PREGLEDNI ZNANSTVENI ČLANEK - REVIEW PAPER
Prejeto/Received: Oktober 2012 Popravljeno/Revised: Januar 2013 Sprejeto/Accepted: Januar 2013
povezanost strukture diplomantov terciarnega izobraževanja z gospodarsko razvitostjo -analiza evropskih držav
Correlation between Tertiary Education Graduates by Field of Study and Economic Development—An analysis of European countries
Jarmila Hojs Potočnik
doktorska študentka na Ekonomsko-poslovni fakulteti, Univerza v Mariboru jarmila.hojs@gmail.com
Polona Tominc
Ekonomsko-poslovna fakulteta, Univerza v Mariboru polona.tominc@uni-mb.si
Izvleček
V prispevku analiziramo povezanost strukture diplomantov terciarnih programov po klasifikaciji ISCED 1997 z realnim BDP/preb. po področjih izobraževanja za 25 držav Evropske unije ter za Islandijo, Norveško in Švico. Povezanost izobraževanja z gospodarsko razvitostjo je predmet številnih, med seboj nasprotujočih si razprav. Zelo malo študij pa se nanaša na področja izobraževanja; v pregledu literature tudi nismo zasledili podrobnejše analize, ki bi se nanašala na povezanost strukture diplomantov po vseh področjih izobraževanja ter na BDP/preb. Na osnovi dobljenih rezultatov lahko potrdimo povezanost strukture diplomantov po področjih terciarnega izobraževanja z BDP/preb., pri čemer lahko identificiramo nekatere pozitivne ter nekatere negativne povezave.
Ključne besede: terciarno izobraževanje, področja izobraževanja, BDP/preb.
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Naše gospodarstvo / Our Economy Vol. 59, No. 1-2, 2013 pp. 56-65
DOI: 10.7549/ourecon.2013.1-2.06
UDK: 378:330.55 JEL: I21, I24, I25
Abstract
In this paper the correlation between the structure of graduates by study fields (using ISCED 1997 classification) and real GDP per capita is analyzed for the 25 countries of the European Union, Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland. Although the relationship between education and economic development has been the topic of numerous studies, results are often contradictory, and only a few studies have analyzed the structure of graduates by study fields of education. Our research results suggest that the structure of graduates by study fields correlates with the GDP per capita, where some negative and some positive correlations are identified.
Keywords: tertiary education, fields of study, GDP/capita.
1 Uvod
Mnenja o vplivu izobraževanja na gospodarsko razvitost so deljena in so še vedno predmet številnih razprav (Guisan 2009a, Guisan in Aguayo 2010, Hanuschek in Kimko 2000, Michaelowa in Weber 2008). Večina avtorjev meni, da so bolje usposobljeni in izobraženi delavci produktivnejši in se hitreje prilagajajo tehnološkim spremembam (Corvers 1997, Guisan 1997, Barro 2001), saj višja stopnja razpoložljivega človeškega potenciala omogoča absorpcijo visokih tehnologij, za kar je še posebej pomembno izobraževanje na sekundarni in terciarni stopnji (Barro 2000). Ne samo, da imata izobrazba in njen kvalitativni vidik pozitiven vpliv na gospodarsko razvitost in sta potencialno pomembno
NG, ŠT. 1-2/2013 PREGLEDNI ZNANSTVENI ČLANKI - REVIEW PAPERS
višje rezultate v testih iz naravoslovja, matematike in pismenosti. Rezultati naše raziskave tudi potrjujejo povezavo deleža diplomantov naravoslovnih ved (ISCED 7 in ISCED 4) z državami z visokim BDP/preb. (zgornji kvartil). Lahko pa bi se tudi strinjali z ugotovitvijo Bilsa in Klenova (2000), ki menita, da gospodarska razvitost pravzaprav pogojuje strukturo izobraževanja in ne obratno (Sianesi 2000) ter da države z višjim BDP/preb. namenjajo več sredstev za študije, ki v povprečju pomenijo višje stroške na diplomanta (študij naravoslovja, matematike, računalništva, zdravstva ipd.).
Analiza je torej pokazala, da obstajajo korelacije med področji terciarnega izobraževanja po klasifikaciji ISCED 1997 in BDP/preb. in da je presežek družboslovnih študijev oz. manko naravoslovno-matematičnih študijev indikator za nižji BDP/preb.
V raziskavi je postavljen zgolj okvir za razmišljanje o primernosti uporabe posameznih področij terciarnega izobraževanja za ugotavljanje povezanosti z BDP/preb. in odpirajo se tudi številne možnosti za nadaljnje raziskave, ki se nanašajo na opredelitev podrobnejše strukture diplomantov na osnovi mikropodatkov za evropske države kot celoto kakor tudi za posamezne države.
Rezultati so pokazali, da je obilje družboslovnih diplomantov domena revnejši držav, ker pa je področje družboslovja široko, saj zajema psihologijo, sociologijo, politologijo, ekonomijo, novinarstvo, poslovne in upravne vede, finančništvo, bančništvo, zavarovalništvo, računovodstvo, davkarstvo, poslovodenje in upravljanje, administrativno delo in pravne vede, bi bilo treba v tem naboru opredeliti specifična področja.
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Mag. Jarmila Hojs Potočnik je diplomirala je na Ekonomsko-poslovni fakulteti v Mariboru, smer Denarništvo in finance, kjer je nadaljevala tudi magistrski študij. Magistrirala je na temo vpliva uporabnosti pridobljenega znanja na višješolskih strokovnih programih na zadovoljstvo študentov in delodajalcev. Trenutno je študentka doktorskega študija na smeri Ekonomija in poslovne vede. Več let je bila zaposlena v gospodarstvu na različnih delovnih področjih, največ v okviru finančne službe. Kasneje se je zaposlila v šolstvu, kjer deluje kot predavateljica na višješolskih strokovnih programih za področje ekonomije.
Jarmila Hojs Potočnik, MSc, graduated from the Faculty of Economics and Business' finance and banking program at the University of Maribor. She continued her master's degree with a special interest in the importance of the opinion of the graduates and employers about the applicability of the tertiary short-cycle study programs. Currently she is a PhD student in the economics and business sciences doctoral program. For many years she was employed mainly in the financial services. Later, she was employed in the education sector, where she currently works as a lecturer at colleges in the field of economics.
Polona Tominc, PhD, is a full-time professor in the Department of Quantitative Economic Analysis at the Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Maribor. Her research is focused on statistical methods in economics. She has participated at more than 35 scientific and professional conferences and is the author of chapters in books and articles in scientific and professional journals published in Slovenia and abroad. She is participating in the DIANA network analyzing female entrepreneurship and is a team member of GEM Slovenia.
Dr. Polona Tominc je redna profesorica na Katedri za kvantitativne ekonomske analize Ekonomsko-poslovne fakultete Univerze v Mariboru. Njeno raziskovalno področje je usmerjeno v statistične metode v ekonomiji. Sodelovala je na več kot 35 znanstvenih in strokovnih konferencah in je avtorica poglavij v knjigah ter člankov v znanstvenih in strokovnih revijah, ki izhajajo v Sloveniji in v tujini. Je članica mreže za raziskovanje ženskega podjetništva DIANA in članica raziskovalnega tima Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Slovenija.