HACQUETIA 4/2 • 2005, 37–82 

MAplE forEsTs of THE MonTAnE bElT
In THE wEsTErn pArT of THE 
IllYrIAn florAl provInCE


Petra KOšIR* 

Abstract: The work deals with the vegetation of maple forests of the montane belt of the Illyrian floral province 
in Slovenia. The Central European method was adopted, soil conditions were examined using representative 
soil profiles. Two associations were found: Omphalado vernae-Aceretum pseudoplatani P. Košir et Marinček 1999 
with three subassociations O.-A. dentarietosum pentaphylli subass. nova, O.-A. petasitetosum albi subass. nova and 
O.-A. typicum subass. nova in the Dinaric region and Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum pseudoplatani (I. Horvat 
1938) Borhidi 1965 with three subassociations C.-A. scopolietosum carniolicae subass. nova, C.-A. abietetosum albae 
subass. nova and C.-A. petasitetosum hybridi in the pre-Dinaric region of the western part of the Illyrian floral 
province. The associations dealt with were categorized into the alliance of Illyrian noble hardwood forests 
Fraxino-Acerion Fukarek 1969. 

Izvleček: V delu smo obravnavnavali vegetacijo javorjevih gozdov gorskega pasu ilirske florne province v Sloveniji. Popisovali smo po standardni sredjeevropski metodi, talne razmere pa smo proučili s pomočjo reprezentančnih talnih profilov. Ugotovili smo dve asociaciji: Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum pseudoplatani P. Košir 
et Marinček 1999 s tremi subasociacijami O.-A. dentarietosum pentaphylli subass. nova, O.-A. petasitetosum albi 
subass. nova in O.-A. typicum subass. nova v dinarskem območju in Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum pseudoplatani (I. Horvat 1938) Borhidi 1965 s tremi subasociacijami C.-A. scopolietosum carniolicae subass. nova, C.-A. 
abietetosum albae subass. nova in C.-A. petasitetosum hybridi subass. nova v preddinarskem območju zahodnega 
dela ilirske florne province. Obravnavane asociacije so uvrščene v zvezo ilirskih gozdov plemenitih listavcev 
Fraxino-Acerion Fukarek 1969. 

Key words: Slovenia, Illyrian floral province, noble hardwood forest, Fraxino-Acerion, synsystematics, forest 
vegetation, Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum pseudoplatani, Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum pseudoplatani 
Ključne besede: Slovenija, ilirska florna provinca, gozd plemenitih listavcev, Fraxino-Acerion, sinsistematika, 
gozdna vegetacija, Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum pseudoplatani, Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum pseudoplatani 

1. INTRODUCTION maple stands of the montane belt together with the 
maple stands of the altimontane belt from the re-
In the territory of the Illyrian floral province maple gion of Mt. Javornik, Mt. Snežnik and the Trnovski 
forests of the montane belt used to be character-gozd plateau with the name of Aceri-Ulmetum. In 
ized with a single name, most commonly with Aceri-BH, on the border region of Illyrian floral prov-
Fraxinetum illyricum (Tomažič 1939, M. Wraber ince, Fukarek (1970) described the maple forest of 
1960, Petračić & Anić 1952, Regula-Bevilacqua the montane belt in the region of Peručica virgin 
1978), in Croatia also Aceri-Fraxinetum croaticum (I. forest reserve as Aceri-Fraxinetum typicum. 
Horvat 1938), which differentiated them from the M. Wraber (1960) included all noble hardwood 
related Central-European maple communities. In forests on carbonate, from the lower to the highest 
his graduation thesis, Piskernik (1954) presented altitudes, into the association Aceri-Fraxinetum il

* Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Novi trg 2, p. b. 
306, SI-1001 Ljubljana 
37 


Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

lyricum. With later research, other authors excluded certain associations in the region of the Illyrian 
floral province from the above mentioned single 
Illyrian community of maple forests. The association Hacquetio-Fraxinetum (Marinček 1990, 1995, 
Poldini & Nardini 1993, P. Košir 2002, P. Košir 
2004) on calcareous bedrock was thus described 
as a maple forest of the submontane belt, the association Lamio orvalae-Aceretum (P. Košir 2005b) as 
a maple forest of the altimontane belt, and on non-
calcareous bedrock a maple association Dryopterido 
affini-Aceretum (P. Košir 2005a) was determined. In 
1999 P. Košir & Marinček described two associations in the montane belt of the western part of the 
Illyrian floral province on carbonate, each with 
one relevé; Omphalodo-Aceretum in the Dinaric region and Dentario polyphyllae-Aceretum (syn.: Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum) in the pre-Dinaric 
region of the Illyrian floral province. In the montane belt of the sub-Mediterranean region of Slovenia the association Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum 
(Accetto 1991) was also described as a maple forest; after a thorough analysis and a synthetic study 
of Illyrian noble hardwood forests (P. Košir 2004), 
however, it was classified into the group of lime 
forests. 

In this article, the two previously described associations Omphalodo-Aceretum and Chrysanthemo 
macrophylli-Aceretum will be thoroughly analysed 
and presented with analytic tables. Ecological conditions will be described by means of pedological 
profiles. 

2. METHODS 
The relevés were made applying the standard Central-European method (Braun-Blanquet 1964). 

The collected vegetation relevés were organised 
together with the already published relevé material 
from the territory of the Illyrian floral province, 
and also some relevé material of similar vegetation 
from Central Europe, in the TURBOVEG database 
(Hennekens & Schaminée 2001). To process and 
analyse the phytosociological relevés and their syntaxonomic classification we used the principal coordinate analysis ordination method (PCoA) and 
hierarchical classification (Complete Linkage clustering) from the computer package SYN-TAX 2000 

(Podani 2001). The dissimilarity coefficient was 
the similarity ratio. 

When processing the vegetation relevés we used 
also the JUICE 6.1.10 (Tichý 2001) computer program to arrange the large phytosociological tables. When determining the diagnostic species we 
applied the measure of fidelity, which has become 
a frequently used method (Chytrý & al. 2002). The 
coefficient . was used in the JUICE (Tichý 2001) 
program as it allows a comparison of species fidelity in datasets of different size. The species with 
the highest fidelity values were treated as diagnostic. 

Species which occur only once in the table and 
with a small cover value were excluded from the 
table and are mentioned in Appendix. 

The names of vascular plants follow the Liste der 
Gefässpflanzen Mitteleuropas (Ehrendorfer 1973), except for the genera Stellaria and Helleborus 
(Martinčič & al. 1999) and ferns (Kramer 1984). 
For the names of mosses we used the Seznam listnatih mahov (Bryopsida) Slovenije (Martinčič 2003). 

The newly described syntaxa were named according to the Code of phytosociological nomenclature 
(Weber & al. 2000). The Code does not treat the 
syntaxa of the ranks such as geographical race, 
variant and subvariant, which means that there are 
no current rules for their denomination. 

The soil conditions were studied with the representative soil profiles. 

The soil profiles were described by Tomaž Prus, 
M.Sc., and the chemical analyses were conducted 
in the laboratories of the Pedology and Environment Protection Centre of the Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana. 

Climatic conditions in separate regions follow 
Ogrin (1996). General information was supplemented with specific data on average temperatures 
of the coldest and the warmest months, as well as 
with information on average annual precipitation 
quantities as recorded in meteorological stations 
closest to our relevés in a specific phytogeographical region. This information was found in “Klimatografija Slovenije – Temperatura zraka: obdobje 
1961–1990” (Climatography of Slovenia – Air temperature: period of 1961–1990, Mekinda-Majaron 
1995) and “Klimatografija Slovenije – Količina padavin: obdobje 1961–1990” (Climatography of 
Slovenia – Precipitation quantity: period of 1961– 
1990, B. Zupančič 1995). 

38 


Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

3. RESULTS 
3a. Ecological circumstances and the 
study area 


Figure 1: Study areas of the associations Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum (¦) and Dentario polyphyllae-Aceretum (.) in 
Slovenia 
Slika 1: Območja raziskovanja asociacij Omphalodo vernae-
Aceretum (¦) in Dentario polyphyllae-Aceretum (.) v Sloveniji 


The centre of the distribution area of the community Omphalodo-Aceretum 
is in the montane belt 
of the Dinaric region of Slovenia. The community 
occurs in the sinkhole karstic region, above all in 
the area of Goteniška gora, Javorniki, the Logatec 
plateau, Mt. Krim and Kočevski Rog. The karstic 
region is very diversified in terms of relief. In general the very stony slopes are crisscrossed with sinkholes and potholes. For the most part, the association does not cover larger surfaces. It occurs only 
fragmentarily at the bottom, at the foot or on the 
slopes of sinkholes, where the soil is deeper and 
unstable (colluvial). 

The community occurs intrazonally in the distribution area of the fir-beech forest Omphalodo-
Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) Marinček et al. 1993. 

The community grows on shady sinkhole slopes, 
most commonly on northern aspects, from NE to 
NW, but is only rarely found on sunny aspects. The 
association occurs at the altitudes of 350 (400) to 
1000 (900) m. It is located on moderately steep to 
steep exposures, from 5 ° to 45 °. 

The range of stoniness is very large, from 0 to 
80 %, with stoniness generally being higher than 
30 %. The association Omphalodo-Aceretum therefore commonly grows on very stony soil. 

Geological bedrock is composed of Jurassic and 
Cretaceous limestones and dolomites (Slovenija-
Geološka karta 1 : 500 000 1993). 

Chromic cambisol prevails in the association 
Omphalodo-Aceretum. The soil is slightly lessivaged in 
certain places at the bottom of sinkholes, where it 
is the deepest. 

The entire Dinaric region lies within the moderate continental climatic type of western and 
southern Slovenia which is characterized by the 
sub-Mediterranean precipitation regime with the 
mean annual precipitation quantity of 1300 to 2800 
mm (Koprivnik near Kočevje 1485 mm, Kočevje 
1526 mm, Planina (Mirna Gora) 1579 mm, Grčarice 
1550 mm, Jurišče 1615 mm, Postojna 1579 mm, 
Leskova dolina 1922 mm, Mašun 2041 mm, 
Tomišelj 1501 mm, Rakitna 1687 mm, Logatec 
1932 mm, Planina (Rakek) 1808 mm). Such high 
values result from the exposition in the region of 
the Alpine-Dinaric barrier, and from the fact that 
most of the precipitation reaches Slovenia with air 
masses coming from the west and southwest. Mean 
temperatures of the coldest month (January) are 
between 0 and –3 °C, and mean temperatures of 
the warmest month (July) between 15 and 20 °C 
(Rakitna –2.6°C / 16.2 °C, Planina (Rakek) – 

0.9 °C / 17.9 °C, Kočevje –1.6 °C / 17.8 °C, Planina (Mirna gora) –1.9 °C / 16.9 °C, Postojna – 
0.9 °C / 17.7 °C, Mašun –3.1 °C / 14.6 °C). Mean 
October temperatures are higher than in April. 
The climate is therefore very humid, relatively 
mild, explicitly oceanic. The distribution of precipitation throughout the year is very favourable, 
and relatively high values were measured in the 
warmest months. There is no water shortage in 
summer. Most precipitation occurs in autumn with 
November being the wettest month. 
The association Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum 
(syn: Dentario polyphyllae-Aceretum) occurs in 
the montane belt of the pre-Dinaric region of Slovenia. It is found above all in the massif region of 
the pre-Dinaric world, although it grows in lower 
regions as well, provided that the microclimatic 
conditions are favourable. It occurs on colluvial 
slopes, in sinkholes, dales, ditches and at the bottom of valleys. Our relevés were made in the region 
of Bohor, Podsreda, Uršna Sela, the The Gorjanci 
hills and Konjiška gora. Konjiška gora is situated in 
the region of the pre-Alpine phytogeographical 
territory, but the vegetation on Konjiška gora indicates the transitional character between the pre-Dinaric and pre-Alpine phytogeographical territory. 
The association occurs in the wider distribution 
area of the pre-Dinaric beech forest Lamio orvalae-
Fagetum (I. Horvat 1938) Borhidi 1963 var. geogr. 
Dentaria polyphylla Ž. Košir 1962 ex Marinček 1994, 

39 


Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

in part also of the pre-Dinaric altimontane beech 
forest Cardamini savensi-Fagetum Ž. Košir 1962. 

The association Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum grows exclusively on cold aspects, above all on 
northern and eastern (NW-E), most of them being 
northeastern. The association occurs mostly at the 
altitudes of about 700 to 1000 m, more rarely also 
lower (down to 400 m). It occupies moderately 
steep slopes from 5 ° to 25 °, rarely also steeper 
slopes of 30 ° to 45 ° and plateaus. 

In general, the range of stoniness is rather insignificant (0 to 10 %) and the soil without surface 
stoniness prevails. Only rarely can stoniness be 
more significant (30 to 40 %), exceptionally even 
up to 60 %. 

The community grows on calcareous bedrock 
with occasional addition of non-calcareous chert. 
The proportion of flint is a factor contributing to 
the more favourable physical structure of the soil, 
while the influence of chemism hardly shows at all. 
The influence of the calcareous bedrock is therefore so significant that we speak of the soil on calcareous bedrock. In the The Gorjanci region, Triassic bedded limestone and dolomites prevail, but 
also Jurassic limestone and dolomites occur. In the 
western part of the pre-Dinaric region (Uršna Sela) 
the bedrock is composed mostly of Cretaceous and 
Jurassic limestones and dolomites. On Konjiška 
gora we find dominating Triassic dolomite, limestone, marl and sandstone. In the Kozjansko region 
(Bohor, Podsreda), however, the bedrock is extremely variegated. The prevailing rocks are Triassic dolomite, limestone, marl and sandstone, as 
well as triassic bedded limestone and dolomite. Also occurring are Triassic limestone with chert and 
Cretaceous claystone, marl and sandstone with tubers of chert (Slovenija-Geološka karta 1993). 

Chromic cambisol, occasionally lessivaged, 
dominates in the forest community Chrysanthemo 
macrophylli-Aceretum. Also occurring are humic fluvisol and eutric cambisol on alluvial-delluvial deposits. 

The entire pre-Dinaric region is in the moderate continental climate of central Slovenia, with a 
sub-continental precipitation regime and the mean 
annual precipitation quantity of 1000 to 1300 mm 
(Dolenjske Toplice 1345 mm, Podbočje 1210 mm, 
Novo mesto 1138 mm, Planina pri Sevnici 1265 
mm, Podsreda 1137 mm, Slovenske Konjice 1076 
mm). Characteristic for the continental precipitation regime is that it gets most precipitation in the 
summer months and the least in winter. The secondary rainfall peak is noticeable in autumn, which 

is the result of the sub-Mediterranean influence. 
The annual precipitation quantity decreases towards the east of Slovenia. Mean October temperatures are higher than in April. The mean temperature of the coldest month is between 0 and –3 °C 
(January), and of the warmest (July) between 15 
and 20 °C (Podbočje –0.9 °C / 20.0 °C, Novo mesto –1.3 °C /19.3 °C, Planina pri Sevnici –1.1 °C / 

18.2 °C, Slovenske Konjice –0.8 °C / 19.0 °C). On 
average, the temperatures of both extremes are 
higher than in the Dinaric region, especially summers are warmer. 
3b. The syntaxonomical classification of 
the associations 

The studied communities are synsystematically classified as follows: 

Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937 
Fagetalia sylvaticae 
Pawłowski in Pawłowski et al. 
1928 
Fraxino-Acerion Fukarek 1969 
Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum pseudoplatani 
P. Košir 
et Marinček 1999 

Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum pseudoplatani 

(I. Horvat 1938) Borhidi 1965 
4. Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum 
4a. Structural and floristic composition 

The upper tree layer covers from 60 to 90 % of the 
surface, and the lower up to 40 %. Acer pseudoplatanus dominates the tree layer, but Ulmus glabra, Fagus sylvatica (with a higher coverage only in the 
lower tree layer), Picea abies, Abies alba, at lower altitudes often also Tilia platyphyllos and Acer campestre, 
occur as well. With its height Corylus avellana sometimes reaches the lower tree layer. Fraxinus excelsior 
occurs only exceptionally. 

The shrub layer covers between 10 and 40 

(70) % of the surface and is very rich in species. 
The most common are Corylus avellana, Sambucus 
nigra, Daphne mezereum and Lonicera xylosteum. At 
lower altitudes Staphylea pinnata is detected as well. 
Rhamnus fallax, Rubus fruticosus agg., Rubus idaeus, 
Sorbus aucuparia, Daphne laureola, Euonymus europaea, Euonymus verrucosa and Acer campestre occur 
with a very low frequency. The most common tree 
species in the shrub layer are Fagus sylvatica, Ulmus 
40 


Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

glabra and Acer pseudoplatanus, while the species 
Abies alba, Picea abies and Tilia platyphyllos occur only occasionally. 

The herb layer is very well developed. Most often it covers between 80 and 100 % of the surface. 
These values are lower in places with a higher degree of rockiness, but they never fall below 50 %. 
Species of the alliance Fraxino-Acerion are well represented. The following reach the highest frequency and coverage: Arum maculatum, Actaea spicata, 
Adoxa moschatellina, Urtica dioica, Stellaria montana, 
Lamium orvala, Geranium robertianum, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Polystichum braunii, Polystichum x luerssenii, Polystichum aculeatum, Circaea lutetiana and Scopolia carniolica. The most numerous are the species 
of the order Fagetalia sylvaticae, among which the 
following stand out regarding their frequency and 
coverage: Dryopteris filix-mas, Dentaria bulbifera, 
Salvia glutinosa, Symphytum tuberosum, Lamiastrum 
flavidum, Paris quadrifolia, Corydalis cava, Dentaria 
pentaphyllos, Petasites albus and Mercurialis perennis. 
Also well represented are the species of the alliance 
Aremonio-Fagion. The most common and with the 
highest cover values are: Omphalodes verna, Dentaria 
enneaphyllos, Cardamine trifolia and Geranium nodosum. The species of the class Querco-Fagetea, alliance 
Alno-Ulmion, class Vaccinio-Piceetea and order Adenostyletalia are rarer. A higher frequency among the 
species of the alliance Alno-Ulmion reaches only 
Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Oxalis acetosella from 
the class Vaccinio-Piceetea, and Athyrium filix-femina 
from the order Adenostyletalia. In accordance with 
the rocky character of the association the species of 
the class Asplenietea trichomanis are relatively well 
represented, however, they do not reach high frequencies and coverage. Only the species Polypodium 
vulgare and Asplenium trichomanes reach higher frequencies. 

The early-spring aspect of the association is for 
the most part poorly developed. The community 
reaches its optimal stage of development in late 
spring and summer, when ferns start growing abundantly. The most numerous are the species Athyrium filix-femina and Dryopteris filix-mas. 

On account of a high degree of stoniness the 
moss layer is very rich and covers as much as 70 % 
of the entire surface. The most common is the species Ctenidium molluscum, followed with a high frequency by Plagiomnium undulatum, Eurhynchium 
striatum, Thamnobryum alopecurum, Brachythecium rutabulum, Plagiochila asplenioides and Isothecium alopecuroides. Twenty-eight different moss species were 
determined. 

4b. Diagnostic species 

The differential species of the association are: Omphalodes verna, Geranium nodosum and Calamintha 
grandiflora. All of them are characteristic for the Illyrian floral province (the so called Illyrian species). The same species are also character species 
of the contact fir-beech forest and are syntaxonomically classified into the alliance of Illyrian beech 
forests Aremonio-Fagion. 

4c. Division of the association into lower 
syntaxonomical units 

The association Omphalodo-Aceretum was subdivided 
into three subassociations: 
O.-A. dentarietosum pentaphylli subass. nova hoc loco 
O.-A. typicum subass. nova hoc loco 
O.-A. petasitetosum albi subass. nova hoc loco 

subassociation Omphalodo-Aceretum 
p. Košir et 
Marinček 1999 dentarietosum pentaphylli subass. 
nova hoc loco (Table 7/1–12) covers a more initial 
soil, which is indicated also by the differential species of the subassociation: Dentaria pentaphyllos, Scopolia carniolica and Mercurialis perennis. There are a 
number of species which are indicative of a rocky 
soil and are syntaxonomically classified into the 
class Asplenietea trichomanis. The species with higher 
cover values is Phyllitis scolopendrium, but other species, such as Polypodium vulgare, Asplenium trichomanes, Moehringia muscosa, Cystopteris fragilis, 
Gymnocarpium robertianum, Asplenium viride and Cardaminopsis arenosa occur as well. Due to a higher 
degree of rockiness mosses are better represented 
than in the subassociation O.-A. petasitetosum albi. 
In general, the subassociation occurs at lower altitudes, which means that the species of the class 
Querco-Fagetea are better represented than in the 
subassociation O.-A. petasitetosum albi. 

The holotypus of the subassociation is relevé 
No. 2 in Table 7 hoc loco. 

The variant with the species Lunaria rediviva, 
found in the region of Krim, and the variant typica 
were distinguished within the subassociation O.-A. 
dentarietosum pentaphylli. Apart from Lunaria rediviva, the differential species of the variant with the 
species Lunaria rediviva, which covers rubbly slopes 
is also Polystichum setiferum. 

The subassociation Omphalodo-Aceretum 
p. Košir 
et Marinček 1999 petasitetosumalbi 
subass. nova hoc 
loco (Table 7/17–22) occurs on better developed, 

41 


Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

deeper soil, which is evident in the soil profiles dug 
within the subassociation. Colluvial Chromic cambisol is the prevailing soil type of the subassociation 
(Table 1). At the bottom of sinkholes, where the 
soil is the deepest, Chromic cambisol can be slighty 
lessivaged (Table 2). 

The differential species of the subassociation 
are Petasites albus, Leucojum vernum, Anthriscus nitida 
and Stachys sylvatica. The above mentioned species 
indicate a deeper, better developed and therefore 
moister soil. Species of the class Asplenietea trichomanis are completely absent from the subassociation. 
Mosses are only poorly represented. 

The holotypus of the subassociation is relevé 
No. 18 in Table 7 hoc loco. 

The variant with the species Matteuccia struthiopteris, which occurs on the moistest soil, and the 
variant typica were distinguished within this subassociation. 

subassociation Omphalodo-Aceretum 
p. Košir et 
Marinček 1999 typicum 
subass. nova hoc loco (Ta-

Table 1: Soil profile description (profile1) 
Tabela 1: Opis pedološkega profila (profil 1) 

Profile 1: 

ble 7/13–16) is ecologically, as well as floristically, 
the central form of the association, and is without 
any of the differential species of the above- mentioned subassociations. In terms of similarity it is 
closer to the subassociation O.-A. dentarietosum pentaphylli, as it occurs on rockier soil. Well represented are the species of the class Asplenietea trichomanis. Phyllitis scolopendrium, which is characteristic of 
rocky soils, reaches high frequency and coverage. 
Mosses are also well represented. 

The holotypus of the subassociation is relevé 
No. 16 in Table 7 hoc loco. 

figure 2 presents relevé ordination of the association from the analytic table (Table 7). The 
relevés were arranged on axis 1 regarding the stoniness or stage of development of the soil. Stands of 
the subassociation O.-A. dentarietosum pentaphylli 
therefore cover the most initial and rockiest soil, 
whereas the stands of the subassociation O.-A. petasitetosum albi occur on deeper and better developed 
soil with less surface stoniness. The subassociation 
O.-A. typicum has the central ecological position in 
the association. 

Locality: Javornik, altitude 910 m, 15°–20° incline, N exposition, foot to slope of a sinkhole, relevé No. 21 (table 7) 
Bedrock: limestone 
Soil type: Chromic cambisol, colluvial 

Profile description: 
Ol: 3–0; beech and maple foliage, herbs, ferns 
Ah: 0–20 cm; 5YR2, 5/2; subangular to angular blocky structure, strong durable peds are clearly evident, loose and brittle, 
explicitly humose, very abundant roots, moist, with mycelium 
ABrzC: 20–60 cm; 5YR3, 5/2; silty, silty-clayey-loamy, angular blocky structure, strong durable peds are clearly evident, 
medium density, brittle, very humose, with very abundant roots, moist, 40 % skeleton up to 150 mm 
CBrzA: 60–90 cm; 7, 5YR3/2; silty-clayey-loamy, fine angular blocky structure, medium distinct peds of medium stability, 
medium density, brittle, with common abundance of roots, moist, 80 % skeleton and stones 
note: in crevices between larger rocks 

pH P2O5 K2O org. C N CN text. 
matter prop. class 
HORIZON KCl mg/100 g % % % 
Ah 6.3 4.6 30 20.7 12 1.05 11.4 MGI 
ABrzC 6.9 4.2 13.4 14.9 8.6 0.73 11.8 MGI 
CBrzA 7.3 
Ca Mg K Na H S T V Ca Mg K Na H 
HORIZON eqmmol H/100 g % % % % % % 
Ah 41.67 2.49 0.78 0.1 18,00 45.04 63.04 71.4 66.1 3.9 1.2 0.2 28.6 
ABrzC 44.66 0.92 0.36 0.12 12.7 46.06 58.76 78.4 76 1.6 0.6 0.2 21.6 
CBrzA 44.5 0.6 0.32 0.11 7.2 45.53 52.73 86.3 84.4 1.1 0.6 0.2 13.7 

42 


Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

Table 2: Soil profile description (profile 2) 
Tabela 2: Opis pedološkega profila (profil 2) 

Profile 2:
Locality: Javornik, sinkhole, altitude 950 m, 10° incline, S exposition, relevé No. 17 (table 7)
Bedrock: limestone
Soil type: Chromic cambisol, slightly lessivaged


Profile description:
Ol: 3–0.5
Of: 0.5–
0
Ah: 0–17; 7, 5YR3/2; subangular blocky structure, strong durable peds are clearly evident, loose and brittle, humose, with 
very abundant roots, moist
A2: 17–37; 7, 5YR4/2; silty loamy, subangular to angular blocky structure, strong durable peds are clearly evident, medium 
density, brittle, humose, with very abundant roots, moist 
Abrz: 38–80; 7, 5YR4/4; silty-clayey-loamy, angular blocky structure, medium distinct durable peds, medium density, brittle,
medium humose, organic matter in root passages, with very abundant roots, moist
Brz: 80–100+; 7, 5YR4/4; silty-clayey loam, medium distinct peds of medium stability, angular blocky structure, dense, badly 
brittle, with abundant roots and individual larger stones, fresh to moist, slightly trampled


pH P2O5 K2O org. C N CN text. 
matter prop. class 
HORIZON KCl mg/100 g % % % 
Ah 5.7 –1 17.5 8.7 5 0.35 14.3 MI 
A2 4.7 –1 7.2 4.3 2.5 0.21 11.9 MGI 
ABrz 4.6 2.5 1.4 0.14 10 MGI 
Brz 4.7 
Ca Mg K Na H S T V Ca Mg K Na H 
HORIZON eqmmol H/100g (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 
Ah 41.13 1.19 0.49 0.06 15.15 42.87 58.02 73.9 70.9 2.1 0.8 0.1 26.1 
A2 6.44 0.49 0.23 0.04 17.45 7.2 24.65 29.2 26.1 2 0.9 0.2 70.8 
ABrz 3.99 0.56 0.14 0.04 14.85 4.73 19.58 24.2 20.4 2.9 0.7 0.2 75.8 
Brz 8.93 1.01 0.22 0.06 12.2 10.22 22.42 45.6 39.8 4.5 1 0.3 54.4 

Figure 2: Relevé ordination of the association Omphalodo-Aceretum according to the analytic Table (Table 7). 
Legend: 
¦ 
– O.-A. dentarietosum pentaphylli, 
. 
– O.-A. 
petasitetosum albi, 


– O.-A. typicum.
Slika 2: Ordinacija popisov asociacije Omphalodo-Aceretum po analitični tabeli (Tabela 7). Legenda: 
¦ 
– O.-A.
dentarietosum pentaphylli, 
. 
– O.-A. petasitetosum albi,
– O.-A. typicum. 
43 


Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

5. Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum 
5a. structural and floristic composition 

The upper tree layer covers between 70 and 90 

(95) % of the surface, only rarely less (50, 60 %). 
The lower tree layer can be very well developed 
(covering as much as 40, 50, 70 %), but in most 
cases it covers only a small part of the surface (5 to 
20 %) or is even missing. The tree layer is dominated by Acer pseudoplatanus, although the dominant role is occasionally assumed also by Fraxinus 
excelsior, and by Ulmus glabra at higher altitudes. In 
the tree layer, Abies alba was found only on Konjiška 
gora and Bohor, where it occurs also in the contact 
beech forest. In the stands the species Acer pseudoplatanus is commonly joined by the species Acer platanoides, which indicates warmer site conditions. 
Other tree species occur in the tree layer: Fagus sylvatica (with higher frequency in the lower tree layer), Tilia platyphyllos (at lower altitudes), Prunus 
avium, Sorbus aucuparia, Carpinus betulus (only exceptionally and at lower altitudes), Acer campestre, 
Picea abies and Salix caprea. Among the shrub species Sambucus nigra and Corylus avellana also reach 
the height of the lower tree layer. 
The shrub layer covers from 5 to 70 % of the 
surface, but coverage higher than 30 % is rare. The 
shrub layer can even be missing altogether. By far 
the most common and with highest cover values is 
Sambucus nigra, but the following shrub species 
were also found in the stands: Corylus avellana, 
Daphne mezereum, Euonymus latifolia, Lonicera alpigena, Lonicera xylosteum, Ribes uva-crispa, Rubus fruticosus agg., Rubus idaeus and Sambucus racemosa. The 
shrub layer is composed of the above mentioned 
tree species as well. 

The herb layer is well developed and in most 
cases covers 100 % of the surface, only rarely less 
than 90 to 70 %. The association is characterized 
by optimal, lush development of the herb layer 
from early spring on (the April aspect with lush 
flowering of geophytes) to late summer. Relevés of 
the late spring aspect (May, June) were arranged in 
the Table. This way our relevés included most of 
the species occurring in different seasons on the 
site of the studied association. Here are three examples of the early spring aspect: 

Bohor, relevé No. 5 (Table 9), 20.4.1999: Leucojum vernum 4, Corydalis cava 3, Acer pseudoplatanus 1, 
Adoxa moschatellina 1, Allium ursinum 1, Dentaria 
polyphylla 1, Dentaria trifolia 1, Arum maculatum +, 
Chrysosplenium alternifolium +, Corydalis solida +, Den

taria enneaphyllos +, Eranthis hyemalis +, Gagea lutea +, 
Galanthus nivalis r, Isopyrum thalictroides +, Lunaria 
rediviva +, Scilla bifolia +, Symphytum tuberosum +, Urtica dioica +. 

Konjiška gora, relevé No. 20 (Table 9), 2.4.1999: 
Allium ursinum 5, Leucojum vernum 3, Corydalis cava 
1, Petasites albus 1, Arum maculatum +, Chrysosplenium 
alternifolium +, Glechoma hirsuta +, Isopyrum thalictroides +, Oxalis acetosella +, Pulmonaria officinalis +, 
Urtica dioica +. 

The Gorjanci, relevé No. 7 (Table 8), 26.4.1999: 
Scopolia carniolica 4, Corydalis cava 2, Acer pseudoplatanus 1, Arum maculatum 1, Dentaria bulbifera 1, Dentaria trifolia 1, Leucojum vernum 1, Adoxa moschatellina +, Anemone nemorosa +, Chrysosplenium alternifolium +, Dentaria enneaphyllos +, Dentaria polyphylla +, 
Glechoma hirsuta +, Impatiens noli-tangere (germs) +, 
Isopyrum thalictroides +, Phyllitis scolopendrium +, Pulmonaria officinalis +, Urtica dioica +. 

A large number of geophytes occur. The highest frequency and cover values among them within 
the alliance Fraxino-Acerion are found in the species 
Arum maculatum, Adoxa moschatellina and Isopyrum 
thalictroides, within the alliance Aremonio-Fagion the 
species Dentaria polyphylla, Dentaria enneaphyllos and 
Dentaria trifolia, and within the order Fagetalia sylvaticae the species Corydalis cava, Dentaria bulbifera, 
Leucojum vernum, Symphytum tuberosum, Corydalis 
solida, Paris quadrifolia and Allium ursinum. In early 
spring, the species Scopolia carniolica (alliance Fraxino-Acerion) germinates and also dominates in this 
aspect; the same species composes also the later 
late spring-summer aspect. Other species that are 
not geophytes also occur in early spring, such as for 
example Chrysosplenium alternifolium, which occurs 
with high frequency. 

In spring, as seen in the relevé from Konjiška 
gora (relevé No. 20, Table 9), Allium ursinum is the 
most dominant species in individual stands of this 
association in terms of coverage. Also to be considered in this respect is the species Eranthis hyemalis, 
found only on Bohor. 

At this time of year, trees at these altitudes have 
not yet developed leaves, and ferns are not developed yet either. When summer is approaching, 
geophytes are slowly disappearing and the tree species building the (late spring)-summer aspect take 
over the dominant role. Those are the mesophilous species and ferns. The species which have the 
highest frequency and cover values are: Lunaria rediviva, Circaea lutetiana, Geranium robertianum, Glechoma hirsuta, Urtica dioica, Actaea spicata, Stellaria 
montana and Lamium orvala (Fraxino-Acerion), Lami

44 


Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

astrum montanum and Galium odoratum (Fagetalia 
sylvaticae), Impatiens noli-tangere (Alno-Ulmion), Anthriscus nitida (Adenostyletalia), in part also Scopolia 
carniolica and some other species of the early spring 
aspect that keep until the beginning or the middle 
of summer. Ferns occur as well. Dryopteris filix-mas 
and Athyrium filix-femina are the species with the 
highest frequency. Ferns, such as Phyllitis scolopendrium, Polystichum setiferum and the hybrid Polystichum x bicknelli are represented with high frequency and cover values only within the subassociation C.-A. scopolietosum carniolici. 

The moss layer is poorly represented, which is 
in accordance with the small proportion of surface 
rockiness in the relevé plots. For the most part, 
mosses cover only about 5 % of the surface or none 
at all, or they are found only on organic matter. It 
is only within the subassociation C.-A. scopolietosum 
carniolici, which covers a more initial and rockier 
soil, that mosses cover also a larger surface of the 
soil (from 10 to 30 %, exceptionally even up to 
50 %). We detected as many as 29 moss species, but 
most of them occur with very low frequency. The 
species with the highest frequency is Brachythecium 
rutabulum (even on organic matter within the sub-
association C.-A. abietetosum albae, which is almost 
without mosses), followed by Thamnobryum alopecurum, whereas other species are rare. 

5b. Diagnostic species 

The following species were classified as the differential species of the association: Dentaria polyphylla, 
Dentaria trifolia, Impatiens noli-tangere and Tanacetum 
macrophyllum. 

Dentaria polyphylla, Dentaria trifolia and Tanacetum macrophyllum are the so called Illyrian species, 
the first two from the alliance Aremonio-Fagion, 
and the last from the alliance Fraxino-Acerion. 
These species are very indicative of the geographical position of the association in the pre-Dinaric 
region of the Illyrian floral province. Tanacetum 
macrophyllum (= Chrysanthemum macrophyllum) occurs only in the stands of this association in 
Croatia. Impatiens noli-tangere is the species of the 
alliance Alno-Ulmion and indicates a higher degree 
of moisture in the soil of the stands of this association (on account of the generally deeper soil) compared to the other syntaxa of Illyrian maple forests 
of the montane belt. 

5c. Division of the association into lower 
syntaxonomical units 

The community Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum pseudoplatani was subdivided into three subassociations: 

• 
C.-A. scopolietosum carniolicae subass. nova hoc 
loco 
• 
C.-A. abietetosum albae subass. nova hoc loco 
• 
C.-A. petasitetosum hybridi subass. nova hoc loco 
subassociation Chrysanthemo 
macrophylli-Aceretumpseudoplatani 
(I. Horvat 1938) borhidi 1965 scopolietosum 
carniolicae 
subass. nova hoc loco (Table 
8/1–29) occurs on a moist and more initial soil. The 
differential species of the subassociation are Phyllitis 
scolopendrium, Polystichum setiferum, Polystichum x bicknellii, Scopolia carniolica, Dentaria enneaphyllos and 
Geranium robertianum. This subassociation is rockier 
compared to the other two subassociations. 

The representative soil profile represents the most 
developed soil within the described subassociation. 

The holotypus is relevé No. 6 in Table 8 hoc 
loco. 

Three variants were established within this sub-
association; the variant with the species Asarum europaeum, the variant with the species Polystichum aculeatum and the variant typica. The variant with 
Asarum europaeum covers lower regions, which is indicated by the following differential species: Asarum 
europaeum, Hacquetia epipactis, Helleborus odorus, Helleborus atrorubens. The variant with Polystichum aculeatum covers steep and moist slopes in the wider 
area of the community Arunco-Fagetum Ž. Košir 
1962. The differential species of the variant are: 
Polystichum aculeatum, Polystichum x illyricum, Lonicera xylosteum and Aruncus dioicus. 

The subassociation Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum pseudoplatani 
(I. Horvat 1938) borhidi 1965 
abietetosum albae subass. nova hoc loco (Table 9/1– 
22) is found on a deep and better developed soil 
(Table 4, 5). There is hardly any or no surface stoniness, which is reflected in the smaller number of 
mosses (mostly only on organic matter) and in the 
absence of the species from the class Asplenietea trichomanis. The subassociation is distributed on Bohor and Konjiška gora, at generally higher altitudes. The differential species of the subassociation 
are: Leucojum vernum, Stellaria montana, Gagea lutea, 
Eranthis hyemalis, Ulmus glabra, Abies alba and Peta

45 


Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

Table 3: Soil profile description (profile 3) 
Tabela 3: Opis pedološkega profila (profil 3) 

Profile 3:
Locality: Podsreda castle, altitude 440 m, incline 30°, NNE exposition, slope of a ditch, relevé No. 22 (table 8)
Bedrock: limestone
Soil type: Chromic cambisol, colluvial


Profile description: 
Ol: 3–0 

A: 0–11; 7, 5YR3/2; silty-clayey-loamy, strong durable peds are clearly evident, subangular blocky structure, very loose and 
brittle, explicitly humose, with abundant roots, moist, 3–5 % skeleton up to 10 mm 
Abrz: 11–37 cm; 10YR3/3; silty-clayey-loamy, strong durable peds are clearly evident, angular blocky structure, dense, badly 
brittle, humose, with very abundant roots, moist, 5 % skeleton up to 30 mm 
AbrzC: 37–65; 10YR4/3; silty-clayey-loamy, strong durable peds are clearly evident, angular blocky structure, badly brittle, 
dense, medium humose, with abundant roots, moist, 30 % skeleton up to 30 mm 
C/R: CBrz 65+ marl, 97 % skeleton, few roots 
pH P2O5 K2O org. C N CN text. 
matter prop. class 
HORIZON KCl mg/100 g % % % 
A 6.9 1.5 21.1 12.1 7 0.57 12.3 MGI 
ABrz 7 –1 10.3 7.9 4.6 0.44 10.5 MGI 
ABrzC 7.4 3.6 2.1 0.18 11.7 MGI 
Ca Mg K Na H S T V Ca Mg K Na H 
HORIZON eqmmol H/100g (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 
A 24.83 10.29 0.58 0.06 5.35 35.76 41.11 87 60.4 25 1.4 0.1 13 
ABrz 22.08 9.08 0.31 0.07 6.4 31.54 37.94 83.1 58.2 23.9 0.8 0.2 16.9 
ABrzC 22.52 6.56 0.19 0.06 2.95 29.33 32.28 90.9 69.8 20.3 0.6 0.2 9.1 

sites albus. Leucojum vernum, Petasites albus, Stellaria 
montana, Gagea lutea indicate deep and moist soils. 
Eranthis hyemalis, which was found on Bohor, grows 
in the eastern part of Slovenia. Abies alba has the 
highest frequency in this subassociation as it grows 
in the wider region of the so far only vaguely determined fir-beech forest treated by Ž. Košir (1979) 
on Bohor as a specific form of the community Cardamine savensi-Fagetum. Brown calcareous soil is 
mixed with a higher or smaller proportion of Werfen sandstones. This makes the soil moister, more 
acid and colder (Ž. Košir 1979), which are favour-
able conditions for the development of fir. A 
stronger presence of Ulmus glabra indicates the 
montane character of the subassociation. 

The soil profile dug on Bohor (Table 4) is rather different from those in the series of the soil profiles from the forest community Dentario polyphyllae-
Aceretum. On account of mixed calcareous-noncalcareous bedrock the soil is very deep and more 
acid in comparison with other soil profiles (from 
4,3 to 5,5 pH in KCl), with signs of initial draining 

(base transfer). Another cause of soil acidity can be 
an occasionally higher proportion of the noncalcareous component. 

The holotypus of the subassociation is relevé 
No. 12 in Table 9 hoc loco. 

Three variants were established within this sub-
association – the variant with the species Scopolia 
carniolica, the variant with the species Petasites albus 
and the variant typica. The variant with Scopolia carniolica is differentiated by the species Scopolia carniolica, Geranium robertianum and Polystichum aculeatum, which indicate a more initial soil. The variant 
with Petasites albus is characterized by high cover 
values of this species, which is the consequence of 
a moister soil. 

Within the variant with the species Scopolia carniolica and the variant with the species Petasites albus we established also two subvariants with the species Fraxinus excelsior, whose tree layer is dominated 
by the the above-mentioned tree species. 

subassociation Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum pseudoplatani 
(I. Horvat 1938) borhidi 1965 

46 


Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

Table 4: Soil profile description (profile 4) 
Tabela 4: opis pedološkega profila (profil 4) 

Profile 4:
Locality: Konjiška gora, altitude 780 m, incline 20°, slope of a ditch, NE exposition, relevé No. 20 (table 9)
Bedrock: limestone
Soil type: Chromic cambisol, colluvial


Profile description:
Ol: 3–0.5 cm; maple and beech foliage, twigs, herbs
Of: 0.55–0 cm; mouldering foliage, spruce needles, covered with mycelium
Oh: 0–5 cm; 5YR2, 5/2; medium distinct peds of medium stability, cloddy structure, loose, brittle, organic, with very abundant 
roots, fresh to moist


A: 5–15 cm; 5YR3/2; silty-loamy, durable peds are medium distinct, subangular blocky structure, loose, brittle, explicitly 
humose, with very abundant roots, moist 
ABrz: 15–36 cm; 7, 5YR3/2; silty-loamy, medium distinct durable peds, subangular blocky structure, loose, brittle, humose, 
with very abundant roots, moist 
Brz: 36–41 cm; 10YR4/3; silty-clayey-loamy, medium distinct durable peds, fine angular blocky structure, loose, brittle, 
humose with abundant roots, moist 
C/R: C 41+ rubble with 5% material from the Brz horizon 
pH P2O5 K2O org. C N CN text. 
matter prop. class 
HORIZON KCl mg/100 g % % % 
Oh 4.4 7.1 31.2 40.9 23.7 1.23 19.3 MI 
A 5.8 –1 9.6 11.6 6.7 0.48 14 MI 
ABrz 6.3 –1 5.8 9.4 5.4 0.39 13.8 MGI 
Brz 7 –1 5 5.9 3.4 0.28 12.1 
Ca Mg K Na H S T V Ca Mg K Na H 
HORIZON eqmmol H/100g (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 
Oh 24.45 3.41 0.87 0.12 31.05 28.85 59.9 48.2 40.8 5.7 1.5 0.2 51.8 
A 24.5 1.69 0.29 0.1 15.85 26.58 42.43 62.6 57.7 4 0.7 0.2 37.4 
ABrz 25 1.22 0.18 0.11 10.9 26.51 37.41 70.9 66.8 3.3 0.5 0.3 29.1 
Brz 34.56 0.88 0.16 0.11 6 35.71 41.71 85.6 82.9 2.1 0.4 0.3 14.4 

Table 5: Soil profile description (profile 5) 
Tabela 5: Opis pedološkega profila (profil 5) 

Profile 5:
Locality: Bohor, altitude 880 m, incline 5°, NNE exposition, slope, relevé No. 4 (table 9) 
Bedrock: dolomite underneath, skeleton is sandstone
Soil type: lessivaged Chromic cambisol


Profile description:
Ol: 3–0.5; fresh litter
Of: 0.5–
0
A1: 0–13; 7, 5YR3/2; silty-loamy, clearly evident peds of medium stability, subangular blocky structure, loose, brittle, explicitly 
humose, with very abundant roots, moist
A2: 13–32; 7, 5YR3, 5/2; clayey-loamy, strong durable peds are clearly evident, subangular blocky structure, dense, brittle,
humose, with very abundant roots, moist, 5 % skeleton up to 5 mm
Brz1: 32–85; 7, 5YR4/4; clayey-loamy, strong durable peds are clearly evident, angular blocky structure, dense, badly brittle,
poorly humose, with abundant roots, moist, 10 % skeleton up to 10 mm
Brz2: 85–108; 7, 5YR5/6; clayey, weakly distinct peds of bad stability, fine angular blocky structure, dense, kneadable, organic 
matter in root passages, with few roots, moist, note: transition between Brz1 and Brz2 – mixed


47 


Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

Brz3: 108–125; 5YR4/6; clayey, medium distinct peds of medium stability, angular blocky structure, very dense, brittle, 
mineral, few roots, with individual dolomite stones, moist 
C/R: C 125 cm +, dolomite stones and thick sandy dolomite moder 

pH P2O5 K2O org. C N CN text. 
matter prop. class 
HORIZON KCl mg/100 g % % % 
A1 4.8 9.1 20 10.2 5.9 0.48 12.3 MI 
A2 4.3 6.7 6.7 4.7 2.7 0.23 11.7 GI 
Brz1 4.7 1.9 1.1 0.09 12.2 GI 
Brz2 4.7 G 
Brz3 5.5 G 
Ca Mg K Na H S T V Ca Mg K Na H 
HORIZON (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 
A1 11.92 2.53 0.57 0.05 22.23 15.07 37.32 40.4 31.9 6.8 1.5 0.1 59.6 
A2 4.99 1.52 0.23 0.04 21.9 6.78 28.68 23.6 17.4 5.3 0.8 0.1 76.4 
Brz1 5.93 1.94 0.24 0.04 15.45 8.15 23.6 34.5 25.1 8.2 1 0.2 65.5 
Brz2 9.37 5.28 0.42 0.06 14.15 15.13 29.28 51.7 32 18 1.4 0.2 48.3 
Brz3 13.51 8.26 0.52 0.08 11.4 22.37 33.77 66.2 40 24.5 1.5 0.2 33.8 

Table 6: Soil profile description (profile 6) 
Tabela 6: Opis pedološkega profila (profil 6) 

Profile 6 
Locality: Gorjanci, Vahta, relevé No. 2 (table 10), the bottom of a smaller valley, non rocky 
Bedrock: sandy rubbly alluvium 
Soil type: Humic fluvisol 

Profile description: 
Ol: 1–0 cm; little litter; ash, elm, maple and herb remains (Allium) 
A1: 0–20 cm; subangular blocky silty loam, explicitly humose; strong durable peds are clearly evident; dense and badly 
brittle in consistence; the colour is dark brown, 7,5YR 3/2; fresh with abundant roots; no skeleton; C/N proportion is still 
characteristic for mull. 
A2: 20–45 cm; loam of angular blocky structure, explicitly humose; medium distinct peds of medium stability; dense and 
medium brittle in consistence; the colour is dark brown to brown, 7,5YR 4/2; fresh with abundant roots; singular skeleton 
composed of sharp-edged particles up to 5 cm; C/N proportion is characteristic for moder 
A3: 45–60 cm; angular blocky silty loam, explicitly humose; weakly distinct peds of medium stability; consistence is dense 
and medium brittle; the colour is dark brown to brown, 7,5YR 4/2; fresh to moist with few roots; 15 % of skeleton which is 
composed of sharp-edged particles up to 1 cm; C/N proportion is characteristic for moder; weakly distinct brown patches 
on greyish background – weakly distinct marbling 

C: 60+ cm 
pH P2O5 K2O org. C CN 
AL AL matter prop. 
HORIZON depth CaCl2 mg/100g % % 
A1 0–20 cm 7.1 1.7 18.8 12.8 7.4 13.7 
A2 20–45 cm 7.2 11 6.4 22.1 
A3 45–60 cm 7.3 12.1 7 22.6 

NOTE: A relatively high pH is the consequence of calcareous sand. Badly decomposed organic matter in deeper horizons 
is the result of occasional strong saturation with water on the one hand and draining of nitric compounds on the other. 

48 


Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

petasitetosum hybridae subass. nova hoc loco (Table 
10/1–7) was found in the region of the Gorjanci, 
where it covers the valley floor, often along streams 
and forest roads. The differential species of the subassociation C.-A. petasitetosum hybridi are Fraxinus 
excelsior, Petasites hybridus, Geranium phaeum, Carex 
sylvatica and Geum urbanum. All of them are indicative of very moist sites and prove that the stands of 
this subassociation occur on deep and the moistest 
soils within the association. As the stands are located on easily accessible spots along forest roads 
there is likely to be an anthropogenous influence, 
which is reflected to a certain extent also in the selected differential species. 

The stands of the studied subassociation occur 
on calcareous sandy-gravelly alluvium, on alluvial 

– delluvial deposits and on relic alluvial or torrential deposits and colluvia from slopes. 
Two variants were established within the subassociation; the variant with the species Allium ursinum and the variant typica. 

The differential species of the variant with Allium ursinum are: Allium ursinum, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Caltha palustris and Equisetum telmateia. Except for Allium ursinum all of the listed species belong to the alliance Alno-Ulmion. The stands of this 
variant cover plateaus along mountain streams and 
are transitional stands between the alliances Alno-
Ulmion and Fraxino-Acerion. These stands grow on 
moister soils within the subassociation. The humic 
fluvisol prevails (Table 6). 

The stands of the variant typica are characterized by large coverage of the species Scopolia carniolica. These stands cover valley floors without 
streams. A higher degree of moisture in these 
stands is provided on account of the water and 
snow that flow down into the bottom of these valleys from the neighbouring slopes. Eutric cambisol 
on alluvial-delluvial deposits occurs. 

The holotypus of the subassociation C.-A. petasitetosum hybridi is relevé No. 5 in Table 10 hoc loco. 

figure 3 presents relevé ordination of the association Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum in Slovenia (relevés from analytic tables 8, 9 and 10). The 
relevés were arranged along axis 1 regarding the 
stoniness of the site, and along axis 2 regarding the 
soil moisture. In accordance with the above findings the stands of the subassociation C.-A. scopolietosum carniolicae cover the stoniest, and in comparison with the stands of the subassociation C.-A. abietetosum albae also moister soils. The stands of the 
subassociation C.-A. petasitetosum hybridi occur on 
the non-stony and the moistest soil. A less moist 


Figure 3: Relevé ordination of the association Chrysanthemo 
macrophylli-Aceretum in Slovenia (according to analytic tables 
8, 9 and 10). Legend: ¦– C.-A. scopolietosum carniolicae, 
. – C.-A. abietetosum albae, 


– C.-A. petasitetosum hybridi. 
Slika 3: Ordinacija popisov asociacije Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum v Sloveniji (po analitičnih tabelah 8, 9 in 10). 
Legenda: 
¦ 
– C.-A. scopolietosum carniolicae, . – C.-A. abietetosum albae, 
– C.-A. petasitetosum hybridi. 
and non-stony soil is covered by the stands of the 
subassociation C.-A. abietetosum albae which occur at 
the highest altitudes within the association. 

6. Discussion 
A comparison of both associations and their division into lower syntaxonomical units is presented 
in the synthetic table (Table 11). Divison of specific 
syntaxa (subassociations) into two independent associations is presented by means of hierarchical 
classification (Figure 4). 

A certain resemblance to the association Omphalodo-Aceretum is visible also in the syntaxon Aceri-
Fraxinetum typicum (Fukarek 1970), which occurs in 
the montane belt in the region of the Peručica virgin forest reserve (BH). There are no differential 
species of the association Omphalodo-Aceretum in 
these stands, which is congruent with the findings 
of Surina (2002), who established in his study on 
the distribution of the Illyrian-Dinaric association 
Omphalodo-Fagetum that the stands east of the river 
Una (Grmeč, Igman, Peručica-BH) and the Piva 
valley (Montenegro) could be treated as a specific 

49 


Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

1 2 3 4 5 6 
Figure 4: Hierarchical classification of the subassociations 
of the associations Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum (syntaxons 
1,2,3) and Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum (syntaxons 
4, 5, 6) in Slovenia (numbers of syntaxons correspond with 
numbers of syntaxons in Table 11). 
Slika 4: Hierarhična klasifikacija subasociacij asociacij Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum (sintaksoni 1, 2, 3) in Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum (sintaksoni 4, 5, 6) v Sloveniji 
(številke sintaksonov se ujemajo s številkami sintaksonov v 
tabeli 11). 

Dinaric association. Noble hardwood forests which 
occur intrazonally within zonal Dinaric beech forests of the montane belt certainly differentiate in 
the same sense. The species of the alliance Fraxino-
Acerion are relatively well represented in the herb 
layer of the stands of the syntaxon, most abundant 
being the growth of the species Lunaria rediviva. In 
the tree layer, however, except for one relevé dominated by Fraxinus excelsior, beech (Fagus moesiaca) 
is the dominant species of the stands. It is for this 
reason that the syntaxon was not treated in the 
framework of Illyrian noble hardwood forests, as 
those are possibly the stands of beech forest on 
moister sites. The stands will require further study 
in order to determine whether they can be classified into the studied vegetation. 

Noble hardwood forests in the Dinaric region 
of Slovenia were studied also by Piskernik (1954), 
who united the stands into the association Acereto-
Ulmetum. This is a heterogeneous relevé material. 
The larger part could be classified within the association Omphalodo-Aceretum, but some of the stands 
belong to the altimontane association Lamio orvalae-Aceretum. Certain relevés have a transitional 
character between both associations. In the stands, 
beech and fir are often represented with high cover values and even dominate the noble hardwoods 
in certain stands, which, however, is not in accordance with the definition of noble hardwood forests. 

For all these reasons, we disregarded this relevé 
material in our analysis of the Illyrian maple forests 
of the montane belt. 

The stands of the association Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum were described in Slovenia as Dentario polyphyllae-Aceretum by P. Košir and Marinček 
(1999). However, our comparison of relevés of Illyrian maple forests demonstrated that the stands 
described as the association Dentario polyphyllae-Aceretum were similar to the stands described in 
Croatia under the name of Aceri-Fraxinetum croaticum or Aceri-Fraxinetum illyricum (Horvat 1938, 
Petračič and Anič 1952, Regula-Bevilacqua 1978). 
The association Aceri-Fraxinetum croaticum was later 
accurately renamed Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum. 

The above-mentioned stands from Croatia, classified into the association Chrysanthemo macrophylli-
Aceretum, were also joined to the table (Table 11). 
They are most similar to the stands of the subassociation C.-A. petasitetosum hybridi which covers the 
moistest sites within the association, whereas the 
tree layer is dominated by the species Fraxinus excelsior (with the exception of a syntaxon 7 from 
Strahinjščica, where Acer pseudoplatanus occurs in a 
larger proportion). Three syntaxa from the territory of Croatia are therefore presented in the synthetic table: a syntaxon with one relevé from the 
region of Lika (Horvat 1938), a syntaxon with five 
relevés from the region of Medvednica (Petračič 
and Anič 1952, relevés 1–5, relevé No. 6 is without 
the tree layer) and a syntaxon with three relevés 
from the region of Strahinščica in Hrvaško Zagorje 
(Regula-Bevilacqua 1978). Only relevés Nos. 1–3 in 
Table No. 39 were included into the synthetic table 
from the last-mentioned syntaxon (Aceri-Fraxinetum 
illyricum, Regula-Bevilacqua 1978). This is due to 
the fact that the differential species of the association are missing from relevés 4 and 5 and that noble hardwoods are only poorly represented. We 
therefore believe they do not belong within the 
studied association. In the future, the stands from 
Croatia will require a more thorough investigation 
as there was too little relevé material published so 
far, and even that was incomplete in certain cases 
(Petračić and Anić 1952). As a result, a thorough 
analysis of these stands is impossible and comparison with other Illyrian stands remains difficult. 

Ecological differences, and therefore also differences in the floristic composition, are presented 
not only in the synthetic table (Table 11), but also 
with the syntaxonomical spectrum of both associations (Figure 5). 

50 


Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 


Figure 5: Syntaxonomical spectrum of the associations Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum (light grey) in Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum (dark grey) 
Slika 5: Sintaksonomski spekter asociacij Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum (svetlo siva) in Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum (temno siva) 

Consistent with the general character of the Dinaric world, which is stony and crisscrossed with 
sinkholes, the association Omphalodo-Aceretum covers stonier and generally not as developed soils as 
the association Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum. 
A higher degree of stoniness of the association is 
demonstrated also by a stronger representation of 
mosses and the species of the class Asplenietea trichomanis. The association occurs on smaller surfaces, fragmentarily, above all in sinkholes. Characteristic for the association is an abundant growth 
of ferns. Fraxinus excelsior, which is well represented 
in the association Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum, occurs here only exceptionally. 

The differential species of the association Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum Impatiens noli-tangere, 
as well as a relatively higher proportion of the species of the alliance Alno-Ulmion compared to the 
association Omphalodo-Aceretum, indicate a higher 
degree of moisture in the soil (due to the generally 
deeper soil). Surface rockiness is lower, which is 
demonstrated in a poorer representation of mosses and the species of the class Asplenietea trichomanis. The presence of the tree species Acer platanoides, which was not detected in the association 
Omphalodo-Aceretum, indicates generally warmer 
site conditions. The differential species Dentaria 
polyphylla and Dentaria trifolia are very indicative of 

the geographical position of the association in the 
pre-Dinaric region of the Illyrian floral province 
in Slovenia. The stands of the association are generally distributed on larger surfaces, while the association Omphalodo-Aceretum is found only fragmentarily, on smaller surfaces. The association 
occurs on colluvial slopes, sinkholes, dales and 
ditches. In contrast to the association Omphalodo-
Aceretum which grows above all on limestone, this 
association is found within the wider spectrum of 
parent material. It does occur mostly on calcareous soils, which are in places mixed with chert. 
The soil is generally deeper and more developed. 
The association is differentiated from the association Omphalodo-Aceretum by an abundant early-
spring aspect of geophytes. 

4. ConClUsIons 
In central Europe, associations of maple forests 
within the alliance Tilio-Acerion are ecologically 
clearly defined regarding the various soil conditions, altitude and bedrock (Clot 1990, Müller 
1992, Wallnöfer & al. 1993). The above-mentioned 
groups of differential species, however, do not 
manifest themselves well within the syntaxa, as noble hardwood forests often occur on sites with mosaically intertwined different soil types, from skeletal to deeper soils, in pockets between rocks. All 
this makes the syntaxonomical classification of the 
stands difficult. However, within the alliance Fraxino-Acerion, the associations are described not only 
with consideration of different altitudes and types 
of bedrock, but also with regard to their phytogeographical position in different phytogeographical 
regions of the Illyrian floral province. As those are 
soil conditioned communities on small surfaces 
occurring in the distribution area of zonal communities, our description of the communities proceeded from contact zonal communities. Two communities treated in this article, namely Omphalodo 
vernae-Aceretum and Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum (syn.: Dentario polyphyllae-Aceretum), are also defined in this way. We are of the opinion that classification based both on ecological as well as geographical differential groups is more generally 
applicable than classification considering only ecological differences. Nevertheless, the differences 
in geographical position which result in different 
macroclimatic conditions, are therefore reflected 
together with the ecological. 

51 


Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

5. POVZETEK
Javorjevi gozdovi montanskega pasu zahodnega 
dela ilirske florne province 

Obravnavali smo javorjeve gozdove gorskega sveta v 
dinarskem območju in preddinarskem območju 
ilirske florne province v Sloveniji. Ugotovili smo 
dve asociaciji, ki se pojavljata intraconalno v okviru 
conalnih bukovih gozdov. 

Popisovali smo po standardni srednjeevropski 
metodi, talne razmere pa smo proučili s pomočjo 
reprezentančnih talnih profilov. 

Asociacija Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum pseudoplatani P. Košir et Marinček 1999 se pojavlja v dinarskem območju (Goteniška gora, Javorniki, Logaška 
planota, Krim, Kočevski Rog) ilirske florne province v Sloveniji. Uspeva v območju razširjenosti asociacije Omphalodo-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) Marinček et al. 1993. Asociacijo najdemo predvsem v vrtačah. Matična podlaga so jurski in kredni apnenci. 
V primerjavi z asociacijo Chrysanthemo macrophylli-
Aceretum porašča kamnitejša in v splošnem slabše 
razvita tla. Prevladujejo rjava koluvialna pokarbonatna tla. Pojavlja se na manjših površinah, le fragmentarno. Asociacijo označuje bujna razrast praproti. Asociacijo smo razčlenili na tri subasociacije: 
subasociacijo O.-A. dentarietosum pentaphylli subass. 
nova, ki porašča inicialnejša tla, subasociacijo O.-A. 
petasitetosum albi subass. nova, ki jo najdemo na globljih, razvitejših tleh ter subasociacijo O.-A. typicum 
subass. nova brez razlikovalne skupine vrst. V okviru subasociacije O.-A. dentarietosum pentaphylli smo 
ločili varianto z vrsto Lunaria rediviva in varianto 
typica, v okviru subasociacije O.-A. petasitetosum albae 
pa varianto z vrsto Matteuccia struthiopteris na vlažnejših tleh in varianto typica. 

Asociacija Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum 
(syn: Dentario polyphyllae-Aceretum pseudoplatani P. 
Košir et Marinček 1999) uspeva na koluvialnih pobočjih, vrtačah, grabnih in jarkih v preddinarskem 
območju (Bohor, Podsreda, Uršna Sela, Gorjanci, 
Konjiška gora). Pojavlja se v širšem arealu asociacij 
Lamio orvalae-Fagetum (I. Horvat 1938) Borhidi 
1963 var. geogr. Dentaria polyphylla Ž. Košir 1962 ex 
Marinček 1994 in Cardamini savensi-Fagetum Ž. Košir 1962. Asociacijo najdemo na širšem spektru ma-
tičnih kamnin. Večinoma sicer uspeva na karbonatnih tleh, ki pa jim je ponekod lahko primešan tudi 
roženec. Tla so v splošnem globlja, bolj razvita in 
imajo manjšo površinsko skalovitost. Prevladujejo 
rjava pokarbonatna koluvialna tla. Zaradi v splošnem globljih tal so ta rastišča vlažnejša. Asociacijo 

ločujejo tudi vrste, ki nakazujejo relativno toplejše 
rastiščne razmere (preddinarsko območje). Sestoji 
so v splošnem razširjeni na večjih površinah. Značilen je bogat zgodnjepomladanski aspekt geofitov. 
V okviru asociacije smo ločili tri subasociacije: C.-A. 
scopolietosum carniolicae subass. nova, ki uspeva na 
vlažnejših, bolj inicialnih tleh, subasociacijo C.-A. 
abietetosum albae subass. nova na globokih, razvitejših tleh brez površinske skalovitosti in na v splošnem višjih nadmorskih višinah ter subasociacijo 
C.-A. petasitetosum hybridi na nekamnitih in najvlažnejših tleh. V okviru subasociacije C.-A. scopolietosum carniolicae smo ločili tri variante: varianto z vrsto Asarum europaeum na nižjih nadmorskih višinah, 
varianto z vrsto Polystichum aculeatum na strmejših, 
vlažnejših pobočjih, in varianto typica. V okviru subasociacije C.-A. abietetosum albae smo prav tako izločili tri variante: varianto z vrsto Scopolia carniolica, 
varianto z vrsto Petasites albus in v okviru teh dveh še 
subvarianti z vrsto Fraxinus excelsior, ter varianto 
typica. V okviru subasociacije C.-A. petasitetosum hybridi smo ločili dve varianti: varianta typica in varianta z vrsto Allium ursinum na najvlažnejših tleh v 
okviru te subasociacije. Obe asociaciji smo uvrstili v 
ilirsko zvezo gozdov plemenitih listavcev Fraxino-
Acerion Fukarek 1969 v okviru reda Fagetalia sylvaticae. 

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 
This article is part of a master of science thesis (P. 
Košir 2000) and partly of a doctorial dissertation 

(P. Košir 2004). I would like to thank my supervisors Dr. Lojze Marinček, Prof. Dr. Joso Vukelić, 
Prof. Dr. Tone Wraber and Asist. Prof. Dr. Andraž 
Čarni, for their valuable advice and help in developing the thesis. I would also like to thank Tomaž 
Hrovat, B. eng., who helped with the field work. 
The soil profiles were described by Tomaž Prus, M. 
Sc., to whom I am most grateful. Finally, I would 
like to thank Marjan Jarnjak for his help in preparing the map of the relevé locations. 
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trees on non-carbonate bedcrock in Slovenia 
(Dryopterido affini-Aceretum pseudoplatani ass. nova hoc loco). Hacquetia 4 (1): 61–89. 

Košir, P. 2005b: Noble hardwood forests of the altimontane belt (Lamio orvalae-Aceretum pseudoplatani P. Košir et Marinček 1999) in Slovenia 
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8. APPENDIX 
Appendix to Table 8: 

Relevé locations: 1. Radoha, near Uršna Sela, 
slope to the foot of the sinkhole, 2. Radoha near 
Uršna Sela, the foot of the sinkhole, 3. Radoha 
near Uršna Sela, slope of the sinkhole, 4. Under 
Veliki Trebež, slope of the sinkhole, the Gorjanci, 

5. Near the hunting lodge in the direction from 
Oštrc toward Veliki Trebež, the Gorjanci, slope of a 
large sinkhole, 6. Dolenski Polom, under Veliki 
Trebež, the Gorjanci, slope to the foot of the sinkhole, 7. Dolenski Polom, under Veliki Trebež, the 
Gorjanci, slope to the foot of the sinkhole, 8. Under Veliki Trebež, the bottom to the foot of the 
sinkhole, the Gorjanci, 9. Under Veliki Trebež, the 
Gorjanci, slope of the sinkhole, 10. Under Veliki 
Trebež, the Gorjanci, slope of a large sinkhole, 11. 
Under Veliki Trebež, the Gorjanci, the foot and 
the slope of the sinkhole, 12. Under Veliki Trebež, 
the bottom to the foot of the sinkhole, the Gorjanci, 13. Under Lipni vrh, Radoha near Uršna Sela, the 
bottom and the foot of the sinkhole, 14. Under Veliki Trebež, the Gorjanci, the foot of the sinkhole, 
15. Under Cesar, Radoha near Uršna Sela, the bottom of a shallow sinkhole, 16. Under Veliki Trebež, 
The Gorjanci, slope of the sinkhole, 17. Under Veliki Trebež, the Gorjanci, slope of a large sinkhole, 
18. Under Kilovec, near Uršna Sela, slope of the 
sinkhole, 19. Under Veliki Trebež, slope of the 
sinkhole, the Gorjanci, 20. Under Veliki Trebež, 
the Gorjanci, slope of the sinkhole, 21. Under Veliki Trebež, slope of the sinkhole, the Gorjanci, 
22.–24. Castle Podsreda, slope of the ditch, 25. 
Cerov Log in the direction of Minutnik, the Gorjanci, along the stream, 26. Jesenovski jarek ditch, 
the Gorjanci, steep slope, 27. Jesenovski jarek ditch, 
the Gorjanci, a steep slope, 28. Jesenovski jarek 
ditch, the Gorjanci, slope in the dale, 29. Under 
Mirčev grič, the Gorjanci, a steep slope. 
Wraber, M. 1960. Fitosociološka razčlenitev gozdne 
vegetacije v Sloveniji. (Pflanzensoziologische 
Gliederung der Waldvegetation in Slovenien.). 
Ad Annum Horti Bot. labacensis Solemnem, 
pp. 49–96. 

Zupančič, B. 1995: Klimatografija Slovenije. Količina padavin: obdobje 1961–1990. Hidrometerološki zavod Slovenije, Ljubljana, 366 s. 

The species occurring only once in the Table 
(rare species): fA; Fraxinus excelsior Ia 22 (3), Fraxinus excelsior Ib 22 (+), f; Sanicula europaea 1 (+), 
Dryopteris affinis 4 (+), Carex sylvatica 13 (+), Lonicera 
alpigena II 15 (+), Euphorbia dulcis 22 (r), Petasites 
albus 22 (+), Carpinus betulus Ib 25 (+), Festuca altissima 26 (+), Milium effusum 27 (+), Epipactis helleborine 29 (+), Qf; Tamus communis 15 (+), Af; Erythronium dens-canis 24 (r), Cardamine trifolia 25 (+), 
AU; Dryopteris carthusiana 23 (+), Brachypodium sylvaticum 26 (+), Cirsium oleraceum 28 (+), A; Veratrum 
album 17 (+), vp; Dryopteris expansa 13 (+), AT; Asplenium trichomanes 24 (+), o; Alliaria petiolata 25 
(+), Hypericum hirsutum 29 (+), Salix caprea Ia 29 
(1), M; Anomodon viticulosus IV 3 (+), Neckera complanata IV 3 (+), Plagiothecium denticulatum IV 23 
(+), Rhynchostegium rotundifolium IV 23 (+), Mnium 
thomsonii IV 26 (+), Anomodon longifolius IV 29 (+). 

Appendix to Table 9: 

Relevé locations: 1. Near a hunting lodge, 
Konjiška gora, a shallow sinkhole, 2. Near a hunting lodge, Konjiška gora, a shallow sinkhole, 3. Between Mali and Veliki Javornik, Bohor, slope of the 
ditch, 4. Between Mali and Veliki Javornik, Bohor, 
slope of the ditch, 5. Under Veliki Koprivnik, Bohor, a colluvial slope, 6. Mali Javornik, Bohor, a colluvial slope, 7. Under Oslica, Bohor, a colluvial slope 
under a large rock block, 8. Bohor hunting lodge, 
underthepeakofMožnica,Bohor,acolluvialslope, 9. 
Under Skalica, Bohor, slope of a ditch, 10. Under 
Oslica, Bohor, a colluvial slope, 11. Under Oslica, 
Bohor, ditch, 12. Mali Javornik, Bohor, a colluvial 
slope, 13. Under Stolpnik, Konjiška gora, ditch, 14. 
Bohor hunting lodge, under the peak of Možnica, a 

54 


Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

colluvialslope,Bohor, 15. Bohorhuntinglodge,under 
the peak of Možnica, Bohor, a colluvial slope, 16. Under Stolpnik, Konjiška gora, ditch, 17. Under Debeli vrh, Bohor, ditch, 18. Under Debeli vrh, Bohor, slope of the ditch, 19. Veliki Javornik, Bohor, 
a colluvial slope, 20. Under Ribežljev vrh (Kraljevi 
vrh), Konjiška gora, ditch, 21. Veliki Javornik, Bohor, a colluvial slope, 22. Veliki Javornik, Bohor, a 
colluvial slope. 

The species occurring only once in the Table 
(rare species): fA; Euonymus latifolia II 9 (+), Tilia 
platyphyllos Ia 18 (+), Tilia platyphyllos Ib 18 (+), 
Aruncus dioicus 18 (+), Ribes uva-crispa II 22 (+), f; 
Prenanthes purpurea 13 (+), Euphorbia amygdaloides 
16 (+), Sambucus racemosa II 16 (+), Carex sylvatica 18 
(r), Lilium martagon 18 (+), Hordelymus europaeus 19 
(+), Myosotis sylvatica 19 (+), Pulmonaria officinalis 
20 (+), Sanicula europaea 20 (+), Viola reichenbachiana 20 (+), Qf; Corylus avellana II 7 (+), Hedera helix 
10 (+), Cirsium erisithales 13 (r), Sorbus aria II 51 (+), 
Lonicera xylosteum II 20 (1), Af; Cyclamen purpurascens 13 (r), Helleborus niger 13 (r), Cardamine trifolia 
20 (+), AU; Dryopteris carthusiana 2 (+), Cardamine 
impatiens 18 (r), Cirsium oleraceum 20 (+), vp; Gentiana asclepiadea 20 (+), A; Polygonatum verticillatum 
21 (+), AT; Polystichum X illyricum 13 (+), o; Cardamine flexuosa 17 (+), Arctium lappa 18 (+), M; Cirriphyllum tommasinii 2 (+), Homalothecium philipeanum 2 (+), Plagiomnium cuspidatum 2 (+), Brachythecium salebrosum 3 (+), Rhizomnium punctatum IV 
5 (+), Eurhynchium striatum 13 (+), Fissidens taxifolius IV 15 (+), Herzogiella seligeri IV 19 (+), Plagiochila 
asplenioides 20 (+), Thamnobryum alopecurum 20 (+). 

Appendix to table 10: 

Relevé locations: 1. The Gorjanci, from Vahta 
toward Gospodična, the plateau along the stream, 
the valley floor, 2. The Gorjanci, from Vahta toward Gospodična, the plateau along the stream, 
the valley floor, 3. The Gorjanci, from Vahta toward Gospodična, the plateau along the stream, 
the valley floor, 4. The Gorjanci, from Vahta toward Gospodična, the plateau along the stream, 
the valley floor, 5. The Gorjanci, Jesenovski jarek 
ditch, the bottom of a deep, narrow valley, 6. The 
Gorjanci, Jesenovski jarek ditch, the bottom of a 
deep, narrow valley, 7. The Gorjanci, Jesenovski 
jarek ditch, the bottom of a deep, narrow valley. 

The species occurring only once in the Table 
(rare species): fA; Euonymus latifolia 1 (r), Actaea 
spicata 3 (r), Geranium robertianum 3 (+), Acer platanoides II 4 (r), f; Sanicula europaea 1 (+), Asarum 
europaeum 2 (+), Euphorbia amygdaloides 3 (+), Euphorbia dulcis 3 (+), Scrophularia nodosa 3 (+),Galium 
schultesii 4 (+), Qf; Cephalanthera longifolia 1 (r), 
Af; Cyclamen purpurascens 4 (+), AU; Angelica sylvestris 1 (+), Festuca gigantea 1 (+), Equisetum arvense 1 
(+), Carex pendula 3 (r), Deschampsia cespitosa 6 (+), 
vp; Gentiana asclepiadea 3 (r), o; Aesculus hippocastanum 1 (r), Dactylorhiza maculata 1 (r), Alliaria petiolata 3 (+), Galium aparine 3 (r), Rumex species 3 (r), 
Solanum dulcamara 3 (+), Hypericum hirsutum 6 (+), 
Veronica chamaedrys 7 (r), M; Hypnum cupressiforme 1 
(+), Fissidens taxifolius 2 (+), Bryum species 4 (+), Ctenidium molluscum 4 (+), Dicranum scoparium 6 (+), 
Encalypta streptocarpa 4 (+), Fissidens dubius 4 (+), 
Homalothecium philippeanum 4 (+). 

Recieved 15. 3. 2005 
Revision recieved 20. 8. 2005 
Accepted 7. 10. 2005 

55 


Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

Table 7: Analytic table of the association Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum P. Košir et Marinček 1999Tabela 7: Analitična tabela asociacije Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum P. Košir et Marinček 1999 

Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 
Date: day 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 7 24 9 9 9 20 16 16 20 16 20 16 16 16 16 
month 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 
year 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 98 98 98 99 98 99 98 98 98 98 
Relevé area (m2) 200 400 200 400 200 400 400 400 200 400 400 400 300 200 200 200 300 400 300 300 400 400 
Altitude (m) 480 470 475 455 455 450 455 490 730 370 460 640 850 890 920 840 950 800 910 760 910 910 
Aspect EES NW SW NE NW N SSW E SE N NE NNW W E NW N S N NW W N NW 
Slope (degrees) 30 25 20 5 20 10 10 30 30 45 20 20 30 45 25 15 10 20 25 10 20 20 
Cover bare rock (%) 50 40 50 5 50 35 30 80 70 5 60 70 30 30 70 40 10 1 10 0 10 20 
Cover of separate layers (%)
Upper tree layer Ia 90 90 80 90 80 90 70 90 95 70 70 80 80 60 70 75 80 80 70 80 70 70 
Lower tree layer Ib 30 30 5 5 30 10 5 40 10 30 30 20 10 30 20 20 20 20 40 10 30 20 
Shrub layer II 10 10 40 20 10 10 10 40 10 70 40 40 20 40 30 20 10 10 5 40 10 10 
presence 
frequency 
presence (a) 
frequency (a) 
presence (b) 
presence (c) 
frequency (c) 
Herb layer III 70 90 80 100 80 100 100 50 50 60 90 80 80 70 50 80 95 100 80 90 90 90 
Moss layer IV 40 40 50 5 50 30 5 70 60 10 40 50 30 40 50 50 10 5 10 10 10 20 
dentarietosum pentaphylli (a) typicum (b) petasitetosum albi (c) 
var. typica var. Lunaria var. typica var. Matteuc. 
rediviva struthiopteris 
DIFFERENTIAL SPECIES OF THE ASSOCIATIONAF Omphalodes verna III . + + . . + + + 2 + + + 3 + 1 2 1 2 + + + + 19 86 9 75 4 6 100 
AF Cardamine trifolia III + + . + . + + + + . . . 1 1 + 1 + . 1 + 1 1 16 73 7 58 4 5 83 
AF Geranium nodosum III + + + + + + + + . . . . . 1 . . 1 . + + 1 1 14 64 8 67 1 5 83 
FA Polystichum braunii et X luerssenii III . + . + 1 + . + . . . . . 1 . 1 . + + . + + 11 50 5 42 2 4 67 
AF Calamintha grandiflora III . + . . . . . + + . . . + + . . + + . . . . 7 32 3 25 2 2 33 
DIFFERENTIAL SPECIES OF SUBASS. AND VAR.
F Dentaria pentaphyllos III 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 . 2 3 2 . . . . 1 . . . . . 12 55 11 92 . 1 17 
FA Scopolia carniolica III 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 . 2 2 . . . . . . . + . . . . 10 45 9 75 . 1 17 
F Mercurialis perennis III 1 3 1 + . . . + . 1 + 1 . . . . + . . . . . 9 41 8 67 . 1 17 
FA Lunaria rediviva III . . . . . . . . . 1 4 3 . . . . . . . . . . 3 14 3 25 . . . 
FA Polystichum setiferum et X bicknellii III . . . . . . . . . 2 + 1 . . . . . . . . . . 3 14 3 25 . . . 
56 


F Petasites albus III. . .1. .+..1.+ 
F Leucojum vernum III. . . . . . .....+ 
A Anthriscus nitida III. . . . . . ...... 
AU Stachys sylvatica III. . . . . .+..... 

AU Matteuccia struthiopteris III. . . . . . ...... 

FA FRAXINO-ACERION

Acer pseudoplatanus Ia5 4 3 5 2 5 4 3 5 4 3 
4
Acer pseudoplatanus Ib.+. . .++++1+
1
Acer pseudoplatanus II.+. . . .....+
+
Acer pseudoplatanus III++++11+++ . +
1
Arum maculatum III+ + 1 + + + + 1 + + 1 
+
Urtica dioica III2+221+2+. .+
.
Actaea spicata III++. .+. r+r+.
+
Adoxa moschatellina III++21++1+. .1+
Stellaria montana III1+++11++. . . 
.
Geranium robertianum III+++ . +++1+++
+
Phyllitis scolopendrium III221. 1+.12221
Ulmus glabra Ia. . . . ..+2...
.
Ulmus glabra Ib. . . . ...+...
.
Ulmus glabra II. .+.+.+...+
+
Ulmus glabra III. . . . ....+..
.
Polystichum aculeatum III.1+.+.++1. . 
.
Circaea lutetiana III. . .+++1. . . .
+
Doronicum austriacum III. . . ........
.
Tilia platyphyllos Ia.12.3+. . . .2.
Tilia platyphyllos Ib.+. ....2...
.
Tilia platyphyllos II. . . ........
+
Tilia platyphyllos III. . . ........
+
Staphylea pinnata II. .2....3.++
+
Circaea X intermedia III. . . ..+.....
.
Ribes uva-crispa II. . .........
.
Fraxinus excelsior Ib. .+........
.
Fraxinus excelsior III. . .........
.


. . .+ 
.... 
.... 
. . .1 

.... 

4244 
++1+ 
. .+. 

+ . +1 
. +2+ 
. +++ 
. 1+1 
+111 
1. .+ 
+1+1 
1221 
+. .+ 
. . .1 
+. . . 
. . .+ 
+1++ 
. . .1 
+ . +1 
.... 
.... 
.... 
.... 
.... 
. . .+ 
.1. . 
.... 
.+. . 
14233 3 

323.1 3 
++.1+ + 
.++11 1 
.... 

42 

44344 3 
+.+11 + 
..+++ + 
.++.+ . 

+..1+ + 
1++11 1 
+++.+ + 
+..+. . 
1++11 1 
.+... . 
..+.. . 
1+.++ 2 
..... . 
++.++ . 
..... . 
..... + 
++.1+ + 
.++.1 1 
..... . 
..... . 
..... . 
..... . 
..... . 
..... . 
..... . 
..... . 
..... . 

11 50 4 33 1 6100 
62718 . 583 
523. . .583 
7321 8 1 583 

29. . .233 
2210012100 4 6 100 
17778674 583 
8363251 467 
177711 92 3 3 50 
198612100 3 4 67 
1882 9 75 3 6100 
16738673 583 
16731083 4 2 33 
1673 8 67 2 6100 
167311 92 4 1 17 
15681083 4 1 17 
9412172 583 
29181 . . 
10455421 467 
29181 . . 
11 506504 117 
11 505421 583 
732. . 3467 
523542. . . 
29217. . . 
1518. . . 
1518. . . 
523542. . . 
29181 . . 
15. .1. . 
1518. . . 
15. .1. . 

Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

57 


Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 

13 14 15 16 

17181920 21 22 

F FAGETALIA SYLVATICAE

Dryopteris filix-masFagus sylvaticaFagus sylvaticaFagus sylvaticaFagus sylvaticaSambucus nigraDentaria bulbiferaSalvia glutinosaSymphytum tuberosumDaphne mezereumLamiastrum flavidumParis quadrifoliaCorydalis cavaMycelis muralisGalium odoratumCarex sylvaticaPolygonatum multiflorumGalanthus nivalisPulmonaria officinalisMilium effusumSanicula europaeaLonicera alpigenaAsarum europaeumRanunculus lanuginosusViola reichenbachiana 
Lamiastrum montanumDryopteris affinisFestuca altissimaEuphorbia amygdaloidesAllium ursinumLathyrus vernus 

III+1 1+++1+++1 1 

2112 

+ + 1 + 1 . 219512100 4 583 

Ia++.++. . . .+.+ 

.1. . 

. + 1 . . + 10456501 350 

Ib21 . +2+ . 1+++ . 

+++ . 

2 + 2 . + 1 17779753 583 

II+. . . .+.+...+ 

+. .+ 

++ . . . + 9414332350 

III. . . . . . ...... 
.+. . 

....+ .29..1117 

II++1. .+++++++ 

+1++ 
. + + + + + 198610834 583 

III1+11+ . ++++ . + 

.11. 

1 + 2 + 1 1 188210832 6100 

IIIr++++++. .+.+ 

. . .+ 

+ + + + + + 16739751 6100 

III. . .+.21+.... 
+1++ 
+ + 1 + 1 1 14644334 6100 

II+++. .++.++.+ 

++ . + 

+ + . + . . 14648673 350 

III+++. . .+++. . . 

++ . + 

1 . + . + + 13596503 467 
III. . .+++.++.++ 
+++ r 

+ + . . . . 13597584 233 

III11.31+2. . .+. 

.... 

+ . 1 + 2 1 1255758. 583 
III. . . . . .+++.+. 
++ r + 

. + . . . . 9414334117 

III. .+.++. .+. .+ 
. . .+ 

+1 . . . . 8365421233 
III. .+.+.+.+. . . 
+. .+ 

++ . . . . 8364332233 

III+.+. ..+.r... 

.+.+ 

. . . . + . 7324332117 

III++++.++. . . . . 

.... 

.... . .627650... 

III. .+. . .++.+.+ 
.... 

.... . .523542... 

III. . . .+++..... 
.... 

...+. +523325.233 

III. . . . ....+... 
+. . . 
++ . . + . 523181350 

II. . . . .+.....+ 
1.1. 
.... . .4182172.. 

III. .+. . . .+.++. 
.... 

.... . .418433... 

III. . . ........
.
.+. . 

.1..+ +418..1350 

III. . . .....r... 
+. . . 
. + . . . . 314181117 

III. . . ......+.+ 
.... 

.... . .29..... 

III. . . ..+....+. 
.... 

.... . .29217... 

III. . . ........
.
.1. . 

+... . .29..1117 
III. . . .....+... 
.... 

+... . .2918.117 
III. . . ......+.. 
.... 

. .+. . . 2918.117 

III. r . . . . . . . . . . 
+. . . 
.... . .29181.. 

Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

58 


Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

Ib. . . . . . ...1.+ 

.... 

. . .+ . . 314217.117 

II. .+.111++322 
+211 
1 . . 2 + . 16739754 350 
II. .+. .+...+++ 
+. .+ 

. . . + . . 8365422117 

III. . . . . . ..r..+ 
+. . . 
. 1 . . . . 4182171117 

Ib. .+. . . ....1. 

.... 

.... . .29217... 

II. .+. . . .+.... 
.... 

.... . .29217... 

III. . .+. .+. .1. . 
.... 

.... . .314325... 

III. .+. . .+..... 
.... 

.... . .29217... 

III. . . . . ......
.
.... 

.... r r29...233 

III. . . . . ..+.+.. 
.... 

.... . .29217... 

III. . . .+.+..... 
.... 

.... . .29217... 

III21++12 . +++1+ 

. 3+2 

1 + 2 . + 1 198611 923 583 

III.r. . . ..312+1 
.... 

. . .+ . . 732650.117 

III. . . . ....r... 
++. . 

++ . . . . 523182233 

III. . . . .......
.
.r.. 

..+. . . 29..1117 

III. . . . .......
.
.... 

.1.. . .15...117 

III. +++++1++ . 1 . 
. +++ 

. . + + + + 16739753 467 

III++.+. . . .+. . . 

.+. . 

. . . . + . 6274331117 

III. .+. .....+.. 
. .++ 

+ . . . . . 5232172117 
III. .+.+.+. . . . . 
. .+. 

.... . .4183251.. 

III+ + + + + 1 + + 1 + + + 

2112 

+ 1 1 1 + 1 2210012100 4 6100 
Ia.+. ....+.... 

+. . . 
. + . 1 . . 5232171233 

Ib. . .+......+1 

.... 

. .+1 . . 523325.233 

II. . . ........
.
.+. r 

.... . .29..2.. 

III. . . .+.+.1.1+ 
+ . ++ 
. + . . + . 10455423 233 

Ia. . .........
.


+1+ . 
.... . .314..3.. 

Ib.+. . . . . . . . . . 

. . .+ 

. + . . . . 314181117 

QF QUERCO-FAGETEA

Corylus avellanaCorylus avellanaLonicera xylosteumAnemone nemorosaAcer campestreAcer campestreAegopodium podagrariaMoehringia trinerviaScilla bifoliaTamus communis 
Stellaria holostea 

AF AREMONIO-FAGION s. lat. 

Dentaria enneaphyllosLamium orvalaAremonia agrimonoidesVicia oroboides 
Dentaria polyphylla 

AU ALNO-ULMION

Chrysosplenium alternifoliumDryopteris carthusianaBrachypodium sylvaticumCardamine impatiens 

VP VACCINIO-PICEETEA

Oxalis acetosella
Abies alba
Abies alba
Abies alba
Abies alba
Picea abies
Picea abies


59 


Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 

13 14 15 16 

17181920 21 22 

Picea abiesPicea abiesGentiana asclepiadeaDryopteris expansaDryopteris dilatataPhegopteris connectilisLonicera nigraGymnocarpium dryopteris 

A ADENOSTYLETALIA

Athyrium filix-femina
Senecio fuchsii
Veratrum album
Myosotis sylvatica


AT ASPLENIETEA TRICHOMANIS

Polypodium vulgareAsplenium trichomanesPolystichum x illyricumPolystichum lonchitisMoehringia muscosaCystopteris fragilisGymnocarpium robertianumAsplenium virideCardaminopsis arenosa 

O OTHER SPECIES

Lamium maculatum
Solanum dulcamara
Rubus fruticosus agg.
Fragaria vesca
Galeopsis speciosa
Rubus idaeus


II. .++.+...+.. 
. .++ 

.... . .6274332.. 

III.+. . . . ...... 
+. . . 
. . . + . . 314181117 

III. . .+. . ...... 
+. .+ 

. ++ . . . 523182233 

III. .+. . .+. . .+. 
+. . . 
.... . .4183251.. 

III. .+.++...... 
.+. . 

.... . .4183251.. 

III. . . . . . ....+. 
+. .+ 

.... . .314182.. 

II. . . . . . ...... 
++. . 

.... . .29..2.. 

III. . . . . ......
.
+. .+ 

.... . .29..2.. 

III+++2 2 2 2+1++1 

22+2 

2 + 2 + 1 2 2210012100 4 6100 

IIIr . . .+. . .++.+ 

+1++ 
1 1 + + . . 13595424 467 

III. . . . . ......
.
. . .+ 

.++. + +523..1467 

III. . . . . ......
.
++ . + 

.+.. . .418..3117 

III.++.+. .+. .+. 
++++ 

.... . .9415424.. 

III. .+. .++++. .+ 
+++ . 

.... . .9416503.. 

III+++.+. .++.+. 

. .+. 

.... . .8367581.. 

III. . . . ...+r.r. 
. . .+ 

.... . .4183251.. 

III+.+. ...+.... 

.... 

.... . .314325... 

III.+. .+......
.
.+. . 

.... . .3142171.. 

III.+. . .++..... 
.... 

.... . .314325... 

III+. .+.......
.


.... 

.... . .29217... 

III.++. . . . . . . . . 
.... 

.... . .29217... 

III.+23. .2+. . . . 
. . .1 

. . . 1 + . 8365421233 

III. .+.+. .+r+. . 
. .+. 

.... . .6275421.. 

II. . . .....+..+ 
+.+. 
. + . . . . 5232172117 

III+. . ...r..... 

+. . . 
+ . . . . . 4182171117 
III. .+........
.
.... 

+. .+ . . 31418.233 
II. . .........
.
. . .+ 

1... . .29..1117 
Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

60 


Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

III. . .+. .+..... 
.... 

.... . .29217... 

III. . . . . . ...... 
.... 

+..+. .29...233 
IV3 1 1++++1 3++3 

+121 
+ + + . + 1 219512100 4 583 

IV+2+2 3 2+3 3+2 1 

+113 
. . . 1 + . 188212100 4 233 

IV1+312+23+ . 3+ 

+1 . 2 
. + . . + + 177711 923 350 

IV++++2+122 . 1+ 

. 12+ 

. . . . + . 156811 923 117 

IV1. . .+.1++++2 

. .+. 

+ . + + + + 14648671 583 
IV.+. .++.+1.++ 
+2 . 1 
. . + . . + 12557583 233 

IV+.+.+. . .+. .+ 

+2. . 
. . 1 . + 1 10455422 350 

IV++. . . .+..... 

. +1 . 

++ . + . . 8363252350 

IV.+. . . .+...+. 
.1. . 

. . . + + + 7323251350 

IV. .+. . ..+1..+ 
+12 . 
.... . .7324333.. 

IV1. . . . .+..+1+ 

.... 

.... . .523542... 

IV. .1. .+..+.+. 
+. . . 
.... . .5234331.. 

IV. . . . ...+.++. 
.... 

+. . . . . 418325.117 
IV+.+. ......+. 

.... 

.... . .314325... 

IV.+. . .......
.
. . .+ 

.... . .29181.. 

IV. . . . ....+... 
.... 

....+ .2918.117 

IV. . . . .......
+
+. . . 
.... . .29181.. 

IV. . . . .......
.
++. . 

.... . .29..2.. 

Cardamine flexuosaArctium lappa 

M MOSSES

Ctenidium molluscumPlagiomnium undulatumEurhynchium striatumThamnobryum alopecurumBrachythecium rutabulumPlagiochila asplenioidesIsothecium alopecuroidesHypnum cupressiformePlagiothecium denticulatumNeckera crispaPlagiomnium cuspidatumThuidium tamariscinumBrachythecium populeumCirriphyllum tommasiniiBrachythecium salebrosumPlagiothecium nemoraleTortella tortuosa 
Plagiomnium affine 

61 


Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

Table 8: Analyitic table of the subassociation Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum (I. Horvat 1938) Borhidi 1965 scopolietosum carniolicae subass. nova hoc locoTabela 8: Analitična tabela subasociacije Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum (I. Horvat 1938) Borhidi 1965 scopolietosum carniolicae subass. nova hoc loco 
Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 
Date: day 13 13 13 3 14 14 14 3 3 3 3 3 13 3 13 3 3 13 3 3 3 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 
month 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 
year 99 99 99 88 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 
Relevé area (m2) 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 200 300 400 400 200 400 300 400 400 400 400 200 300 400 400 400 400 300 300 300 300 200 
Altitude (m) 520 455 440 780 570 730 730 735 735 770 760 780 480 730 570 750 770 585 745 780 730 440 430 410 350 800 800 970 740 
Aspect E N NEE N NNW E NE NNW NE NNW N NE N NW -N NE N NNE NE E NNE NW NE NW E NE NW NW 
Slope (degrees) 30 25 28 25 45 25 20 10 20 10 20 10 5 10 0 25 15 25 20 15 15 30 40 25 2 40 40 30 35 
Cover bare rock (%) 40 40 30 30 60 40 30 30 60 5 20 10 5 20 1 30 10 10 40 5 30 5 5 5 1 0 5 5 50 
Cover of separate layers (%)
Upper tree layer Ia 90 95 95 80 95 90 90 80 90 80 90 90 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 80 90 85 80 80 80 90 70 80 80 
presence 
frequency 
Lower tree layer Ib 0 5 50 30 0 0 10 10 30 10 20 5 0 10 20 5 5 15 10 20 15 15 30 30 20 40 50 10 0 
Shrub layer II 50 20 20 5 5 15 20 5 10 10 5 5 60 5 40 20 10 10 10 0 20 50 70 40 40 30 40 35 60 
Herb layer III 90 90 80 90 100 90 100 90 70 100 95 100 100 95 70 90 100 100 80 100 100 90 90 85 95 95 90 100 80 
Moss layer IV 30 40 30 20 15 30 20 30 50 5 10 10 5 10 5 20 5 5 30 3 10 5 5 15 5 1 5 10 50 
var. typica var. Asarumeuropaeum 
var. Polystichumaculeatum 
DIFFERENTIAL SPECIES OF THE ASSOCIATIONAF Dentaria polyphylla III . + 2 3 + + + 3 . 2 2 + + 2 1 2 1 . 1 3 3 1 1 . + + + . + 24 83 
AF Dentaria trifolia III . . . 1 + + + . + . 1 1 . . . + . . . + . . . . 3 + . . + 12 41 
FA Isopyrum thalictroides III 1 + + + . . . . . . + + . . + . + 1 1 1 + . . . + . . . + 14 48 
AU Impatiens noli-tangere III . + . 1 + + + 1 . 2 + + . 1 . 3 1 . 2 1 1 . + + 1 + + 1 + 22 76 
FA Glechoma hirsuta III . . . + . + + . . . . + . . 1 . . . . . . + . 1 1 . . . . 8 28 
F Corydalis solida III . + . + . + . . . + + + . + r . + . + + + . . . + + + . + 16 55 
DIFFERENTIAL SPECIES OF SUBASSOCIATIONFA Phyllitis scolopendrium III 2 3 2 2 4 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 + 1 + 1 1 3 2 + 2 3 3 3 + + + 2 2 29 100 
FA Polystichum setiferum et X bicknellii III 3 2 2 1 + + + 2 1 2 2 + + + + 2 1 2 1 + 2 2 2 2 + + . . + 27 93 
FA Scopolia carniolica III 5 4 3 3 4 4 5 2 1 1 3 5 5 4 + 3 5 1 1 . . . . . 1 3 4 4 . 23 79 
AF Dentaria enneaphyllos III + + + 1 + + + 1 2 + 1 + 2 2 2 . . . . + . + + + + + + + + 24 83 
FA Geranium robertianum III + + + + + r r + + + . . . . . + . . . + + + + + . + + + 1 20 69 
62 


DIFFERENTIAL SPECIES OF VARIANTS

F Asarum europaeumAF Hacquetia epipactisAF Helleborus odorusAF Helleborus atrorubens 

FA Polystichum aculeatumAT Polystichum X illyricumQF Lonicera xylosteumFA Aruncus dioicus 

FA FRAXINO-ACERION

Acer pseudoplatanusAcer pseudoplatanusAcer pseudoplatanusAcer pseudoplatanusArum maculatumUrtica dioicaAdoxa moschatellinaGeranium robertianumCircaea lutetianaLunaria redivivaActaea spicataUlmus glabraUlmus glabraUlmus glabraStellaria montanaDoronicum austriacumEuonymus latifoliaAcer platanoidesAcer platanoidesAcer platanoidesAcer platanoidesTilia platyphyllos 
Tilia platyphyllos 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
Ia5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 5 5 
Ib.+. . . .+. . .++. . . . . . .+. 
II+++. . . . . . .+.+. . . .+. . . 
III.+++++111. .1.1.11.+++ 
III111++++11+++1+11 . ++11 

III. . . 1+++1121111+ . 1+111 
III. 1+1+ . +22+1+ . + . 2+ . +11 
III+++++rr+++. . . . .+. . .++ 
III+1. . .+++++. .1.1+++1+. 
III. . .+. . .33222.2. .2.434 
III++++. . . . . . . .+.1. .+. . . 
Ia. . . . . . . .+. . . . . . . .+. . . 
Ib. . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. . . . . . 
II1+1. . . . .+. . .+.1.++. . . 
III. . . . . . . . .+. . .+. . . . . . . 
III. . . . . .+. . . .+. . . . . . . . . 
II. .r. . . . . . . . . . .1. . . . . . 
Ia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. . . . 
Ib. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
II. . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. . . . . . 
III. . . . . . . . .+. . . . . . . . . . . 
Ia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
Ib. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
. . . . 
. . . + 
. . . . 
. . . . 
1 + + + 
1 1 1 . 
+ + + + 
+ + . . 
. + . . 
. . . . 
. . . . 
. . . . 
3 4 4 5 
1 1 1 + 
1 + + 1 
. + . . 
1 + + 1 
+ + + 1 
+ + . + 
+ + + . 
2 1 . . 
. . + 3 
+ + + . 
+ + + . 
. 1 + . 
+ + + 1 
. . . 1 
. . . . 
+ + + . 
+ . + . 
. . + . 
+ . + . 
. . . . 
+ . + . 
. + + . 
+ + + + 
1 + + + 
1 1 + . 
+ + + . 
4 . 4 4 
1 + 1 . 
. + 1 2 
1 1 + + 
+ 1 1 1 
2 + 1 2 
+ . + . 
+ + + 1 
+ + + . 
1 + 2 3 
+ + + + 
2 + . . 
+ + . . 
+ . . . 
1 1 + 2 
+ 2 + + 
. . . . 
. 3 . . 
. 1 . . 
. + . . 
. . . . 
. . . . 
. . . . 

4 14 
4 14 
4 14 
27 

5 17 
4 14 
3 10 
3 10 

28 97 
12 41 
13 45 
20 69 
28 97 
25 86 
21 72 
20 69 
19 66 
17 59 
14 48 
7 24 
5 17 
13 45 
7 24 
6 21 
5 17 
4 14 
27 
4 14 
13 
27 
27 

Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

63 


Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12131415161718192021 

22 23 24 25 

26 27 28 29 

Tilia platyphyllos 

Hesperis candida 

F FAGETALIA SYLVATICAE 

Dryopteris filix-mas

Sambucus nigraSambucus nigraSambucus nigraDentaria bulbiferaCorydalis cavaLamiastrum montanumFagus sylvaticaFagus sylvaticaFagus sylvaticaGalium odoratumSymphytum tuberosumParis quadrifoliaMercurialis perennis

Polygonatum multiflorum

Prunus avium
Prunus avium
Prunus avium
Salvia glutinosa
Mycelis muralis


Pulmonaria officinalis

Ranunculus lanuginosusHeracleum sphondyliumLeucojum vernumAllium ursinumGalanthus nivalisViola reichenbachiana 
Lilium martagonDaphne mezereumBromus ramosus 

II+. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

+++ . 

.... 

4 14 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
.... 

++. . 

27 

III+ 1 1 1 + 1 +++ 1 + 1 1 + 2 + + 1 +++ 

1+++ 

11+1 

29 100 

Ib. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

.... 

.1. . 

13 

II32+++12+++++3++2+11 . 2 

3321 

++12 

28 97 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. 
.... 

.... 

13 

III11++++++ . . . +1++++++++ 

+++1 

++ . 1 

25 86 

III. + . 1 . ++1 . 21++1++2+323 
++++ 

++++ 

25 86 

III++ . 2+22+++12+1+12+++ . 

. 112 

. .1+ 

24 83 

Ia+++. . . . .+.+.+.1.++++. 

. .+. 

.1. . 

13 45 

Ib.+3+. . .1211+.11+.1+11 

. .+. 

+1. . 
18 62 

II.+. . . . . .+. . . . .+. . . . . . 
. . .+ 

. .+. 

5 17 

III+1++. . .+. . . .1.1. .1. . . 

++1 . 

+1 . + 

14 48 

III. . .+. . . .1+++. . .1.1.++ 
.+.+ 

.+. . 

12 41 

III++.+. . .r. . . .+.++.+.++ 

. .+. 

.... 

11 38 

III.++. . . . .+. . . . .+. . . . . . 
1++ . 

11+1 

11 38 

III. .r. . . . . . . . .+.+. . . .++ 
+++ . 

++ . + 

11 38 

Ia. . . . . . .++.+. .+. .+1. .+ 

.... 

. . .+ 

8 28 

Ib. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

.... 

.+. . 

13 

II. . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. .+. . . 
.+. . 

.... 

3 10 

III+. . .+. .+. . . . . .+. . . . . . 

+++ . 

. .++ 

9 31 

III. . . .++. . . . . . . .r. . . . . . 
.+. . 

++++ 

8 28 

III. .+. . .+. . . . . . .+. .+. . . 
++ . + 

.... 

7 24 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. . . 
++ . + 

++ . + 

7 24 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
+++ . 

+1++ 
7 24 

III. . . . .++. . . . . . .1. . .+21 
.... 

.... 

6 21 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. . . . . . 
132+ 

.... 

5 17 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
++++ 

. . .+ 

5 17 

III. . . . . . . . . . . .+.+. . . . . . 
.... 

+. . . 
3 10 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
+.+. 
+. . . 
3 10 

II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
.... 

+++ . 

3 10 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
.... 

++ . + 

3 10 

Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

64 


Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
.... 

11 . + 
3 10 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. . . . . . 
.... 

. . .+ 

27 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
.... 

+.+. 
27 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
.... 

+. .+ 

27 

Ib. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

.... 

1++ . 

3 10 

II.++.+++. . . . . . .+. . . . . . 
+2 . + 

1+++ 

13 45 

III.++. .++.+. . .+r. . .+.+. 
.... 

.+. . 

10 34 

III.+. . .+. . . . . .+.+. . . . .+ 
. .++ 

.... 

7 24 

III+.r. . . . . . . . .r. . . . . . . . 

+11 . 
.... 

6 21 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
2+22 

.... 

4 14 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
. . .+ 

++. . 

3 10 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
. .++ 

.... 

27 

Ib. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

. . .2 

.... 

13 

II. . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. . . . . . 
. . .1 

.... 

27 

III+21.+++. . .++1++. .2.+. 

11++ 

++++ 

21 72 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. . . . . . 
+++ . 

++ . + 

7 24 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
rrr. 

...r 

4 14 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. . . 
. .+. 

.... 

27 

III.+.++++.++1+.++.1+. . . 
+ . 11 
1+2+ 

20 69 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
++++ 

++ . + 

7 24 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
+. .3 
11. . 
4 14 

III.1. . . . . . . . . .+.1. .1. . . 
.... 

.... 

4 14 

III+. . . . . . . . . . .+. . . .+. . . 

.... 

.... 

3 10 

III. . . . . . . . .+. . . .+. . . . .+ 
.... 

.... 

3 10 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. . . 
. .++ 

.... 

3 10 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
.... 

. .++ 

27 

Scrophularia nodosaEuphorbia amygdaloidesEpilobium montanumMyosotis sylvatica 

QF QUERCO-FAGETEA

Corylus avellanaCorylus avellanaAnemone nemorosaAnemone ranunculoidesHedera helixAegopodium podagrariaScilla bifolia

Ranunculus ficaria

Acer campestre
Acer campestre


AF AREMONIO-FAGION s. lat. 

Lamium orvalaCyclamen purpurascensVicia oroboides 
Ruscus hypoglossum 

AU ALNO-ULMION

Chrysosplenium alternifoliumGeranium phaeumStachys sylvaticaStellaria nemorumCarex pendulaVeronica montana 
Gagea luteaCardamine impatiens 

65 


Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12131415161718192021 

22 23 24 25 

26 27 28 29 

VP VACCINIO-PICEETEA

Picea abies
Picea abies
Picea abies
Oxalis acetosella
Abies alba
Abies alba
Gentiana asclepiadea


A ADENOSTYLETALIA

Athyrium filix-femina

Anthriscus nitida
Senecio fuchsii
Aconitum vulparia
Silene dioica
Aconitum paniculatum


AT ASPLENIETEA TRICHOMANIS

Polypodium vulgare
Asplenium viride
Cystopteris fragilis


O OTHER SPECIES

Rubus fruticosus agg.
Solanum dulcamara
Galeopsis speciosa


Parietaria officinalis

Arctium lappa
Lamium maculatum


M MOSSES

Brachythecium rutabulum
Thamnobryum alopecurum


Ia. . . .+. . . . . . . . . . .+. . . . 

.... 

. .1. 

3 10 

Ib. . .+. . .++. . . . . . . . .+.+ 

+1. . 
. .+. 

8 28 

II. . . . .+. . .++. . . . . . . . . . 
. .1. 

. .+. 

5 17 

III+++.+. . . . . . .1.+. .+. . . 

. +++ 

. .+. 

11 38 

II1. . . . . . . .+. . . . . .1. . . . 

.+. . 

. . .+ 

5 17 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. . . .+ 
.... 

.... 

27 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
.... 

++. . 

27 

III+111 . ++++1++2121+1+1+ 

+++ . 

+. .+ 

25 86 

III. . . .+rr. .+.+.r. . . . .+. 
1++3 

3+3 . 

14 48 

III. . . . . . .+. . . . . .+. . .+. . 
+.+. 
++1+ 

9 31 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
1+1 . 

. . .+ 

4 14 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
.... 

+++ . 

3 10 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
.... 

+.+. 
27 

III. . . .+. .++. . . . . . . . . . . . 
.... 

.+. . 

4 14 

III. . . . . .r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
..r. 

+.+. 
4 14 

III. . . . .+. . . . . . . . .+. . . . . 
.... 

. .+. 

3 10 

II+. . . . . . . . . . .+.1. .1. . . 

++1+ 

.+.+ 

10 34 

III+. . . . . . . . . . .+.+. .+. . . 

.... 

.... 

4 14 

III. . . . . . . . . . . .+.+. .+. . . 
.... 

.... 

3 10 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
++. . 

.... 

27 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
. . .+ 

. . .+ 

27 

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
.... 

++. . 

27 

IV+++123112 . 1+++ . 1+++++ 

+++ . 

+ . +1 
25 86 

IV222+ . 1++2+1111+++ . 2 . + 

. .++ 

. . .2 

21 72 

Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

66 


IV11+. . . .+. . . .+++.+.+++ 

+ . 1+ 

. .12 

16 55 

IV+++. .+.+1++. . .++. .2++ 

.... 

.... 

13 45 

IV.3+.++.1. . . .+.+1+. . . . 
.... 

. .+. 

10 34 

IV.+.+. .++.+++. . . . . .+. . 
.... 

.+.+ 

10 34 

IV222. . . .11. . .+.+. . . . . . 

. . .+ 

.... 

8 28 

IV. . .+. . . . . .+. . . . . .+. . . 
++ . + 

. .+. 

7 24 

IV. . . . . . .+1+. . . .++. .+. . 
.... 

.+. . 

7 24 

IV+. . . . . . . . . .+. .+. . . . . . 

. .++ 

. . .2 

6 21 

IV. .+. .+1. . . . . . . .+. . . . . 
. . .+ 

.... 

5 17 

IV. . .1.+. . . . .+. . .+. . . . . 
.... 

. .+. 

5 17 

IV. . . . .+. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
+ . ++ 
. . .1 

5 17 

IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. . . .+ 
.... 

+++ . 

5 17 

IV. .+. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 
+.+. 
.... 

4 14 

IV. . .+. . .+. . . . . . . . . . . . . 
. .+. 

. . .1 

4 14 

IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. . . . . . 
++. . 

.... 

3 10 

IV. . . .+. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
.... 

+. . . 
27 

IV. . . . . .+. . . . . . . . . .+. . . 
.... 

.... 

27 

IV. . . . . .+. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
.... 

.+. . 

27 

Ctenidium molluscumCirriphyllum tommasiniiEurhynchium striatumPlagiochila asplenioidesPlagiomnium undulatumEurhynchium sp.
Isothecium alopecuroidesAnomodon attenuatusPlagiomnium cuspidatumHomalothecium philippeanumBrachythecium populeumPlagiothecium nemoraleTaxiphyllum wissgrillii 
Hypnum cupressiformeHomomallium incurvatumBrachythecium salebrosumRhynchostegium murale

Mnium stellare 

Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

67 


Table 9: Analytic table of the subassociation Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum (I. Horvat 1938) Borhidi 1965 abietetosum albae subass. nova hoc locoTabela 9: Analitična tabela subasociacije Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum (I. Horvat 1938) Borhidi 1965 abietetosum albae subass. nova hoc loco 

Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1213141516171819202122 

Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

Date: day 22 15 10 10 

101010 11 11 10101015 11 11 

15 19 19 10 15 10 10 
month 5666 

66666666666 

6556666 
year 98 98 99 99 

99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 98 99 99 

98 99 99 99 98 99 99 
Relevé area (m2) 300 200 400 400 

400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 

400 200 400 200 400 400 400 
Altitude (m) 760 760 880 880 

880 940 880 900 870 860 830 940 800 890 850 

850 800 850 990 780 1010 990 
Aspect NE NW NNW NE 

NNE E NEE NE NNE SE NE NE N NEENNW 

EESNWNE SE NE N E 
Slope (degrees) 10 15 20 15 

5 5 20 5 5 1025 5 251515 

10 15 20 30 20 15 15 
Cover bare rock (%) 10 10 1 1 

0 0100 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 

5512500 

Cover of separate layers (%)

Upper tree layer Ia 70 60 80 70 

80 70 70 80 90 80 90 80 70 70 80 

70 60 50 90 90 90 80
Lower tree layer Ib 50 50 10 40


5 30401020104030103020 

10 70 30 10 20 40 40
Shrub layer II 5 10 20 10


151030 5 5 20201010 5 30 

103030 5 3015 
5
Herb layer III 100 100 100 100


100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 

100 100 80 100 100 100 100 
Moss layer IV 10 10 5 1 

51555051505 

5515555 

var.Scopolia carniolica 

var. typica 

var. Petasites albus 
subvar. Frax. 

subvar. Frax. 
excelsior 

excelsior 

DIFFERENTIAL SPECIES OF THE ASSOCIATIONAF Dentaria polyphylla III. . 1+ 

1+++1+1+ . 12 

.2 .1 . 1+1673 
AF Dentaria trifolia III. .+. 

2+11+ . 2+ . ++ 

. ++ . +++1568 
FA Isopyrum thalictroides IIIr+. . 

+.+.+. . .+++ 
+++++ . .1359 
AU Impatiens noli-tangere III+ + 1 + 

1++12 . ++++1 

+ . 111+12091 
FA Glechoma hirsuta III+ . 1+ 
++++ . 2++++ . 

1+ . 11+11882 
F Corydalis solida III+. r . 

r .+++.+. . r . 
.+. . . r .1045 

DIFFERENTIAL SPECIES OF SUBASSOCIATIONF Leucojum vernum III 

2+++ 

+2+++ . +++++ 
+3+++++ 
21 95 
FA Ulmus glabra Ia 

. .2. 

.3. . .+.2. . . 

1 . . 3+++ 
9 41 
FA Ulmus glabra Ib 

2312 

r .+1.+2+.1. 
. 3++ . 23 

16 73 
FA Ulmus glabra II 

.+.+ 

+. . . r1. .+. . 
+++r r+. 

12 55 
FA Ulmus glabra III 

.... 

. . . . . . . . . .+ 

......
.


15 

presence 
frequency 

68 


VPVPVPVPFA 
AUAF

FA 
FA 
FA 

F

FA 
FA 
FA 
FA 

FA 

Abies alba Ia 

1. . . 
+. . . .+. .+. . 
+. . . . . . 
Abies alba Ib 
+1+ . 
. . . .2+.1+.+ 

++. .1+ 

1 
Abies alba II 

. .1+ 

. + . + . +++ . + . 

. .++1 . 
Abies alba III 

. .++ 

..........
.


. . . . .+. 
Stellaria montana III 

+ . ++ 
+. .++.+++.+ 

++1+2++ 
Gagea lutea III 

. . .+ 

+.+++. .+.++ 
. . .+. .+ 
Eranthis hyemalis III 

.... 

+. . . . . . . . . . 
. . .+.+1 

DIFFERENTIAL SPECIES OF VARIANTS AND SUBVARIANTS

Scopolia carniolica III 

3243 

..........
.


....... 
Geranium robertianum III 

r ++ . 

. .+. . . . . . . . 

+. r . . . . 
Polystichum aculeatum III 
++ . + 

..........
.


......
.


Petasites albus III. . .+ 

. . .++++++11 

2222333 

Fraxinus excelsior Ia. . 

44 

..........
.


. . .+. 

54 
Fraxinus excelsior Ib. . . . 

..........
1


. . .+.++ 
Fraxinus excelsior II. . . . 

. . . . .+. .+.2 

+. . . .+. 
Fraxinus excelsior III. . . . 
..........
1


. . . . .+. 

FRAXINO-ACERION

Acer pseudoplatanus Ia4 4 + 1 

53445454444 

33324 .1 
Acer pseudoplatanus Ib+ . ++ 

++3 . + . 2++1+ 

+1 .+++. 
Acer pseudoplatanus II .+++ 
+++. .+.+++. 

++. . .++ 
Acer pseudoplatanus III+ . 11 

+++ . +1++ . ++ 

. 1++1+1 
Urtica dioica III+ 2 + + 

32331411122 

111+11+ 
Lunaria rediviva III233 4 

53423+54341 

. 323133 
Arum maculatum III+ . ++ 

+ . + . +++ . +++ 
. ++++++ 
Adoxa moschatellina III+ . +1 

1 .+.+1++.+. 
. 1++ . +1 
Acer platanoides Ia. . . . 

+++.+1++. . . 

+. . .+. . 
Acer platanoides Ib. . . . 
.+. . .+. . .+. 

.1. . . . . 
Acer platanoides II. . . . 

. .+. .+. . . . . 

. .+r . . . 
Acer platanoides III. . . . 

..........
.


+. . . . . . 
Circaea lutetiana III. . . . 
+++.+1. .1++ 

1.1.+.+ 
Actaea spicata III+. .+ 
. . . . r .+.+.+ 

++ . +++ . 
Doronicum austriacum III. . . . 

. . . .+1. . . . . 

.+. . .++ 

5 23 
13 59 

1 

12 55 
3 14 
17 77 
10 45 
4 18 

4 18 
6 27 
3 14 

16 73 

5 23 
4 18 
5 23 
29 

21 95 
17 77 
14 64 
18 82 
22 100 
21 95 
17 77 
15 68 
9 41 
4 18 
4 18 
15 
12 55 
11 50 
5 23 

Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

69 


Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1213141516171819202122 

Polystichum setiferum et X bicknelliiPhyllitis scolopendriumCircaea X intermedia 

F FAGETALIA SYLVATICAE 

Dryopteris filix-mas
Sambucus nigra
Corydalis cava
Fagus sylvatica
Fagus sylvatica
Fagus sylvatica
Fagus sylvatica
Dentaria bulbifera
Galium odoratum
Allium ursinum
Symphytum tuberosum
Lamiastrum montanum
Paris quadrifolia
Ranunculus lanuginosus
Salvia glutinosa
Daphne mezereum
Heracleum sphondylium
Polygonatum multiflorum
Mercurialis perennis
Bromus ramosus
Galanthus nivalis
Milium effusum
Mycelis muralis
Scrophularia nodosa
Euphorbia dulcis
Festuca altissima


QF QUERCO-FAGETEA

Aegopodium podagraria
Anemone nemorosa


III. . ++ 
..........
.


.++. . . .418 

III++ . . 

..........
.


+. . . . . .314 
III. . . . 
. . . . . . . .+. . 

+. . . . . .29 
III1 + + + 

12121++2112 

21 22+1222100 

II + + + 1 

1+2++121+ . + 

+2 212++2195 
III+ + + + 

+++ . + . +++++ 

r ++++++2091 

Ia.+. . 

. . .+. . .1+.2 

+1 .+.+.941 
Ib+ . +2 

. 2 . ++ . +1 . 11 

++21 . . .1464 

II. . . . 
.+.+. . . .+. . 

+. . .+. .523 
III. . . . 
. . . . . . . . . .+ 

. . . . . . .15 

III. .+. 
+++++1+ . . ++ 

+ + + + + + +1777 

III. . ++ 
+.+112 .+.11 
++++ . 1+1673 

III432 3 

+1.1+.+22. . 
2r .+4.11673 

III. . ++ 
+++++1+++++ 

.+. .+. .1568 

III+ . ++ 

r11. 1.11++. 

.+. .+1.1464 

III. .+r 
+++.+. . . . r+ 

. . ++ . ++1255 

III. + . + 
+. . . . . .+.+. 
. r ++ . ++1045 

III. . . . 
.+.+. . . .+.+ 

1 . +++ . .836 
II. . . . 
.++++. . .+.1 

+. . .+. .836 
III. ++ . 
.........r.


. .+r . r+732 

III. . . . 
. .++r . . . r . . 

+.++. . .732 
III. . . . 
........2.
.


+ . ++++1732 
III+. . . 

. . .+. . . . . .+ 

+. .+. . .523 
III++ . . 

+. . . . . . . . . . 
+. . . . . .418 
III. . . . 
. . . . .+. . . . . 

. . .+. .+314 

III+. . . 

..........
r


. . . . . . .29 

III. . . . 
. . . . . . . .+. . 

+. . . . . .29 
III. . . . 
. . . . . . . .+. . 

. . . .+. .29 

III. . . . 
..........
.


+. . .+. .29 
III. . . . 
. .2++21+.+. 

. . . ++++11 50 

III. .+. 
.++. .+r . . . . 

. .+. .++836 

Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

70 


III. . . . 
. .++. . . . .+. 

. . .+. . .418 

III. . . . 
+. . .+. . . . . . 
. . . . . . .29 

III. . . . 
..........
.


. . .+. . r29 

III1+1 1 

+++. . .++111 

2 . 2+3 . +1777 
III. .+. 
+++. . . .++. . 

. . 1++ . .941 

III. . . . 
. . . . . . . . . .+ 

. . . .+. .29 

III+ . +1 

+. . .+.++.++ 
+++ . ++ .1464 

III. . .+ 
+++. .+.++. . 

+.+. .+.1045 
III. . . . 
+. . . . . .+. . . 
. . . . . . .29 

III+ . ++ 

. . .+. . . .1. . 

+. . .1+.836 
Ia. . . . 

. .++. .+. . . . 

. . . .1. .418 

Ib. . . . 

. . . . . . . . . .+ 

. . . . . . .15 

IIr . . . 

..........
.


. . . .+. .29 

III+. . . 

. . . . . . . . . .+ 

. . . .+. .314 

III. . . . 
.+. . . . . . . . . 

. . . . .++314 

III+ + + + 

2++ . 2++11++ 

+11 . 3++2091 
III. +++ 
++. . .+.++. r 

+ + + 1 + + +1673 

III+++ . 

.+.+.+. .3.+ 

2 + + + + + +1568 

III. . . . 
. . . .+. .+. . . 

. +++ . ++732 

III. . .+ 
.++.++r . . . . 

. r+. . . .836 

II. . . . 
. . . . .1+. . .+ 

.1.+. . .523 

III. . .+ 
.++. . . .+. . . 

. . . . . . .418 

III. . . . 
. . . . . . . .+. . 

+.+.+. .418 
II. . . . 
. . . . . . . .+. . 

+.+.+. .418 
III. . . . 
. . . . . . . . . .+ 

. . .+. .+314 

Ib. . . . 

..........
.


. .+.1. .29 

Ranunculus ficaria subsp. ficariaScilla bifoliaAnemone ranunculoides 

AF AREMONIO-FAGION s. lat.

Lamium orvalaDentaria enneaphyllosAremonia agrimonoides 

AU ALNO-ULMION

Chrysosplenium alternifoliumStachys sylvaticaGeranium phaeum 

VP VACCINIO-PICEETEA

Oxalis acetosella
Picea abies
Picea abies
Picea abies
Dryopteris expansa
Dryopteris dilatata


A ADENOSTYLETALIA

Athyrium filix-femina
Anthriscus nitida
Senecio fuchsii
Aconitum vulparia


O OTHER SPECIES

Galeopsis speciosaRubus fruticosus agg.
Lamium maculatumEupatorium cannabinumRubus idaeusAlliaria petiolataSorbus aucuparia 

Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

71 


Relevé number 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1213141516171819202122 

Sorbus aucuparia 

M 
MOSSESBrachythecium rutabulumPlagiothecium nemoraleHypnum cupressiformeEurhynchium sp.
Taxiphyllum wissgrillii 
Ctenidium molluscumIsothecium alopecuroidesAnomodon attenuatusBrachythecium populeum 

II

IVIVIVIVIVIVIVIVIV 

.

1+
.
.
.1.
.
. 

.

+
+
+
+
+
.
.
+
+ 

.

+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 

.

+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 

.

+
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
. 

.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 

.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 

.

+
.
+
.
.
.
+
.
. 

.

+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 

.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 

.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 

.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 

.

+
+
+
+
+
+
.
+
. 

.

+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 

.

+
.
+
+
.
.
+
.
. 

.

+
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
. 

.

+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 

.

+
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
. 

.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+ 

+ . .15 
+ + + 1673 
++ .732 
+ . +732 
. . .418 
+ . .418 
1 . .314 
+ . .314 
+ . .314 
. . +314 

Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

72 


Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

Table 10: Analytic table of the subassociation Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum (I. Horvat 1938) Borhidi 
1965 petasitetosum hybridi subass. nova hoc loco 
Tabela 10: Analitična tabela subasociacije Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum (I. Horvat 1938) Borhidi 1965 
petasitetosum hybridi subass. nova hoc loco 

Relevé number 1234567 

Date: day 18 18 18 18 23 23 23 
month 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 
year 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 
Relevé area (m2) 300 400 400 200 400 200 300 
Altitude (m) 640 660 690 720 710 710 720 
Aspect SE EEN 
Slope (degrees) 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 
Cover bare rock (%) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 
Cover of separate layers (%) 
Upper tree layer Ia 70 70 70 60 80 90 80 
Lower tree layer Ib 20 40 20 40 20 40 40 
Shrub layer II 40 40 35 10 10 20 15 
Herb layer III 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 
Moss layer IV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

presencefrequency 

var. Allium ursinum var. typica 
DIFFERENTIAL SPECIES OF THE ASSOCIATION 
AF Dentaria polyphylla III + . . + r + + 5 71 
AF Dentaria trifolia III . + + . . . + 3 43 
AU Impatiens noli-tangere III . . + + 1 + 3 5 71 
DIFFERENTIAL SPECIES OF THE SUBASSOCIATION 
FA Fraxinus excelsior Ia 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 7 100 
FA Fraxinus excelsior Ib + 1 1 + 1 2 2 7 100 
FA Fraxinus excelsior II + + 2 . + + + 6 86 
FA Fraxinus excelsior III . + . . . r . 2 29 
AU Geranium phaeum III + + 1 + 1 + + 7 100 
AU Petasites hybridus III 2 3 3 + 3 r . 6 86 
F Carex sylvatica III . + + . + + 1 5 71 
FA Geum urbanum III + . . . + + + 4 57 
DIFFERENTIAL SPECIES OF THE VARIANT 
F Allium ursinum III 5 5 3 5 . . . 4 57 
AU Chaerophyllum hirsutum III 2 + 3 + . . . 4 57 
AU Caltha palustris III + + + + . . . 4 57 
AU Equisetum telmateia III r + r . . . . 3 43 
FA FRAXINO-ACERION 
Lunaria rediviva III + 1 + 1 1 1 1 7 100 
Adoxa moschatellina III + 1 2 1 + + + 7 100 
Urtica dioica III + + 1 + 2 1 2 7 100 
Arum maculatum III + + + + + + + 7 100 
Stellaria montana III + + + + + + + 7 100 
Doronicum austriacum III r + + + + + + 7 100 
Sambucus nigra Ib . . . . . . + 1 14 
Sambucus nigra II + + 1 + 1 + + 7 100 
Glechoma hirsuta III + 1 1 + + + . 6 86 
Acer pseudoplatanus Ia 1 + + . + . + 5 71 
Acer pseudoplatanus Ib + 1 . 2 + . + 5 71 
Acer pseudoplatanus II + + + . + . + 5 71 

73 


Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

Relevé number 
1234567 

Acer pseudoplatanus III.++. . . . 229 
Lamium orvala III. ++++++ 686 
Isopyrum thalictroides III++.++. r 571 
Ulmus glabra Ia.+..... 114 
Ulmus glabra Ib++.1..+ 457 
Ulmus glabra II.1.+. . . 229 
Circaea lutetiana III.+. .+++ 457 
Scopolia carniolica III....344 343 
Aruncus dioicus III. . . .+++ 343 
Hesperis candida III. . . .+++ 343 
Phyllitis scolopendrium III.....+r 229 

F 
FAGETALIA SYLVATICAE 
Ranunculus lanuginosus III+++++++ 7100 
Symphytum tuberosum III+++++++ 7100 
Lamiastrum montanum IIIr ++1+++ 7100 
Heracleum sphondylium III++++++ r 7100 
Dentaria bulbifera III+++1+ . + 686 
Fagus sylvatica Ib....r.+ 229 
Fagus sylvatica II.++.+.+ 457 
Fagus sylvatica III+...rr. 343 
Dryopteris filix-mas IIIr r . ++11 686 
Paris quadrifolia III. r +++++ 686 
Daphne mezereum II . ++++++ 686 
Galium odoratum III1+.+.++ 571 
Corydalis cava III++ . . +++ 571 
Galanthus nivalis III+.++.++ 571 
Mercurialis perennis III. +++++ . 571 
Salvia glutinosa III. +++++ . 571 
Corydalis solida III. ++++ . + 571 
Pulmonaria officinalis III++++ . . . 457 
Phyteuma spicatum III.++r . . . 343 
Lilium martagon III.r+r... 343 
Milium effusum III. . .+1+. 343 
Polygonatum multiflorum III. . . .+++ 343 
Petasites albus III..r+... 229 

QF 
QUERCO-FAGETEA 
Anemone nemorosa III+++.+r+ 686 
Corylus avellana Ib++...1. 343 
Corylus avellana II.++. .+1 457 
Aegopodium podagraria III11. . .+1 457 
Lonicera xylosteum II. . .++++ 457 
Acer campestre Ib11..... 229 
Acer campestre II.1+. . . . 229 
Ranunculus ficaria III++.+. . . 343 
Anemone ranunculoides III.+. .+.+ 343 
Scilla bifolia III. . . .+++ 343 
Brachypodium sylvaticum III+. . . .+. 229 

AF 
AREMONIO-FAGION s. lat. 
Vicia oroboides III+++++ . . 571 
Aposeris foetida III+++r . r . 571 
Knautia drymeia III++++ . . . 457 

74 


Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
Euphorbia carniolica III + + . + + . . 4 57 
Dentaria enneaphyllos III . r . + + . + 4 57 
Cardamine trifolia III . + . 1 . . . 2 29 
AU ALNO-ULMION 
Chrysosplenium alternifolium III + + + 1 1 1 1 7 100 
Stachys sylvatica III . + + . 1 2 1 5 71 
Colchicum autumnale III + + + . . . r 4 57 
Cardamine amara III + r . + . . r 4 57 
Cardamine impatiens III . + + + . . . 3 43 
VP VACCINIO-PICEETEA 
Picea abies Ib . . + . . . . 1 14 
Picea abies II . + + . r . . 3 43 
Abies alba III . + . + . . . 2 29 
Oxalis acetosella III . r . + . . . 2 29 
A ADENOSTYLETALIA 
Anthriscus nitida III + + + + 2 2 + 7 100 
Senecio fuchsii III . + + + . + 1 5 71 
Myrrhis odorata III 2 + + 1 . . . 4 57 
Silene dioica III . . + + + . + 4 57 
Athyrium filix-femina III . . + . + 1 + 4 57 
Myosotis sylvatica III . + + . + . . 3 43 
Aconitum paniculatum III . . . . + + + 3 43 
Geum rivale III . 1 + . . . . 2 29 
Veratrum album III . . . . . + r 2 29 
O OTHER SPECIES 
Rubus fruticosus agg. II 3 2 + + . . . 4 57 
Lamium maculatum III . . + . 1 1 1 4 57 
Arctium lappa III . r . . . . r 2 29 
Galeopsis speciosa III . . + . . . r 2 29 
M MOSSES 
Eurhynchium praelongum IV + + . . + . + 4 57 
Plagiomnium undulatum IV + + . + . . . 3 43 
Brachythecium rutabulum IV + . . . + . + 3 43 
Plagiomnium cuspidatum IV + . . . + . + 3 43 
Eurinchium angustirete IV + . . . + . . 2 29 
Plagiomnium rostratum IV . + . . + . . 2 29 

75 


Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

Table 11: Shortened synoptic table of associations Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum and Chrysanthemo macrophylli-
Aceretum 
Tabela 11: Skrajšana sintezna tabela asociacij Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum in Chrysanthemo macrophylli-
Aceretum 

Number of syntaxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 
9
Number of relevés 12 4 6 29 22 7 3 5 
1


DIFFERENTIAL SPECIES OF ASSOCIATIONS AND SUBASSOCIATIONS 

Omphalodo-Aceretum 
AF Omphalodes verna III 75 100 100 . . . . . . 
AF Calamintha grandiflolia III 25 50 33 . . . . . . 
AF Geranium nodosum III 67 25 83 . . . . . . 
O.-A. dentarietosum pentaphylli 
F Dentaria pentaphyllos III 92 . 17 . . . . . . 
FA Scopolia carniolica III 75 . 17 79 18 43 . . . 
F Mercurialis perennis III 67 . 17 38 32 71 2 100 1 
O.-A. petasitetosum albi 
F Petasites albus III 33 25 100 3 73 29 1 100 . 
F Leucojum vernum III 8 . 83 21 95 . . 100 1 
A Anthriscus nitida III . . 83 48 73 100 . . . 
AU Stachys sylvatica III 8 25 83 14 45 71 . . . 
Chrysanthemo-Aceretum 
AF Dentaria polyphylla III . . 17 83 73 57 . 80 . 
AF Dentaria trifolia III . . . 41 68 43 3 . 1 
AU Impatiens noli-tangere III . . . 76 91 71 3 100 1 
FA Tanacetum macrophyllum III . . . . . . . 100 1 
C.-A. scopolietosum carniolicae 
FA Phyllitis scolopendrium III 83 100 17 100 14 29 3 . . 
FA Polystichum setiferum et xbicknellii III 25 . . 93 18 . . . . 
FA (p) Scopolia carniolica III 75 . 17 79 18 43 . . . 
AF Dentaria enneaphyllos III 92 75 83 83 41 57 3 100 1 
FA Geranium robertianum III 92 100 17 69 27 14 2 100 . 
C.-A. abietetosum albae 
F (p) Leucojum vernum III 8 . 83 21 95 . . 100 1 
FA Ulmus glabra I 17 50 83 28 86 57 1 40 . 
FA Ulmus glabra II 42 25 67 45 55 29 1 60 1 
FA Ulmus glabra III 8 25 . . 5 . 2 40 . 
VP Abies alba I 42 25 50 . 64 . . 80 1 
VP Abies alba II . 50 . 17 55 . . 100 1 
VP Abies alba III 42 75 33 7 14 29 . 60 1 
AU Gagea lutea III . . . 10 45 . . . 1 
AF Eranthis hyemalis III . . . . 18 . . . . 
C.-A. petasitetosum hybridi 
FA Fraxinus excelsior I 8 . . 3 27 100 3 100 1 
FA Fraxinus excelsior II . . . . 23 86 . 40 1 
FA Fraxinus excelsior III . 25 . . 9 29 3 100 1 
AU Geranium phaeum III . . . 24 9 100 3 100 1 

76 


Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

Number of syntaxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 
9
Number of relevés 12 4 6 29 22 7 3 5 
1


AU Petasites hybridus III. . . . . 
F Carex sylvatica III 335033 3 5 
FA Geum urbanum III. . . . . 

FRAXINO-ACERION 

Acer platanoides I . . . 14 50 
Acer platanoides II . . . 14 18 
Acer platanoides III . . . 3 5 
Acer pseudoplatanus I 100 100 100 100 100 
Acer pseudoplatanus II 25 25 67 45 64 
Acer pseudoplatanus III 92 75 50 69 82 
Actaea spicata III 67 75 83 48 50 
Adoxa moschatellina III 83 100 33 72 68 
Arum maculatum III 100 75 67 97 77 
Aruncus dioicus III . . . 10 5 
Circaea lutetiana III 42 25 83 66 55 
Circaea x intermedia III 8 25 . . 9 
Doronicum austriacum III . 75 67 21 23 
Euonymus latifolia II . . . 17 5 
Euonymus latifolia III . . . . . 
Glechoma hederacea agg. III . . . 28 82 
Hesperis matronalis III . . . 7 . 
Lunaria rediviva III 25 . . 59 95 
Polystichum aculeatum III 50 100 17 17 14 
Polystichum braunii et xluerssenii III 42 50 67 . . 
Ribes uva-crispa II . 25 . . . 
Sambucus nigra I . . . 3 . 
Sambucus nigra II 83 100 83 97 95 
Sambucus nigra III . . . 3 . 
Staphylea pinnata II 42 . . . . 
Stellaria montana III 67 50 100 24 77 
Tilia platyphyllos I 50 . . 10 5 
Tilia platyphyllos II 8 . . 14 . 
Tilia platyphyllos III 8 . . . . 
Urtica dioica III 75 75 100 86 100 

FAGETALIA SYLVATICAE 

Allium ursinum III 8 . 17 17 73 
Asarum europaeum III 33 . . 14 . 
Bromus ramosus III . . . 10 23 
Carpinus betulus II . . . . . 
Cephalanthera damasonium III . . . . . 
Corydalis cava III 58 . 83 86 91 
Corydalis solida III . . . 55 45 
Daphne mezereum II 67 75 50 10 36 
Daphne mezereum III . . . . . 
Dentaria bulbifera III 83 50 100 86 77 
Dryopteris filix-mas III 100 100 83 100 100 
Epilobium montanum III . . . 7 . 
Euphorbia amygdaloides III 8 . 17 7 5 
Euphorbia dulcis III . . . 3 9 

86 
71 
57 

.
14
.
86
71
29
14
100
100
43
57
.
100
.
14
86
43
100
.
.
.
14
100
.
.
100
.
.
.
100


57
14
.
.
.
71
71
86
.
86
86
.
14
14


... 
260 . 
3 100 1 

2 40 1 
. 40 . 

320 . 
3 80 1 
1 40 1 
1 40 1 
3 100 . 
..1 
2 40 1 
120 . 
3 100 . 
... 

160 . 
... 
1.. 
3 100 1 
... 
3 100 1 

1.. 
... 
... 
... 
3 100 1 
3.. 
1.. 
... 
... 
... 
... 
3 100 1 
. 60 . 
. 80 . 
..1 
. 20 . 
. 100 . 
... 
..1 
... 

240 . 
3 100 1 
3 100 1 
. 100 1 
1.. 
. 100 . 
77 


Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

Number of syntaxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 
Number of relevés 12 4 6 29 22 7 3 5 1 
Fagus sylvatica I 83 75 83 72 77 29 3 80 1 
Fagus sylvatica II 33 50 50 17 23 57 2 20 . 
Fagus sylvatica III . 25 17 . 5 43 . 20 . 
Festuca altissima III . 25 17 3 9 . . . . 
Galanthus nivalis III 50 . . 17 18 71 . 40 . 
Lamiastrum galeobdolon agg. III 67 75 67 83 64 100 2 40 1 
Galium odoratum III 42 25 33 48 73 71 3 100 1 
Galium schultesii III . . . . . 14 . . . 
Heracleum sphondylium III . . . 24 32 100 1 100 1 
Hordelymus europaeus III . . . . . . 1 . . 
Lathyrus vernus III 8 25 . . . . . 40 . 
Lilium martagon III . . . 10 5 43 . 80 1 
Lonicera alpigena II 17 50 . . . . . . . 
Lonicera alpigena III . . . . . . 3 . . 
Milium effusum III 25 . 33 3 14 43 . 60 1 
Mycelis muralis III 33 100 17 28 9 . 1 100 1 
Paris quadrifolia III 58 100 33 38 55 86 3 100 1 
Phyteuma spicatum III . . . . . 43 . 100 . 
Polygonatum multiflorum III 33 50 17 38 32 43 1 100 1 
Prenanthes purpurea III . . . . . . 2 100 . 
Prunus avium I . . . 31 . . . . . 
Prunus avium II . . . 10 . . . . . 
Prunus avium III . . . . . . 1 . . 
Pulmonaria officinalis III 42 . . 24 5 57 1 100 . 
Ranunculus lanuginosus III . 25 50 24 45 100 . 40 . 
Salvia glutinosa III 75 25 100 31 36 71 2 . . 
Sanicula europaea III 8 25 50 3 5 14 . 100 . 
Scrophularia nodosa III . . . 10 9 14 . 100 1 
Symphytum tuberosum III 33 100 100 41 68 100 3 100 1 
Viola reichenbachiana III 8 25 17 10 5 . 1 80 . 
QUERCO-FAGETEA 
Acer campestre I 17 . . 3 . 29 . . . 
Acer campestre II 17 . . 7 . 29 . . . 
Aegopodium podagraria III 25 . . 14 50 57 1 60 1 
Anemone nemorosa III 17 25 17 34 36 86 . 100 1 
Anemone ranunculoides III . . . 24 9 43 . . . 
Brachypodium sylvaticum III 17 50 17 . . 29 1 . . 
Castanea sativa II . . . . . . . 20 . 
Cephalanthera longifolia III . . . . . 14 . . . 
Cephalanthera rubra III . . . . . . . 40 . 
Corylus avellana I 17 . 17 10 . 43 . . . 
Corylus avellana II 75 100 50 45 5 57 3 60 . 
Corylus avellana III . . . . . . 1 . . 
Crataegus monogyna II . . . . . . . 20 . 
Daphne laureola III . . . . . . . 40 . 
Digitalis grandiflora III . . . . . . . 20 . 
Galium sylvaticum III . . . . . . . 40 . 
Galium vernum III . . . . . . . 40 . 
Hedera helix III . . . 21 5 . 1 . . 
Hypericum montanum III . . . . . . . 80 . 
Hypericum perforatum III . . . . . . . 60 . 

78 


Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

Number of syntaxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 
Number of relevés 12 4 6 29 22 7 3 5 1 
Lonicera xylosteum II 42 50 17 10 5 57 . . . 
Malus sylvestris II . . . . . . . 20 . 
Moehringia trinervia III 17 . . . . . 2 . . 
Platanthera bifolia III . . . . . . . 60 . 
Potentilla micrantha III . . . . . . . 20 . 
Ranunculus ficaria III . . . 7 18 43 . . . 
Scilla bifolia III . . 33 10 9 43 . 20 1 
Stellaria holostea III 17 . . . . . . 40 . 
Tamus communis III 17 . . . . . . . . 
Veronica officinalis III . . . . . . . 20 . 
AREMONIO-FAGION 
Aposeris foetida III . . . . . 71 . 60 . 
Aremonia agrimonoides III 8 50 33 . 9 . . 40 1 
Cardamine trifolia III 58 100 83 3 5 29 . 100 . 
Cyclamen purpurascens III . . . 24 5 14 1 40 1 
Erythronium dens-canis III . . . . . . . 40 . 
Euphorbia carniolica III . . . . . 57 . . . 
Hacquetia epipactis III . . . 14 . . . 20 . 
Helleborus atrorubens III . . . 7 . . . . . 
Helleborus odorus III . . . 14 . . . . . 
Isopyrum thalictroides III . . . 48 59 71 2 . 1 
Knautia drymeia III . . . . . 57 . 20 . 
Lamium orvala III 50 . 17 72 77 86 3 80 . 
Primula vulgaris III . . . . . . . 60 . 
Ruscus hypoglossum III . . . 7 . . . . . 
Vicia oroboides III . 25 17 14 . 71 . 60 . 
ALNO-ULMION 
Angelica sylvestris III . . . . . 14 . 80 . 
Caltha palustris III . . . . . 57 . . . 
Cardamine amara III . . . . . 57 . . . 
Cardamine impatiens III 25 25 . 7 5 43 . . . 
Carex pendula III . . . 10 . 14 . . . 
Chaerophyllum hirsutum III . . . . . 57 . 100 . 
Chrysosplenium alternifolium III 75 75 67 69 64 100 . . . 
Cirsium oleraceum III . . . 3 5 . . . . 
Colchicum autumnale III . . . . . 57 . . . 
Deschampsia cespitosa III . . . . . 14 . . . 
Dryopteris carthusiana III 33 25 17 3 5 . . . . 
Equisetum arvense III . . . . . 14 . . . 
Equisetum telmateia III . . . . . 43 . . . 
Festuca gigantea III . . . . . 14 . 20 1 
Galium mollugo III . . . . . . . 20 . 
Matteuccia struthiopteris III . . 33 . . . . . . 
Parietaria officinalis III . . . 7 . . . . . 
Stellaria nemorum III . . . 14 . . . . . 
Veronica montana III . . . 10 . . . . . 
VACCINIO-PICEETEA 
Dryopteris affinis III 17 . . . . . . . . 
Dryopteris dilatata III 25 25 . . 14 . . . . 

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Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

Number of syntaxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 
Number of relevés 12 4 6 29 22 7 3 5 1 
Dryopteris expansa III 25 25 . 3 14 . . . . 
Galium rotundifolium III . . . . . . . 40 . 
Gentiana asclepiadea III 8 50 33 7 5 14 . 100 1 
Gymnocarpium dryopteris III . 50 . . . . . . . 
Lonicera nigra II . 50 . . . . . . . 
Luzula luzuloides III . . . . . . . 20 . 
Melampyrum sylvaticum III . . . . . . . . 1 
Oxalis acetosella III 100 100 100 38 36 29 3 100 . 
Phegopteris connectilis III 8 50 . . . . . . . 
Picea abies I 8 100 17 34 23 14 . . 1 
Picea abies II 33 50 . 17 9 43 . . . 
Picea abies III 8 25 17 . . . . . . 
Pyrola rotundifolia III . . . . . . . 20 . 
ADENOSTYLETALIA 
Aconitum paniculatum III . . . 7 . 43 . . . 
Aconitum vulparia III . . . 14 32 . 2 100 1 
Athyrium filix-femina III 100 100 100 86 91 57 3 80 1 
Geum rivale III . . . . . 29 . . . 
Myosotis sylvatica III . 75 17 7 5 43 . . . 
Myrrhis odorata III . . . . . 57 . . . 
Rumex alpestris III . . . . . . . 80 . 
Senecio nemorensis III . . . . . . . 100 1 
Senecio ovatus III 42 100 67 31 68 71 3 . . 
Silene dioica III . . . 10 . 57 . 80 . 
Veratrum album III . 25 67 . . 29 . 20 . 
ASPLENIETEA TRICHOMANIS 
Asplenium trichomanes III 50 75 . . . . 1 . . 
Asplenium viride III 17 . . 14 . . . . . 
Cardaminopsis arenosa III 17 . . . . . . . . 
Cystopteris fragilis III 17 25 . 10 . . . . . 
Gymnocarpium robertianum III 25 . . . . . . . . 
Moehringia muscosa III 25 . . . . . . . . 
Polypodium vulgare III 42 100 . 14 . . 1 . . 
Polystichum lonchitis III 25 25 . . . . . . . 
Polystichum x illyricum III 58 25 . 14 5 . . . . 
Sedum maximum III . . . . . . . 20 . 
OTHER SPECIES 
Aesculus hippocastanum III . . . . . 14 . . . 
Alliaria petiolata III . . . 3 14 14 1 100 . 
Anthriscus sylvestris III . . . . . . . 80 . 
Arctium lappa III . . 33 7 5 29 . . . 
Atropa bella-donna III . . . . . . . 20 . 
Betula pendula I . . . . . . . 20 . 
Campanula patula III . . . . . . . 60 . 
Cardamine flexuosa III 17 . . . . . . 100 . 
Chaerophyllum species III . . . . . . . . 1 
Chelidonium majus III . . . . . . . 80 . 
Corydalis species III . . . . . . . 100 . 
Cruciata laevipes III . . . . . . . 40 . 

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Petra Košir: MaPle forests of tHe Montane belt in tHe western Part of tHe illyrian floral Province 

Number of syntaxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 
Number of relevés 12 4 6 29 22 7 3 5 1 
Dactylis glomerata III . . . . . . . 20 . 
Dactylorhiza maculata III . . . . . 14 . . . 
Epilobium angustifolium III . . . . . . . 20 . 
Eupatorium cannabinum III . . . . 18 . . 20 . 
Fallopia dumetorum III . . . . . . . 20 . 
Fragaria vesca III 17 25 17 . . . . 100 1 
Galeopsis speciosa III 8 . 33 10 36 29 . 100 . 
Galeopsis tetrahit III . . . . . . . . 1 
Galium aparine III . . . . . 14 . 40 . 
Galium verum III . . . . . . . 20 . 
Holcus lanatus III . . . . . . . 40 . 
Hypericum hirsutum III . . . . . 14 . . . 
Lamium maculatum III 42 25 33 7 18 57 . 40 . 
Lapsana communis III . . . . . . 1 100 . 
Leucanthemum vulgare III . . . . . . . 40 . 
Luzula campestris III . . . . . . . 20 . 
Lysimachia punctata III . . . . . . . 20 . 
Orchis species III . . . . . . . 20 1 
Prunella vulgaris III . . . . . . . 40 . 
Pteridium aquilinum III . . . . . . 1 . . 
Rosa species III . . . . . . 1 . . 
Rubus fruticosus agg. II 17 50 17 34 23 57 . . . 
Rubus fruticosus agg. III . . . . . . 3 100 . 
Rubus idaeus II . 25 17 . 18 . . . 1 
Rubus idaeus III . . . . . . 1 60 . 
Rubus species III . . . . . . . . 1 
Rumex species III . . . . . 14 . . . 
Salix caprea I . . . 3 . . 2 . . 
Salix caprea II . . . . . . . 40 . 
Sambucus racemosa II . . . . . . . 20 . 
Solanum dulcamara III 42 25 . 14 . 14 . . . 
Sorbus aucuparia I . . . . 9 . 3 . . 
Sorbus aucuparia II . . . . 5 . . . . 
Sorbus aucuparia III . . . . . . 2 . . 
Verbascum austriacum III . . . . . . . 20 . 
Veronica chamaedrys III . . . . . 14 . 40 . 
MOSSES 
Anomodon attenuatus IV . . . 21 14 . . . . 
Brachythecium populeum IV 25 . 17 17 14 . . . . 
Brachythecium rutabulum IV 67 25 83 86 73 43 . . . 
Brachythecium salebrosum IV 8 25 . 7 5 . . . . 
Bryum species IV . . . . . 14 . . . 
Cirriphyllum tommasinii IV 25 . . 45 5 . . . . 
Ctenidium molluscum IV 100 100 83 55 14 14 . . . 
Dicranum scoparium IV . . . . . 14 . . . 
Encalypta streptocarpa IV . . . . . 14 . . . 
Eurhynchium praelongum IV . . . . . 57 . . . 
Eurhynchium species IV . . . 24 18 . . . . 
Eurhynchium striatum IV 92 75 50 34 5 29 . . . 
Fissidens dubius IV . . . . . 14 . . . 
Fissidens taxifolius IV . . . . . 14 . . . 

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Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

Number of syntaxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 
Number of relevés 12 4 6 29 22 7 3 5 1 
Homalothecium philippeanum IV . . . 17 5 14 . . . 
Homomallium incurvatum IV . . . 10 . . . . . 
Hypnum cupressiforme IV 25 50 50 14 32 14 . . . 
Isotechyum alopecuroides IV 42 50 50 24 14 . . . . 
Plagiomnium cuspidatum IV 42 . . 17 5 43 . . . 
Mnium stellare IV . . . 7 . . . . . 
Neckera crispa IV 33 75 . . . . . . . 
Plagiochila asplenioides IV 58 75 33 34 5 . . . . 
Plagiomnium affine IV . 50 . . . . . . . 
Plagiomnium rostratum IV . . . . . 29 . . . 
Plagiomnium undulatum IV 100 100 33 28 . 43 . . . 
Plagiothecium denticulatum IV 25 25 50 . . . . . . 
Plagiothecium nemorale IV 8 . 17 17 32 . . . . 
Rhynchostegium murale IV . . . 7 . . . . . 
Taxiphyllum wisgrillii IV . . . 14 18 . . . . 
Thamnobryum alopecurum IV 92 75 17 72 5 . . . . 
Thuidium tamariscinum IV 33 25 . . . . . . . 
Tortella tortuosa IV 8 25 . . . . . . . 
1. Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum dentarietosum pentaphylli (P. Košir 2005 hoc loco: Table) 
2. Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum typicum (P. Košir 2005 hoc loco: Table) 
3. Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum petasitetosum albi (P. Košir 2005 hoc loco: Table) 
4. Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum scopolietosum carniolicae (P. Košir 2005 hoc loco: Table) 
5. Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum abietetosum albae (P. Košir 2005 hoc loco: Table) 
6. Chrysanthemo macrophylli-Aceretum petasitetosum hybridi (P. Košir 2005 hoc loco: Table) 
7. Aceri-Fraxinetum illyricum (Regula-Bevilacqua 1978:Tabel 39, relevés 1–3) 
8. Aceri-Fraxinetum (Petračić & Anić 1952: Table 2, relevés 1–5) 
9. Aceri-Fraxinetum croaticum (Horvat 1938: 1 relevé) 
(p) … species is present in the table more than once 

82