - lavci (2014). Končna verzija datoteke z naslovom Inventar podatkov o zaprtih (ali v fazi zapiranja) in opuščenih rudnikih, premogovnikih, površin- skih kopih in odlagališčih rudarskih odpadkov v Table 1. Methodology for selection of closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned metal mines (adapted from Stanley et al., 2011). Tabela 1. Metodologija za izbor zaprtih (ali v fazi zapiranja) in opuščenih rudnikov kovin (prirejeno po Stanley et al., 2011). Overview of existing information on important closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned mining waste sites and related... 227 Category Kategorija Criterion Kriterij Fulfilment of criterion Izpolnjevanje kriterija Result Rezultat 1. state of mine stanje rudnika 1. presence of sulphides in the coal or gangue material prisotnost sulfidov v premogu ali jalovini yes - da to 2. category - v 2. kategorijo no - ne to 2. criterion - k 2. kriteriju no data -ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo 2. volume of excavated material > 100,000 m 3 volumen izkopanega materiala > 100.000 m 3 yes - da to 2. category - v 2. kategorijo no - ne further handling not needed - nadaljnja obravnava ni potrebna no data - ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo 2. transport pathways transportne poti 3. distance to the nearest water course or. water source < 1 km razdalja do najbližjega vodnega toka oz. vodnega vira < 1 km yes - da to 3. category - v 3. kategorijo no - ne further handling not needed - nadaljnja obravnava ni potrebna no data - ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo 3. pollutant receptors prejemniki onesnaževal 4. distance to the nearest settlement with > 100 inhabitants < 1 km razdalja do najbližjega naselja z > 100 prebivalci < 1 km yes - da to 2. phase - v 2. fazo no - ne to 5. criterion - k 5. kriteriju no data - ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo 5. distance to the area of Natura 2000 < 1 km razdalja do območja Natura 2000 < 1 km yes - da to 2. phase - v 2. fazo no - ne to 6. criterion - k 6. kriteriju no data - ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo 6. distance to the nearest pastures and agricultural land < 1 km razdalja do najbližjih pašnikov in kmetijskih površin < 1 km yes - da to 2. phase - v 2. fazo no - ne further handling not needed - nadaljnja obravnava ni potrebna no data - ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo Table 2. Methodology for selection of closed (or in closing phase) coal mines (adapted from Stanley et al., 2011). Tabela 2. Metodologija za izbor zaprtih (ali v fazi zapiranja) premogovnikov (prirejeno po Stanley et. al., 2011). Sloveniji je bila pripravljena v okviru te študije in je prosto dostopna ter je del predstavljenega članka. Zato je v primeru uporabe informacij, ki so dostopne v Inventarju podatkov o zaprtih (ali v fazi zapiranja) in opuščenih rudnikih, premogov- nikih, površinskih kopih in odlagališčih rudar- skih odpadkov v Sloveniji, v kakršnekoli namene, potrebno navesti pričujoči članek kot vir. Inventar je v času objave tega članka dostopen v slovenščini, bo pa v prihodnosti glede na raz- položljiva sredstva preveden tudi v angleščino. Zbrani podatki so bili iz preglednic prenešeni v Google Earth format z uporabo ikone »dodaj pro - storsko oznako« v Google Earth aplikaciji, ka- mor so bili vneseni ime, koordinata (WGS 84) in lastnosti rudnika, premogovnika, površinskega kopa ali odlagališča rudarskih odpadkov. Za laž - jo preglednost so bili zaprti (ali v fazi zapiranja) in opuščeni rudniki, premogovniki in površinski kopi razdeljeni v posamezne mape po tipih mi- neralnih surovin ter v podmape po vrsti surovi- ne. Odlagališča rudarskih odpadkov so bila raz- deljena v posamezne mape po tipih mineralnih Slovenia” was prepared. It is part of this paper and has open access. Therefore, when using the information avail- able in Inventory on closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned mines, open pits and mining waste sites in Slovenia, this study should be cited as a source. At the time of publication of this study, the in - ventory is only available in Slovenian, but will be translated into English later depending on the financial and human resources available. The information collected has been inserted into a Google Earth format with the use of icon “Add placemark” in Google Earth application, con- taining names, coordinates (WGS 84) and prop- erties of the mines, open pits, and mining waste sites. For a better overview, the closed and aban- doned mines and open pits have been divided into separate folders by mineral resources type and sub-folders by commodity type. The mining waste sites have been divided into separate fold - ers by mineral resources types and sub-folders by metal and coal mine names. 228 Although the data collected has been pre- pared with care, its accuracy, reliability, com- pleteness, and correctness cannot be fully guaranteed. The data has been compiled from original reports that we have not modified or corrected. They are subject to the usual uncer- tainties of research and depend on the accuracy and reliability of their sources. Most data, espe- cially older data, were collected without the use of uniform quality assurance standards. There - fore, the paper has an informative character and is not suitable for market decisions or in legal proceedings. Moreover, part of the information, presented in this paper is already contained in the database “Deposits of Minerals Resources of the Republic of Slovenia – Database of ore deposits”, which is maintained by GeoZS for the Ministry of infra- structure, and will be available in the future also in the Mining Registry Book (Internet 1). surovin in v podmape po imenih rudnikov oziro- ma premogovnikov. Kljub temu, da so zbrani podatki pripravljeni zelo skrbno, ni mogoče v celoti zagotoviti njihove točnosti, zanesljivosti, popolnosti in ažurnosti. Podatki so povzeti po izvirnih poročilih in jih nismo spreminjali ali popravljali, ter so podvr- ženi običajni negotovosti raziskav in odvisni od točnosti in zanesljivosti njihovih virov. Večina, predvsem starejših podatkov, je bila zbrana brez uporabe enotnih standardov za zagotavljanje ka- kovosti. Zato je članek informativne/pregledne narave in ni primeren za tržne odločitve oz. v sodnih postopkih. Poleg tega je del informacij, ki so predstavlje- ne v tem članku, že zajetih v bazi Nahajališča mi- neralnih surovin RS – baza rudišč, ki jo upravlja GeoZS za Ministrstvo za infrastrukturo. Predsta - vljene informacije bodo v prihodnosti na voljo tudi v spletni aplikaciji Rudarska knjiga (Internet 1). Table 3. Methodology for selection of closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned non-metallic mineral resource mines or open pits (adapted from Stanley et al., 2011). Tabela 3. Metodologija za izbor zaprtih (ali v fazi zapiranja) in opuščenih rudnikov ali površinskih kopov nekovinskih mine - ralnih surovin (prirejeno po Stanley et. al., 2011). Category Kategorija Criterion Kriterij Fulfilment of criterion Izpolnjevanje kriterija Result Rezultat 1. state of mine or open pit stanje rudnika ali površinskega kopa 1. volume of excavated material > 50,000 m 3 volumen izkopanega materiala > 50.000 m 3 yes - da to 2. category - v 2. kategorijo no - ne further handling not needed - nadaljnja obravnava ni potrebna no data - ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo 2. transport pathways transportne poti 2. distance to the nearest water course or. water source < 1 km razdalja do najbližjega vodnega toka oz. vodnega vira < 1 km yes - da to 3. category - v 3. kategorijo no - ne further handling not needed - nadaljnja obravnava ni potrebna no data -ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo 3. pollutant receptors prejemniki onesnaževal 3. distance to the nearest settlement with > 100 inhabitants < 1 km razdalja do najbližjega naselja z > 100 prebivalci < 1 km yes - da to 2. phase - v 2. fazo no - ne to 4. criterion - k 4. kriteriju no data - ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo 4. distance to the area of Natura 2000 < 1 km razdalja do območja Natura 2000 < 1 km yes - da to 2. phase - v 2. fazo no - ne to 5. criterion - k 5. kriteriju no data - ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo 5. distance to the nearest pastures and agricultural land < 1 km razdalja do najbližjih pašnikov in kmetijskih površin < 1 km yes - da to 2. phase - v 2. fazo no - ne further handling not needed - nadaljnja obravnava ni potrebna no data - ni podatka to 2. phase - v 2. fazo Mateja GOSAR, Robert ŠAJN, Miloš MILER, Ana BURGER & Špela BAVEC 229 Results An inventory of closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned metal and coal mines and non-me- tallic mineral resource mines and open pits in Slovenia (Gosar et al., 2013a) includes 33 met- al mines, 43 coal mines, 3 non-metallic mineral resource mines and 48 open pits of non-metallic mineral resources. The list of closed (or in closing phase) mines with potential environmental impacts (Gosar et al., 2013b), which was prepared with the use of hierarchical decision-making schemes (Tables 1, 2 and 3) revealed 16 metal mines (Table 4) (Šk- ofje-Cerkno, Marija Reka, Idrija, Sv. Ana-Podl- jubelj, Remšnik, Pleše, Knapovže, Bohor-Ledina, Puharje, Litija, Mežica, Tržišče, Lepa njiva, Tro- jane-Znojile, Žirovski Vrh and Železno), 6 larger coal mines (Table 5) (Zagorje, Trbovlje-Hrastnik, Laško, Senovo, Kočevje and Kanižarica) and 15 open pit mines of non-metalic mineral resources (limestone, dolomite, flysch, gravel and sand). For all mentioned mines and open pits data on their waste sites were collected and a corresponding inventory was compiled. The list of closed and abandoned mining waste sites (Gosar et al., 2013b) comprises 156 metal mine waste sites and 18 coal mine waste sites. With regard to non-metallic mineral re- source open pits, it turned out that mine res- idues have already been re-used in open pit rehabilitation or local construction work due to its non-toxic chemical composition. There- fore, there are no closed or abandoned mining waste sites from non-metallic mineral resource open pits in Slovenia. Some mines of non-me- tallic mineral resources are presented in detail in publications by Dimkovski & Rokavec (2001), Rokavec (2014) and Rokavec & Mezga (2017). Overview of information on closed and abandoned mining waste sites The presented information on closed and abandoned mines, open pits and mining waste sites is based on data collected in the reports of Budkovič et al. (2004, 2005, 2006, 2008) and Go- sar et al. (2007, 2013a, 2013b) as well as on refer- ences listed in these reports. Mining waste sites of metal mines A list of closed and abandoned metal mines and related mining waste sites is given in table 4. The mines are ranked from the most important to the least important in terms of the amount of mining waste, generated during the operation of the mine. On about 98 ha of the Slovenian Rezultati Izdelali smo inventar zaprtih (ali v fazi zapi- ranja) in opuščenih rudarskih objektov (Gosar et al., 2013a), ki vključuje: 33 rudnikov kovin, 43 premogovnikov, 3 rudnike nekovinskih mineral- nih surovin in 48 površinskih kopov nekovinskih mineralnih surovin. Seznam zaprtih (ali v fazi zapiranja) in opuš - čenih rudnikov s potencialnim vplivom na okolje (Gosar et al., 2013b), ki je bil izdelan z uporabo hierarhičnih odločitvenih shem (Tabele 1, 2, 3), vsebuje 16 rudnikov kovin (Tabela 4) (Škofje- -Cerkno, Marija Reka, Idrija, Sv. Ana-Podlju- belj, Remšnik, Pleše, Knapovže, Bohor-Ledina, Puharje, Litija, Mežica, Tržišče, Lepa njiva, Tro- jane-Znojile, Žirovski Vrh in Železno), 6 večjih premogovnikov (Tabela 5) (Zagorje, Trbovlje- -Hrastnik, Laško, Senovo, Kočevje in Kaniža- rica) in 15 površinskih kopov nekovinskih mi- neralnih surovin (apnenec, dolomit, fliš, prod in pesek). Za vse omenjene rudnike, premogovnike in površinske kope sta bila izvedena zbiranje in- formacij o njihovih odlagališčih odpadkov ter s tem povezana izdelava inventarja. Seznam zaprtih in opuščenih odlagališč rudar- skih odpadkov (Gosar et al., 2013b) vključuje 156 odlagališč rudnikov kovin in 18 odlagališč premo - govnikov. Za površinske kope nekovinskih mine- ralnih surovin se je izkazalo, da so bili rudarski odpadki zaradi nenevarne kemične sestave upo- rabljeni za sanacijo površinskih kopov ali lokalna gradbena dela. Torej, v Sloveniji ne obstajajo zapr - ta ali opuščena odlagališča odpadkov iz površin- skih kopov nekovinskih mineralnih surovin, zato zanje tudi ne podajamo tabelaričnega pregleda. Nekateri površinski kopi nekovinskih mineralnih surovin so podrobneje predstavljeni v publikaci- jah Dimkovski & Rokavec (2001), Rokavec (2014) in Rokavec & Mezga (2017). Pregled informacij o zaprtih in opuščenih odlagališčih rudarskih odpadkov Predstavljene informacije o zaprtih (ali v fazi zapiranja) in opuščenih rudnikih, premogovni- kih, površinskih kopih in odlagališčih rudar - skih odpadkov temeljijo na podatkih, zbranih v poročilih Budkovič et al. (2004, 2005, 2006, 2008) in Gosar et al. (2007, 2013a, 2013b) ter virih, na- vedenih v omenjenih poročilih. Odlagališča rudarskih odpadkov rudnikov kovin Seznam zaprtih in opuščenih rudnikov kovin in z njimi povezanih odlagališč rudarskih od- padkov je naveden v tabeli 4. Rudniki so razvr- ščeni od najbolj do najmanj pomembnih z vidika Overview of existing information on important closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned mining waste sites and related... 230 Mežica 63.7% Idrija 18.4% Žirovski Vrh 14.4% Pleše 1.2% Litija 1.2% Sveta Ana – Podljubelj 0.6% Škofje – Cerkno 0.3% Other 0.2% Mežica Idrija Žirovski Vrh Pleše Litija Sveta Ana – Podljubelj Škofje – Cerkno Other territory 11,621,333 m 3 of metal mining waste are stored in closed or abandoned waste sites. In terms of quantities, more than half (64 %) of the mining waste was produced in the Meži- ca lead and zinc mine, while the other two mines with a significant share of waste produced were the Idrija mercury mine (18 %) and the Žirovski Vrh uranium mine (15 %) (Table 4, fig. 1). The Mine Rudnik Commodity Surovina No. of waste sites Št. odlagališč odpadkov Volume (m 3 ) Prostornina (m 3 ) Area (m 2 ) Površina (m 2 ) Mežica Pb, Zn (Mo) 33 7,402,500 467,430 Idrija Hg 14 2,132,700 302,500 Žirovski vrh U (Th) 2 (+1, in closing phase) 2 (+1, v zapiranju) 1,678,133 130,325 Pleše Pb, Ba (Zn, Hg) 17 139,900 6,600 Rudnik Litija Pb, Hg (Sb, Ba, Ag) 28 139,450 37,025 Sveta Ana- Podljubelj Hg 1 68,000 10,100 Škofje-Cerkno Cu (Pb, Zn) 8 37,000 15,400 Ledina Pb, Zn 3 8,300 2,300 Knapovže Pb, Hg (Zn) 2 5,000 1,600 Trojane-Znojile Sb 30 4,800 2,400 Marija Reka Hg (Pb, Ba) 2 1,500 750 Remšnik Pb (Zn, Cu, Ag) 2 1,500 750 Železno Pyrite 1 1,000 100 Tržišče Pb, Zn 3 800 380 Lepa Njiva Sb 9 750 410 Puharje Pb, Zn 1 unknown / neznano unknown / neznano SUM VSOTA 11,621,333 978,070 Table 4. Summary of closed and abandoned metal mines and associated mining waste (data after Gosar et al., 2013b). Tabela 4. Pregled zaprtih in opuščenih rudnikov kovin in z njimi povezanih rudarskih odpadkov (podatki po Gosar et al., 2013b). količine rudarskih odpadkov, ki so nastali med obratovanjem rudnika. Na približno 98 hektarjih slovenskega ozemlja je odloženih 11.621.333 m 3 rudarskih odpadkov na zaprtih (ali v fazi zapira- nja) ter opuščenih odlagališčih. Glede na prostornino je bila več kot polovica (64 %) rudarskih odpadkov proizvedena v rudni- ku svinca in cinka Mežica, medtem ko sta preos- Fig. 1. The portion of mining waste produced by closed or abandoned metal mines. Sl. 1. Deleži rudarskih odpad- kov, ki so bili proizvedeni v danes zaprtih ali opuščenih rudnikih kovin. Mateja GOSAR, Robert ŠAJN, Miloš MILER, Ana BURGER & Špela BAVEC 231 tala dva rudnika z znatnim deležem proizvede- nih odpadkov rudnik živega srebra Idrija (18 %) in rudnik urana Žirovski Vrh (15 %) (Tabela 4, sl. 1). Rudniki Pleše, Litija in Sveta Ana-Podlju- belj so vsak proizvedli do 1 % rudarskih odpad- kov v Sloveniji, preostali manjši rudniki (Ško- fje-Cerkno, Ledina, Knapovže, Trojane-Znojile, Marija Reka, Remšnik, Železno, Tržišče, Lepa njiva in Puharje) pa so proizvedli zanemarljivo količino (skupaj manj kot 1 %) odpadkov v pri- merjavi z vsemi obravnavanimi rudniki kovin. Odlagališča rudarskih odpadkov rudnika svinca in cinka Mežica Rudnik svinca in cinka Mežica je bil eden naj - pomembnejših rudnikov v Sloveniji. Izkopavanje in izkoriščanje rude se je začelo že leta 1442. Ru- dišče je tipa »Mississippi valley« in se nahaja v srednje/zgornjetriasnih »wettersteinskih« plat- formnih karbonatih (Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Kušej, 1992; Lednik, 1994). Med obratovanjem je bilo proizvedenih okoli 1.000.000 ton Pb in 500.000 ton Zn. Med in po 2. svetovni vojni so pridobivali tudi Mo. V različnih obdobjih obra- tovanja rudnika so rudo kopali na različnih ru- dnih območjih (Topla, Peca, Naveršnik, Srednja cona, Triurno rudišče, Helena, Moering, Union, Igrčevo, Staro Igrčevo, Fridrih, Stari Fridrih in Graben) (Zorc, 1955). Rudnik Mežica je bil v zapi - ranju od leta 1988 (Uradni list SRS, št. 5/88), leta 1994 je bilo ustavljeno pridobivanje, rudnik pa so zaprli leta 2005 (Senegačnik, 2015). Na območju Mežice je 33 odlagališč rudarskih odpadkov, ki skupno pokrivajo približno 47 hek- tarjev površine in ležijo v okolici območij rudni- ških rovov. Skupna prostornina odpadkov v Mežici je ocenjena na približno 7.400.000 m 3 . Največje od- lagališče, Kavšakova halda, zajema 5.000.000 m 3 , 4 odlagališča (Štoparjev odval, Žerjavski od- val, Glančnik in Fridrih) pa med 160.000 in 720.000 m 3 . P reostal i h 28 od lagal išč pa skupaj vse - buje približno 600.000 m 3 . Devetnajst odlagališč je klasificiranih kot jamska jalovina, 7 kot revna ruda, 4 kot separacijska jalovina in 3 kot mešana jalovina, sestavljena iz jamske jalovine, separacij - ske jalovine in žlindre. Za odlagališča, ki so kla- sificirana kot revna ruda, separacijska jalovina ali mešana jalovina, so v različnih poročilih iz ar - hiva rudnika Mežica na voljo tudi ocene preosta- lih vsebnosti Pb in Zn, ki se gibljejo med 0,66 in 3,84 % za Pb ter med 0,47 in 7,67 % za Zn (Gosar et al., 2013b in tam navedene reference). Poleg tega je ocenjeno, da je v separacijski jalovini tudi Mo s povprečno vsebnostjo 0,012 % (Zorc, 1955). mines Pleše, Litija and Sveta Ana-Podljubelj each produced up to 1 % of the mining waste in Slovenia, while the remaining smaller mines (Šk - ofje-Cerkno, Ledina, Knapovže, Trojane-Znojile, Marija Reka, Remšnik, Železno, Tržišče, Lepa njiva and Puharje) produced negligible amount of waste (less than 1 %) in relation to all metal mines. Mining waste sites of Mežica lead and zinc mine Mežica lead and zinc mine was among the most important mines in Slovenia. Mining began already in 1442. The “Mississippi Valley” type ore deposit is hosted by Middle/Upper-Triassic Wetterstein platform carbonates (Drovenik , M. et al., 1980; Kušej, 1992; Lednik, 1994). During entire operation about 1,000,000 tons of Pb and 500,000 tons of Zn were produced. During and after the World War II also Mo was extracted. The ore was mined in different times of operation at several mining districts (Topla, Peca, Naveršnik, Srednja cona, Triurno rudišče, Helena, Moer- ing, Union, Igrčevo, Staro Igrčevo, Fridrih, Stari Fridrih and Graben) (Zorc, 1955). Mežica mine was in closure since 1988 (Official Gazzette, No. 5/88), in 1994 extraction stopped and the mine was closed in 2005 (Senegačnik, 2015). In the area of Mežica there are 33 mining waste sites, which cover about 47 hectares of land and are located in the areas around the mine tun - nels. The total volume of waste from Mežica is estimated at approximately 7,400,000 m 3 . About two thirds of the total volume (5,000,000 m 3 ) was deposited in Kavšakova halda. Four sites (Što- parjev odval, Žerjavski odval, Glančnik in Frid- rih) contain between 160,000 and 720,000 m 3 of material. The volume of the others (28 sites in to- tal) is estimated at 600,000 m 3 . Nineteen waste sites are classified as gangue waste material, 7 as low-grade ore, 4 as separation tailings and 3 as mixed tailings consisting of gangue waste material, separation tailings and slag. For sites classified as low-grade ore, separation tailings or mixed tailings, estimates of average Pb and Zn grades exist in various reports written by mine personal, varying between 0.66 and 3.84 % for Pb and between 0.47 and 7.67 % for Zn (Gosar et al., 2013b & references therein). In addition, it is estimated that 0.012 % of Mo remains in the sep- aration tailings (Zorc, 1955). Overview of existing information on important closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned mining waste sites and related... 232 Mining waste sites of Idrija mercury mine Another very important metal mine in Slove- nia is the Idrija mercury mine. It is a large hydro - thermal and monometallic ore deposit (Mlakar, 1974 & references therein; Miklavčič, 1999; Ci- gale, 2006). The geological structure of the ore deposit is extremely complex and is the result of extensive sedimentary and tectonic occurrenc- es in the Triassic and Tertiary periods (Placer, 1973, Placer & Čar, 1977; Mlakar & Čar, 2009; Čar, 2010). The deposit consists of Carboniferous, Permian, Scythian, Anisian and Ladinian rocks enriched in mercury (Mlakar, 1967). The miner- alization occurs in two mineral forms: 70 % as cinnabar (HgS) and 30 % as native mercury. Cin- nabar is the main mineral of the ore (Režun & Dizdarevič, 1997). Ore exploitation and produc- tion of Hg began as early as in 1492. The Idrija mine was in closure since 1987 (Official Gazzette, No. 26/05– official consolidated text), production was stopped in 1991 and the mine was closed in 2014 (Senegačnik, 2015). During its operation, the mine produced large quantities of waste, estimated at about 2,100,000 m 3 . The waste sites are located in var- ious parts of the Idrija town and surroundings, which is a consequence of the complex history of mercury ore processing. The characteristics and spatial distribution of waste sites were described, summarised, and presented by Čar (1992, 1996, personal communication). In early times (16 th and the first half of 17 th cen- tury) mercury was roasted in piles and in earthen vessels. At that time, smaller primitive roasting sites were located outside the populated area in forests and near rivers, because the energy source (wood and water) was nearby and cooling of ore was possible (Verbič, 1965, 1970 in Čar, 1996). Twenty-one such sites were identified in the rural surroundings of Idrija, where waste material in the form of residues of roasted ore together with pieces of cinnabar-coated clay vessels was found (Gosar & Čar, 2006; Teršič et al., 2011a, Teršič et al., 2011b). However, the exact information about the surface area and amount of waste from histor - ical roasting sites in the forests remains unknown. The first modernised ore processing plant with permanent furnaces was built in Lejnštat and operated for a short period of time (1605- 1620). Later, in 1641, the first covered processing plant was built on the left bank of the Idrijca riv - er at Prejnuta, which was in operation until 1880 (Kavčič, 2008). During the operation of the pro- cessing plant in Prejnuta, two dumps (Prejnuta I and Prejnuta-Lipoldi) for depositing roasting Odlagališča rudarskih odpadkov rudnika živega srebra Idrija Naslednji zelo pomemben kovinski rudnik v Sloveniji je bil rudnik živega srebra Idrija. Pred- stavlja veliko monometalno rudišče hidrotermal- nega nastanka (Mlakar, 1974 in tam navedene re - ference; Miklavčič, 1999; Cigale, 2006). Geološka zgradba rudišča je izredno kompleksna in je pos- ledica obsežnih sedimentacijskih in tektonskih dogajanj v triasu in terciarju (Placer, 1973; Pla- cer & Čar, 1977; Mlakar & Čar, 2009; Čar, 2010). Rudišče je sestavljeno iz karbonskih, permskih, skitskih, anizijskih in ladinijskih kamnin, oru- denih z živim srebrom (Mlakar, 1967). Orudenje se pojavlja v dveh mineralnih oblikah: 70 % kot cinabarit (HgS) in 30 % kot samorodno živo sreb - ro (Režun & Dizdarevič, 1997). Z izkoriščanjem in predelavo Hg rude so pričeli že leta 1492. Ru- dnik Idrija je bil v zapiranju od leta 1987 (Uradni list RS, št. 26/05 – ura dn o p rečiščen o besedil o ) , proizvodnjo so ustavili leta 1991, rudnik pa zapr - li leta 2014 (Senegačnik, 2015). Med obratovanjem je rudnik proizvedel veli- ko količino odpadkov, ki je ocenjena na približno 2.100.000 m 3 . Odpadki so odloženi na različnih lokacijah Idrije in okolice, kar je posledica pestre zgodovine predelovanja živosrebrove rude. Last- nosti odlagališč odpadkov in njihovo prostorsko razporeditev je opisal, povzel in predstavil Čar (1992, 1996, osebna komunikacija). V začetku (16. in prva polovica 17. stoletja) so živo srebro žgali v kopah in v lončenih posodah. Takrat so se manjše primitivne žgalnice nahajale izven poseljenega naselja v gozdovih in ob rekah, kjer sta bila vir energije (les) in voda za hlajenje lažje dostopna (Verbič, 1965, 1970 v Čar, 1996). V okolici Idrije je bilo odkritih 21 tovrstnih žgalnic, poleg njih so na teh območjih našli tudi odpad- ni material v obliki ostankov prežgane rude in delcev glinenih posod, prevlečenih s cinabaritom (Gosar & Čar, 2006; Teršič et al., 2011a, Teršič et al., 2011b). Natančne informacije o površinskem obsegu in količini odpadkov iz starih žgalnic v gozdovih ostajajo neznane. V Lejnštatu je bil ustanovljen prvi sodobnej- ši obrat za predelavo rude s stalnimi pečmi, ki je obratoval kratek čas (1605-1620). Kasneje, leta 1641, je bila na levem bregu reke Idrijce pri Prej- nuti zgrajena prva pokrita predelovalnica rude, ki je obratovala do leta 1880 (Kavčič, 2008). Med obratovanjem predelovalnice Prejnuta sta nasta- li dve odlagališči (Prejnuta I in Prejnuta–Lipol- di) žgalniških ostankov (Čar, 1996). Ocenjeno je, da odlagališče Prejnuta-Lipoldi (74.000 m 3 ; 2 ha) vsebuje v povprečju 0,1 % Hg. Med leti 1972 in Mateja GOSAR, Robert ŠAJN, Miloš MILER, Ana BURGER & Špela BAVEC 233 residues were created (Čar, 1996). It is estimated that the roasting residues at the Prejnuta-Lipoldi site (74,000 m 3 ; 2 ha) contain on average 0.1 % Hg. In the years 1972-1974 about 16,340 m 3 of roast- ing residues was reprocessed to recover the re- maining Hg (Mlakar, 1971; Režun, 1990). Later, during 1986-1988, the waste dump was levelled and the first factory of the present commutator production company Kolektor was built on it (Režun, 1990). The roasting residues of Prejnuta I (34,000 m 3 ; 0.9 ha) consists mainly of the coarse fraction (2-5 cm in diameter) and contain on av- erage 0.144 % Hg. The drill cores produced at the waste site in 1974 showed that it is 3.6 m thick on average. In 1988, 600 m 3 of waste material with an average Hg content of 0.224 % was excavated (Režun, 1990; Čar, 1996). When the processing plant in Prejnuta was closed (1868), a new modern roasting plant was built in Brusovše, which was in operation until 1995 (Kavčič, 2008). During the operation of the processing plant in Brusovše the main waste site called the Dump of a roasting plant RŽŠ Idri- ja Brusovše (370,000 m 3 ; 4.3 ha) was established next to the processing facility. However, until 1977, most of the roasting residues were depos- ited along the Idrijca river, transported back to the pit or used as filling material for construction works and infrastructure (Čar, 1996). The waste material, deposited along the Id- rijca river, had been continuously washed away downstream (Čar, 1996; Gosar et al., 1997; Gosar, 2008). As a result, significant amounts of waste material are stored in downstream overbank sed - iments and in the Trieste Bay (Adriatic Sea). Af- ter 1983, for ecological reasons, it was no longer permitted to dump the waste in the Idrijca river. Therefore, the waste dump of Brusovše plant on the right bank of the Idrijca river became larger. However, due to poor management, the materi- al was continuously washed away at high water levels. On the southern part of the dump a new factory of company Kolektor was built and resto - ration work was carried out (the dump was par- tially covered with asphalt) (Gosar et al., 2007). The waste material, which was used to level the surface during the urbanisation of the town, was described by Čar (1996). The waste sites of these materials have been named after the places, where they were deposited (Gosar et al., 2007). The composition of the waste materials is diverse. The waste site Arkova ulica (830,000 m 3 ; 6 ha) consists of roasting residues, site Za gradom (6,500 m 3 ; 0.2 ha) of residues of roasted ore-bearing clastic rocks sites Beblerjeva ulica (28,000 m 3 ; 0.7 ha), 1974 so za pridobitev Hg, ki je ostal v odloženih žgalniških ostankih, ponovno predelali okoli 16.340 m 3 materiala. (Mlakar, 1971; Režun, 1990). Kasneje, med leti 1986 in 1988, so odlagališče iz- ravnali in na njegovem območju postavili prvo tovarno sedanjega podjetja Kolektor (Režun, 1990). Žgalniški ostanki iz odlagališča Prejnuta I (34.000 m 3 ; 0,9 ha) so v večji meri sestavljeni iz debelozrnate frakcije (premer 2–5 cm) in v pov- prečju vsebujejo 0,144 % Hg. Raziskave vrtin iz leta 1974 so pokazale, da je odlagališče v povpre- čju debelo 3,6 m. Leta 1988 je bilo iz odlagališča izkopanega 600 m 3 materiala s povprečno vseb - nostjo Hg 0,224 % (Režun, 1990; Čar, 1996). Ob zaprtju predelovalnega obrata Prejnuta (1868) je bila v Brusovšah zgrajena nova sodob- na žgalnica, ki je obratovala do leta 1995 (Kav- čič, 2008). Med obratovanjem žgalnice Brusovše je bilo ob njej urejeno glavno odlagališče z ime- nom Odlagališče žgalnice RŽŠ Idrija Brusovše (370.000 m 3 ; 4,3 ha). Kljub temu pa so do leta 1977 večino žgalniških ostankov odvrgli vzdolž reke Idrijce, jih transportirali nazaj v rudniške rove ali pa uporabili kot polnilni material za infra- strukturne objekte in druga gradbena dela (Čar, 1996). Odpadni materiali, ki so jih odvrgli vzdolž reke Idrijce, so se nenehno spirali v smeri nje- nega toka (Čar, 1996; Gosar et al., 1997; Gosar, 2008). Posledično je veliko odpadnega materiala odloženega in razpršenega dolvodno v poplavnih ravnicah ter v Tržaškem zalivu v Jadranskem morju. Leta 1983 zaradi ekoloških razlogov od- laganje odpadkov v Idrijco ni bilo več dovoljeno. Posledično se je glavno odlagališče Brusovše na desnem bregu reke Idrijce povečalo. Zaradi ne- zadostnega utrjevanja brežin odlagališča se je ob visokih vodah material še vedno izpiral v reko. Na južnem delu odlagališča je bila zgrajena nova tovarna podjetja Kolektor ter izvedena sanaci- ja (odlagališče je bilo delno prekrito z asfaltom) (Gosar et al., 2007). Sestavo odpadnega materiala, ki so ga upo- rabili za izravnavo površin pri urbanizaci- ji mesta, je opisal Čar (1996). Odlagališča teh materialov so bila poimenovana po krajih, kjer so odloženi (Gosar et al., 2007). Sestava odla- gališč je raznolika. Odlagališče Arkova ulica (830.000 m 3 ; 6 ha) sestavljajo žgalniški ostan- ki, Za gradom (6.500 m 3 ; 0,2 ha) ostanki žganih orudenih klastičnih kamnin, Beblerjeva ulica (28.000 m 3 ; 0,7 ha), VVO Muzej (1.500 m 3 ; 0,2 ha), Ulica H. Freyerya (8.000 m 3 ; 0,3 ha) in Lejnštat (190.000 m 3 ; 3,1 ha) ostanki žganih orudenih klastičnih in karbonatnih kamnin, in nazadnje Overview of existing information on important closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned mining waste sites and related... 234 VVO Muzej (1,500 m 3 ; 0.2 ha), Ulica H. Freyerya (8,000 m 3 ; 0.3 ha) and Lejnštat (190,000 m 3 ; 3,1 ha) of residues of roasted ore bearing clastic rocks and carbonates, and lastly Mejca (120,000 m 3 ; 2.3 ha) and Mercator (50,000 m 3 ; 1.2 ha) of resi- dues of roasted ore-bearing clastic rocks and car - bonates mixed with Idrijca river sediments. In the place Trg Svetega A hacija, where today’s town square is located, low-grade ore (mainly ore bearing clastic and carbonate rocks) was depos- ited during the first century of Hg mining. The volume is estimated at 160,000 m 3 , the surface area at 2.8 hectares, and thickness at 3 m. It is also estimated that the low-grade ore contains about 80 tons of Hg (Čar, 1996). In addition, at Vodnikova ulica (40,000 m 3 ; 1 hectare) there is a dump of residues of roasted ore-bearing clastic rocks and carbonates, which are assumed to have been deposited before 1652, as traces of ore pro- cessing in clay vessels were found (Čar, 1996). Mining waste sites of Žirovski Vrh uranium mine Slovenia has significant deposits of uranium ore at Žirovski Vrh. The ore-bearing rocks are grey Gröden (Val Gardena) sandstone of the Mid- dle Permian age. Its basement is represented by dark Carbonian-Permian shale, while it is over- laid by Middle Permian red Gröden sandstone and Upper Permian limestone and dolomite (Jokano- vić et al., 1972; Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Drovenik, F. et al, 1980). Uranium ore in Žirovski Vrh was discovered in 1960. After that, research and trial exploitation began, which lasted until 1980. After 1980, the mine flourished and was in operation un - til 1990, when the mine ceased its regular opera- tion, because uranium production was no longer economically competitive and for environmental reasons related to the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Approximately 452 tons of ore concentrate U 3 O 8 was extracted from 630,000 tons of ore dur- ing the entire operation (Florjančič et al., 2000; Florjančič, 2006). The average content of U 3 O 8 in the ore was about 715 g U 3 O 8 /t. In order to achieve the final closure of the mine, the Repub- lic of Slovenia accepted a Permanent Cessation of the Uranium Ore Exploitation and Prevention of Effects of Mining at the Žirovski Vrh Uranium Mine Act (Official Gazzette, No. 22/06). In order to carry out the decommissioning and restora- tion of the mining and ore processing sites, the Slovenian Government established the public en - terprise Rudnik Žirovski Vrh, javno podjetje za zapiranje rudnika urana (RŽV) and provided the necessary financial resources (Internet 2). odlagališči Mejca (120.000 m 3 ; 2,3 ha) ter Merca- tor (50.000 m 3 ; 1,2 ha) ostanki žganih orudenih klastičnih in karbonatnih kamnin pomešanih s sedimenti reke Idrijce. Na lokaciji Trg Svetega Ahacija, kjer se danes nahaja Mestni trg, so v prvem stoletju pridobiva- nja živega srebra odlagali odvale revne rude (v glavnem rudonosne klastite in karbonate), kate- rih ocenjena prostornina znaša 160.000 m 3 , povr- šina 2,8 hektarjev, debelina pa 3 m. Ocenjeno je tudi, da odložena revna ruda vsebuje okoli 80 ton Hg (Čar, 1996). Poleg tega, obstaja še odlagališče Vodnikova ulica (40.000 m 3 ; 1 ha), ki ga sestavlja- jo ostanki žganih orudenih klastičnih in karbo- natnih kamnin. Predvideva se, da je bil material odložen pred letom 1652, saj so bile tam najdene sledi predelovanja rude v glinenih posodah (Čar, 1996). Odlagališča rudarskih odpadkov rudnika urana Žirovski Vrh Slovenija ima pomembna nahajališča ura- nove rude v Žirovskem Vrhu. Orudene kamnine sestavljajo grödenski peščenjaki srednjepermske starosti. Podlago predstavljajo temni karbonsko- -permski skrilavci, ki so prekriti s srednjeperm- skimi rdečimi grödenskimi peščenjaki in zgor- njepermskimi apnenci in dolomiti (Jokanović et al., 1972; Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Drovenik, F. et al, 1980). Orudenje z uranom je bilo na Žirovskem Vrhu ugotovljeno leta 1960. Kmalu potem se je za - čelo širše raziskovanje in odpiralno rudarjenje, ki je trajalo do leta 1980. Po letu 1980 je rudnik doživel razcvet in deloval do leta 1990, ko se je proizvodnja ustavila, ker je njena ekonomska up- ravičenost nenadoma padla (padec svetovnih cen) in zaradi intenzivnega nastopa »zelenega« poli- tičnega gibanja, tesno povezanega tudi s takratno nesrečo v Černobilu leta 1986. Kot navaja Florjančič in sodelavci (2000; Flor- jančič 2006) je bilo med celotnim obratovanjem rudnika proizvedenih 450 ton rudnega koncen- trata U 3 O 8 iz 630.000 ton rude. Povprečna vseb - nost U 3 O 8 v rudi je torej znašala povprečno okoli 715 g U 3 O 8 /t rude. Z namenom trajnega zaprtja rudnika je država leta 1992 sprejela Zakon o trajnem prenehanju izkoriščanja uranove rude in preprečevanju posledic rudarjenja v Rudniku urana Žirovski Vrh (ZTPIU) (Uradni list RS, št. 22/06 – uradno prečiščeno besedilo). Z namenom izvedbe razrešitve in sanacije rudarskega in pre- delovalnega območja je vlada ustanovila družbo Rudnik Žirovski Vrh, javno podjetje za zapiranje rudnika urana (RŽV) in prispevala potrebna fi- nančna sredstva (Internet 2). Mateja GOSAR, Robert ŠAJN, Miloš MILER, Ana BURGER & Špela BAVEC 235 At Žirovski Vrh mine three mining waste dumps cover about 13 hectares of land. It should be noted that only two of them (Jazbec and DP- 10) are closed. The third one (Boršt) is still in the closing phase due to specific stability issues and the high degree of difficulty of closing works (Sivac et al., 2018). The existing information on the mining waste sites of Žirovski Vrh was col- lected in a common database in 2013 (Gosar et al., 2013b) and updated with the latest information (Internet 3) during the preparation of this paper. The waste site Boršt (415,543 m 3 ; 4.2 ha) con- sists of hydrometallurgical tailings, gangue ma- terials and contaminated materials. Hydrome- tallurgical tailings were dumped between 1984 and 1990, gangue materials between 1984 and 2004 and contaminated materials in 2009 (Inter - net 3). It is estimated that the hydrometallurgical tailings (610,000 tons) contain 230 Th (600 Bq/kg), 238 U (10,000 Bq/kg) and 226 Ra (8,700 Bq/kg). In the gangue materials (111,000 tons) the average con- tent 17.8 g of U 3 O 8 per ton is estimated. The de - posit also contains residuals of soluble inorganic salts NH 4 SO 4 and emanations of Rn (Petkovšek et al., 2005). The remediation of Boršt was complet- ed in 2010, however further measures are being taken due to landslide movements of the waste material (Internet 3). The waste site Jazbec (1,198,900 m 3 ; 6.7 ha) con- sists of waste rock, low-grade ore, red mud from the hydrometallurgical process of uranium leach- ing, filter cake from the mine water treatment station, contaminated soil and polluted material from the uranium ore processing facilities, ruins of buildings and technological equipment from the uranium ore processing plant. Waste rock, low-grade ore and red mud were deposited be- tween 1982 and 1990 and material from decon- tamination and demolition between 1991 and 2007 (Internet 3). The residual content of U 3 O 8 in the waste rock (1,366,589 tons) and in the low-grade ore (126,000 tons) was estimated at 69 g/t, while in the red mud (48,000 tons) 62,000 Bq/kg of 230 Th, 500 Bq/kg of 238 U and 200 Bq/kg of 226 Ra remained (Jelen, 2004; Internet 3). The remediation of Jazbec was completed in 2008, and since 2013 Jazbec has been a national infrastructure facility. Once it was proven that the remediation was successful, the Jazbec waste site was closed in 2015 (Internet 3). The waste site DP-10 (63,690 m 3 ; 2.1 ha) con- sists of gangue materials. The residual content of U 3 O 8 in the waste is estimated at 28 g/t. The mate - rial was dumped between 1966 and 1980. The site was restored during the construction of the mine plant between 1980 and 1985. The restoration V okolici rudnika Žirovski Vrh so 3 odlaga- lišča rudarskih odpadkov, ki pokrivajo 13 ha območja. Opozoriti je treba, da sta zaprti le 2 odlagališči (Jazbec in DP-10). Odlagališče Boršt je še vedno v fazi zapiranja zaradi specifičnih problemov s stabilnostjo in visoke stopnje težav- nosti zapiralnih del (Sivac et al., 2018). Obstoječe informacije o rudarskih odpadkih rudnika Ži- rovski Vrh so bile zbrane v skupno bazo leta 2013 (Gosar et al., 2013b) in dopolnjene z najnovejšimi podatki (Internet 3) tekom priprave te študije. Odlagališče Boršt (415.543 m 3 ; 4,2 ha) sestav- ljajo hidrometalurška jalovina, jamska jalovina, in onesnaženi materiali. Hidrometalurško jalovi- no so odlagali med leti 1984 in 1990, jamsko ja- lovino med 1984 in 2004 in onesnažene materiale leta 2009 (Internet 3). Ocenjeno je, da hidrome- talurška jalovina (610.000 ton) še vedno vsebu- je 230 Th (600 Bq/kg), 238 U (10.000 Bq/kg) in 226 Ra (8.700 Bq/kg) ter da se v jamski jalovini (111.000 ton) nahajajo ostanki U 3 O 8 (s povprečno vsebno - stjo 17,8 g U 3 O 8 /t jalovine). V materialu odlaga- lišča Boršt se nahajajo tudi ostanki topnih anor- ganskih soli NH 4 SO 4 in emanacij Rn (Petkovšek et al., 2005). Sanacija odlagališča je bila končana leta 2010, vendar se še vedno izvajajo nadaljnji ukrepi zaradi plazenja odloženega materiala (In- ternet 3). Odlagališče Jazbec (1.198.900 m 3 ; 6,7 ha) ses- tavljajo jamska jalovina, revna ruda, rdeče blato iz hidrometalurških procesov izluževanja urano- ve rude, filtrirna pogača iz čistilne naprave ru- dniških vod, onesnažena zemljina iz predeloval- nih naprav urana, ruševin in tehnološke opreme predelovalnega obrata. Jamsko jalovino, revno rudo in rdeče blato so odlagali med leti 1982 in 1990, material iz dekontaminacije in rušenja pa med leti 1991 in 2007 (Internet 3). Ocenjeno je, da jamska jalovina (1.366.589 ton) in revna ruda (126.000 ton) vsebujeta 69 g U 3 O 8 /t jalovine, rde- če blato (48.000 ton) pa 62.000 Bq/kg 230 Th, 500 Bq/kg 238 U in 200 Bq/kg 226 Ra (Jelen, 2004; Inter- net 3). Sanacija odlagališča je bila končana leta 2008. Od leta 2013 odlagališče spada pod državno infrastrukturo. Odlagališče Jazbec je bilo zaprto leta 2015, po tem, ko je bilo ugotovljeno, da je bila sanacija uspešna (Internet 3). Odlagališče DP-10 (63.690 m 3 ; 2,1 ha) sestavlja jamska jalovina, ki po ocenah vsebuje 28 g U 3 O 8 /t jalovine. Material je bil odložen med leti 1966 in 1980. Odlagališče je bilo obnovljeno med gradnjo rudarskega objekta med leti 1980 in 1985. Obno- va je obsegala prekrivanje odpadkov z 0,5 m iner- tnega materiala (Rudnik Žirovski Vrh & IBE d.d., 1997). Odlagališče P-10 spada v območje objekta Overview of existing information on important closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned mining waste sites and related... 236 consisted in covering of the waste with 0.5 m of inert material (Rudnik Žirovski Vrh & IBE d.d., 1997). The P-10 belongs to the area of the nation- al infrastructure facility of the Jazbec waste site (Internet 4). Mining waste sites from other metal mines In Podsitarjevec near Litija, a large polymetal - lic Pb, Zn, Hg, Ba and Ag ore deposits are found in Carbonian-Permian clastic rocks. Mining be- gan already in Roman times. The Litija mine was in intensive operation between 1875 and 1966 and had its own processing plant. Approximately 50,000 tons of Pb, 32,000 tons of baryte BaSO 4 , 158 tons of Hg and 9.8 tons of Ag were extracted from domestic and imported ore (Fabjančič, 1972; Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Mlakar, 1994). Accord - ing to the documentation “Fond Litija” from the archives of the Mežica mine, in the years 1880 and 1960 at the site Podsitarjevec (54,700 m 3 ; 1.2 ha) waste rock, low-grade ore and separation tailings were dumped while at 5 smaller dumps (10,000 to 15,000 m 3 ) waste rock and low-grade ore. It is es- timated that on average 1.86 % of Pb and 0.47 % of Zn remained in the waste material at dump site Podsitarjevec. Between 1961 and 1965 flota- tion tailings were dumped at the site Pregrada (20,000 m 3 ; 0.8 ha). In the vicinity there are also small dumps (less than 1,000 m 3 ) of gangue ma- terials and low-grade ore from the early phase of operation (between the 18 th century and the first half of the 20 th century) (Mlakar, 1994). In the vicinity of Pleše (Škofljica) there is a small vein type ore deposit of Pb and Ba and sub- ordinate Zn and Hg is hosted by Carboniferous- Permian clastic rocks (Drovenik, M. et al. 1980; Mlakar, 2003). It has been estimated that Pb ore mining have started before at least 300 years (Mlakar, 2003). Mining of baryte began after the First World War. The mine was in operation until 1963. During the entire mining operation, waste material was deposited in some small dumps (less than 5,000 m 3 ) and two large waste dumps Pleše Čelo 10 (64,000 m 3 ; 0.4 ha) and Pleše Čelo 9 (46,000 m 3 ; 0.2 ha). All waste consists of gangue material and low-grade ore. It is estimated that about 30 % of the baryte content remains in the waste (Tiringer & Berce 1956 in Mlakar, 2003). At Sveta Ana-Podljubelj, a vein type Hg ore deposit is hosted by Middle Triassic dolomi- tised limestone (Dimkovski, 1972; Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Drovenik, F. et al., 1980). According to the historical data mining began in 1557 and lasted until 1902, with some pauses in between. A detailed historical overview of the mining is državne infrastrukture odlagališča rudarske ja- lovine Jazbec (Internet 4). Odlagališča rudarskih odpadkov preostalih rudnikov kovin V Podsitarjevcu v bližini Litije se v karbonsko - permskih klastičnih kamninah nahaja veliko po- limetalno Pb, Zn, Hg, Ba in Ag rudišče. Rudarstvo se je začelo že v rimskih časih. Rudnik Litija je obratoval intenzivno med leti 1875 in 1966 ter je imel lasten predelovalni obrat. V času obratovanja so iz domače in od drugod pripeljane rude pride- lali okoli 50.000 ton Pb, 32.000 ton barita (BaSO 4 ), 158 ton Hg in 9,8 ton Ag (Fabjančič, 1972; Drove- nik, M. et al., 1980; Mlakar, 1994). Glede na do- kumentacijo »Fond Litija« iz arhiva rudnika Me- žica, so bile med leti 1880 in 1960 na odlagališče Podsitarjevec (54.700 m 3 ; 1,2 ha) odložene jamska jalovina, revna ruda in separacijska jalovina ter na 5 manjših odlagališč (10.000 do 15.000 m 3 ) jam- ska jalovina in revna ruda. Ocenjeno je, da je v odpadnem materialu odlagališča Podsitarjevec povprečno 1,86 % Pb in 0,47 % Zn. Med leti 1961 in 1965 je bila flotacijska jalovina odložena na od - lagališče Pregrada (20.000 m 3 ; 0,8 ha). V okolici so tudi manjša odlagališča (manj kot 1.000 m 3 ) jam- ske jalovine in revne rude iz začetnega obdobja delovanja rudnika (med 18. stoletjem ter do prve polovice 20. stoletja) (Mlakar, 1994). Na Plešah (Škofljica) se v karbonsko-permskih oziroma zgornjekarbonskih klastičnih kamninah in skitijskem dolomitu nahaja manjše rudišče Pb in Ba, ter podrejeno Zn in Hg (Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Mlakar, 2003). Izkopavanje svinčeve rude se je po nekaterih ocenah začelo pred vsaj 300 leti (Mlakar, 2003). Izkopavanje barita se je začelo po prvi svetovni vojni. Rudnik je obrato- val do leta 1963. Med obratovanjem rudnika so v bližini rudnika odložili material v več majhnih odlagališčih (manj kot 5.000 m 3 ) ter v dveh večjih odlagališčih Pleše Čelo 10 (64.000 m 3 ; 0,4 ha) in Pleše Čelo 9 (46.000 m 3 ; 0,2 ha). Ves odpadni ma- terial sestavljata jamska jalovina in revna ruda. Ocenjeno je, da v odpadnem materialu ostaja približno 30 % barita (Tiringer & Berce 1956 v Mlakar, 2003). V Sveti Ani-Podljubelju je v anizijskem (sre- d n j e t r i a s n e m ) d o l o m i t i z i r a n e m a p n e n c u ž i l n o Hg rudišče (Dimkovski, 1972; Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Drovenik, F. et al., 1980). Po zgodovinskih podatkih začetki izkoriščanja rude segajo v leto 1557. Rudarjenje s prekinitvami je potekalo vse do leta 1902. Podrobnejši zgodovinski pregled izkoriščanja rude je predstavljen v monografi- ji Teršič in sodelavci (2006). Med obratovanjem Mateja GOSAR, Robert ŠAJN, Miloš MILER, Ana BURGER & Špela BAVEC 237 given in the monograph by Teršič and co-workers (2006). During the entire operation of the mine, 68,000 m 3 of gangue material, low-grade ore and primary roasting residues were dumped on near- by land covering 1 hectare (Mohorič, 1957). In Škofje-Cerkno Cu-ore was mined, which occurs in the cement of the sandstone of the up- per part of the Val Gardena clastic sedimentary rocks (Drovenik, F. et al., 1967; Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Drovenik, F. et al., 1980). The copper mine was in operation for a very short period between 1940 and 1943. Therefore, all waste dumps are small (between 400 and 12,000 of m 3 ) and cover a total of 1.5 hectares of land. The waste materi- al is composed of gangue material and low-grade ore (Drovenik, F. et al., 1967). At Stranje above Bohor there is a small vein type ore deposit (Pb and Zn) in the Trias- sic dolomite and was exploited by the Ledina mine (Češmiga; 1959, Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Drovenik, F. et al., 1980). The beginning of the mining operation is unknown. The exploitation of the deposit lasted until the end of the 19 th century and the associated mining waste was dumped at three small sites (containing less than 5,000 m 3 of material) on a total area of 0.2 hec - tares. Two waste sites consist of gangue material mixed with flotation tailings, while one contains only gangue material (Teran, 2011). In Knapovže mine (near Trnovec), vein type ore deposits enriched with Pb, Hg and Zn are hosted by Carboniferous-Permian clastic rocks, which were exploited between 14 th century and 1872 (Mlakar, 1979; Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Drovenik, F. et al., 1980; Trajanova & Žorž, 2013). Mining operations were stopped because the mine was flooded during a heavy rainstorm. Between 1929 and 1934, exploration of the mine was carried out, which revealed that ore depos- its still contained significant ore reserves. Near the mine, there are two small (less than 4,000 m 3 ) dumps of gangue material mixed with flotation tailings, covering an area of about 0.2 hectares (Mlakar, 1979). At Marija Reka, vein type Pb and Hg ore de- posit is hosted by Carboniferous-Permian clastic rocks (Češmiga, 1959; Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Drovenik, F. et al., 1980; Mlakar, 1982a). The be- ginning of ore exploitation began in the 18 th cen- tury and lasted until 1932. The mine established two small (less than 1,000 m 3 ) dumps of gangue material and low-grade ore, covering a total of 0.07 hectares (Mlakar, 1982a). In Remšnik is small vein type (Pb and sub- ordinately Zn, Cu and Ag) ore deposit is hosted rudnika je bilo na bližnjem 1 hektarju ozemlja odloženih 68.000 m 3 jamske jalovine, revne rude in primarnih žgalniških ostankov (Mohorič, 1957). V Škofje-Cerknem so izkoriščali Cu rudo, ki se pojavlja v cementu peščenjakov v zgornjem delu klastičnih sedimentnih kamnin permske Grö- denske (Val Gardena) formacije (Drovenik, F. et al., 1967; Drovenik, M. et al 1980; Drovenik, F. et al., 1980). Rudnik bakra je deloval v zelo kratkem obdobju med leti 1940 in 1943. Zaradi tega so vsa odlagališča zelo majhna (med 400 in 12.000 m 3 ) in pokrivajo skupno 1,5 hektarja površine. Odpad- ni material sestavljajo jamska jalovina in revna ruda (Drovenik, F. et al., 1967). V Stranju nad Bohorjem se v triasnem dolomi - tu nahaja manjše žilno rudišče Pb in Zn, kjer je obratoval rudnik Ledina (Češmiga, 1959; Drove- nik, M. et al., 1980; Drovenik, F. et al., 1980). Za- četek rudarske dejavnosti ni znan. Izkopavanje rude je trajalo do konca 19. stoletja. V tem času so nastala 3 manjša odlagališča rudarskih odpad- kov, ki vsebujejo manj kot 5.000 m 3 materiala na skupno 0,2 ha površine. Na dveh odlagališčih sta odloženi jamska in flotacijska jalovina, na enem pa samo jamska jalovina (Teran, 2011). Pri Trnovcu v rudniku Knapovže so v obdobju med 14. stoletjem in vse do leta 1872 izkorišča- li žilna rudišča, obogatena s Pb, Hg in Zn, ki se pojavljajo v karbonsko-permskih klastičnih ka- mninah (Mlakar, 1979; Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Drovenik, F. et al., 1980; Trajanova & Žorž, 2013). Dela v rudniku so se ustavila zaradi poplavitve rudnika med močnim deževjem. Kasneje, med leti 1929 in 1934, so bile izvedene dodatne raz- iskave, ki so pokazale, da so v rudišču še ved- no znatne zaloge rude. V bližini rudnika sta dve manjši (manj kot 4.000 m 3 ) odlagališči jamske in flotacijske jalovine, ki pokrivata približno 0,2 hektarja površine (Mlakar, 1979). V karbonsko-permskih klastičnih kamninah so tudi žilna orudenja s Pb in Hg v Marija Reki (Češmiga, 1959; Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Drove- nik, F. et al., 1980; Mlakar, 1982a). Izkoriščanje rude se je začelo v 18. stoletju in je trajalo do leta 1932. Zaradi rudarjenja sta nastali dve manjši (manj kot 1.000 m 3 ) odlagališči jamske jalovine in revne rude, ki skupno pokrivata 0,07 hektarja površine (Mlakar, 1982a). Na R e m š n i k u p o d K o z ja ko m v z ho d no o d R ade lj ob Dravi je v metamorfnih kamninah (gnajs in amfibolit) manjše žilno rudišče Pb ter podrejeno Zn, Cu in Ag (Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Drovenik, F. et al., 1980). Rudnik Remšnik je deloval med leti 1850 in 1892 ter v tem času proizvedel približno Overview of existing information on important closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned mining waste sites and related... 238 48 ton Pb in 75 ton Ag. V bližini rudnika sta dve manjši (manj kot 1.000 m 3 ) odlagališči jamske ja- lovine in revne rude na skupno 0,07 hektarja po - vršine (Žorž & Moser, 2002). Pri Pirešici je v andezitu manjše žilno rudišče pirita, imenovano Železno. Rudarjenje se je tam začelo leta 1871 na pobudo kemične industrije. Ni znano kako dolgo je rudarjenje potekalo. Jamska jalovina in revna ruda sta bili odloženi na manj- še odlagališče (1.000 m 3 ; 0,01 ha) (Ciglar, 1962). Pri Sevnici je v triasnih karbonatih manjše žilno rudišče Pb in Zn, ki so ga izkoriščali med leti 1874 in 1884 v rudniku Tržišče (Iskra, 1964). Med delovanjem so nastala 3 zelo majhna (od 50 do 500 m 3 ) odlagališča jamske jalovine in revne rude, ki obsegajo skupno 0,04 hektarja površine (Testa & Zupančič, 1942; Iskra, 1964). Lepa njiva je manjše žilno rudišče antimonove rude v silificiranih karbonatnih kamninah. Rudo so izkoriščali v 19. stoletju, do leta 1902 (Mlakar, 1990). Med delovanjem rudnika sta bili jamska jalovina in revna ruda odloženi na 9 zelo majhnih odlagališčih (od 50 do 200 m 3 ), ki obsegajo skup- no 0,04 hektarja površine (Mlakar, 1990). V karbonsko-permskih klastičnih kamninah še eno manjše žilno rudišče antimonove rude, ki so ga izkoriščali od 17. stoletja naprej do leta 1941 v rudniku Trojane-Znojile (Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Drovenik, F. et al., 1980 Mlakar, 1982b). Med delovanjem rudnika je nastalo 30 zelo majhnih odlagališč (vsebujejo od 100 do 400 m 3 odpadnega materiala) jamske jalovine in revne rude, ki obsegajo skupno 0,2 hektarja površine (Mlakar, 1982b; Teršič et al., 2018). V Skornem pri Šoštanju se v zgornjepermskih apnencih in dolomitih nahaja manjše rudišče Pb in Zn, kjer so se v 17. stoletju začela dela v rudni - ku Puharje. Rudnik je bil obnovljen leta 1856 in je prenehal z delovanjem konec 19. stoletja (Iskra, 1969; Iskra et al., 1974; Drovenik, F. et al., 1975). Domnevno je v okolici rudnika več odlagališč ru - darskih odpadkov, vendar njihove prostornine in lokacije nisto znane. V okviru projekta EU Inno- log je bil leta 2018 na območju rudnika Puhar- je izveden projekt z vrtanjem, ki je pokazal, da je prvih 15 metrov jedra sestavljenega iz starih rudarskih odpadkov iz preteklih raziskovalnih in/ali eksploatacijskih dejavnosti (Teran et al., 2018). Odlagališča odpadkov premogovnikov Seznam zaprtih premogovnikov in z njimi povezanih odlagališč rudarskih odpadkov je podan v tabeli 5. Premogovniki so navedeni od premogovnikov z največjo prostornino rudarskih by metamorphic rocks (gneiss and amphibolite) (Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Drovenik, F. et al., 1980). The Remšnik mine was in operation be- tween 1850 and 1892 and produced about 48 tons of Pb and 75 tons of Ag. Two small (less than 1,000 m 3 ) dumps of gangue material and low- grade ore were created near the mine, covering a total area of 0.07 hectares (Žorž & Moser, 2002). In Železno-Pirešica a small vein type pyrite ore is hosted by andesite. The mining in Železno pyrite mine began in 1871 on demand from the chemical industry. It is not known how long the mining lasted. Near the mine there is a small (1,000 m 3 ; 0.01 ha) dump of gangue material and low-grade ore (Ciglar, 1962). In Sevnica, a small vein type Pb and Zn ore deposit, which is hosted by Triassic carbonates, was exploited between 1874 and 1884 by Tržišče mine (Iskra, 1964). During the operation of the mine, 3 extremely small dumps (from 50 to 500 m 3 ) of gangue material and low-grade ore were created on a total area of 0.04 hectares (Tes - ta & Zupančič, 1942; Iskra, 1964). In Lepa njiva, between 19 th century and 1902, a small vein type antimony-containing ore deposit hosted by silicified carbonate rocks was exploited (Mlakar, 1990). During the operation, 9 extremely small dumps (from 50 to 200 m 3 ) of gangue mate- rial and low-grade ore were created on an area of 0.04 hectares (Mlakar, 1990). There is another small vein type antimony con - taining ore deposit hosted in Carbonian-Permian clastic rocks. The ore deposit was exploited by the Trojane-Znojile mine between 17 th century and 1941 (Drovenik, M. et al., 1980; Drovenik, F. et al., 1980; Mlakar, 1982b). During the operation of the mine, gangue material and low-grade ore were de - posited in 30 extremely small dumps (with 100 to 400 m 3 o f w a s t e m a t e ri a l ) o n a t o t a l ar e a o f 0 . 2 hectares (Mlakar, 1982b; Teršič et al., 2018). In Skorno (Šoštanj), a small Pb and Zn deposit is hosted by Upper Permian limestones and dolo- mites, which was exploited by the Puharje mine as early as the 17 th century . The mine was reno - vated in 1856 and shut down at the end of the 19 th century (Iskra, 1969; Iskra et al., 1974; Drovenik, F. et al., 1975). It is assumed that there are dumps of ore waste in the vicinity, although the volume and locations are unknown. However, in 2018, a borehole drilling project was carried in the Pu- harje mining area as part of the EU Innolog pro- ject, which revealed that the first 15 meters of drill core was composed of old ore waste from previous exploration/exploitation activities (Ter- an et al., 2018). Mateja GOSAR, Robert ŠAJN, Miloš MILER, Ana BURGER & Špela BAVEC 239 odpadkov do premogovnikov z manjšo prostor- nino rudarskih odpadkov, ki so bili proizvedeni med obratovanjem rudnikov. Na približno 581 hektarjih slovenskega ozemlja je na zaprtih odla - gališčih odloženih 76.188.000 m 3 premogovniških odpadkov. Skoraj polovica (46 %) premogovniških od- padkov je bila proizvedena v premogovnikih Tr - bovlje in Hrastnik, preostala dva premogovnika z večjo količino proizvedenih odpadkov pa sta še Kočevje (28 %) in Kanižarica (17 %) (Tabela 5, sl. 2). Premogovnik Zagorje je proizvedel okoli 6 %, Senovo 3 % in Laško manj kot 1 % premo- govniških odpadkov v Sloveniji. Plasti rjavega premoga, ki so ga izkopavali v rudnikih Trbovlje, Hrastnik, Zagorje, Laško in Senovo, se nahajajo v oligocenskih klastičnih sedimentnih kamninah (Češmiga, 1959; Kuščer, 1967; Dozet, 1983). V Kočevju in Kanižarici se Coal mining waste sites Closed coal mines and associated mining waste sites are listed in table 5. The mines are ranked from the most to the least important ac- cording to the volume of mining waste generated during mining operations. On approximately 581 hectares of Slovenian territory 76,188,000 m 3 of coal mining waste is stored in closed waste sites. Almost half (46 %) of coal mine waste was produced by Trbovlje-Hrastnik coal mines, while the other two coal mines with still significant part of produced waste are Kočevje (28 %) and Kanižarica (17 %) (Table 5, fig. 2). Zagorje coal mine produced about 6 %, Senovo 3 % and Laško less than 1 % of the national coal mine waste. The brown coal beds, which were exploited by the mines Trbovlje, Hrastnik, Zagorje, Laško and Senovo, are hosted by the Oligocene clastic Table 5. Summary of closed coal mines and associated mining waste (after Gosar et al., 2013a, b) Tabela 5. Pregled zaprtih premogovnikov in z njimi povezanih rudarskih odpadkov (po Gosar et al., 2013a, b) Mine Rudnik Commodity Surovina No. of waste sites Št. odlagališč odpadkov Volume (m 3 ) Prostornina (m 3 ) Area (m 2 ) Površina (m 2 ) Trbovlje–Hrastnik brown coal / rjavi premog 10 35,215,000 2,749,200 Kočevje brown coal / rjavi premog 1 21,200,000 1,410,000 Kanižarica brown coal / rjavi premog 2 12,600,000 840,000 Zagorje brown coal / rjavi premog 2 4,490,000 449,000 Senovo brown coal / rjavi premog 1 2,461,000 318,100 Laško brown coal / rjavi premog 2 222,000 44,300 SUM VSOTA 76,188,000 5,810,600 Trbovlje - Hrastnik 46.2% Ko čev je 27.8% Kan ižar ica 16.5% Zagorje 5.9% Senovo 3.2% Laško 0.3% Trbovlje - Hrastnik Ko čev je Kan iža r ica Zagorje Senovo Laško Fig. 2. The portion of coal mi- ning waste in Slovenia produ- ced by nowadays closed (or in closure) coal mines. Sl. 2. Delež premogovniških odpadkov, proizvedenih v da- nes zaprtih (ali v zapiranju) premogovnikih. Overview of existing information on important closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned mining waste sites and related... 240 sedimentary rocks (Češmiga, 1959; Kuščer, 1967; Dozet, 1983). The brown coal deposits in Kočevje and Kanižarica are hosted in clays, schists, sand - stones of Upper Miocen or/and Pliocene age. Cal- orific value of Slovenian coals varied between 12 and 16 MJ/kg, ash yield between 20 and 25 % and humidity between 20 and 30 %. More informa- tion on Slovenian coals are available in Markič (2007) and Markič et al. (2007). Mining of coal in Hrastnik and Trbovlje be- gan in the early 19 th century, but the production fl o u r i s h e d a f t e r t h e r a i l w a y V i e n n a -T r i e s t e , w h i c h passed this area in 1849. The coal mines in Hrast - nik and Trbovlje, which were during the time of operation for more than 150 years Slovenian largest brown coal mines, are operated by the national compay Rudnik Trbovlje-Hrastnik d.o.o. (RTH) since 1996, which is at present in closing phase. A short history of the mines is available at the RTH official website (Internet 5). Between 1880 and 1949 Hrastnik mine pro- duced about 12,429,000 tons of coal, while be- tween 1871 and 2004 Trbovlje mine produced about 98,387,000 tons of coal (Bravec, 2008). The Trbovlje-Hrastnik mine production stopped in 2012. The mine has been gradually closed based on the Act Regulating the Gradual Closure of the Trbovlje-Hrastnik Mine and the Economic De- velopment Restructuring of the Region (Official Gazzete, No. 26/05 – official consolidated text, 43/10, 49/10 – corr., 40/12 – ZUJF, 25/14, 46/14, 82/15 and 84/18). It is estimated that during op- eration of Trbovlje-Hrastnik coal mine, several 10 million m 3 of waste material (gangue materi - als and waste rock) were dumped on abandoned mining surfaces of about 274 hectares. Waste materials are composed mostly of limestones and marlstones (Dernovšek, 1979; Malovrh Repovž, 2012). Mining of coal in Laško began in 1800. It flour- ished after 1870 but was still less important than coal mines in Zagorje, Trbovlje and Hrastnik. The coal mine produced about 6,077,000 tons of coal until 1992, when the production stopped. In 1998 the national authorities published a special order for permanent cessation of ore exploitation (Derno - všek, 1984; Strgar, 2003). During operation, waste was dumped at two sites (one is composed of 122,000 m 3 and the other of 100,000 m 3 of gangue material) together covering an area of approximatelly 4.4 hectares (Dernovšek, 1979; Strgar, 2003). Mining works in Zagorje began in 1736 and the production stopped in 1996. The mine pro- duced about 27,184,000 tons of coal. During op- eration of Zagorje mine gangue materials were plasti rjavega premoga nahajajo v glinah, lapor- jih, peščenjakih in muljevcih zgornjemiocenske in/ali pliocenske starosti. Kurilna vrednost slo- venskih premogov se je gibala med 12 in 16 MJ/ kg, pepelnost med 20 in 25 % in vlaga med 20 in 30 %. Več informacij v zvezi s premogi je dosto- pnih v Markič (2007) in v Markič et al. (2007). Z rudarjenjem v Hrastniku in Trbovljah so pričeli v začetku 19. stoletja. Proizvodnja je vzcvetela z izgradnjo Južne železnice Dunaj -Trst, ki je Zasavje dosegla leta 1849. Premo- govnika Hrastnik in Trbovlje, ki sta bila v času obratovanja več kot 150 let naša največja premo - govnika rjavega premoga, sta od leta 1996 v lasti državnega podjetja Rudnik Trbovlje-Hrastnik d.o.o. (RTH), ki je trenutno v postopku zapiranja. Kratka zgodovina premogovnikov je dostopna na uradni spletni strani RTH (Internet 5). Med leti 1880 in 1949 je premogovnik Hrastnik proizve- del okoli 12.429.000 ton premoga, medtem ko so med leti 1871 in 2004 v premogovniku Trbovlje pridobili okoli 98.387.000 ton premoga (Bravec, 2008). Proizvodnjo so v Rudniku Trbovlje-Hra- stnik ustavili leta 2012. Rudnik je v postopnem zapiranju na podlagi Zakona o postopnem zapi- ranju Rudnika Trbovlje-Hrastnik in razvojnem prestrukturiranju regije (ZPZRTH) (Uradni list RS, št. 26/05 – uradno prečiščeno besedilo, 43/10, 49/10 – popr., 40/12 – ZUJF, 25/14, 46/14, 82/15 in 84/18). Ocenjeno je, da je bilo med obratovanjem premogovnika Trbovlje-Hrastnik na opuščene odkopne površine odloženih več 10 milijonov m 3 odpadnega materiala (jamske jalovine in odkriv- ke) na okvirno 274 hektarjih površine. Odpadni material sestavljajo apnenci in laporovci (Der- novšek, 1979; Malovrh Repovž, 2012). Premogovništvo v Laškem se je začelo leta 1800. Zlasti se je razširilo po letu 1870, a vedno ostalo mnogo manjše kot na območjih Zagorja, Trbovelj in Hrastnika. Do ustavitve proizvodnje leta 1992 je premogovnik Laško proizvedel oko- li 6.077.000 ton premoga. Leta 1998 so državne oblasti izdale posebno odločbo za trajno prene- hanje izkoriščanja rudnin (Strgar, 2003). Med obratovanjem so bili odpadki odloženi na dveh odlagališčih (eno sestavlja 122.000 m 3 i n d r u g o 100.000 m 3 j a m s k e j a l o v i n e ) , k i p o k r i v a t a p r i b - ližno 4,4 hektarja površine (Dernovšek, 1979; Strgar, 2003). Začetk i r udar jenja v Zagor ju segajo v leto 1736, proizvodnja pa se je ustavila leta 1996. Premo- govnik je proizvedel okoli 27.184.000 ton premo- ga. Med obratovanjem rudnika so odlagali jam- sko jalovino na skupno odlagališče (4.490.000 m 3 ; 45 ha) (Ribičič et al., 1987). Mateja GOSAR, Robert ŠAJN, Miloš MILER, Ana BURGER & Špela BAVEC 241 dumped at a single large waste site (4,490,000 m 3 ; 45 ha) (Ribičič et al., 1987). Mining works in Senovo began in 1819. More extended exploration works started in 1919, fol- lowed by exploitation in 1921. The mine produced about 11,597,000 tons of coal until the produc- tion ceased in 1997 (Markič, 1997). Mine estab- lished two large dumps of waste, one composed of 1,900,000 m 3 of gangue material and the other of 561,000 m 3 o f g a n g u e m a t e r i a l a n d o v e r b u r - den rock. They cover an area of approximately 32 hectares (Seher, 1986; Markič, 1997). The mining works in Kanižarica began in 1854 and the mine ceased production in 1996. About 4,102,000 tons of coal was produced dur- ing the entire operation (Markič, 1995; Mitrevski & Bravec, 1999). Waste dump (12,600,000 m 3 ; 84 ha) from Kanižarica mine is large and consists of gangue materials (Markič, 1995). The mines Zagorje, Senovo and Kanižarica are in closing phase based on Act Providing Funds for the Closure of Coal-Mines in Zagorje, Senovo and Kanižarica (Official Gazzette, No. 1/95). The mine Kanižarica (Rudnik Kanižarica v zapiranju d.o.o., Črnomelj-in liquidation) is in liquidation, the mine Senovo (Rudnik Senovo v zapiranju d.o.o. – in bank - ruptcy) is in bankruptcy, Rudnik Zagorje (Rudnik Zagorje v zapiranju d.o.o., Zagorje, Grajska 2-in liq - uidation) is deleted from the business register 28. 12. 2017 (Internet 6). The mining works in Kočevje began in the beginning of the 19 th c e n t ury . Th e min e c e a s e d production in 1978. About 8,648,000 tons of coal was produced during the entire operation (Bud- kovič, personal communication). Waste dump (21,200,000 m 3 ; 141 ha) from the Kočevje coal mine is large and comprises of gangue materials (Jelenc, 1956; Budkovič, personal communica- tion). Lithologically, waste from Laško, Senovo, Tr- bovlje-Hrastnik and Zagorje coal mines is com- posed of marlstone, claystone and subordinately of limestone/dolomite and clastic rocks. Waste from Kočevje consists of claystone, marlstone, and sandstone, while from Kanižarica of marl- stone and claystone. The inventory of data on closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned mines, open pits and mining waste sites in Slovenia The inventory of closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned mines, open pits and mining waste sites in Slovenia, which is available via a hyperlink (https://www.geo-zs.si/images/Goog- leEarth/Inventar.kmz), contains information on Premog so na Senovem pričeli kopati leta 1819. Leta 1919 so se začela resnejša raziskovalna dela, leta 1921 pa je sledilo obsežnejše rudarjenje. Rudnik je proizvedel okoli 11.597.000 ton premo- ga do zaključka proizvodnje leta 1997 (Markič, 1997). Rudnik je imel dve veliki odlagališči od- padkov, prvega sestavlja 1.900.000 m 3 jamske ja- lovine, drugega pa 561.000 m 3 jamske jalovine in odkrivke. Odlagališči pokrivata okoli 32 hektar- jev površine (Seher, 1986; Markič, 1997). Premogovništvo v Kanižarici se je pričelo leta 1854, proizvodnjo pa so ustavili leta 1996. Med delovanjem premogovnika je bilo proizvedenih približno 4.102.000 ton premoga (Markič, 1995; Mitrevski & Bravec, 1999). Jamsko jalovino so odlagali na eno večje odlagališče (12.600.000 m 3 ; 84 ha) (Markič, 1995). Premogovniki Zagorje, Senovo in Kanižarica imajo status rudnikov v zapiranju na podlagi Za - kona o zagotavljanju sredstev za zaprtje rudni- kov rjavega premoga Zagorje, Senovo in Kaniža- rica (Uradni list RS, št. 1/95). Rudnik Kanižarica (Rudnik Kanižarica v zapiranju d.o.o., Črno- melj- v likvidaciji) je v likvidaciji, Rudnik Seno- vo (Rudnik Senovo v zapiranju d.o.o. - v stečaju) je v stečaju, Rudnik Zagorje (Rudnik Zagorje v zapiranju d.o.o., Zagorje, Grajska 2-v likvidaciji) pa je izbrisan iz poslovnega registra 28. 12. 2017 (Internet 6). V Kočevju so pričeli pridobivati premog v za- četku 19. stoletja, proizvodnja pa se je ustavila leta 1978. Med delovanjem je rudnik proizvedel okoli 8.648.000 ton premoga (Budkovič, osebna komunikacija). Jamska jalovina iz rudnika Ko- čevje je odložena na enem večjem odlagališču (21.200.000 m 3 ; 141 ha) (Jelenc, 1956; Budkovič, osebna komunikacija). Litološko so odpadki iz premogovnikov Laško, Senovo, Trbovlje-Hrastnik in Zagorje sestavljeni iz laporovca, glinavca in podrejeno apnenčevo/ dolomitnih in klastičnih kamnin. Odpadke iz premogovnika Kočevje sestavljajo glinavci, lapo- rovci in peščenjaki, iz premogovnika Kanižarica pa laporovci in glinavci. Inventar podatkov o zaprtih (ali v fazi zapiranja) in opuščenih rudnikih, premogovnikih, površinskih kopih in odlagališčih rudarskih odpadkov v Sloveniji Inventar podatkov o zaprtih (ali v fazi zapi- ranja) in opuščenih rudnikih, premogovnikih, površinskih kopih in odlagališčih rudarskih odpadkov v Sloveniji, ki je dostopen na poveza- vi (https://www.geo-zs.si/images/GoogleEarth/ Inventar.kmz), vključuje informacije o zaprtih in Overview of existing information on important closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned mining waste sites and related... 242 closed and abandoned 33 metal mines, 43 coal mines, 3 non-metallic mineral resource mines, 48 non-metallic mineral resource open pits, 156 metal mine waste sites and 18 coal mine waste sites. Metal mines, coal mines, non-metallic min- eral resource mines or open pits (fig. 3) are de- scribed by the following information attributes (if available): name, location, geographical coor- dinates, type of ore, coal or rock mineral mined, status (closed, abandoned, or restored), quantity of raw materials mined (metals, coal and miner- als) and references. For all, except for open pits of non-metallic mineral resources, additional in- formation is included (if available): stratigraphy, lithology, history, geology, technical descrip- tion, hydrogeological data, engineering data, potential, perspectivity and relevant references. Specific information is also included, such as the amount of metal extracted (tons), the shape, size and genetic type of the ore deposit for met- al mines; the largest annual production of coal for coal mines; the size and genetic type of the mineral deposit for mines of non-metallic miner- opuščenih 33 rudnikih kovin, 43 premogovnikih, 3 rudnikih nekovinskih mineralnih surovin, 48 površinskih kopih nekovinskih mineralnih suro- vin, 156 odlagališčih odpadkov iz rudnikov kovin in 18 odlagališčih odpadkov iz premogovnikov. Rudniki kovin, premogovniki, rudniki in po - vršinski kopi nekovinskih mineralnih surovin (sl. 3) so opisani z naslednjimi atributi (če so ti na voljo): ime, lokacija, geografske koordinate, vrsta surovine, ki se jo je izkoriščalo (ruda, pre- mog, naravni kamen ali minerali), stanje (zaprt, opuščen ali obnovljen), količina izkopanih suro- vin (kovine, premog, minerali) in reference. Za vse, razen površinske kope nekovinskih mine- ralnih surovin, so vključene še naslednje infor- macije (če so na voljo): stratigrafija, litologija, zgodovina, geologija, tehnični opis, hidrogeolo- ški podatki, inženirski podatki, potencial, per- spektivnost in ustrezne reference. Podane so tudi posebne informacije, kot so količina pridobljene kovine (v tonah), oblika, velikost in genetski tip rudišča za rudnike kovin; največja letna proi- zvodnja premoga za premogovnike; velikost in genetski tip nahajališč mineralnih surovin za Fig. 3. An example of abandoned mine data in Google Earth application. Sl. 3. Primer podatkov o opuščenem rudniku v aplikaciji Google Earth. Mateja GOSAR, Robert ŠAJN, Miloš MILER, Ana BURGER & Špela BAVEC 243 al resources; and the distance to settlements and description of rocks for open pits of non-metallic mineral resources. Mining waste sites (fig. 4) are described by the following information attributes (if availa- ble): waste dump identification (ID code), name, ore district, location, geographical coordinates, valuable minerals, area (m 2 ), volume (m 3 ), type of waste, rock composition, pollutants, additional comments, restoration status and references. Conclusion At the request of the national authorities, Ge - ological survey of Slovenia carried out a system- atic collection of information on the following closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned min- ing sites in Slovenia: mines, open pits, and min- ing waste sites. The data collection became nec- essary due to potential environmental impacts, that could be the consequences of past mining activities. On the basis of the survey an Invento- ry of closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned mines, open pits and mining waste sites in Slove - nia has been compiled and is freely available in the Google Earth file. The information is useful rudnike nekovinskih mineralnih surovin; in od- daljenost od naselij in opis kamnin za površinske kope nekovinskih mineralnih surovin. Odlagališča rudarskih odpadkov (sl. 4) so opisana z naslednjimi atributi (če so ti na voljo): identifikacija odlagališča (ID oznaka), ime, ru- dno polje, lokacija, rudnine, geografske koordi- nate, obdobje delovanja, površina (m 2 ), volumen (m 3 ), sestava, opis odlagališča, onesnaževala, opombe, sanacija in reference. Zaključki Na pobudo državnih organov je bil na Geolo- škem zavodu Slovenije opravljen sistematičen pre- gled obstoječih informacij o naslednjih zaprtih (ali v fazi zapiranja) in opuščenih rudarskih objektih v Sloveniji: rudnikih, premogovnikih, površinskih kopih in odlagališčih rudarskih odpadkov. Pregled podatkov je bil potreben zaradi možnih negativnih vplivov na okolje, ki bi lahko bili posledica nekda- njih rudarskih dejavnosti. Na podlagi pregleda je bil vzpostavljen Inventar podatkov o zaprtih (ali v fazi zapiranja) in opuščenih rudnikih, premogov- nikih, površinskih kopih in odlagališčih rudar- skih odpadkov v Sloveniji, ki je prosto dostopen Fig. 4. An example of abandoned mining waste site data in Google Earth application. Sl. 4. Primer podatkov o opuščenem odlagališču rudarskih odpadkov v aplikaciji Google Earth. Overview of existing information on important closed (or in closing phase) and abandoned mining waste sites and related... 244 for various purposes, such as an overview of pol- lution sources in environmental impact assess- ments, spatial planning, etc. Acknowledgement The presented review paper and the presented data inventory are the result of many years of work carried out in many projects, the reports of which are given in the literature. The final writing of the text and editing of the data was made possible by projects “Work Program of the Geological Survey of Slovenia for the Ministry of Infrastructure in 2020” (contract no. 2430-19-381013), research programs “Groundwater and Geochemistry (P1-0020)” and „Mineral Resources (P1-0025)“ funded by the Research Agency of the Republic of Slovenia (ARRS) and the project entitled “Optimizing qua- lity of information in RAw MAterial data collection across Europe (ORAMA)”, funded by the European Union under H2020 – SC5-15-2017 – CSA. Financial support was also provided by the Slovenian National Commission for UNESCO, the National Committee of the International Program for Geosciences and Geoparks. The authors thank many retired and active employees from the Geological Survey of Slovenia who participated in the research and data collection, especially the late mag. Tomaž Budkovič, who col- lected the data presented in this study extremely ca- refully for several years. Special thanks go to mag. Suzana Fajmut Štrucl for supplying information on Mežica mine, Tatjana Dizdarevič for information on Idrija mine, represen- tatives of Žirovski Vrh uranium mine and larger coal mines, for indispensable cooperation and assistance during review of existing data in documentation from mine archives. We are also grateful to the two anonymous revi- ewers and especially to the third reviewer dr. Miloš Markič, for a detailed review of the work and numero - us proposals for changes that have improved the work. Literature v obliki Google Earth datoteke. Ti podatki so upo - rabni za različne namene, kot so npr. pregled virov onesnaževanja v presojah o vplivih na okolje, za prostorsko načrtovanje in podobno. Zahvala Predstavljeni pregledni članek in zbrani podat- ki so rezultat večletnega dela, izvedenega v mnogih projektih, katerih poročila so navedena v seznamu literature. Končno oblikovanje besedila in urejanje podat- kov so omogočili projekti »Program dela Geološkega zavoda Slovenije za Ministrstvo za infrastrukturo v letu 2020« (naloga Rudniki v zapiranju in njihov vpliv na površino (št. pogodbe 2430-19-381013), raz- iskovalna programa »Podzemna voda in geokemija (P1-0020)« in »Mineralne surovine (P1-0025)«, ki ju financira Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije (ARRS) in projekt z naslovom »Optimizing quality of information in RAw MAterial data collection across Europe (ORAMA)«, ki ga je fi- nancirala Evropska Unija v okviru H2020 – SC5-15- 2017 – CSA. Finančno pomoč je nudila tudi Slovenska nacionalna komisija za UNESCO, Nacionalni odbor Mednarodnega programa za geoznanost in geoparke. Avtorji se zahvaljujemo številnim upokojenim in aktivnim sodelavcem z Geološkega zavoda Slovenije, ki so sodelovali pri raziskavi in pri zbiranju podatkov, še posebno pokojnemu mag. 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