THE RECREATIONAL CORRELATIONS OF URBANISATION PROCESSES IN HUNGARY
Antal Aubert,
Dr., prof.
Department of Tourism Geographical Institute Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Pecs Ifjusag utja 6 7624 Pecs, Hungary e-mail: aubert@ttk.pte.hu Veronika Hegedus,
Dipl.geogr, 2nd year PhD student at the Earth Sciences Doctoral School,
Faculty of Natural Sciences
University of Pecs
Ifjusag utja 6
7624 Pecs, Hungary
UDK: 911.37:711.559 COBISS: 1.01
Abstract
The recreational correlations of urbanisation processes in Hungary
The settlement network of Hungary has reached a development phase by now where not only concentration processes but also disurbanisation phenomena can be seen. This has led to the birth or urban spaces of different types, in which spaces the functions satisfying the recreational needs of the local society are becoming more and more important. Recreation, in addition to "tourism" in the classic sense of the word, is a process meeting the demands of the local population and affecting the image and the identity of the settlement, which is available for most of the people up to the level of their leisure time. (Recreation as a possibility to spend leisure time can be interpreted in a wider context that also involves tourism, but in this paper the narrower interpretation is considered as valid.)
Beyond the former, mainly touristic division of the space, the paper places the recreation-related phenomena and spaces within the system of urbanisation processes; also, the by the examination of the demand and supply side it justifies the importance of the research. Following the introduction of the theoretical background, the paper focuses - through a case study - on the development of the settlement network around Kaposvar and the recreation possibilities and spaces of the respective area. Key words
urbanisation, recreational correlations, Kaposvar
1.	Research methods
The theoretical correlations of the topic integrate the relevant findings of settlement and tourism geography, psychology (motivation research) and sociology (survey of social layers).
The applied research methods were meant to model the above-mentioned fields in an integrated way; also, an indispensable condition for the territorial researches is the processing of the relevant results of the available statistical databases (Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Hungarian Tourism Inc.), together with the application of the primary researches (questionnaire survey). These findings can be used to support the examined system of correlations.
2.	Theoretical correlations or urbanisation and recreation
Urbanisation is phenomenon of our age, which is interpreted both in the qualitative and the quantitative (urban growth) sense (Enyedi Gy. 1996). The scenes of these comprehensive social and economic processes - during which the habits and the living conditions of the population transform - are the settlements.
The settlements can be defined in different ways, as it was done by Mendol, T. (1963), Beluszky, P. (1973), Toth, J. (1988). Without providing a detailed definition we can say that the explanations of this concept consider the social, economic, infrastructural and environmental endowments as elements in a complex system (Becsei 1999).
At the highest level of the hierarchy of the urban spaces there are the conurbations, which have no representatives in Hungary. The next level of the hierarchy are the agglomerations (4 in Hungary with a total of 143 settlements), followed by the agglomerating areas (4 again, with a total of 115 settlements) and finally the city settlement groups (13 such groups exist now in Hungary with 116 settlements altogether) (Csordas 2003).
The concept of recreation is a complex, multi-factor "system" whose main elements are leisure time, human needs, motivation, and the physical space necessary for their realisation. The spending of leisure time, in addition to the tourism in the "classic" sense of the word, is mainly a process that satisfies the needs of the local population and contributes to the development of the image and the identity of the settlement. The concept of recreation includes all activities pursued for the reproduction of the intellectual and physical capacities, and the way of the spending of the leisure time which is realised through some segment of the economy. Recreation is not only passive; it is not only the use of services and the adaptation of skills but also a process of active self- and public education.
The creation and operation of the economic and infrastructure background for the spending of leisure time is a clear component of competitiveness, but the harmonisation of all these with the landscape, the ecological and natural endowments is indispensable. It is thus a characteristic feature of recreation that it must be interpreted in the context of the landscape, the environment and the economy (Kmrst 2002).
3.	Designation of the spatial categories in Hungary
3.1. Definition of the urban spaces of Hungary
As a result of the socio-economic development taking place in the 20th century, especially after Wold War II, the development and transformation of the towns accelerated. In the 1960s and 1970s, urban policy and regional development considered the development of the large cities and the county seat through central state budget support as a task of
selected importance. As a result of this, settlement groups, spaces of urban character were born around the capital city, the major countryside cities and the county seats, with different geographical scale and different economic activities, but functional relations with each other (koszegfalvy 2004).
The spatial structure of Hungary, however, shows a varied picture. The marked differences can be explained by the spatially different geographical endowments and the historical, social, economic and infrastructure reasons.
Among the problematic elements of the Hungarian settlement network we find both regions dominated by small villages and urbanised regions. The dominance of small villages within the settlement network is more typical for Transdanubia and North Hungary; the latter category can be seen all over Hungary. The biggest problem of the Hungarian urban network is the overweight of the capital city (functioning as a multiple centre), the lack of big cities (with 100 thousand - 1 million population) and their disproportionate location (they are mostly in the Great Hungarian Plain), and the dominance of the network of middle and small towns (with a population of 50-100 thousand and 5-50 thousand, respectively), which is mostly typical of the Transdanubian region (www.kkdsz.hu).
The urban spaces of both Budapest and the "countryside" are determined by the specific geographical processes taking place within them. These are the protection of the landscape, the utilisation of the resources (for example water, resources of recreation), residential and employment functions and factors characterised by the "modernised" living conditions (second home and holiday home functions) (Csatari 2004).
The above-mentioned spatial structural factors clearly determine the economic development level of the respective parts of Hungary (including their possibilities for recreation), also the spatial location of the urban spaces around the cities. It is illustrated by the map below (Koszegfalvy 2004).
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JJ/t SZOMBATHELY
Fig. 1: Urbanised spaces in Hungary (acording to KSH 2003).
Antal Aubert, Veronika Hegedus: The recreational correlations of urbanisation... 3.2. Designation of the living spaces of recreation
During the definition of the recreational spaces necessary both their scientific and spatial-territorial examination is necessary.
Among the research areas dealing with the issue, sociology and geography as a space science should be mentioned. The primary focus of sociology is the survey of the social side of the field, while geography allows a much more complex analysis and typifying. These were the main principles that we had in mind when carrying out the analysis of the foreign - Ruppert, Schaffer and Maier (1969-75), Graf (1981), Capot Rey (1947) - and Hungarian pieces of literature - essays written by Martonné E. K.(1992), Kraftné S. G. (1993) and Csordas L. (1993) -, in addition to our own experiences.
The strengthening of the urbanisation processes in the 1960s (mass migrations to the towns), the increase of the leisure time (the general use of the five-day workweek) was parallel to the improving living conditions of the population, allowing a growing share of the inhabitants to take part in both domestic and international tourism.
A consequence of the processes above was the increase of the zones of private lands around the towns (gardens and weekend houses) and the alleviation of the burden on the selected holiday regions by the building out of the recreational spaces (Kraftné S. G. 1993).
The settlement structure of Hungary and the specific geographical processes taking place in the urban spaces (Csatari B. 2004) justify the classification of the recreational spaces on regional/municipal grounds. On the basis of the paragraphs above, we can designate the leisure spaces on regional/municipal grounds as:
1.	municipal recreational zones:
•	They are created within the inner territory of municipalities,
•	their spatial volume is limited,
•	on the basis of their functions they can be built recreational establishments (plazas, shopping centres, theatres, cinemas, swimming pools, sports complexes, exhibition halls etc.) or public utility green areas (parks, alleys etc.)
examples in Hungary can be Sopron-Lovérek; Kaposvar-Deseda; Debrecen-Nagyerdo; Szombathely-Kamon arboretum; Budapest-Citadel, Buda Castle, Varosliget, Nyfregyhaza-Sosto; or Miskolc-Lillafured.
•	Because of the settlement network features they are typical in the developed big cities (e.g. the capital city or the Great Plain cities) and the Great Plain region.
2.	recreational zones and active spaces in the vicinity of settlements:
•	They are created on the outskirts of settlements or in their hinterland;
•	They can have a more significant spatial volume (for example nature protection areas, park forests, arboretums etc.),
•	On the basis of their functions they also can be built establishments (castles, churches, look-out towers etc.), agricultural production units (gardens), holiday and leisure areas ("second homes" or leisure time residences), and public utility green areas (waterside holiday resorts, forests, hiking paths etc.),
Examples include Pécs-Orfu, Abaliget; Kaposvar-Szenna; Kaposujlak; Sopron-Fertorakos, Nagycenk Balf; Szeged-Opusztaszer; Budapest-Szentendre, Gôdôllo.
•	Coming from the features of the settlement network they are dominant in the Transdanubian region, where the settlement structure dominated by small villages and small towns attaches special importance to the spatial organising functions of the central settlements.
The birth of the respective types is not only influenced by the above-mentioned economic and development processes but also the attractions necessary for tourism, i.e. the supply. The regional distribution of these attractions shows significant differences. Although the enumeration of the attractions bears a lot of subjective elements and thus cannot give precise result, the definition of the attractions is still necessary.
4. Case study - A survey a of the urban area of Kaposvar
4.1. Characteristics of the settlement group around Kaposvar
The development of Kaposvar and its hinterland has always had a close correlation to its natural and economic conditions. The development of the city has been determined primarily by the spatially changing hinterland, the central functions changing in time, the transport network developing in accordance with the conditions determined by the landscape and the development of the factors of production changing in space and time. Kaposvar with its hinterland is classified by the Central Statistical Office as a settlement group, as regards its level of urbanisation (KSH 2003).
Fig. 2: Location of the urban space of Kaposvar.
The area of our analysis can be found in South Transdanubia, more exactly in the Kaposvar micro-region, its centre is Kaposvar. The county seat has a central location, in the physical geographical sense it is situated in the Kapos valley, in the focal point of the meeting of two physical geographical regions, the Inner Somogy and the Zselic. Its transport infrastructure, by which Kaposvar has direct access not only to the other centres of Somogy county and South Transdanubia but also to the capital city, is adapted to the physical geographical endowments.
The spatial organisation functions of the town have centuries of tradition (Kaposvar used to be a district centre, today it is a county seat); it has been an industrial, commercial
and transport centre for a long time. The market of its hinterland, and the scope of its commercial, goods distribution, industrial and services activities reach beyond both the hinterland and the county borders. Its role in education, health care and cultural issues, on the other hand, has been decreased by those centres that have seen a strengthening of their functions, despite their peripheral locations: these are Siofok, Nagyatad, Marcali, Fonyod and Barcs (Peregi 1975.).
In the light of the statistical data we can make the following statements about the respective settlement group:
•	The number of the settlements in the hinterland was 13 until 2000; it has increased to 14 by now (KSH 2003). (The municipalities of the hinterland are Kaposvar, Bate, Juta, Kaposfo, Kaposmero, Kaposujlak, Kaposszerdahely, Mosdos, Nagyberki, Orci, Santos, Taszar, Zselickislak and Zselicszentpal (KSH 2003)).
•	Its size has not increased substantially since it was designated in 1990: it has grown from 276 km2 in 1990 to 300 km2 by now.
•	The number of population was 80,588 in January 2006, including the inhabitants of Kaposvar.
■ Bate	■ Juta	■ Kaposfo	■ Kaposmero
■ Kaposujlak	■ Kaposszerdahely	■ Mosdos	■ Nagyberki
□ Orci	■ Santos	□ Zselickislak	■ Zselicszentpal
□ Taszar			
Fig. 3: Number of inhabitants in the municipalities of the urban space around Kaposvar (persons), excluding Kaposvar, 2006 (VATI 2006.)* The population of Kaposvar was 67,945 people, according to data of January 2006.
•	The migration balance of the area was increasingly positive between 1999 and 2002, since then there has been stagnation or a slightly negative migration balance.
•	A considerable change in the migration processes of the area could be seen in the 1990s. A significant outmigration from the county seat to the nearby settlements was typical, also towards the villages that had formerly been annexed
to Kaposvar1. The outmigrants preferred those settlements that had adequate transport links (regular bus lines) to Kaposvar or possessed a special local attraction.
The settlements most favourably affected by the migration process were Kaposfured, a village with a new zone of detached houses (otherwise a settlement considered as absolutely average, without any special characteristics), and Toponar with its outstanding natural endowments. Also, we should mention the settlements in west-east direction along the main road No. 61. (Kaposujlak, Kaposmero and Kaposfo to the west, and Santos, Taszar, Mosdos and Nagyberki to the east). The municipalities north and south of the county seat (Juta, Zselicszentpal, Zseliskislak and Kaposszerdahely) proved to be less popular than they had been expected to be, nowadays a considerable migration back to Kaposvar from these villages is more typical.
•	Unemployment rate exceeds the national average, it looks better when compared to the regional or the county average; it ranges between 6 and 8.8%.
•	Both the indices of the level of schooling of the population and of the scientific researches lag behind the national and the regional average.
•	Another problem is the ageing of the population and the unfavourable employment structure (among the settlements of the hinterland there are still some with predominantly agricultural character, with a high proportion of agricultural earners).
•	In the order of the counties in GDP per capita (compared to the average of the EU 25), the region in our survey can be found in the last third of the Hungarian counties.
•	Among the working businesses, the small enterprises are dominant (in a proportion even higher than the national average). The sectoral breakdown of the businesses is in line with the national and the regional trends (service activities followed by industry, construction industry and finally agriculture).
•	The infrastructure provision, one of the key elements in economic development, has significantly improved over the last ten year (it is true especially for the institutional and the transport infrastructure), also, the speed of the closing of the utility gap (i.e. the difference between the households provided with water pipes and those with canalisation) exceeds the county average and is only slightly below the national average (KSH 2004).
•	The development of the infrastructure has had and still has a positive impact on the tourism of the micro-region and the county. A problem is caused, however, by the unstable and often contradictory economic environment of tourism in Hungary; the circumstances are not always good for developments. As a consequence the attractions of neither the county nor the micro-region are featured as selected priorities in the development concepts. An exception from this is the Lake Balaton, although it still has not been realised that the Lake Balaton as a tourism product is already in the mature phase of its life cycle and cannot keep up with its competitors (e.g. the Adriatic coast, Tisza Lake).
The above-mentioned factors make it necessary to create a new product structure and promote it on the tourism market. As a part of this process a bigger significance can be attributed (and actually was in the last years) to the values of the landscape and nature, the keeping of the traditions, the cultural and gastronomy values, and the spaces of the active (and affordable) holidays. These efforts are underlined by the fact that the Zselic (the micro-region between
1 In the respective years, from the price of a flat in an urban housing estate one was able to buy - or even build - a detached house within 5 kilometres from Kaposvar. The farther one came from Kaposvar, the lower the prices of the real estates were, depending on whether the given settlement had a specific attraction or a specific deficiency that affected its value on the real estate market (e.g. transport problems, Roma population, lack of workplaces, other infrastructure deficiencies etc.).
Szigetvar and Kaposvar) and the Kapos valley are present in the development
plans of South Transdanubia as selected regions that enjoy a priority.
• The necessity of the change is also proved by the tourism related projects that
have been implemented in Kaposvar and its hinterland since 2002.
Two successful applicants were given financial resources for the upgrading of the tourism concept of Somogy county. The internet websites of the settlements in the hinterland of Kaposvar have been completed. The (presently military) airport of Taszar has also been awarded support for the elaboration of the plans of a public use, civil airport. Several projects have been awarded in the framework of the events called "Special Culinary Pleasures". The development of the Deseda Lake started in the framework of the South Transdanubian Tourism Development Programme (improvement of the natural beach, establishment of hiking paths, brochures introducing the natural values etc.). The use of the Zselic for eco-tourism has started in the neighbourhood of Kaposvar (e.g. Katica farm in Patca).
Most of the supported projects have been implemented in the county seat. Of outstanding significance is the improvement of the cityscape (reconstruction of the Kossuth square, "Kaposvar in bloom" etc.), the renovation of cultural and exhibition places, editing of publications, working out and promotion of youth and leisure time programmes, and the renovation of the city spa, the "Viragfurdo" ("Flowers Spa") (Somogy megye turizmus strategiaja, 2003.).
4.2. Recreational spaces in the hinterland of Kaposvar
The location and the mere existence of the recreational spaces in the settlement group are due to the natural endowments on the one hand, and the historical factors coming from the urbanisation processes of the area, on the other. These are complemented by the marks made by the special development path (dominance of agricultural character, gastronomy etc.).
Before we conduct the survey of the recreational spaces, classified according to their spatial location defined during the theoretical correlations, it is necessary to carry out the comprehensive evaluation of the endowments of the hinterland. The findings of this survey reveal that the endowments of the area can be described as average; its cultural endowments were usually appreciated by the questioned persons, whereas the same persons found the most serious deficiencies in the specific assets.
If we look at the recreational spaces on regional/municipal grounds, we can see that the role of the recreational spaces both in Kaposvar and its hinterland are extremely important in motivating the inhabitants. (There is a demand for spaces suitable for the passing of leisure time both in the urban and the natural environment.) At the survey of the urban recreational spaces it is evidently Kaposvar that has to be emphasised. Among the natural values the parks and gardens of Kaposvar have to be mentioned, together the park forests surrounding the town. These attractions are summarised in the table below (Table 1).
During the assessment of the endowments, the cultural assets turned out to have a bigger significance in the case of Kaposvar. On the Roma-hegy ("Rome Hill") we find the villa of the famous painter born in Kaposvar, Rippl-Ronai Jozsef. The villa is now a memorial museum, under the supervision of the Directorate of the Museums of Somogy County. The supply of fine arts in Kaposvar are enriched by private exhibition halls and private collections (e.g. Vaszary Gallery, Rippl-Ronai Odon collection, Vaszary Memorial House, Juan Gyenes permanent exhibition, exhibition called "Trade in Somogy in the Past", exhibition of the Bors Istvan and Honty Marta studios, mineral collection, Steiner-
collection, Exhibition of the History of Tinsmithing, Kaposfured Gallery and State Park, SMK Kapos Art Gallery, Szentjakab Benedictine Ruins Garden etc.). The theatre of Kaposvar, the Csiky Gergely Theatre has a national and international recognition.
Tab. 1: Natural assets of Kaposvar important from recreational perspective (edited by the authors, based on primary research).
Open spaces, parks	Park forests	Lakes
Park of the theatre	Tokaj Park forest	Fishpond of the Tokaj Park forest
Europa park	Torocske Park forest	Torocske Lake
Rippl-Ronai park	Gombas Park forest and arboretum	Deseda
Berzsenyi park, Zenepavilon	Deseda forest (and cycling path)	Deseda
Varosliget (Town park)	Hornbeams Valley	Hornbeams Valley Lake
Cseri park (formerly military shooting ground)	Zarany forest	Zarany Lake
Jokai liget		
The cultural needs of the inhabitants can be satisfied, in addition to the collections and museums, by the cinemas and the libraries. The development of the number of cultural institution in Kaposvar is demonstrated by Figure 4.
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
-~ - Museums —'		
		
Fig. 4: Development of the number of cultural institutions in Kaposvar, 1990-2004. (Source: Somogy megye Statisztikai Évkonyve 1990-2004).
In the diagram we can follow the development of the number of cultural institutions in Kaposvar after the systemic change. There might be a contradiction between the paragraphs above and what we can see in the diagram, e.g. the number of the museums. The reason for this is rather simple: the figure contains the number of independent museum directorates. The case of the libraries is similar. There is only one working cinema in Kaposvar at the moment, which is explained by the high running expenses of the multiplex cinema opened in Kaposvar in 2002 (in the Kapos Plaza),
because of which Kaposvar was not able to provide enough finances to run the other cinemas that finally were closed down. In Kaposvar there are several events each year that have several years of traditions now.
Tab. 2: Festivals and fairs as cultural attractions in the hinterland of Kaposvar (edited by the authors)
Festivals	Fairs
•	Spring Festival and Fair •	'The City of Painters' Festival •	Summer Nights of Szentjakab	•	Kaposvar Tourism Exhibition and Fair •	International Spring Fair •	'From the Alps to the Adriatic' International Exhibition and Fair •	Pannon Days of Animal Husbandry
In addition to the programmes above, recreation is supported and complemented by the catering facilities of Kaposvar: confectioneries, restaurants, cafeterias, pubs etc. Several of them provide leisure time opportunities for the youth, operating discos and clubs. The development of the number of catering facilities is demonstrated by Figure 5. A striking feature is the outstanding performance of the year 1996, followed by a sharp decline; the reasons are to be found in the economic changes of the given year.
553
600500400300200100-
40
a
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Fig. 5: Development of the number of catering facilities in Kaposvar in 1990-2004. (Source: Somogy megye Statisztikai Evkonyve 1990-2004).
The special endowments of Kaposvar include the renewed "Flowers Spa", the horse riding facilities offered by the Meistro Equestrian Club and the Pannon Equestrian Academy, the mini golf course in the Varosliget, the ice rink, the annually organised street car and motorbike racing events, the institutionalised sports events (athletics, volleyball, basketball and football championships), and the Kaposvar events of the programme series called "Culinary Pleasures in Somogy County" (grill party, gala night). The implementation works of an adventure park and the Park of Domestic Animals are presently underway; these parks will not only have a recreational but also tourism functions in the future. When looking at the recreational areas around the city, we enumerated the natural, cultural and other special assets of all 13 settlements.
0
Tab. 3: Assets in the settlements of the hinterland, classified by the range of attraction (edited by the authors, based on primary research)
Municipality	Assets of		
	national significance	regional significance	local significance
Baté	-	-	Village festival day
Juta	-	-	Village festival day
Kaposfo	Swabish Ball, traditions	fishponds	Village festival day
Kaposméro	Kassai equestrian archer, European Lakes Golf & Country Club in Hencse		Village festival day, events organised by the Dr. Jones Pizzeria and Beer Pub
Kaposújlak	-	Sports airport, castle hotel	Village festival day
Kaposszerdahely	Zselic-hiking, village museum in Szenna	fishponds, hunting, Katica farm of Patca, fishponds of Peterke	Village festival day, traditions, wood carving
Mosdós	Sanatorium	Castle park	Village festival day
Nagyberki	-	Game park, equestrian sports, skittle ground	Village festival day
Orci	-	Harvest festival	Village festival day, traditions
Sántos		Motocross field of Cserénfa, gastronomy events	Village festival day
Taszár	-	airport	Village festival day
Zselickislak	Zselic-hiking	Hunting	Village festival day, traditions
Zselicszentpál	Zselic-hiking	Hunting, Ropoly forest	Village festival day, traditions
We also carried out the analysis of the attractions by the range of the attraction (see Tab. 3), as this gives us ideas how strong the attractiveness of the assets in the respective settlements are. The table clearly shows that among the attractions in the settlement group in the hinterland of Kaposvar the natural assets are most important (hunting, hiking, cycling etc.). The weight of cultural assets is limited, apart from the programmes built on the traditions. As regards the special attractions of the area, the role of sports should be emphasised: several settlements have good endowments for car, motorbike and aircraft racing. Golf and angling should not be neglected, either; in addition, the supply of equestrian sports is very important also for tourism.
There are attractions of national significance in the 13 settlements: the Zselic area, good enough for a tourism supply on its own; the village museum of Szenna (although Szenna is basically not part of the settlement group of our study, it is a municipality practically integrated physically with Kaposszerdahely); the golf club of Hencse, the traditional Swabish Ball in Kaposfo; and the workshop of Lajos Kassai, an equestrian archer in Kaposmero (Kaposdada). The attractions of regional importance are for the fans of sports. Among the cultural assets with regional relevance we can mention the Harvest Festival organised in Orci, which, in addition to preserving the traditions (preservation of the heritage of traditional agricultural production), also tries to satisfy gastronomy demands. The village festival days are solely for the local population, they are not really good for the attraction of the urban citizens. The local traditionalists (e.g. the wood carving craftsman of Kaposszerdahely) also serve the demand of the local inhabitants. Of special importance for the hinterland is the Dr. Jones Pizzeria and Beer Pub in the centre of Kaposmero; this facility does not only serve the local inhabitants of the village but also organises events (pop- and rock concerts, invitations of guest stars, karaoke, beer festival etc.) that attract the inhabitants of the other villages of the hinterland. When
making the classification of the attractions we can see that the settlements with natural assets are mostly in the southern edge of the hinterland.
5. Summary - the balance of the urbanisation and recreation processes
In the chapter called Theoretical correlations we defined the term 'recreation'. In the case of the hinterland of Kaposvar this word has a narrower meaning, i.e. recreation should be interpreted as a segment of tourism. This statement is justified by the fact this settlement group does not receive the due attention in either the national or regional, or even the county level tourism development plans, which entails difficulties in the reception of financial resources for the possible tourism development projects. The respective settlement group is relatively rich in tourism attractions, but the quality of the infrastructure built on them is only mediocre, as is the entrepreneurial willingness of the local inhabitants. These facts support the use of the possibilities lying in the passing of leisure time. The interpretation of the recreational possibilities in the light of the urbanisation processes is justified by the spatial location of the areas and institutions suitable for the passing of leisure time and also by the demands of the population. As regards the issue of recreational zones, Kaposvar and its neighbourhood did not have and do not have now, either, a selected holiday area. The natural environment and endowments of Kaposvar (Zselic, lakes etc.), the spa ("Flowers Spa"), the sports facilities (ice rink, athletics centre, Deseda Lake, sport shooting ground, football field etc.), the cultural possibilities (multiplex cinema, Csiky Gergely Theatre, museums, Rippl-Ronai heritage, Benedictine Centre of Szentjakab, programme series called 'City of the Painters', 'From the Alps to the Adriatic' International Fair, Spring Fair etc.) and the presence of the "second homes" have allowed and still allow several forms of passing leisure time. (Also, the continuous growth in the number of private cars has allowed and still allows the access to the population tourism destinations.)
The role of the settlements of the hinterland of Kaposvar in recreation cannot be questioned. The role of settlements with specific natural endowments (Zselicszentpal, Zselickislak and Santos), cultural assets (Orci) or other specific attractions (Kaposujlak, Taszar, Santos-Cserénfa, Kaposszerdahely-Szenna, Kaposmérô-Hencse) is worth mentioning. We have to remark, nevertheless, that several of the respective settlements have preserved their "traditional" residential and satellite settlement functions, due to the lack of any major attraction.
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REKREACIJA V POVEZANOSTI S PROCESI URBANIZACIJE NA MADŽARSKEM
Povzetek
Omrežje naselij na Madžarskem je doseglo razvojno stopnjo, v kateri se pojavljajo urbana območja različnih tipov, in v katerih ima zadovoljevanje rekreacijskih potreb prebivalstva vse večji pomen. V prispevku so pojavi in območja povezana z rekreacijo postavljena v okvir procesov urbanizacije. Po teoretskem uvodu se prispevek osredotoča na primer razvoja omrežja naselij na območju Kaposvara na Madžarskem ter na možnosti za rekreacijo v obravnavanem območju.