273
Further records and new data on the 
occurrence of Martyniaceae in Tunisia 
and North Africa
Abstract
Proboscidea louisianica (Miller) Thell. (Martyniaceae) is newly reported for 
the flora of T unisia and North Africa as a naturalised alien. Extensive field 
investigations in northern T unisia allowed the discovery of three populations of 
P . louisianica (Miller) Thell. consisting of 18 individuals found at the edges of 
“Oued Béja” and at roadside within an irrigated land in Nabeul region, where 
plant specimens were in flowers and fruits. Moreover, further sites were recorded 
for another member of the family Martyniaceae (Ibicella lutea (Lindl.) Van 
Eselt.), already reported and known in T unisia and Algeria within North Africa. 
Additional information for both species on their current distribution areas and 
their habits are provided. Details of their morphological and distinguishing 
features are illustrated.
Iz vleček
Vrsta Proboscidea louisianica (Miller) Thell. (Martyniaceae) je nova naturalizirana 
tujerodna vrsta rastlinstva T unizije in Severne Afrike. S pomočjo obsežnih 
terenskih raziskav v severni T uniziji smo odkrili tri populacije vrste P . louisianica 
(Miller) Thell., ki jih je sestavljalo 18 osebkov na robovih “Oued Béja” in ob 
cesti med namakanimi polji v regiji Nabeul, kjer so rastline cvetele in plodile. 
Poleg tega smo zabeležili dodatna rastišča druge vrste iz družine Martyniaceae 
(Ibicella lutea (Lindl.) Van Eselt.), katere prisotnost je že poznana iz T unizije in 
Alžirije v Severni Afriki. Podali smo dodatne informacije o njunem trenutnem 
arealu razširjenosti in rastiščih in prikazali podrobnosti o njunih morfoloških in 
razlikovalnih značilnostih.
Key words: Proboscidea, Lamiales, 
new records, Alien flora, T unisia.
Ključne besede: Proboscidea, 
Lamiales, novi zapisi, tujerodna 
flora, T unizija.
Received: 27. 7. 2020
Revision received: 29. 4. 2021
Accepted: 3. 5. 2021
Ridha El Mokni1
,
2 
DOI: 10.2478/hacq-2021-0016 20/2 • 2021, 273–280
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences “A”, Laboratory of Botany, Cryptogamy and plant Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Avenue Avicenna, 
5000-Monastir, University of Monastir, T unisia. E-mail: ridhaelmokni@yahoo.fr
2 Laboratory of Forest Ecology, National Research Institute of Rural Engineering, Water and Forests, Ariana 2080, University of Carthage, T unisia.

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Introduction
Alien plants are the species that spread due to inten-
tional or unintentional human involvement, beyond the 
limits of its native geographic range into a given geo-
graphical unit where they do not naturally occur (Pyšek 
et al. 2004, Richardson et al. 2011). In North Africa, 
published information regarding the naturalisation and 
expansion of alien plants has a substantial history. Most 
of the expanding species are ornamentals, originally de-
liberately introduced by humans (Le Floc’h et al. 1990, 
Vilà et al. 1999). During the past two decades and even 
more recently, the knowledge on the non-native flora of 
Tunisia and North Africa significantly increased (see 
e.g., El Mokni & Domina 2018, 2020, El Mokni & Ver-
loove 2017, 2019a, 2019b, El Mokni et al. 2019, 2020, El 
Mokni & Iamonico 2018a, 2018b, 2019, 2020, El Mok-
ni 2018, 2019, 2020, Iamonico & El Mokni 2020, Suk-
horukov et al. 2016, 2018, 2019, Sakhraoui et al. 2016, 
2019a, 2019b, Chelghoum et al. 2020). Information 
about alien plants within Martyniaceae family in North 
Africa is mostly recent and still scarce (see Dobignard & 
Chatelain 2012, El Mokni et al. 2012, Belkassam et al. 
2020, Rebbas, 2020). 
Martyniaceae is a small family that counts five genera 
(Craniolaria L., Holoregmia Nees, Ibicella (Stapf) Van Es-
elt., Martynia L., Proboscidea Schmidel) and ca. 16 spe-
cies with a distribution area restricted to the New World 
(Ihlenfeldt 2004, Mabberley 2008, Gutierrez 2012). The 
family is closely similar to Pedaliaceae, a family from the 
Old World, and both have been combined as a single 
family in the past (Gutierrez 2012). However more re-
cently, molecular data showed their distinctiveness (APG 
IV 2016). The most distinguishing character of the Mar-
tyniaceae family is its fruits shape which terminate in an 
upwardly-curved beak which may be longer (mainly in 
both genera Ibicella and Proboscidea) or shorter (for the 
other genera) than the fruit body (Thieret 1977). 
The present contribution aims at improving the botani-
cal knowledge about Martyniaceae family in Tunisia and 
North Africa and updating data on the status and the dis-
tribution area of its reported both taxa.
Materials & Methods
Floristic field investigations were undertaken since the 
spring of 2008 within northern Tunisia (North Africa). 
Digital photographs and GPS coordinates were taken in 
the field with a camera “Nikon-COOLPIX P520”. Iden-
tification of the specimens was done according to Ihlen-
feldt (2004), Wetherwax & Heckard (2012) and ICPS 
(2020). The nomenclature follows IPNI (2020) and 
Euro+Med PlantBase (2020). The actual status of natu-
ralization for each taxon is assessed based on literature 
analysis (cf. Pyšek et al. 2004). Voucher specimens are 
conserved in the personal herbarium of Ridha El Mokni 
(Herb. El Mokni!) deposited at the Faculty of Sciences of 
Bizerta (Fac. Sc. Bizerta) and since 2015 at the Faculty of 
Pharmacy of Monastir (Fac. Ph. Monastir). 
Results & taxonomic notes
Within Martyniaceae, two species and two genera are 
till now known to non-native flora of North Africa with 
confirmation of their status (as well-established aliens) 
for both. Among them, one genus and one species (Pro-
boscidea louisianica (Miller) Thell.) are here firstly cited 
for Tunisian non-native flora. As concern Ibicella lutea 
(Lindl.) Van Eselt., more records are here reported for the 
first time and therefore a new area of occurrence is newly 
assigned for North Africa. A discriminative key to both 
genera known in North Africa within the Martyniaceae 
family is also here proposed. 
Martyniaceae Horan., Char. Ess. Fam.: 130. 1847
Key to the genera within Martyniaceae known in 
North Africa
Sepals free, corolla pale to deep yellow. Fruit bristly 
throughout….…….........................................…Ibicella.
Sepals connate, corolla cream to pinkish, often blotched 
with purple. Fruit crested above only….....…Proboscidea.
1. Genus Ibicella Van Eselt. in Techn. Bull. New York 
Agric. Exp. Sta., Geneva 149: 31. 1929
Ibicella is a genus of few species, native to warm-temperate 
and tropical regions of central South-America from Bo-
livia, south Brazil to north Argentina (Gutierrez 2012). 
Three species are known (I. lutea (Lindl.) Van Eselt., I. 
nelsoniana (Barb. Rodr.) Van Eselt. and I. parodii Abbi-
atti, The Plant List 2020). Among them I. lutea (Lindl.) 
Van Eselt. is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental 
(mostly for its peculiar fruits). It locally occurs as a weed 
and naturalised elsewhere (Ihlenfeldt 2004).
Ibicella lutea (Lindl.) Van Eselt., New York Agric. 
Exp. Sta. Techn. Bull. 149: 34 (1929) ≡ Martynia lutea 
Lindl., Bot. Reg. 11: t. 934 (1825).
Morphology: For a detailed description, see El Mokni 
et al. (2012), Wetherwax & Heckard (2012) and Belkas-
sam et al. (2020). Easily identified by its crowded inflo-
rescence generally exceeded by leaves and its flowers with 
free sepals and yellow corolla, often with orange tinge 
(Figure 1).

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Flowering period: June-July(-September), Fruiting 
period: July to August (-October).
Notes on general distribution: For a detailed world-
wide distribution, see El Mokni et al. (2012) and Belkas-
sam et al. (2020).
Occurrence in North Africa (Figure 2) and status of 
naturalization: 
Tunisian subpopulations/populations of Ibicella lutea 
were found in three main localities (Bouhertma, Fernana-
“Oued Saboun” and “Ain Harrath”) within Fernana re-
gion, Jendouba governorate (Wilaya). Population of 
Bouhertma remain the largest population with more than 
30 scattered mature individuals (up to 3 m wide) within 
an area of about 10 ha on the edges of the river crossing 
the region towards the dam of Bouhertma. The other two 
subpopulations occur in few individuals (2–5) within the 
edge of “Oued Saboun” in Fernana and near a water seep-
age in “Ain Harrath”. Each population is occupying an 
area that cannot exceed 1 ha. 
A
B C D
Figure 1: Ibicella lutea in T unisia. A: habit of the plant in its habitat; B: detail of leave; C: inflorescence with numerous flowers showing free sepals 
and yellow corolla; D: typical shape fruits which terminate in an upwardly-curved beak (Jendouba, NW T unisia; 23.6.2020 and 21.7.2020). 
Photos by Ridha El Mokni. 
Slika 1: Ibicella lutea v T uniziji. A: rastline na rastišču; B: detajl lista; C: socvetje s številnimi cvetovi, ki prikazujejo proste čašne liste in rumene 
venčne liste; D: značilno navzgor ukrivljeni plodovi (Jendouba, SZ T unizija; 23.6.2020 in 21.7.2020). Fotografije: Ridha El Mokni.

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North Africa
Algerian subpopulations/populations of I. lutea were 
found in three wilaya (Annaba, Béjaïa and Tissemsilt). 
The largest population was observed in Akbou region 
(Wilaya of Béjaïa) with more than 50 individuals (Belkas-
sam et al. 2020). Both other subpopulations counting 
about 10 individuals are far away to the east, near the 
T unisian-Algerian border.
As the taxon was firstly reported since 1980 in Algeria 
and only since 2009 in Tunisia (El Mokni et al. 2012) 
and remain in good populations till 2020 and according 
B
A
Figure 2: Maps of Martyniaceae occurrence. A: approximative area of distribution for Ibicella lutea (in yellow area and triangles), and presence 
of Proboscidea louisianica (in pink triangles) within North Africa, appointment for Algeria is not precise due to insufficient data; B: detailed 
appointments for I. lutea (in yellow triangles) with two new sites (triangles without black contour) and three new appointments for P . louisianica 
(in pink triangles) within T unisian territory. 
Slika 2: Zemljevidi razširjenosti vrst družine Martyniaceae. A: približno območje razširjenosti vrste Ibicella lutea (rumeno območje in trikotniki) in 
prisotnost vrste Proboscidea louisianica (rožnati trikotniki) v Severni Afriki. Prikaz za lokacijo v Alžiriji je približen zaradi nenatančnosti podatkov; 
B: natančne lokacije za vrsto I. lutea (rumeni trikotniki) z dvema novima lokalitetama (trikotniki brez črnega obrisa) in tremi novimi podatki za 
vrsto P . louisianica (roza trikotniki) v T uniziji.

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to Pyšek et al. (2004) criteria and categorisation, Ibicella 
lutea can be considered as a well-established (naturalized) 
alien species in T unisia, in Algeria and therefore in North 
Africa. The species could be considered as occurring in 
one established extended population from Tissemsilt (in 
Algeria) to Fernana (in T unisia) (see Figure 2). 
Specimina Visa: TUNISIA: Jendouba, Fernana-
Bou hertma, on the edges of the river crossing the re-
gion towards the dam of Bouhertma, 36°41'35" N, 
008°30'30" E, 235 m a.s.l., 23 June 2020, El Mokni s.n. 
(Herb. El Mokni. - Fac. Ph. Monastir); Jendouba, Fer-
nana-“Ain Harrath”, near a water seepage, 36°39'49" N, 
008°41'35" E, 475 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, El Mokni 
s.n. (Herb. El Mokni. - Fac. Ph. Monastir); Jendou-
ba, Fernana-“Oued Saboun”, on the edge of the river, 
36°39'49" N, 008°41'35" E, 270 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 
El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni. - Fac. Ph. Monastir).
2. Genus Proboscidea Schmidel, Icon. Pl., Ed. Keller 49, 
tt. 12, 13 (1763). 
Proboscidea is a genus of several species, all native to the 
warmer parts of the Americas and that spread naturally 
from the south of America to Mexico (Ihlenfeldt 2004, 
Gutierrez 2012). Its center of diversity lies in the south-
western USA. and Mexico. About ten species (P . altheifolia 
(Benth.) Decne., P . arenaria (Engelm.) Decne., P . fragrans 
(Lindl.) Decne., P. louisiana (Mill.) Thell., P . louisianica 
(Mill.) Thell., P . parviflora (Wooton) Wooton & Standl., 
P . sabulosa Correll, P . sinaloensis Van Eselt., P . spicata Cor-
rell, P . triloba (Schltdl. & Cham.) Decne) are accepted by 
The Plant List (2020). Few species are cultivated as orna-
mentals (Knees 2000, Jäger et al. 2008) of which P . loui-
sianica (Mill.) Thell. is known as naturalised elsewhere 
(Ihlenfeldt 2004).
Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thell., Mém. Soc. Sci. 
Nat. Math. Cherbourg 38: 480 (-481) (1912) ≡ Martynia 
louisianica Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8. erratum, Martynia 
no. 3 (1768). 
Morphology (Figure 3): a hairy annual plant with 
prostrate stems (up to 1 m long); taproot in width equal 
or almost to stem base. Leaves are velvety, blade generally 
5 to 20 cm wide, broad-triangular, cordiform to round, 
entire to shallowly indented, wavy-edged. Inflorescences 
crowded, 20 to 40-flowered, exceeding leaves.  Flowers 
clustered in axillar racemes are trumpet-shaped;  calyx 
5-lobed with connate sepals, the three lowers are much 
longer than the two uppers; corolla pink, with more or 
less purple tinge, darker markings.  Fruit is a dehiscent 
capsule that appears later in summer; body 1.5 to 3 cm 
wide, narrowly ovate, almost 10 cm in length ended in a 
beak. Seeds are numerous: 7 to 9 mm long. (cf. Stànescu 
2009, Wetherwax & Heckard 2012). 
Flowering period: June-July, Fruiting period: July to 
August.
Notes on general distribution: Proboscidea louisianica 
has an unclear native range, but it is generally accepted 
that most probably area is Mexico and the southwest-
ern of the USA (cf. Gutierrez 2012). It was introduced 
elsewhere in the European and Mediterranean countries 
and for the most part established in Portugal and Spain 
(Martín Madrigal & Fernández González 2000, Conca 
et al. 2002), south France (Le Bourgeois et al. 2017), 
Italy (Raab-Straube 2018+), Belgium (Verloove 2020), 
Greece (Raus & Raabe 2016: 429–430), Turkey (Sevgi 
et al. 2017), South Russia and Caucasica (Greuter et al. 
1989:240, Czerepanov 1995:315, Paiva et al. 2001:24), 
Australia (Thieret 1977, Parsons and Cuthbertson 2001).
Occurrence in Tunisia, in North Africa (Figure 2) and 
status of naturalization:
In North Africa, the species was reported till now only 
from Algeria as casual alien/weed (Raab-Straube 2018+, 
APD 2020). It is here its first report from Tunisia and 
second one in North Africa. Tunisian subpopulations/
populations of Proboscidea louisianica were found in 
three localities within Béja and Nabeul regions. Popula-
tions within Béja region occur in aggregated individuals 
(5–13) within the edges of “Oued Béja”. Each popula-
tion is occupying an area of about 2 ha. The other sub-
population has only three individuals within an area that 
cannot exceed 100 m
2
, near a water seepage in Nabeul 
region. 
As the first record of the taxon return to 2008 in Tu-
nisia (Béja, “Oued Béja” towards “Gasr Mezouar”) (El 
Mokni R., perso. obs. 18.06.2008) and more populations 
with fruiting individuals were recorded in 2020 and ac-
cording to Pyšek et al. (2004) criteria and categorisation, 
Proboscidea louisianica is here assigned as naturalized alien 
species in T unisia and therefore in North Africa. 
Taxonomic note: once the infraspecific taxonomy of 
Bretting (1983) is adopted, the Tunisian populations can 
be allocated to Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thell. subsp. 
louisianica.
Specimina Visa: TUNISIA: Béja, on the edges of 
“Oued Béja”, 36°44'37" N, 009°12'24" E, 185 m a.s.l., 
18 June 2008, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni. - Fac. Sc. 
Bizerta); Béja, on the edges of “Oued Béja”, 36°37'53" N, 
009°14'01" E, 135 m a.s.l., 22 July 2020, El Mokni s.n. 
(Herb. El Mokni. - Fac. Ph. Monastir).

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Martyniaceae particularity
Bearing in mind that the entire body of the species be-
longing to Martyniaceae family was covered by numerous 
secretory hairs, the family was considered to be of “car-
nivorous plants” (Plachno et al. 2009, Rice 1999). Both 
taxa present in North Africa (Ibicella lutea and Proboscidea 
louisianica) are large/extending annual plants producing 
very sticky leaves and stalks, intended in catching and 
killing parasite bugs. But they do not produce any diges-
A
B C D D
Figure 3: Proboscidea louisianica in T unisia. A: habit of the plant in its habitat; B: detail of leaves; C: inflorescence with numerous flowers showing 
connate sepals and cream to pinkish blotched with purple corolla; D: typical shape fruits with long horns; E: mature and dehiscent fruits.  
(Béja, NW T unisia; 22. 07. 2020). Photos by Ridha El Mokni. 
Slika 3: Proboscidea louisianica v T uniziji. A: rastline na rastišču; B: detajl lista; C: socvetje s številnimi cvetovi, z zraslimi čašnimi listi in kremasto-
rožnatimi venčnimi listi z vijoličnimi lisami; D: značilno oblikovani plodovi z dolgimi rožički; E: zreli sejalni plodovi. (Jendouba, SZ T unizija; 
22. 7. 2020). Fotografije: Ridha El Mokni.
tive enzyme and are called therefore “protocarnivorous” 
(ICPS 2020).
Acknowledgements
My thanks go to Ridha Aouni (University of Tunis El-
Manar, Tunisia) for his help in finding one of the three 
sites of Proboscidea louisianica.
Ridha El Mokni  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3849-1039

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North Africa
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