© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), Ljubljana
ISSN 1581-0267
3
UDK / UDC: 556.51(497.4) Prejeto / Received: 15.6.2001
Pregledni znanstveni prispevek / Review scientific paper Sprejeto / Accepted: 20.8.2001
ŠIFRANT PADAVINSKIH OBMOČIJ VODOTOKOV
REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE
WATERSHED CODING SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
Mojca ŠRAJ
Pri planiranju in gospodarjenju z vodnim bogastvom potrebujemo preprost, informativen in
razumljiv sistem šifriranja vodotokov in njihovih padavinskih območij. V nalogi so analizirani
različni sistemi šifriranja evropskih držav in ZDA s poudarkom na razvoju sistema šifriranja za
Slovenijo. Šifrant padavinskih območij Slovenije in njegova uporabnost sta predstavljena
podrobneje.
Ključne besede: hidrologija, padavinsko območje, šifrant
Proper water resources planning and management requires a simple, yet descriptive and
comprehensive coding system for rivers and their watersheds. Different coding systems in Europe
and the USA are discussed in this paper, with an emphasis on a coding system developed for
Slovenia. The coding system for Slovenia and its applicability are represented in greater detail.
Key words: hydrology, watershed, coding system
1. UVOD
Hidrološki modeli in analize, urejanje
podatkov o okolju, izdelava
vodnogospodarskih načrtov in programov ter
izdelava sodobnih informacijskih sistemov za
potrebe varstva okolja, zahtevajo enotno
šifriranje padavinskih območij od celotnega
povodja do najmanjšega povirja. Šifriranje
padavinskih območij za omenjene potrebe ima
v posameznih evropskih državah že
večdesetletni in pester razvoj. Posamezni
sistemi šifriranja se glede na izročilo in
naravne pogoje v posameznih državah
razlikuje.
Uporaba sodobne programske opreme za
upravljanje s prostorsko določenimi bazami
podatkov zahteva po eni strani šifriranje, ki je
prilagojeno računalniški obdelavi podatkov, po
drugi strani pa ponuja nove možnosti pri
urejanju podatkov in izdelavi modelov. Kako
pomemben je šifrant priča tudi dejstvo, da je
tudi Evropska agencija za okolje za potrebe
zbiranja in obdelave prostorsko določenih
podatkov naročila izdelavo enotnega šifranta
porečij Evropske skupnosti.
1. INTRODUCTION
Hydrological modelling and analysis,
environmental database management and
water management plans and programmes,  as
well as contemporary information systems for
environmental protection, require a uniform
watershed coding system from the level of the
whole watershed to the level of the smallest
headwaters. Watershed coding systems in
European countries was developed several
decades ago. Systems differ from country to
country in view of natural conditions and
tradition.
The application of contemporary software
and hardware for managing spatially oriented
data requires a computer adapted coding
system and also offers new alternatives in data
management and model making. The order of
a uniform watershed coding system of the
European Union for assembling and managing
spatially oriented data by the European
Environment Agency speaks of its importance.
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
4
Šifrant je med drugim tudi podlaga za
izdelavo hidroloških modelov, ki so osnova za
napovedovanje poplav, določanje poplavne
ogroženosti in ukrepov varstva pred
poplavami, račun vodne bilance itd.
Šifrant padavinskih območij omogoča tudi
šifriranje strug posameznih vodotokov in
njihovih odsekov ter klasifikacijo vodotokov
glede na velikost povodij.
V Sloveniji sta bila v preteklosti izdelana
dva sistema šifriranja vodotokov. Nobeden od
njiju pa ni bil prilagojen računalniški obdelavi.
Poleg tega sta bila oba sistema zaprta, saj nista
omogočala nadaljnjega vključevanja manjših
vodotokov. Nov sistem šifriranja je zelo
podoben bavarskemu. Ta pa je v osnovi
podoben tistemu, ki ga je Hidrološki inštitut
(Institute of Hydrology) iz Wallingforda
(Velika Britanija) predlagal Evropski agenciji
za okolje. Slovenski šifrant se je uspešno
vključil tudi v šifrant porečja Donave, ki je bil
narejen za potrebe regionalnega programa IHP
UNESCO.
2. IZDELAVA HIDROGRAFSKEGA
KATASTRA REPUBLIKE
SLOVENIJE
Podlaga za izdelavo šifranta padavinskih
območij je kataster. Zadnje uradno izdelane
karte za potrebe katastra so iz leta 1917 in še te
le za porečje Save (Braumüller, 1917). V
praksi so se meje podpovodij izdelovale po
potrebi za posamezne študijske analize in
izračune. Zato smo leta 1994, z uporabo
arhivov Hidrometeorološkega zavoda
Slovenije in Inštituta za kras SAZU,
digitalizirali hidrografsko mrežo in razvodnice
s temeljnih topografskih kart 1:25000 (Brilly
& Garantini, 1994). Poseben problem so
predstavljale razvodnice na kraškem območju,
kjer so raziskave v zadnjih letih podale vrsto
novih spoznanj o poteku razvodnic. Po
končani digitalizaciji so bili podatki urejeni,
organizirani, usklajeni in analizirani glede na
točnost. Narejena je bila topološka in
sistematična analiza, s pomočjo katere so bile
odpravljene napake. Za potrebe šifranta so bile
dodatno določene tudi nove razvodnice.
Podatki so bili na koncu generalizirani in
arhivirani po območjih posameznih kart (slika
1).
Besides that, a coding system is the base for
hydrological modelling. Hydrologic modelling
is used for flood forecasting, flood risk
analysis and precautions against floods, water
budget assesments, etc.
A watershed coding system also enables the
riverbed coding of individual streams and their
segments and the classification of streams
depending on their watershed size.
There have been two coding systems
created in Slovenia in the past. Neither of them
was adapted to computer processing. Both
systems were closed. They didn’t enable the
subsequent incorporation of smaller
watersheds. The new system is very like
Bavarian one, which is similar to the system
that the Institute of Hydrology, Wallingford,
UK proposed to the European Environment
Agency. The Slovenian coding system fitted
well into the Danube watershed coding system
that was made for the purposes of the regional
programme of IHP UNESCO.
2. MAKING A HYDROGRAPHIC
CADASTRE OF THE REPUBLIC
OF SLOVENIA
The cadastre is a foundation for developing
a watershed coding system. The last official
maps for cadastre needs were made in 1917,
but were for the Sava watershed only. In
practice, boundaries of watersheds have been
determined for individual study analyses and
calculations only. In 1994, it was therefore
decided to digitise hydrographic network and
watershed boundaries from topographic maps
1:25000 (Brilly & Garantini, 1994) with the
use of the Hydrometeorological Institute of the
Republic of Slovenia and The Scientific
Research Centre of the SASA archives. A
special problem were the Karst watershed
boundaries, where recent research provided
new knowledge about flow directions.
Afterwards, the digitised data were arranged,
organised, adjusted and analysed for precision.
Topology and systematic analyses were made
in order to eliminate errors. New watershed
boundaries were defined, additionally, for
coding system needs. Finally, the data were
generalised and archived within the original
map structure (Figure 1).
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
5
Slika 1. Primer digitalizirane vsebine karte TK25 Sevnica z oznako 1443.
Figure 1. An example of the contents of the digitised map TK25 Sevnica, number 1443.
3. SISTEMI ŠIFRIRANJA
PADAVINSKIH OBMOČIJ V
RAZLIČNIH EVROPSKIH
DRŽAVAH IN ZDA
Določanje šifer posameznim padavinskim
območjem ima v Evropi že dolgo tradicijo. Pri
tem so se glede na naravne pogoje,
zgodovinski razvoj in izročilo razvili različni
sistemi šifriranja, od skandinavskih sistemov,
ki so usmerjeni bolj v opredelitev dotokov v
akvatorij izredno razčlenjene obale, do
bavarskih in čeških, kjer se voda zbira in
odteka v večje vodotoke in ni neposrednega
odtoka v morje.
Za vse prikazane primere velja hierarhični
pristop in drevesna struktura. Tako so temeljne
(začetne) šifre povsod vezane na glavni
odvodnik oziroma vodotoke, ki se izlivajo v
morje ali v druge vodotoke zunaj meja države.
Sledi porazdelitev na podpovodja glede na
velikost njihove prispevne površine ali vrstni
red vtoka vodotokov v odvodnik.
3. WATERSHED CODING
SYSTEMS IN
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND
THE USA
Watershed coding has a long tradition in
Europe. According to natural conditions,
historical development, and tradition, different
coding systems that range from Scandinavian
systems that are coastally oriented, to Bavarian
and Czech systems, where the water flows in
larger streams and where there is no direct
draining into the sea, have been developed.
In all the cases there is a hierarchical
principle and a tree structure. So the base
(starting) codes always belong to the major
river or the river that flows into the sea or into
a transboundary river. Then watersheds are
divided into several levels which relate to the
surface area and inflow order.
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
6
3.1 NORVEŠKA
Na Norveškem so sistem šifriranja
padavinskih območij izdelali leta 1989 (NVE,
1989) in ga poimenovali NORWIS (The
Norwegian Water Information System).
Temelj pri oblikovanju šifer je razdelitev
Norveške na 262 enot, določenih na podlagi
kart v merilu 1:50 000. Površina posameznih
padavinskih območij je od 300 do 40000 m2.
Na najnižji ravni so dobili okrog 15000
podpovodij, vseh skupaj pa približno 26000.
Šifre so oblikovane hierarhično. Vsaka
naslednja raven je natančnejša od prejšnje
(slika 2). Porazdelitev na manjše enote je
precej zapletena, ker je sestavljena iz črk in
številk, tako da šifra dobi obliko (npr.:
000.XXX.).
Norveški sistem šifriranja je prilagojen
njihovim naravnim pogojem. Tako kot ostali
skandinavski sistemi je usmerjen bolj v
opredelitev dotokov v akvatorij izredno
razčlenjene obale, zato ni uporaben za
slovenske razmere. Poleg tega je sistem precej
zapleten in manj uporaben za računalniško
obdelavo podatkov.
3.2 DANSKA
Danska praksa je podobno kot norveška
usmerjena v porazdelitev predvsem plitvega in
razvejanega morskega akvatorija. Šifra je
sestavljena iz številk in črk. Šifra ima obliko
0000-X-00-0000-0000-00-00-00-00-0/000000
(Danmarks MiljØundersØgelser Ferskvands-
Økologi, 1990).
Prva štiri mesta so rezervirana za šifriranje
obalnega morja na štirih ravneh. Peto mesto
zavzema črka, ki se nanaša na hidrološke
lastnosti povodja oziroma izliva povodja. Tako
pomeni črka V enotni gravitacijski vtok v
morje, D delto, P črpalno postajo ipd. Tretji
del šifre je predviden za šifriranje površinskih
vodotokov. Pri tem je predvidena porazdelitev
do osmega reda. Zadnji del šifre je predviden
za dolžino med iztokom šifriranega vodotoka
in izlivom vodotoka višjega reda.
Danski sistem šifriranja je podobno kot
norveški prilagojen njihovim naravnim
pogojem, tj. razvejanemu morskemu
akvatoriju. V šifro so vključene tako črke kot
tudi razdalje med vtoki in iztoki, zato je šifrant
precej informativen, ni pa zgoščen in prijazen
do uporabnika. Zaradi izpuščanja večjega
števila cifer in prej omenjenih lastnosti
šifranta, je ta manj uporaben za računalniško
obdelavo podatkov.
3.1 NORWAY
The Norwegian watershed coding system
was developed in 1989 (NVE, 1989), and was
named NORWIS (The Norwegian Water
Information System). The 262 major
watersheds form the highest level in the
classification. The coding is based on a
1:50000 scale. The area of individual
watersheds is between 300 and 40000 m2.
There are approximately 15000 units at the
lowest level and approximately 26000 units at
all levels. The connection between the codes is
hierarchical. Each higher level is more precise
than the previous (Figure 2). Classification on
the smaller units is quite complicated because
of the combination of numbers and characters,
such as 000.XXX.
The Norwegian coding system is adapted to
their natural conditions. It is coastally oriented
like other Scandinavian systems, and for this
reason, is not applicable to Slovenian
circumstances. The system is complicated, as
well, and therefore less applicable for
computer data management.
3.2 DENMARK
The Danish practice is like the Norwegian -
very site specific – and, therefore, coastally
oriented. The code is a combination of
numbers and characters. The code structure is
0000-X-00-0000-0000-00-00-00-00-0/000000
(Danmarks MiljØundersØgelser Ferskvands-
Økologi, 1990).
The first four digits are a marine reference
code with four levels. The fifth digit is a
character and is related to the hydrological
characteristics of the stream and watershed.
For example: V means a stream with a single
outlet to the sea, D means a delta, P is a
channel with a pumping station, etc. The third
part of the code structure has twenty digits for
the numbering of streams and watersheds up to
the eighth order. The last part of the code is
the distance between the outlet of the coded
stream and the outlet of the stream on the
higher level.
The Danish classification is, like the
Norwegian, coastally oriented. There are
characters and distances included in the code;
that’s why the system is very informative but
unfriendly and unconcentrated on the other
hand. Because of the need for leaving out
several digits, the system is less applicable for
computer data management.
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
7
Slika 2. Praktični primer šifriranja padavinskih območij na Norveškem (NVE, 1989).
Figure 2. Practical example of watershed coding in Norway (NVE, 1989).
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
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3.3 FRANCIJA
V francoskem sistemu so povodja
razdeljena na pet ravni. Šifra je sestavljena iz
ene črke in petih številk X-0-0-0-00. Sistem je
bil postavljen na državni ravni leta 1966.
Celotna Francija je razdeljena na šest povodij,
označenih za območje Rhone in Sredozemlja s
črkami: U - Saone, V - Rhone, W - Isere, X -
Durance in ostala majhna povodja, ki se
zlivajo neposredno v morje. Večja povodja se
nato delijo na manjša v treh ravneh (sektorje,
podsektorje in cone), največ na deset delov.
Zadnji dve številki sta uporabljeni za šifrirano
številčno identifikacijo.
3.4 ČEŠKA
Češki model šifriranja je bil zasnovan leta
1979 na podlagi kart 1:50000 (Česky
hydrometeorologicky ustav, 1993). Sistem je
pogojen z geografskimi pogoji Češke, ki nima
morske obale in večjih zakraselih prepustnih
površin. Šifra je sestavljena samo iz številk in
ima obliko 0-00-00-000. Povodja so
porazdeljena v štiri razrede. Prvi razred deli
Češko na tri (skupaj s Slovaško na štiri) glavna
porečja: 1 - Laba, 2 - Odra, 3 - Visla in 4 -
Donava.
Češki sistem šifriranja je glede na njihove
geografske pogoje za nas bolj sprejemljiv. V
šifri ne uporabljajo črk, njihova šifra pa je
sestavljena iz dvo- in tromestnih števil, kar
prav tako otežuje računalniško obdelavo
podatkov.
3.5 NEMČIJA IN BAVARSKA
Šifriranje bavarskih vodotokov je bilo
izdelano leta 1978 na podlagi enotnih nemških
smernic (Bayerisches Landesamt für
Wasserwirtschaft, 1978). Sistem določanja
šifer je oblikovan drevesno in vsebuje sedem
ravni (slika 3). Prva številka se nanaša na
glavna povodja Nemčije: 1 - Donava, 2 - Ren,
3 - Ems, 4 - Weser, 5 - Elba, 6 - Odra in 9 -
umetno ustvarjena vodna območja (LAWA,
1993).
3.3 FRANCE
In France, streams and watersheds are
divided into five levels. The code consists of
one character and five numbers, such as X-0-
0-0-00. Classification was made on a technical
act passed in 1966. The country is divided into
six watersheds in the first level signed by a
character. The Rhone – Mediterranean region
is subdivided into: U – Saone, V – Rhone, W -
Isere, X – Durance and other small watersheds
with outflow into the Mediterranean Sea. The
major watersheds are divided into the smaller
on three levels (sector, subsector and zone).
Each level contains up to ten subwatersheds.
The last two digits are used for identification.
3.4 CZECH REPUBLIC
The Czech coding system was established
in 1979, and is based on 1:50000 scale maps
(Česky hydrometeorologicky ustav, 1993).
The system is dependant on the geographical
conditions of the country, which has no coast
and no larger karst regions. The classification
has four levels and is presented by an eight
digit number such us 0-00-00-000. The first
level divides Czech into three (including
Slovakia, four) major watersheds: 1 - Laba, 2 -
Odra, 3 – Visla, and 4 – Danube.
The Czech system is, in view of their
geographical conditions, more acceptable for
us. They don’t use characters, but on the other
hand, they use two or three-figure numbers,
and that is less applicable for computer data
management.
3.5 GERMANY AND BAVARIA
The watershed coding system of Bavarian
streams was made in 1978 based on uniform
German guidelines (Bayerisches Landesamt
für Wasserwirtschaft, 1978). The system is
hierarchical and has seven levels (Figure 3).
Each code is a seven digit number. The first
digit indicates one of the main German
watersheds: 1 - Danube, 2 - Rein, 3 - Ems, 4 -
Weser, 5 - Elba, 6 – Odra, and 7 – coastal
watersheds (LAWA, 1993).
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
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Slika 3. Shematska predstavitev šifriranja povodja Rena (LAWA, 1993).
Figure 3. Schematic presentation of the Rhine River coding system (LAWA, 1993).
Številči se od izvira dolvodno, tako da
številka ena pomeni območje z izvirom
vodotoka, nato pa se z lihimi številkami
označijo območja ob glavnem toku, s sodimi
pa stranski vodotoki od izvira dolvodno.
Bavarski sistem šifriranja je informativen,
zgoščen, odprt in prijazen do uporabnika. Tudi
geografski pogoji v Nemčiji so zelo podobni
slovenskim.
3.6 AVSTRIJA
Avstrijski sistem je zasnovan na razdelitvi
povodij na devet ravni. Šifra je enaindvajset-
mestno število (Behr, 1989). Struktura je
drevesna in hierarhična, številčenje poteka od
izvira dolvodno. Sistem je osredotočen
predvsem na rečno mrežo in ne na velikost
prispevnih površin.
Pomembno je, da se območja neposredno
ob vodotoku kasneje ne delijo več. Šifre niso
vezane na velikost povodja in se celotne
(enaindvajsetmestne šifre) pojavijo le redko.
Razvodnice so določene na kartah v merilu
1:50000. Določanje površin posameznih
območij in imen vodotokov še ni končano.
The numbering starts upstream so that the
source of the stream is assigned number one.
Odd numbers are used for the main stream and
even numbers for tributaries in the
downstream direction.
The Bavarian coding system is informative,
concentrated, open and friendly to users.
German geographical conditions are also very
like those of Slovenia.
3.6 AUSTRIA
The Austrian system has nine levels, and
it’s presented by a twenty one digit number
(Behr, 1989). The system has a tree structure
and is hierarchical.  Numbering starts
upstream. First of all, the system is
concentrated on the stream network and not on
watershed size.
It is important that the main stream
watersheds are not divided further. Codes are
not related to the watershed size and they
rarely appear in their entirely (as twenty one
digit numbers). Watershed boundaries have
been defined on 1:50000 scale maps. The
watershed area and stream name definitions
haven’t been completed yet.
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
10
3.7 EVROPSKA SKUPNOST
Hidrološki inštitut (Institut of Hydrology) iz
Wallingforda v Veliki Britaniji je v
sodelovanju z danskim raziskovalnim
inštitutom (National Environmental Research
Institute), po naročilu Evropske agencije za
okolje, pripravil študijo o obstoječih digitalnih
hidrografskih katastrih v državah EU ter o
možnostih priprave enotnega šifranta za
Evropsko skupnost (Morris, 1994). V
raziskavo je bilo zajetih 12 držav Evropske
skupnosti: Belgija, Danska, Francija, ZR
Nemčija, Grčija, Irska, Italija, Luksemburg,
Nizozemska, Portugalska, Španija in Velika
Britanija, pet držav EFTA: Avstrija, Finska,
Norveška, Švedska in Švica, ter deli držav iz
katerih se vode stekajo na območje EU:
Bolgarija, nekdanja Češkoslovaška, Poljska in
nekdanja Jugoslavija. Celotna površina
obravnavanega območja je bila približno 3,85
milijonov km2. Izločili so 15 glavnih
vodotokov s prispevno površino, večjo kot
50 000 km2 (slika 4). Največje je padavinsko
območje Donave, katerega le majhen del leži
na obravnavanem območju. Zanimivo je tudi
padavinsko območje Rena, ki se razteza kar
čez osem držav.
Zaključki študije so, da naj bo celotna šifra
sestavljena iz treh delov: glavne delitve, šifre
ustja vodotoka in šifre vodotoka.
Za glavno delitev so predlagali šifriranje
morij in obal. Primer: NB40 (North Sea,
British coastline, sektor 40). Drugi del šifre bi
povedal velikost vodotoka. Primeri: RH za
velike vodotoke, BI za srednje in 'be' za
majhne vodotoke. Tretji del je šifra vodotoka.
Predlagani sistem je nemški.
Celotna šifra bi bila na primer (Morris,
1994):
NC10_RH_4792R74 - za pritok Rena;
NB37_be_R5 - za pritok reke Bean, Essex v
Veliki Britaniji.
3.7 EUROPEAN UNION
The Institute of Hydrology, Wallingford,
UK, together with the National Environmental
Research Institute of Denmark, conducted the
study about existing digital hydrographic
cadastres in the EU countries and the
possibilities of preparing a uniform coding
system for the EU (Morris, 1994). The study
covers twelve countries of EU: Belgium,
Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland,
Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal,
Spain and the UK; five EFTA countries:
Austria, Finland, Norway, Sweden and
Switzerland; and, because they drain into EU
territory, parts of the following countries:
Bulgaria, the former Czechoslovakia, Poland,
and former Yugoslavia. The total area covered
by the study was approximately 3,85 million
square kilometres. They separate 15 major
rivers with a catchment area greater than
50 000 km2 (Figure 4). The largest of these,
the Danube, discharges into the Black Sea, and
only a small part of its catchment lies in the
study region. One other point worthly of
special note is the international nature of the
Rhine, whose catchment spreads over eight
countries.
The study has suggested a system based on
major division, mouth code and river system
code.
A marine code was suggested for major
divisions. Example: NB40 (North Sea, British
coastline, sector 40). The second part of the
code would describe the river size. Examples
are: RH, BI, 'be' for large, medium and small
rivers. The third part of the code would be the
river code. A German method was suggested.
The system would give codes such as
(Morris, 1994):
NC10_RH_4792R74 – for a Rhine tributary;
NB37_be_R5 - for a reach of the River
Bean, in Essex, England.
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
11
Slika 4. Glavnih 15 vodotokov na območju EU (povzeto po Morris, 1994).
Figure 4. The fifteen major rivers in the EU region (after Morris, 1994).
3.8 ZDA
Sistem šifriranja v ZDA je izdelala
ameriška vladna geološka služba (USGS – U.
S. Geological Survey). Šifrant ima štiri ravni.
Vsako padavinsko območje (hydrologic unit –
HU) ima svojo dvo- do osemmestno šifro
(hydrologic unit code – HUC)
(http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc.html). Na prvi
ravni so ZDA razdeljene na 21 večjih
geografskih območij, regij (slika 5). Šifra je
dvomestna. Sistem ni hierarhičen. Na četrti
ravni so dobili 2150 padavinskih območij. Za
vsako zvezno državo imajo izdelano karto
padavinskih območij s šifrantom v merilu
1:500 000, ki jo je mogoče naročiti tudi preko
spleta.
3.8 USA
The watershed coding system in the USA
was done by the U.S. Geological Survey –
USGS. The system has four levels. Every
watershed (hydrologic unit – HU) has it’s own
two- to eight-figure number (hydrologic unit
code – HUC)
(http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc.html). The first
level divides the USA into 21 major
geographical regions (Figure 5). The code is a
two-figure number. The system is not
hierarchical. They get 2150 watersheds on the
fourth level. Every federal state has its own
map of watersheds based on a 1:500 000 scale.
You can order maps by internet.
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
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Preko spleta poskušajo padavinska območja
približati tudi prebivalcem. Pod naslovom
"Spoznajte svoje padavinsko območje" lahko
na spletu najdejo različne podatke, vezane na
posamezno območje (http://www.epa.gov/
surf3/locate/). Spletne strani je postavila
ameriška agencija za zaščito okolja (EPA).
Uporabnik lahko svoje območje poišče zelo
preprosto po imenu kraja, šole, reke itd. ali pa
s pomočjo interaktivne karte. Podatki, ki jih
lahko najde, pa so poleg splošnih o velikosti
območja, dolžini vodotokov, tudi geografski,
podatki o monitoringih, kakovosti vode,
geologiji, podatki o projektih, o lokalnih
aktivnostih, organizacijah itd.
They also try to introduce watersheds
online. On the web page "Surf Your
Watershed", one can find various data about
one’s individual region
(http://www.epa.gov/surf3/locate/). The
internet pages were published by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Everyone can find his own region simply by
searching for the name of the town, school, or
river, or by using an interactive map. One can
find general data about watershed size, length
of the streams and also geographical,
monitoring, water quality, geological data,
projects, local activities, organisations etc.
Slika 5. Razdelitev ZDA na prvi ravni (http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc.html).
Figure 5. The first level coding of the USA (http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc.html).
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
13
4. IZDELAVA ŠIFRANTA
PADAVINSKIH OBMOČIJ
REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE
4.1 IZHODIŠČA ZA IZDELAVO
ŠIFRANTA
Izdelava sistema šifriranja, uporabnega za
različne potrebe urejanja podatkov, vključno s
hidrološkim modeliranjem, je zelo kompleksna
naloga. Šifrant mora biti informativen,
zgoščen, odprt in prijazen do uporabnika
(Brilly & Vidmar, 1994, Vidmar & Brilly,
1992).
Da je šifrant informativen, pomeni, da nam
mora šifra, ki je identifikator določenega
padavinskega območja, dati tudi informacijo o
razmerjih med povodji in podpovodji, o
velikosti prispevne površine, ločiti gorvodne
od dolvodnih območij. Šifra kot identifikator
torej ne sme biti samo skupina naključno
izbranih številk in črk.
Zgoščenost pomeni, da je šifra čim krajša in
da jo lahko uporabljamo na različnih ravneh v
različni velikosti. Dolga vrsta številk in črk ni
praktična, če se posamezni deli šifre le redko
uporabljajo. Dolge šifre so neprijazne do
uporabnika in zahtevnejše za računalniško
programiranje.
Odprt sistem se mora preprosto prilagajati
potrebam mednarodnega informacijskega
sistema na višjih ravneh in omogočiti
vključevanje tudi najmanjših padavinskih
območij na nižjih ravneh.
Da bi bil sistem tudi prijazen, mora biti
šifra razumljiva uporabnikom in perprosta za
uporabo, predvsem za računalniško obdelavo
podatkov. Črke v šifri so za uporabnike bolj
razumljive, tudi lažje si jih zapomnijo, a so
bolj neprijazne za računalniško obdelavo.
4. DEVELOPMENT OF THE
WATERSHED CODING SYSTEM
OF THE REPUBLIC OF
SLOVENIA
4.1 BASIS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE
CODING SYSTEM
The development of a coding system
applicable to various needs of data
management, including hydrological
modelling, is a complex task. The system must
be informative, concentrated, open and
friendly (Brilly & Vidmar, 1994, Vidmar &
Brilly, 1992).
Informative means that a code that is an
identifier of a specific watershed should give
additional information about the relationship
between different watersheds and
subwatersheds, and the description of the size
of the watershed, and should separate
upstream from downstream watersheds. A
code as identifier shouldn’t be just a group of
randomly selected numbers and characters.
Concentrated means that a code should be
as short as possible and applicable to different
levels in  different sizes. A large string of
numbers and characters is not practical if some
parts of the string are rarely used. Large codes
are also unfriendly and complicated for
computer programming.
An open system should be easily adaptable
to any international information system on
higher levels, and should enable the
incorporation of smaller watersheds on lower
levels, as well.
Friendly means that a code should be
understandable for the users and easy to
handle, especially for computation purposes.
The characters in the code are easier to
understand and remember for the users, but
unfriendly for computer handling.
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
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4.2 SLOVENIJA (DO LETA 1995)
4.2.1 METODOLOGIJA, IZDELANA NA
VODNOGOSPODARSKEM INŠTITUTU
Metodologija (Pintar in ostali, 1987) je
temeljila na že pred letom 1969 izdelani
metodologiji nekdanjih republik Jugoslavije.
Metodologija je temeljila na decimalni
klasifikaciji vodotokov. Glavni odvodnik
porečja je bil brez reda, njegovi neposredni
pritoki so bili vodotoki prvega reda itd. Glavni
odvodniki so bili: obalno morje, Drava, Mura,
Sava in Soča. Vodotoki so se številčili od
izvira navzdol.
Ker šifrant ni narejen v digitalni obliki, je
bil zaradi prikaza v nalogi podigitaliziran
primer (slika 6) s podlog v merilu 1:10000.
Šifrant je, poleg zaporedne številke pritoka,
vseboval tudi kilometražo, površino
padavinskega območja, dolžino odvodnika,
nagib in povprečno nadmorsko višino.
Namenjen je bil predvsem izdelavi katastra
vodnogospodarskih objektov.
Sistem je zaprt, saj ne omogoča naknadnega
vključevanja manjših vodotokov oziroma
zahteva ponovno številčenje.
Ker so padavinska območja, s katerih voda
odteka neposredno v vodotok, neoštevilčena,
je nemogoče sestaviti celoten sistem odtoka.
Tak sistem šifriranja ni primeren za hidrološko
modeliranje.
4.2. SLOVENIA (TO 1995)
4.2.1. WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE
METHODOLOGY
The methodology (Pintar et al., 1987) was
based on the methodology of the former
Republics of Yugoslavia created before 1969.
It was based on a decimal river classification.
The main stream of the watershed was level
“0", its direct tributaries were first level, etc.
the main streams were: the coastal sea, and the
Drava, Mura, Sava and Soča rivers.
Numbering started at the source of the stream
and then continued in the downstream
direction.
Because the system wasn’t made in digital
form, a part of it (Figure 6) was digitised from
1:10000 scale maps for the purpose of
presentation in this paper.
The coding system contained the sequence
number of a tributary, measured in kilometres,
the watershed area, the length of the stream,
the slope and the average height above sea
level. It was designed for a cadastre of
hydraulic structures, above all.
The system is closed. It doesn’t enable the
additionally incorporation of smaller streams,
and requires new numbering, respectively.
Because the main stream watersheds have
no numbers, it is impossible to compose the
entire outflow system. Such a system is not
appropriate for hydrological modelling.
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
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Slika 6. Primer šifranta Pišence po metodologiji VGI.
Figure 6. Example of Pišenca coding by VGI methodology.
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
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4.2.3 METODOLOGIJA, IZDELANA NA
HIDROMETEOROLOŠKEM ZAVODU
SLOVENIJE LETA 1986
Leta 1986 je bil kataster in šifrant
vodotokov Slovenije izdelan tudi na HMZ
(Stele, 1986). Temelj tega katastra je bila rečna
mreža, podana na kartah v merilu 1:25000.
Vodotoki so bili številčeni hierarhično glede
na vrstni red vtoka od izliva gorvodno.
Struktura šifre je bila sestavljena z več
ravni. Pri tem je bil glavni odvodnik porečja
brez reda, njegovi neposredni pritoki so bili
vodotoki prvega reda itd. Sistem je
predvideval vključevanje vodotokov do
sedmega reda, pri čemer so bili v katastru leta
1988 obdelani vodotoki do petega reda. Za
glavni vodotok je bilo v šifri predvideno eno
mesto, za vodotoke prvega in drugega reda po
tri mesta, za vodotoke tretjega, četrtega in
petega reda pa po dve mesti. Šifra je bila
trinajstmestno število z obliko: 0-000-000-00-
00-00. Primer šifre Topliškega potoka 3-101-
048-02-17-07 je na sliki 7.
Glavni odvodniki so bili: Jadransko morje,
Mura, Drava, Sava, Soča in Kolpa.
Zaradi vključevanja velikega števila
vodotokov z relativno majhnimi prispevnimi
površinami že na prvi ravni, je ostalo veliko
podatkov v katastru nedoločenih. Značilno je
predvsem veliko število neimenovanih
vodotokov. Celotna šifra je dokaj neprijazna in
zaprta, saj ne omogoča vključevanja manjših
vodotokov ali sprememb zaradi
vodnogospodarskih posegov in zahteva
vnovično številčenje. Površine, s katerih se
voda steka neposredno v vodotok, so
izključene iz številčenja oziroma je posamezne
dele povodja težko povezati s celotnim
sistemom. Zato je sistem za potrebe
vodnogospodarskega informacijskega sistema
in uporabo GIS neprimeren.
4.2.3 METHODOLOGY MADE BY THE
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE
OF SLOVENIA IN 1986
In 1986 the cadastre and coding system of
the Slovenian rivers was created by the
Hydrometeorological Institute of Slovenia
also. The foundations of the cadastre was  the
stream network obtained from 1:25000 scale
maps. Streams were numbered hierarchically
starting from the outflow upstream.
The structure of the code had several levels.
The main stream was level “0”, its direct
tributaries were first level, etc. The system
foresaw a coding to the seventh level, but in
the cadastre from 1988 only streams to the
fifth level were captured. The first digit in the
code indicated main stream, then streams on
the first and second level had three digits and
streams on the third, fourth and fifth level, two
digits. The code was a thirteen-figure number
such as 0-000-000-00-00-00. An example of
the Topliški potok code is: 3-101-048-02-17-
07  (Figure 7).
The main streams were: the Adriatic sea,
and the Mura, Drava, Sava, Soča and Kolpa
rivers.
Because of the inclusion a large number of
streams with relatively small contribution
areas already on the first level, a lot of data in
the cadastre remained undetermined. A large
number of unnamed streams is significant. The
code is rather unfriendly and closed. It doesn’t
enable the additionally incorporation of
smaller streams or changes of water
management interventions, and requires new
numbering, respectively. Main stream areas
weren't included in the coding system so it was
hard to connect individual areas with the entire
system. For this reason the system isn't
appropriate for water management information
system and GIS application.
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
17
Slika 7 - Primer določanja šifer vodotokov v Sloveniji iz leta 1986 za Topliški potok (Stele, 1986).
Figure 7. Example of stream coding in Slovenia in 1986 for Topliški potok (Stele, 1986).
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
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4.3 NOVA METODOLOGIJA
ŠIFRIRANJA SLOVENSKIH
PADAVINSKIH OBMOČIJ
Na podlagi analize različnih načinov
šifriranja v različnih državah smo izdelali
sodoben sistem za določanje šifer padavinskih
območij v Sloveniji. Sistem je odprt in
omogoča preproste povezave do globalne
svetovne ravni navzgor, kakor tudi
vključevanje najmanjših potokov. Šifre
omogočajo tudi opredelitev približne velikosti
povodja, položaja posameznih delov povodja,
odnos med gorvodnimi in dolvodnimi povodji
ipd.
Pri iskanju temeljnih načel in pravil za
potrebe Slovenije smo upoštevali omenjena
izhodišča. Kot rezultat smo dobili temeljni
sistem, podoben bavarskemu. Številčenje se
začne pri izviru, tako da povodje izvira dobi
šifro 1. Povodja glavne struge se številčijo z
lihimi števili, stranski dotoki pa s sodimi v
dolvodni smeri. Enako velja pri morski obali: z
lihimi števili označujemo del obale z
razpršenim ali nedoločenim neposrednim
odtokom v morje, s sodimi pa vodotoke, ki
imajo vtok določen z ustjem ali delto. V
temeljih podoben sistem je Hidrološki inštitut
(Institute of Hydrology) iz Wallingforda v
Veliki Britaniji predlagal tudi Evropski
agenciji za okolje, ki si je izdelavo šifranta
vodotokov držav Evropske skupnosti zadala za
eno od prvih nalog. Pomen šifranta je torej
izjemen. Pri tem pa moram opozoriti, da
Slovenija s svojim šifrantom izstopa med
vsemi državami Evropske skupnosti  (Morris,
1994; preglednica 1). Iz preglednice je
razvidno, da so le redke države, ki imajo
podatke zbrane s takšno natančnostjo in
vsebino kot Slovenija.
Sistem šifriranja padavinskih območij je
hierarhičen z delitvijo na več ravni v
odvisnosti od velikosti prispevne površine. Pri
šifriranju se upoštevajo celotna povodja
posameznih vodotokov, vključno z deli zunaj
Slovenije. Delitev na posamezna podpovodja
je omejena na največ devet delov celote, tako
da za vsako raven potrebujemo samo eno
mesto v šifri. Vsak vodotok oziroma povodje
se mora v strukturi pojaviti s svojo enotno
šifro.
4.3. NEW METODOLOGY OF
WATERSHED CODING IN SLOVENIA
A contemporary coding system for
Slovenian watersheds based on the analysis of
different coding systems in different countries
has been made. The system is open and
enables a simple connection with the global
world level, as well as the incorporation of the
smallest streams. The codes enable the
determination of the approximate size of a
watershed, the position of individual
watersheds, the relationship between upstream
and downstream watersheds, etc.
By searching the elementary principles and
rules for Slovenia we used the above
mentioned basis. As a result a system similar
to the Bavarian one was created. Numbering
starts at the upstream end, so the source of the
stream is assigned number One. Odd numbers
are used for the main stream watersheds and
even numbers for tributaries in the
downstream direction. The same holds good
for the coast. Even numbers get a part of the
coast with dispersed or indefinite direct
outflow into the sea, and odd numbers, streams
with mouth or delta outflow. A basic similar
system was suggested by the Institute of
Hydrology, Wallingford, UK to the European
Environmental Agency. The river coding
system of the European Union was one of the
first tasks of the Agency. The coding system is
therefore significant. It must be mentioned that
Slovenia, with its system,  has surpassed many
countries of the European Union (Morris,
1994; Table 1). As we can see in the table,
there are few countries with such accurate data
and content as Slovenia.
The watershed coding system of Slovenia is
hierarchical, with divisions on several levels
which are dependant on the size of the
contribution area. Whole watersheds of
individual rivers, including parts outside the
country, were considered within the coding.
The division on individual subwatersheds is
limited to no more than nine parts, so only one
digit in the identifier number of the watershed
and corresponding stream for each level is
needed. Each watershed or stream can appear
in the structure with its own unique number.
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
19
Na prvi, najvišji ravni, smo Slovenijo
razdelili na šest glavnih padavinskih območij
(slika 8):
1. porečje Save;
2. porečje Kolpe;
3. porečje Drave;
4. porečje Mure;
5. porečje obale;
6. porečje Soče.
Velikost padavinskih območij prve ravni je
od 1100 km2 (padavinsko območje Kolpe) do
10675 km2 (padavinsko območje Save).
On the first, i.e.: the highest level, we
divided Slovenia into six major watersheds
(Figure 8):
1. Sava watershed;
2. Kolpa watershed;
3. Drava watershed;
4. Mura watershed;
5. Coast watershed;
6. Soca watershed.
The size of the watersheds on the first level
is from 1100 km2 (Kolpa watershed) to 10675
km2 (Sava watershed).
Preglednica 1. Pregled digitalizirane hidrografije evropskih držav (Morris, 1994).
DRŽAVA MERILO VIR PROJEKCIJA GIS ŠIFRANT
Avstrija 1:50 000 uradne karte Gauss-Krüger - ne
Danska 1:100 000 različni viri UTM cona 32 ARC/INFO da
Nemčija1 1:200 000 TUK 200 - ARC/INFO da
Nemčija2 1:300 000 hidrografske
karte
Gauss-Krüger ALC-GIAP da
Velika
Britanija
 1:250 000 cestna karta državna mreža NTF ne
S. Irska 1:250 000 počitniška
karta
Transverse
Mercator
ARC/INFO da
Nizozemska 1:50 000 hidrografske
karte
državna mreža ARC/INFO da
Norveška 1:50 000 M711 UTM ED 50 DXF da
Poljska 1:200 000 hidrografske
karte
Lat.-Long. ARC/INFO ne
Portugalska 1:500 000 uradne karte Gauss DGN ne
Španija 1:200 000 provincialne
karte
UTM DXF, DGN ne
Švedska 1:250 000 cestna karta državna mreža ARC/INFO da
Švica 1:200 000 uradne karte državna mreža ARC/INFO da
Slovenija 1:25 000 uradne karte Gauss-Krüger AutoCAD da
            1 celotna Nemčija (1995); 2 pokrajina Nordrhein-Westfalen
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
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Table 1. Review of digitized hydrography in Europe countries (Morris, 1994).
COUNTRY SCALE MAP SERIES COORD. SYSTEM GIS CODING
Avstria 1:50 000 Official maps Gauss-Krüger - no
Denmark 1:100 000 Different UTM cona 32 ARC/INFO yes
Germany1 1:200 000 TUK 200 - ARC/INFO yes
Germany2 1:300 000 Hydrographic
maps
Gauss-Krüger ALC-GIAP yes
Great
Britain
1:250 000 Routemaster National grid NTF no
N. Ireland 1:250 000 Holiday map Transverse
Mercator
ARC/INFO yes
Netherland 1:50 000 Hydrographic
maps
National grid ARC/INFO yes
Norway 1:50 000 M711 UTM ED 50 DXF yes
Poland 1:200 000 Hydrographic
maps
Lat.-Long. ARC/INFO no
Portugal 1:500 000 Official maps Gauss DGN no
Spain 1:200 000 provincial
maps
UTM DXF, DGN no
Sweden 1:250 000 Road maps National grid ARC/INFO yes
Switzerland 1:200 000 Official maps National grid ARC/INFO yes
Slovenia 1:25 000 Official maps Gauss-Krüger AutoCAD yes
            1 planned for all Germany (1995); 2 Nordrhein-Westfalen
Na drugi ravni smo dobili 31 padavinskih
območij, označenih z dvema številkama.
Velikost padavinskih območij na drugi ravni je
od 1,33 km2 do 2250 km2. Posamezna
območja so nato hierarhično razdeljena na
manjša po privzeti metodologiji. Številko 1
ima padavinsko območje izvira glavnega
vodotoka. Padavinska območja stranskih
pritokov so označena s parnimi števili 2, 4, 6
in 8. Padavinska območja, vezana neposredno
na glavni vodotok pa z lihimi števili 3, 5, 7 in
9. Za določitev stranskih vodotokov je
odločilna njihova velikost. Številka 0 pomeni,
da se območje ne deli več.
Na tretji ravni smo izločili 156 padavinskih
območij do velikosti 763 km2.
On the second level, 31 watersheds
characterised by two-figure numbers were
obtained. The size of the watersheds on the
second level is from 1,33 km2 to 2250 km2.
The watersheds are then subdivided using
adopted methodology. The source of the main
stream is assigned number One. The even
numbers 2,4,6 and 8 are assigned to the
watersheds of tributary streams. Main stream
watersheds are assigned the odd numbers
3,5,7, and 9. The determination of tributary
watersheds depends on their size. Number 0
means that there is no further division.
On the third level, 156 watersheds were
assigned to the size of 763 km2.
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
21
Slika 8. Šifrant padavinskih območij Republike Slovenije na prvi ravni.
Figure 8. The first level of the Slovenian watershed coding system.
Šifrant je izdelan do četrte ravni (štiri
številke) (slika 9). S štirimestno šifro so bila za
potrebe nacionalnega vodarskega
informacijskega sistema v Sloveniji
identificirana padavinska območja do 531 km2
(Šraj, 2000). Na kraških območjih
(Ljubljanica, Krka, Kolpa in Vipava) četrte
ravni ni bilo mogoče izdelati. Narejenih je bilo
nekaj meritev s sledili, vendar premalo. Sicer
pa smo pri določanju kraških padavinskih
območij upoštevali poglavitne dokazane
podzemne povezave. Pri številčenju smo
upoštevali tudi pomen obmejnih vodotokov in
jim s podrobnejšo razdelitvijo dali večjo težo.
Šifrant Slovenije je bil izdelan leta 1996 kot
Temeljni projekt hidrografije (Brilly &
Garantini, 1996). Izdelan je bil v obliki
preglednic in kart. Podatki pa so bili vnešeni v
GIS (Brilly & Šraj, 1998).
The coding system is completed to the
fourth level (four-figure numbers) (Figure 9).
Watersheds of up to 531 km2 with four-figure
numbers were identified for the needs of the
national water information system of Slovenia
(Šraj, 2000). It was impossible to define the
fourth level watershed boundaries in the Karst
regions (The Ljubljanica, Krka, Kolpa, and the
Vipava rivers). There were some tracking
measurements, but not enough. Otherwise, all
proved groundwater connections were
considered. By coding we also considered the
importance of transboundary streams and gave
them greater significance with detailed
subdivisions.
The coding system of Slovenia was
developed in 1996 as a fundamental
hydrographic project (Brilly & Garantini,
1996). It was made in the form of tables and
maps. Data were entered in the GIS (Brilly &
Šraj, 1998).
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
22
Slika 9. Šifrant padavinskih območij Republike Slovenije na četrti ravni.
Figure 9. Fourth level of the Slovenian watershed coding system.
Šraj, M.: Šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov Republike Slovenije -
Watershed Coding System of the Republic of Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
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5. ZAKLJUČKI
Pomen šifranta padavinskih območij R
Slovenije je izjemen. Predstavlja temelj
sodobnega informacijskega sistema za potrebe
varstva okolja, urejanje podatkov o okolju,
njihovo obdelavo in statistično analizo, za
izdelavo vodnogospodarskih načrtov,
programov, katastra vodnogospodarskih
objektov in drugih prostorsko določenih
podatkov.
Šifrant padavinskih območij omogoča tudi
šifriranje strug posameznih vodotokov. Šifre,
tako kot pri padavinskih območjih, označujejo
pomen in delno klasifikacijo vodotoka. Tako s
pomočjo preprostih pravil dosežemo, da imata
padavinsko območje in njegov glavni
odvodnik enako šifro.
Sistem šifriranja padavinskih območij v
Sloveniji je strukturiran tako, da omogoča
preprosto programiranje in neposreden vnos v
hidrološke modele.
Šifrant padavinskih območij Republike
Slovenije omogoča temeljno kategorizacijo
vodotokov po hidrološkem pomenu in zasnovo
klasifikacije po vodarskem pomenu.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The coding system of the Republic of
Slovenia is significant. It represents the basis
of contemporary information system for
environment protection, environmental data
management, data handling and statistical
analysis, water management plans and
programmes, cadastre of hydraulic structures
and other space related data.
The watershed coding system also enables
stream coding. The stream codes, the same as
those of the watersheds, indicate the meaning
and partly the classification of the stream. So
with simple rules it is achieved that the
watershed and its main stream have the same
number.
The structure of the watershed coding
system of Slovenia enables simple computer
programming and direct hydrological
modelling.
The coding system of the Republic of
Slovenia enable the fundamental
categorisation of streams by hydrological
meaning and the scheme of classification by
water management meaning.
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© Acta hydrotechnica 19/30 (2001), 3-24, Ljubljana
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Naslov avtorja - Author's Address
mag. Mojca ŠRAJ
Univerza v Ljubljani – University of Ljubljana
Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo – Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering
Katedra za splošno hidrotehniko – Chair of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering
Jamova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
E-mail: msraj@fgg.uni-lj.si