57 Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) Abstract In already known localities in the Julian Alps (Mangart, Malo Polje, Zeleno Jezero, Blehe under Šoštar) and in several new ones (Loška Koritnica, Bavh, Spodnji Lepoč, Mlinarica, Konjska planina, Mali Babanski Skedenj) we inventoried the stands along the subalpine-alpine springs and spring areas where Carex frigida frequently occurs as the predominant vascular plant. We classified them into the following associations: Saxifrago aizoidis-Caricetum ferrugineae, Caricetum davallianae s. lat., Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae, Carici frigidae-Petasitetum albi (alliance Adenostylion alliariae) and Palustriello decipientis- Caricetum frigidae (alliance Cratoneurion). The latter two were described as new. Based on comparisons with similar communities along mountain springs we discussed the most appropriate classification of the latter into higher syntaxonomic units. Iz vleček V Julijskih Alpah smo na že znanih (Mangart, Malo polje, Zeleno jezero, Blehe pod Šoštarjem) in tudi nekaterih novih nahajališčih (Loška Koritnica, Bavh, Spodnji Lepoč, Mlinarica, Konjska planina, Mali Babanski Skedenj) popisali sestoje ob subalpinsko-alpinskih izvirih in povirjih, v katerih med cevnicami pogosto prevladuje vrsta Carex frigida. Uvrstili smo jih v naslednje asociacije: Saxifrago aizoidis-Caricetum ferrugineae, Caricetum davallianae s. lat., Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae, Carici frigidae-Petasitetum albi (zveza Adenostylion alliariae) in Palustriello decipientis-Caricetum frigidae (zveza Cratoneurion). Slednji dve asociaciji smo opisali kot novi in pri drugi na podlagi primerjav s podobnimi združbami ob gorskih izvirih razpravljali o najbolj ustrezni uvrstitvi v višje sintaksonomske enote. Key words: phytosociology, synsystematics, Cystopteridion, Adenostylion alliariae, Cratoneurion, T riglav National Park, Natura 2000, Slovenia. Ključne besede: fitocenologija, sinsistematika, Cystopteridion, Adenostylion alliariae, Cratoneurion, T riglavski narodni park, Natura 2000, Slovenija. Received: 7. 9. 2020 Revision received: 12. 10. 2021 Accepted: 22. 1. 2021 1 Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute of Biology, Regional Unit Tolmin, Brunov drevored 13, 5220 Tolmin, Slovenia. E-mail: igor.dakskobler@zrc-sazu.si 2 Zaloška 78 a, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. E-mail: andrej.martincic@siol.net Igor Dakskobler1 & Andrej Martinčič2 DOI: 10.2478/hacq-2021-0010 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 58 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) Introduction Carex frigida (ice sedge) is a south-European montane species distributed across most of the Alps, a character species of the order Caricetalia davallianae (Aeschimann et al. 2004b: 826). In the Slovenian Red List it is clas- sified as rare (R) (Anon. 2002). It thrives on wet sites along streams and springs in the alpine belt (Martinčič 2007: 820). The list of ice sedge localities was published by T. Wraber & Skoberne (1989: 89–90), who made the map of its distribution area that was referred to also by Jogan et al. (2001: 86). Its localities and sites were discussed the most extensively by T. Wraber (1967: 61, 1969: 82, 1983: 121), who mainly reported those under Mangart: Gladki Rob, Rdeča Skala, Rdeča Glava, un- der Rateški Mali Mangart (to the NW above Prodi), Na Jami, on Malo Polje at Velo Polje, and along the lake of Zeleno Jezero in the Triglav Lakes Valley. At the be- ginning of fieldwork with his students on Komna on 4 July 1979 Wraber found its lowest locality on “rocks wet with the sprinkling of the Savica spring at the ele- vation of 900 m” (this information was published in T. Wraber & Skoberne, ibid., but the description of the find and the locality was recorded in his field notes, which are kept at Wraber’s library in the Ljubljana Bo- tanical Garden). The southernmost known locality of this sedge in Slovenia, Blehe under Šoštar at Mt. Črna Prst, was published and described with a phytosocio- logical table, but without mosses (Dakskobler 2003: 46, 62–63). In the Italian part of the Julian Alps it was re- ported for the locality under Viš/Jof Fuart (Marchesetti 1879, as reported by T. Wraber 1967: 61). This locality is recorded also in the distribution map for Friuli Venezia Giulia (Poldini 2002: 110). Other localities in Friuli are more to the west, in the Carnic Alps. Similarly, ice sedge localities in Carinthia, Austria, are situated to the west and north of the Julian Alps and the Karawanks (Hartl et al. 1992: 120). T. Wraber (1967, ibid.) found the ice sedge under Viš / Jof Fuart on 21.9.1966 at a well on spring soil on the southeastern slopes of this mountain directly behind the Corsi hut at the elevation of 1870 m, accompanied by Deschampsia cespitosa, Saxifraga stellaris subsp. alpigena, Arabis pumila, Ranunculus traunfellneri, Achillea atrata, Soldanella minima, Salix alpina, Tussi- lago farfara, Campanula cochleariifolia and Cerastium austroalpinum, among others. We also recorded ice sedge under Mt. Viš: in the gravelly spring area (source) under the Corsi hut, at the elevation of 1750 m, together with Heliosperma pusillum and Valeriana saxatilis, but did not make a detailed inventory (Det. I. & V. Dakskobler, 22. 7. 2013). This clearly suggests that there are more locali- ties under Viš / Jof Fuart. Our findings corroborate T. Wraber’s observation (1983: 121) that “the floristic composition of stands with Carex frigida is very heterogeneous”. After 2003 we visited and confirmed some of the previ - ously known localities of ice sedge under Mangart (Prodi, Na Jami), on Malo Polje and at Zeleno Jezero, and found several new localities in the Julian Alps. We made phy- tosociological relevés for most of them. We collected the mosses and identified them, which enabled us to process and classify the recorded communities using a syntaxo- nomic system. Methods Our analysis was based on the relevés recorded on the sites of Carex frigida using the Central-European (Braun- Blanquet 1964) phytosociological approach. They were entered into the FloVegSi database (Fauna, Flora, Veg- etation and Paleovegetation of Slovenia) of the Jovan Hadži Institute of Biology at ZRC SAZU (Seliškar et al. 2003) and processed using hierarchical classification, unweighted average linkage method – UPGMA and Wishart’s similarity ratio. We transformed the combined cover-abundance values with numerical values (1–9) ac - cording to van der Maarel (1979). Numerical compari- sons were performed with the SYN-TAX 2000 program package (Podani 2001). The nomenclatural source for the names of vascular plants were the Mala flora Sloveni- je (Martinčič et al. 2007) and Flora alpina (Aeschimann et al. 2004a,b). Ros et al. (2007) was the nomenclatural source for the names of liverworts (Marchantiophyta) and Ros et al. (2013) for the names of mosses. Steiner (1993), Zechmeister (1993), Tomaselli et al. (2011), Šilc & Čarni (2012), Mucina et al. (2016) and Hinterlang (2017) served as nomenclatural sources for the names of the syntaxa. The data source for the geological bedrock was Buser (2009). The geographic coordinates of the relevés were determined based on the Slovenian geographic co- ordinate system D 48 (Zone 5) on the Bessel ellipsoid and with Gauss-Krüger projection. Results New localities of Carex frigida and its currently known distribution in Slovenia 9547/4 (UTM 33TUM94) Slovenia: Primorska, Julian Alps, Loška Koritnica, V Mlakah to the west of Veliki Žleb under Mangart, 1750 m – 1770 m a.s.l., wet rock wall and spring streams. Leg. & det. I. Dakskobler, 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 59 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) 8. 9. 2004 and 12. 7. 2007, herbarium LJS, relevés 7 and 8 in Table 2. New locality in an already known quadrant. 9547/4 (UTM 33TUM94) Slovenia: Primorska, Julian Alps, Loška Stena, under Bavh, Pri Kamnih, wet rocks, 1910 m a.s.l. Det. I. Dakskobler, 17. 8. 2012, author’s photographs, relevé 12 in Table 2. New locality in an al- ready known quadrant. 9548/4 (UTM 33TVM04) Slovenia: Primorska, Julian Alps, Trenta, Mlinarica headwaters under Zadnje Plate, 1680 m a.s.l. Leg. & det. I. Dakskobler, 6. 8. 2008, her- barium LJS, spring community with dominant Palustriel- la commutata and Saxifraga stellaris subsp. alpigena, which we are still studying, so this relevé was not included in Table 2, Carex frigida is rare (+) here. New locality in the new quadrant. 9646/4 (UTM 33TUM83) Slovenia: Primorska, Julian Alps, Kanin Mts. Scree spring area to the west of Mali Babanski Skedenj, 1880 m a.s.l. Leg & det. I. Dakskobler, 27. 7. 2020, herbarium LJS, relevé 11 in Table 2. New locality in the new quadrant. 9647/2 (UTM 33TUM93) Slovenia: Primorska, Julian Alps, Bala, Spodnji Lepoč, springs above or along the pe- rimeter of the fen, 1690–1750 m a.s.l. Leg. & det. I. Dak- skobler, B. Vreš, B. Anderle & A. Trnkoczy, 13. 7. 2007 and I. Dakskobler, 7. 8. 2020, herbarium LJS, relevés 15, 16 and 17 in Table 2. New locality in the new quadrant. 9649/1 (UTM 33TVM13) Slovenia: Gorenjska, Julian Alps, Triglav mountain range, Konjska planina under Ce- sar, 2020 m a.s.l., headwaters. Leg. & det. B. Zupan, S. Be- hrič & I. Dakskobler, 1. 8. 2019, herbarium LJS, relevé 18 in Table 2. New locality in an already known quadrant. 9849/2 (UTM 33TVM11) Slovenia: Primorska, foot- hills of the Julian Alps, Mt. Porezen, under the village of Porezen, Prodarjeva Grapa gorge, wet rocks in the spring area, 460 m – 510 m a.s.l. Leg. & det. I. Dakskobler, 9. 5. 2020 and 13. 6. 2020, herbarium LJS. The lowest locality of this sedge in Slovenia (a special community of Carex frigida, Pinguicula vulgaris, Molinia arundinacea, Carex flacca, Palustriella commutata and other species will be discussed in a separate article). New locality in the new quadrant. Communities with Carex frigida In Austria, Steiner (1993: 155–156) reports only the asso- ciation Caricetum frigidae Rübel 1911 (which according to him comprises also the stands of associations Tofieldio- Caricetum frigidae Oberdorfer 1956 and Eriophoro-Cari- cetum frigidae Oberdorfer 1956). Carex frigida is a charac- ter species of the association and its constant companions are Campylium stellatum, Carex flava, C. nigra, Deschamp- sia cespitosa, Scorpidium revolvens (Drepanocladus revol- vens), Eleocharis quinqueflora, Eriophorum angustifolium and Trichophorum cespitosum. Steiner classifies this asso- ciation into the alliance Caricion davallianae, order Cari- cetalia davallianae and class Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae. Zechmeister (1993: 229) describes the association Cra- toneuretum falcati Gams 1927 with diagnostic species Cratoneurum falcatum, Philonotis calcarea, Silene pudi- bunda (Heliosperma pusillum subsp. pudibundum), Silene pusilla (Heliosperma pusillum subsp. pusillum), a differ- ential species Persicaria vivipara (Polygonum viviparum) and dominating and constant species Saxifraga aizoides, Agrostis stolonifera, Bryum pseudotriquetrum (Ptychosto- mum pseudotriquetrum), Carex frigida, Epilobium alsini- folium, Poa alpina, Ranunculus montanus and Saxifraga stellaris subsp. robusta. In Germany, Hinterlang (2017) reports Carex frigida as differential species of the order Montio-Cardaminetalia in communities of alliances Philonotidion seriatae and Crato- neurion commutati. According to him (Hinterlang, ibid.), diagnostic species of the alliance Cratoneurion commutati include character species Philonotis calcarea, Aneura pinguis, Bryum turbina- tum, Preissia quadrata and differential species Pinguicula alpina, P . vulgaris and Cratoneuron commutatum (as char- acter species of the class Montio-Cardaminetea). He men- tions four associations from this alliance. One of them, Cardamino-Cratoneuretum Kornas & Medwecka-Kornas 1967, comprises also Carex frigida. Differential species of this association are Philonotis calcarea, Calycocorsus stipi- tatus, Bryum turbinatum, Carex dioica, Triglochin palustre, Carex flava, Equisetum palustre, Molinia caerulea, T ussilago farfara and Carex frigida. In the Grison Alps in the Swiss canton of Graubünden, Braun-Blanquet (1971: 33–36) described the associa- tion Saxifrago aizoidis-Caricetum frigidae Braun-Blanquet 1971, which is known also in the Alpine region of France,                                                                       Figure 1: Distribution of Carex frigida in Slovenia. Slika 1: Razširjenost vrste Carex frigida v Sloveniji. 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 60 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) where the association Caltho palustris-Caricetum frigidae Julve 2007 was also reported (eVeg, 2020). Tomaselli et al. (2011) in the Fassa Dolomites (Trenti- no, SE Alps) recorded Carex frigida in the stands of the associations Cratoneuretum falcati (frequency 7%), Mon- tio-Bryetum schleicheri (frequency 5%) and Blindio-Scapa- nietum undulatae (frequency 25%). E. and S. Pignatti (2016) mention Carex frigida only as an accidental species of associations Cratoneuretum com- mutati (one relevé) and Cratoneuretum falcati (two relevés). Syntaxonomic classification of the studied communities and site descriptions We made 24 relevés and arranged them in Table 2. We omitted two relevés in which we recorded Carex frigida, but were unable to find support material for them in the working herbarium of the Institute of Biology of the ZRC SAZU, Regional Unit Tolmin. Both relevés comprise stands that are dominated by Carex ferruginea (Caricetum ferrugineae s. lat.) and are located in the regions where Carex frigida was recorded on other sites and documented with herbarium specimens or photographs: 9548/4: Trenta, Mlinarica spring area under Zadnje Plate, grassland along a spring stream, 1720 m a.s.l. Rele- vé I. Dakskobler, 31.8. 2009. 9547/4: Bala Valley, Loška Stena, a wet gully on the sunny side of the ridge towards Plešivec, 2070 m a.s.l., tall herbs in the gully (with dominating Carex ferruginea and Peucedanum ostruthium). Relevé and photograph of the stand I. Dakskobler, 17. 8. 2012. The relevés were arranged in Table 2 based on the re - sults of hierarchical classification (Figure 2). In the main, the relevés formed two distinct clusters. The relevés on the right side of the dendrogram are from Blehe under Šoštar (at Črna Prst). When we first pub- lished their table (excluding moss species) we classified them into the provisional association Carici frigidae-Peta- sitetum albi nom. prov. (Dakskobler 2003). At the time we gave the following description of the site of its stands: a gully above and along the source of a small stream at around 1370 m – 1400 m a.s.l., tall herb communities on the scree slope in the gully and on small, unstable land- slide sites along its edge. Shaly claystone (perhaps silt- stone) with admixture of chert predominates, and scree is admixed with limestone (which predominates at slightly higher elevations; the source is connected with the con- tact of geological layers). Determination of mosses collected at the time demon- strated that most of the relevés are dominated by Bryum pseudotriquetrum (Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum) and Brachythecium rutabulum, Cratoneuron filicinum occurs in two relevés and one relevé comprises also several other species diagnostic for the class Montio-Cardaminetea: Palustriella commutata, Philonotis fontana, Didymodon vinealis, Calliergonella cuspidata and Brachythecium rivulare. Other determined mosses, many of which are acidophilic, include rare species Rhabdoweisia fugax and Pogonatum nanum, whose localities had not previously been reported in the Slovenian part of the Julian Alps (Martinčič 2003). The only known localities of Rhabdo- weisia fugax (altogether 17) are in Eastern Slovenia, in the eastern Karawanks, Kamnik-Savinja Alps, Pohorje moun- tain range, Dravski Kozjak and on Strojna. Pogonatum Figure 2: Dendrogram of relevés with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (UPGMA, 1 – similarity ratio). Slika 2: Dendrogram popisov sestojev z vrsto Carex frigida v Julijskih Alpah (UPGMA, 1 – similarity ratio). 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 61 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) nanum, on the other hand, has more localities in all phy- togeographic units of Slovenia other than the Julian Alps (A. Martinčič’s database). Both species are acidophilic, with boreal-montane distribution. In terms of their constancy and mean cover the listed mosses do not justify the classification of this commu- nity into the class Montio-Cardaminetea, so we can con- firm its original classification into the association Carici frigidae-Petasitetum albi (Dakskobler 2003) Dakskobler et Martinčič ass. nov. hoc loco (relevés 2–6 in Table 2). Its diagnostic species are Petasites albus, Carduus cardu- elis, Heracleum sphondylium subsp. pollinianum, Senecio ovatus (S. fuchsii) and Carex frigida. The nomenclatu- ral type, holotypus, of the new association is relevé 4 in Table 2. The association is classified into the alliance Adenostylion alliariae and class Mulgedio-Aconitetea. Rel- evé 1 in Table 2 from the same locality is classified into the association Saxifrago aizoidis-Caricetum ferrugineae Dakskobler 1996 (Dakskobler 2003). It is characterised by Cynodontium fallax, a rare acidophilic moss included on the Red List as endangered (EN) (Martinčič 2016). Its previously known localities in Slovenia were in the Pohorje mountain range (between Vitanje and Rakovec, Bukovje at Pukštajn), in the eastern Karawanks (valley of the Bistra River and Uršlja Gora) and on Košenjak (the Velka valley at Lapanova Stena) – Martinčič (2018). The herbarium features also specimens from Grom’s her - barium (incorrectly classified as Cnestrum schisti) from the Mežica Valley, but does not provide the exact local- ity (A. Martinčič’s database). It grows on wet, shady sili- cate rocks in the montane, rarely also subalpine belt (at 500 m – 1500 m a.s.l.). In terms of species composition, relevés 7–21 in Ta- ble 2 cannot be classified into any of the above listed asso- ciations named after Carex frigida, because they obviously do not have enough species in common. Floristic similar- ity with the stands of the association Saxifrago aizoidis- Caricetum frigidae according to Sørensen (1948) is only 28.5% (see also Table 1 and Figures 3 and 4). Our stands also have only a few species in common with the stands of the association Cardamino-Cratoneure- tum: Carex frigida, Cratoneuron commutatum (Palustriella commutata), Tussilago farfara, Soldanella alpina, Bryum pseudotriquetrum (Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum), Epi- lobium alsinifolium, Palustriella decipiens, Cardamine ama- ra, Deschampsia cespitosa, Carex nigra, Juncus articulatus. If we compare the diagnostic species of classes Montio- Cardaminetea and Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae, whose stands usually comprise Carex frigida, the species of the class Montio-Cardaminetea are more numerous and have higher mean cover, especially considering that Carex frigi- da is not only a character species of the order Caricetalia davallianae, but occurs also in the communities of the alliance Cratoneurion commutati. The following diagnostic species of the class Montio- Cardaminetea and in particular of the alliance Cratoneu- rion frequently occur in our stands: Palustriella commu- tata, P . decipiens, Bryum pseudotriquetrum (Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum), Cratoneuron filicinum, Saxifraga aizoi- des and Epilobium alsinifolium. Heliosperma pusillum and Preissia quadrata (which are diagnostic also for the allian- ce Cystopteridion s. lat.) can also be considered diagnostic for this class and alliance. In addition to Carex frigida, the more frequent species of the order Caricetalia davallianae and class Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae in our stands in- clude only Parnassia palustris, Carex capillaris, Campylium stellatum and Calliergonella lindbergii. Species of the order Arabidetalia caeruleae (most fre- quently Veronica alpina, Soldanella alpina, Salix retusa and Trifolium pallescens), class Thlaspietea rotundifolii (the most frequent are Festuca nitida, Achillea atrata, Adeno- styles glabra and Rhodiola rosea), alliance Caricion ferrug- ineae (Carex ferruginea, Cerastium subtriflorum, Gentiana pumila), order Seslerietalia coeruleae and class Elyno-Sesleri- etea (Galium anisophyllum, Aster bellidiastrum, Polygonum viviparum, Myosotis alpestris), class Mulgedio-Aconitetea (Viola biflora, Aconitum lycoctonum s. lat., Peucedanum ostruthium), class Juncetea trifidi s. lat. (Festuca nigrescens, Euphrasia minima, Juncus jacquinii), and order Poo alpi- nae-Trisetetalia, class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea (Poa alpina, Crepis aurea, Deschampsia cespitosa), are quite evenly rep- resented in other phytosociological groups. Species diver- sity is therefore considerable, but the site description, on the other hand, is very similar. These are mainly commu - nities along small springs in the subalpine and alpine belt (1690–2050 m a.s.l.), stands along running cold waters, on gravelly or rocky sites, where limestone (rarely dolo- mite) is frequently admixed with marlstone and in places also with chert. We find that the most appropriate classification of these stands is into the alliance Cratoneurion commutati, order Montio-Cardaminetalia and class Montio-Cardaminetea. Admittedly, our relevés do not meet all the criteria for the classification into the alliance Cratoneurion (Zechmeister 1993: 229): sunny springs, water contains a high concen- tration of oxygen and calcium ions, mosses (cryptogams) almost never cover less than a half of the site area and vascular plants usually do not cover more than a third; nevertheless, we find that classifying them into any other alliance is even less justified. Two associations from this alliance have been docu- mented with a phytosociological table for the territory of Slovenia and its immediate vicinity: Cratoneuretum commutati Aichinger 1933 (Aichinger 1933: 64–65) and 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 62 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) Cratoneuretum falcati Gams 1927 (Surina 2005a, b). Pre- viously (Martinčič 2003), the taxon Palustriella falcata was discussed only at the rank of variety Palustriella commu- tata var. falcata, and only since recently (Martinčič 2014) as an independent species Palustriella falcata. Although at higher elevations taxon P . falcata generally replaces taxon P . commutata (Surina 2005b: 102), this is not supported by the list of localities in the Karawanks (Martinčič 2014: 336). The highest locality of taxon P . commutata is Mt. Stol (2000 m a.s.l.), and Pusti Rovt under Korenščica (1500 m a.s.l.) is the highest locality of taxon P . falcata. We made a synoptic table (Table 1) with four columns that comprise our community as well as the stands of both previously listed associations and stands of the asso- ciation Saxifrago aizoidis-Caricetum frigidae (Braun-Blan- quet 1971). T axon P . commutata and taxon P . falcata were treated as a single species. We obtained two dendrograms, which differ slightly if we take into account species con- stancy (Figure 3) or merely presence/absence of species (Figure 4). In terms of species constancy our relevés are the most similar to the relevés of the association Cratoneuretum fal- cati from the Krn Mountains, but if we take into account only the presence or absence of species they are more similar to the stands of the association Saxifrago aizoidis- Caricetum frigidae. In both cases, however, floristic simi- larity is too low to allow us to classify them into either of these associations. Legend (Legenda): PdCfr Palustriello decipientis-Caricetum frigidae, Julian Alps, this article Crafal Cratoneuretum falcati, Julian Alps, Krn Mountains, Surina (2005a, Table 1) SaCfr Saxifrago aizoidis-Caricetum frigidae, Rätischen Alps, Braun-Blanquet (1971, Table 8) Cracom Cratoneuretum commutati, Karavanke, Aichinger (1933, T able 17) Figure 3: Dendrogram of four communities of mountain springs in the Alps (UPGMA, 1 – similarity ratio). Slika 3: Dendrogram štirih združb gorskih povirij v Alpah (UPGMA, 1 – similarity ratio). Legend (Legenda): – see Figure 3 Figure 4: Dendrogram of four communities of mountain springs in the Alps (UPGMA, 1 – Jaccard). Slika 4: Dendrogram štirih združb gorskih povirij v Alpah (UPGMA, 1 – Jaccard). Likewise, the recorded stands cannot be classified into the association Cratoneuretum falcati, because in terms of mean cover Palustriella commutata (Cratoneuron com- mutatum s. lat.) dominates over Carex frigida only in several stands. In our case, it is therefore more appro- priate to use the species that dominate the herb layer as 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 63 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) the name-giving species of the association. The recorded stands are classified into the new association Palustriello decipientis-Caricetum frigidae ass. nov. hoc loco. Diag- nostic (character and differential) species of the asso- ciation are Carex frigida, Palustriella decipiens, Festuca nitida (the southeast-European montane species of wet screes), Achillea atrata, Carex ferruginea and Paederota lutea (southeastern-Alpine-north-Dinaric chasmo phytic species). Palustriella decipiens is a Eurasiatic, boreal-mon- tane moss that is preferentially encountered on calcare- ous micaschists in crenic waters with low mineral content (Dierßen 2001). It must also survive more severe climates than Palustriella commutata (Tomaselli et al. 2011). It is diagnostic of the order Montio-Cardaminetalia (Hin- terlang 2017). In Slovenia, it was recorded in the Julian Alps, the Karawanks and in the Kamnik-Savinja Alps, only rarely in their foothills and (in) the Dinaric Alps. It grows in the subalpine and alpine belt, up to 2100 m a.s.l. Some of its localities are also in the montane and sub- montane belt, descending as low as 480 m a.s.l. (Višče near Lake Bled), 460 m a.s.l. (Brdo pri Kranju, near the Vršek rivulet), 450 m a.s.l. (under Komar near Koritno), 300 m a.s.l. (Spodnje Pirniče under Šmarna Gora, warm spring), 200 m a.s.l. (the left bank of the Idrijca River near Stopnik) and even 80 m a.s.l. (the left bank of the Soča River near Deskle). It sites are moist to wet: fens, cold springs, wet rocks with splashed water, rarely mead- ows (Martinčič 2003, A. Martinčič’s database). In the upper montane belt of the Fassa Dolomites (Trentino, SE Alps) a spring community named phytocoenon of Palus- triella decipiens was described (Tomaselli et al., ibid.). The nomenclatural type, holotypus, of the new as- sociation is relevé 10 in Table 2. Two variants can be distinguished: var. Heliosperma pusillum (relevés 7–14 in Table 2, stands are more typical for cold springs, the differential species of the variant is also Cerastium sub- triflorum) and var. Veronica alpina (relevés 15–21, which are slightly more similar to fen communities from the alliance Caricion davallianae or in contact with them, the differential species of the variant is also Gentiana pumila). Relevés 22 and 23 in Table 2 (under Mangart, Na Jami) are provisionally classified into the subassociation Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae Surina 2005 caricitosum frigidae nom. prov. and alliance Cystopterid- ion. Blinda caespiticia, which is included in the Red List as endangered (EN) (Martinčič 2016) was also identified in one of the relevés. Relevé 24 (Malo Polje at Velo Polje) belongs to the association Caricetum davallianae s. lat. (Equiseto palustris-Caricetum davallianae nom. prov.), al- liance Caricion davallianae, order Caricetalia davallianae and class Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae. Conspectus of the syntaxa described herein, ordered in a syntaxonomic scheme: Montio-Cardaminetea Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Klika et Hadač 1944 Montio-Cardaminetalia Pawłowski et al. 1928 Cratoneurion commutati Koch 1928 Palustriello decipientis-Caricetum frigidae Dakskobler et Martinčič 2021 var. Heliosperma pusillum var. Veronica alpina Scheuchzerio palustris-Caricetea nigrae Tx. 1937 nom. mut. Caricetalia davallianae Br.-Bl. 1950 nom. conserv. propos. Caricion davallianae Klika 1934 Caricetum davallianae Dutoit 1924 s. lat. (Equiseto palustris-Caricetum davallianae nom. prov.) Asplenietea trichomanis (Br.-Bl. in Meier et Br.-Bl. 1934) Oberd. 1977 Potentilletalia caulescentis Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et Jenny 1926 Cystopteridion fragilis Richard 1972 s. lat. Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae S urina 2005 caricetosum frigidae nom. prov. Mulgedio-Aconitetea Hadač et Klika in Klika et Hadač 1944 Adenostyletalia alliariae Br.-Bl. 1930 Adenostylion alliariae Br.-Bl. 1926 Carici frigidae-Petasitetum albi (Dakskobler 2003) Dakskobler et Martinčič 2021 Conclusions Carex frigida is rare in Slovenian flora and its localities in the montane to the alpine belt (900 m – 2070 m) have previously been reported only in the Julian Alps. In our research we confirmed most of the previously known lo- calities and found several new ones (the spring area of the Mlinarica, Loška Stena: Bavh, Spodnji Lepoč, Konjska Planina under Cesar in the Triglav range, Mali Babanski Skedenj in the Kanin Mountains, Prodarjeva Grapa gorge on the northern side of Mt. Porezen, 460‒510 m a.s.l, the lowest locality in Slovenia). We made relevés of the stands with this hygrophilous sedge and after identifying the col- lected mosses we were able to classify the studied commu- nities using a syntaxonomic system. We confirmed and typified the previously described association Carici frigi- dae-Petasitetum albi at the altimontane spring at the con- tact of geological layers (claystone/siltstone with admix- ture of chert and limestone) in Blehe under Šoštar at Črna Prst. These stands are characterised by rare mosses, which until now had no known localities in the Slovenian part 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 64 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) of the Julian Alps: Rhabdoweisia fugax, Pogonatum nanum and Cynodontium fallax (the latter occurs in a stand of the contact association Saxifrago aizoidis-Caricetum fer- rugineae). Most of the other stands were recorded along small springs, on gravelly or rocky sites, where limestone (rarely dolomite) is frequently admixed with marlstone and in places also with chert. Some relevés belong to a chasmophytic (Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum lu- teae) or fen community Caricetum davallianae s. lat. The relevés with Carex frigida as the dominating vascular plant were classified into the new association Palustriello decip- ientis-Caricetum frigidae, whose diagnostic species are Carex frigida, Palustriella decipiens, Festuca nitida, Achillea atrata, Carex ferruginea and Paederota lutea. As the moss cover is abundant and dominated by species characteristic for the class Montio-Cardaminetea (Palustriella commu- tata, P . decipiens, Cratoneuron filicinum and Bryum pseu- dotriquetrum / Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum), as well as several vascular plants characteristic for mountain spring communities (Saxifraga aizoides, Epilobium alsinifolium, Heliosperma pusillum), are presented, these stands can be classified into the alliance Cratoneurion. This was con- firmed also by the comparison with previously described communities from this alliance in Slovenia, mainly with stands of the association Cratoneuretum falcati from the Krn Mountains. Because of low floristic similarity (Sø- rensen’s similarity index, Sørensen 1948, is 28.5%) they cannot be classified into the association Saxifrago aizoidis- Caricetum frigidae, which is described in the Grison Alps of the Swiss canton Graubünden and reported also in the French Alps. Stands with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps can main- ly be classified into the Natura 2000 habitat type 7220* (Physis code 54.12) Petrifying springs with tufa forma- tion (Cratoneurion). They are a habitat of several protect - ed vascular plants (Anon. 2004): Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra, Gymnadenia conopsea, Pinguicula alpina, P. vulgaris, red-listed vascular plants (Anon. 2002): Carex bicolor, C. davalliana, C. frigida, Eriophorum scheuchzeri, Trifolium thalii, and red-listed mosses (Martinčič 2016): Blinda caespiticia and Cynodontium fallax. According to our findings, these communities are not threatened, de- spite occasional grazing of small ruminants (sheep) in the vicinity, e.g. under Mangart, Bavh, on Konjska Planina and at Spodnji Lepoč. Although some of the stands un- der Mangart are in the immediate vicinity of mountain trails (Na Jami), most of them are well off the beaten tracks, in particular the spring in Blehe under Šoštar and the fen at Spodnji Lepoč above Bala. Nevertheless, all of the described springs are indirectly threatened by climate change as a result of less snowfall and precipitation in general. Povzetek Združbe z vrsto Carex frigida v Julijskih Alpah (severozahodna Slovenija) Carex frigida je redka vrsta v flori Slovenije, z do zdaj znanimi nahajališči od montanskega do alpinskega pasu (900 m do 2070 m) le v Julijskih Alpah. Pri naših razi- skavah smo potrdili večino do zdaj znanih nahajališč in našli še nekaj novih (povirje Mlinarice, Loška stena: Bavh, Spodnji Lepoč, Konjska planina pod Cesarjem v Trigla- vskem pogorju, Babanski Skedenj v Kaninskem pogorju, Prodarjeva grapa pod Poreznom z nadmorsko višino 460 do 510 m nm. v., do zdaj najnižje ležeče nahajališče v Slo- veniji). Sestoje, v katerih uspeva ta vlagoljubni šaš, smo fi - tocenološko popisali in ko nam je uspelo določiti na popi- sih nabrane mahove, smo proučene združbe lahko uvrstili v sintaksonomski sistem. Potrdili in tipizirali smo že pred leti opisano asociacijo Carici frigidae-Petasitetum albi pri altimontanskem izviru na stiku geoloških plasti (glinavec / meljevec s primesjo roženca in apnenec) v Blehah pod Šo- štarjem pri Črni prsti. Posebnost teh sestojev so redke ma- hovne vrste, ki v slovenskem delu Julijskih Alp do zdaj niso imele znanih nahajališč: Rhabdoweisia fugax, Pogonatum nanum in Cynodontium fallax (slednja uspeva v sestoju stične asociacije Saxifrago aizoidis-Caricetum ferrugineae). Večino ostalih sestojev smo popisali ob majhnih izvirih, na gruščnatih ali skalnatih rastiščih, kjer je apnencu (redkeje dolomitu) pogosto primešan laporovec ali ponekod tudi roženec, v subalpinskem in alpinskem pasu na nadmorski višini od 1690 do 2050 m. Nekateri popisi sodijo v združ- bo skalnih razpok (Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae), ali nizkobarjansko združbo Caricetum davallianae s. lat. Popise, v katerih je med cevnicami prevladujoča vrsta Carex frigida pa smo uvrstili v novo asociacijo Palustriello decipientis-Caricetum frigidae, katere diagnostične vrste so Carex frigida, Palustriella decipiens, Festuca nitida, Achillea atrata, Carex ferruginea in Paederota lutea. Po dobro zasto- pani mahovni plasti s prevladujočimi vrstami, značilnimi za razred Montio-Cardaminetea: Palustriella commutata, P . decipiens, Cratoneuron filicinum in Bryum pseudotrique- trum (Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum), a tudi z nekaterimi za združbe gorskih izvirov značilnimi cevnicami Saxifraga aizoides, Epilobium alsinifolium, Heliosperma pusillum, te sestoje lahko uvrstimo v zvezo Cratoneurion. T o je potrdila tudi primerjava z nekaterimi do zdaj opisanimi združbami iz te zveze v Sloveniji, predvsem s sestoji asociacije Crato- neuretum falcati iz Krnskega pogorja. Uvrstitev v asocia - cijo Saxifrago aizoidis-Caricetum frigidae, ki je opisana v švicarskih Alpah in jo poznajo tudi v francoskih Alpah, zaradi zelo majhne floristične podobnosti (le 28,5% po Sørensenu 1948) ni mogoča. 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 65 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) Sestoje z mrzlim šašem v Julijskih Alpah večinoma lah- ko uvrstimo v Natura 2000 habitatni tip 7220* (Physis koda 54.12) Lehnjakotvorni izviri ( Cratoneurion). V njih uspevajo nekatere zavarovane cevnice (Anon. 2004): Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra, Gymnadenia conop- sea, Pinguicula alpina, P. vulgaris in nekatere vrste iz rde- čega seznama cevnic (Anon. 2002): Carex bicolor, C. da- valliana, C. flavella, C. frigida, Eriophorum scheuchzeri, Trifolium thalii ter iz rdečega seznama mahov (Martinčič 2016): Blinda caespiticia in Cynodontium fallax. Po naših spoznanjih za zdaj te združbe niso ogrožene, čeprav je občasno v okolici prisotna paša drobnice (ovac) – na pri- mer pod Mangartom, Bavhom, na Konjski planini in v Spodnjem Lepoču. Nekateri sestoji pod Mangartom so zelo blizu planinskih poti (Na jami), ostali so večinoma odmaknjeni od bolj obljudenih poti. Še posebej to velja za izvir v Blehah pod Šoštarjem, prav tako za nizko barje Spodnji Lepoč in njegovo obrobje nad Balo. Posredno pa vse opisane izvire ogrožajo podnebne spremembe z vedno manjšo količino snežnih padavin in padavin na sploh. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the heirs of late Tone Wraber for giving his manuscripts and professional literature to the safekeeping of the Botanical Garden of the University of Ljubljana, and to its director, Dr. Jože Bavcon, who al- lowed us to examine professor’s legacy. 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Wraber, T. 1983: Nekatere nove ali redke vrste v flori Julijskih Alp (V). Biološki vestnik 31 (2): 119–126. Wraber, T. & Skoberne, P. 1989: Rdeči seznam ogroženih praprotnic in semenk SR Slovenije. Varstvo narave 14 –15: 1–429. Zechmeister, H. 1993: Montio-Cardaminetea. In: Grabherr, G. & Mucina L. (eds.): Die Pflanzengesellschaften Österreichs. Teil II: Natürliche waldfreie Vegetation, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena - Stuttgart - New York, pp. 213–240. 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 67 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) Table 1: Synoptic table of some communities of mountain springs in the Alps Preglednica 1: Sintezna tabela nekaterih združb gorskih izvirov v Alpah Successive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 Sign for syntaxa (Oznaka sintaksona) PdCfr SaCfr Crafal Cracom Authors (Avtorji) IDAM BrBl BS EA Number of relevé (Število popisov) 15 14 6 5 Montio-Cardaminetea Palustriella commutata s. lat. (inc. var. falcata) E0 60 43 100 100 Bryum pseudotriquetrum (Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum) E0 67 . . . Palustriella decipiens E0 67 . . . Cratoneuron filicinum E0 53 . . . Epilobium alsinifolium E1 47 7 67 . Saxifraga aizoides E1 40 93 50 40 Heliosperma pusillum E1 40 . 67 20 Preissia quadrata E0 13 . . . Philonotis fontana E0 13 . . . Cardamine amara E1 7 14 . . Hymenostylium recurvirostre E0 7 . . . Gymnostomum aeruginosum E0 7 . . . Campylidium calcareum E0 7 . . . Bryum schleicheri E0 7 . . . Conocephalum conicum E0 7 . . . Saxifraga stellaris subsp. alpigena (inc. subsp. robusta) E1 . 43 50 . Philonotis calcarea E0 . 21 50 . Philonotis seriata E0 . 14 . . Eucladium verticillatum E0 . . . 20 Caricetalia davallianae Carex frigida E1 100 100 . . Parnassia palustris E1 47 43 50 20 Carex capillaris E1 33 7 . . Campylium stellatum E0 27 21 . . Carex flava s. lat. E1 13 . . . Tofieldia calyculata E1 7 14 . 100 Carex bicolor E1 7 . . . Juncus triglumis E1 . 71 . . Primula farinosa E1 . 29 . . Carex davalliana E1 . 21 . . Willemetia stipitata (Calycocursus stipitatus) E1 . 21 . . Carex viridula E1 . 21 . . Equisetum variegatum E1 . 14 . . Triglochin palustre E1 . 14 . . Carex panicea E1 . 14 . . Eriophorum latifolium E1 . 7 . . Dactylorhiza majalis E1 . 7 . . Lachnea scutellata (Scutellinia scutellata) Fu . 7 . . Blysmus compressus E1 . 7 . . Eleocharis quinqueflora E1 . 7 . . Kobresia simpliciuscula E1 . 7 . . Molinia caerulea subsp. caerulea E1 . 7 . . Luzula sudetica E1 7 Pinguicula alpina E1 . . 17 100 Carex lepidocarpa E1 . . . 20 Dactylorhiza incarnata E1 . . . 20 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 68 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) Successive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae Calliergonella lindbergii E0 20 . . . Amblystegium serpens E0 13 . . . Juncus filiformis E1 13 14 . . Carex nigra E1 7 29 . . Allium schoenoprasum subsp. alpinum E1 7 7 . . Juncus articulatus E1 7 . . . Scorpidium cossonii (Drepanocladus cossonii) E0 7 . . . T araxacum sect. Palustria E1 7 . . . Eriophorum scheuchzeri E1 7 . . . Aulacomnium palustre E0 7 . . . Pinguicula leptoceras E1 . 57 . . Juncus alpinoarticulatus E1 . 43 . . Eriophorum angustifolium E1 . 29 . . Juncus articulatus E1 . 14 . . Trichophorum cespitosum E1 . 14 . . Carex echinata E1 . 14 . . Scapania paludosa E1 . 14 . . Straminergon stramineum E0 . 7 . . Equisetum palustre E1 . 7 . . Cystopteridion fragilis Cystopteris fragilis E1 13 . 17 . Cystopteris regia E1 13 . . . Valeriana tripteris E1 7 . . . Carex brachystachys E1 . . . 40 Orthothecium rufescens E0 . . . 20 Valeriana saxatilis E1 . . . 20 Physoplexido comosae-Saxifragion petraeae Paederota lutea E1 40 . . . Potentilletalia caulescenstis Campanula cochleariifolia E1 27 7 50 . Valeriana elongata E1 7 . . . Arabidetalia caeruleae (inc. Salicion herbaceae, Androsacion alpinae) Veronica alpina E1 33 . . . Soldanella alpina E1 27 21 . . Salix retusa E1 27 . . . Trifolium pallescens E1 27 . . . Carex parviflora E1 13 7 . . T araxacum sect. Alpina E1 13 7 . . Alchemilla fissa E1 13 . . . Saxifraga sedoides E1 7 . 17 . Epilobium anagallidifolium E1 7 . . . Galium noricum E1 7 . . . Ranunculus traunfellneri E1 7 . . . Sibbaldia procumbens E1 7 . . . Doronicum glaciale E1 7 . . . Rumex nivalis E1 7 . . . Gentiana bavarica E1 . 43 . . Cerastion cerastioides E1 . 7 . . Thlaspietea rotundifolii Festuca nitida E1 60 . . . Achillea atrata E1 33 . . . Adenostyles glabra E1 33 . 33 100 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 69 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) Successive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 Rhodiola rosea E1 27 . 17 . Cirsium spinosissimum E1 27 . . . Valeriana montana E1 13 . . . Doronicum grandiflorum E1 13 . . . Tussilago farfara E1 7 14 . 80 Poa minor E1 7 . . . Sedum atratum E1 7 . . . Heracleum pollinianum E1 7 . . . Arabis bellidifolia E1 . 14 . . Gypsophila repens E1 . 7 . . Leontodon hyoseroides E1 . . 33 . Cerastium carinthiacum subsp. austroalpinum E1 . . 17 . Hieracium bifidum E1 . . 17 . Heliosperma alpestre E1 . . . 100 Petasites paradoxus E1 . . . 60 Astrantia carniolica E1 . . . 20 Caricion ferrugineae Carex ferruginea E1 33 . . 20 Cerastium subtriflorum E1 27 . 17 . Gentiana pumila E1 27 . . . Trifolium thalii E1 7 . . . Caricetum firmae, Oxytropido-Elynion Silene acaulis E1 7 . . . Minuartia verna (M. gerardii) E1 7 7 . . Gentiana nivalis E1 7 . . . Saussurea alpina E1 . 7 . . Caricion autroalpinae Festuca calva E1 20 . . . Seslerietalia coeruleae Galium anisophyllum E1 40 . 17 . Achillea clavenae E1 27 . . . Ranunculus carinthiacus E1 13 . 17 . Juncus monanthos E1 13 . 17 . Saussurea discolor E1 7 . . . Elyno-Seslerietea Polygonum viviparum E1 47 36 17 . Aster bellidiastrum E1 33 50 17 100 Myosotis alpestris E1 27 . . . Thymus praecox subsp. polytrichus E1 20 . 17 . Pedicularis verticillata E1 20 . . . Alchemilla vulgaris s. lat. E1 20 14 . . Bartsia alpina E1 13 57 . . Selaginella selaginoides E1 13 29 17 20 Carex sempervirens E1 13 . 17 . Cerastium strictum E1 13 . . . Lotus alpinus E1 13 . . . Gentianella anisodonta E1 13 . . . Astrantia bavarica E1 13 . . . Agrostis alpina E1 13 . . . Sesleria caerulea E1 7 21 . . Rhinanthus glacialis E1 7 7 . . Phyteuma orbiculare E1 7 . . . Scabiosa lucida subsp. lucida E1 7 . . . 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 70 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) Successive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 Polygala alpestris E1 7 . . . Homogyne discolor E1 7 . . . Ligusticum mutellina E1 . 29 . . Ranunculus montanus E1 . 7 . . Mulgedio-Aconitetea Viola biflora E1 53 21 33 . Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. ranunculifolium E1 33 . . . Peucedanum ostruthium E1 27 . . . Chaerophyllum hirsutum E1 20 . . 20 Veratrum album E1 20 . . . Thalictrum aquilegiifolium E1 13 . . . Hypericum maculatum E1 13 . . . Alchemilla xanthochlora E1 7 . . . Epilobium alpestre E1 7 . . . Lamium maculatum E1 7 . . . Pedicularis recutita E1 . 7 . . Juncetea trifidi, Nardion strictae Festuca nigrescens E1 20 . . . Juncus jacquinii E1 27 50 . . Euphrasia minima (inc. E. pulchella) E1 27 . . . Campanula scheuchzeri E1 7 . . . Anthoxanthum nipponicum E1 7 . . . Scorzoneroides helvetica E1 7 . . . Potentilla erecta E1 . 14 . . Primula integrifolia E1 . 7 . . Poo alpinae-Trisetetalia Poa alpina E1 53 . 50 . Crepis aurea E1 33 21 . . Trifolium badium E1 13 21 . . Euphrasia picta E1 13 . 17 . Trollius europaeus E1 7 . . . Calthion Crepis paludosa E1 . 14 . 60 Caltha palustris E1 . 14 . . Ranunculus aconitifolius E1 . 7 . . Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Deschampsia cespitosa E1 33 93 33 40 Leontodon hispidus E1 27 29 . . Dactylis glomerata E1 7 . . . Festuca arundinacea E1 7 . . . Trifolium repens E1 7 . . . Trifolium pratense E1 7 . . . Agrostis stolonifera E1 . 64 . . Leontodon autumnalis E1 . 7 . . Festuco-Brometea Cirsium erisithales E1 20 . . . Buphthalmum salicifolium E1 13 . . . Koeleria pyramidata E1 7 . . . Carlina acaulis E1 7 . . . Helictotrichon praeustum E1 7 . . . Briza media E1 . 21 . . Cirsium acaule E1 . 7 . . Gymnadenia conopsea E1 . 7 . . 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 71 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) Successive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 Betulo-Alnetea Salix waldsteiniana E1 27 7 . . Vaccinio-Piceeta Calamagrostis arundinacea E1 . . . 60 Fagetalia sylvaticae Daphne mezereum E1 13 . . . Querco-Fagetea Carex flacca E1 . 14 . 40 Alnion incanae, Salicetea purpureae Alnus incana E2 . . . 20 Salix eleagnos E2 . . . 20 Other species (Ostale vrste) Agrostis sp. E1 7 . . . Sagina sp. E1 7 . . . Mosses (Mahovi) Brachythecium rutabulum E0 47 . . . Plagiochila porelloides E0 20 . . . Ptilidium ciliare E0 7 7 . . Plagiomnium rostratum E0 7 . . . Hylocomium splendens E0 7 . . . Lescuraea incurvata E0 7 . . . Rhytidium rugosum E0 7 . . . Barbilophozia attenuata E0 7 . . . Barbilophozia hatcheri E0 7 . . . Climacium dendroides E0 7 . . . Hypnum vaucheri E0 7 . . . Tortella densa E0 7 . . . Timmia norvegica E0 7 . . . Sciuro-hypnum curtum (Brachythecium curtum) E0 7 . . . Drepanocladus sp. E0 . 21 . . Alectoria subulata E0 . 7 . . Blinda acuta E0 . 7 . . Bryum torquescens E0 . 7 . . Dicranella squarrosa E0 . 7 . . Pohlia wahlenbergii (Mniobryum albicans) E0 . 7 . . Mnium sp. E0 . 7 . . Meesia trichodes E0 . 7 . . Sphagnum subsecundum E0 . 7 . . Bryum sp. E0 . 14 33 20 Meesia uliginosa E0 . . 33 . Hygroamblystegium tenax (Amblystegium tenax) E0 . . 33 . Eurhynchium angustirete E0 . . 17 . Isothecium alopecuroides E0 . . 17 . Brachythecium sp. E0 . . 17 . Legend – Legenda 1 Palustriello decipientis-Caricetum frigidae 2 Saxifrago aizoidis-Caricetum frigidae 3 Cratoneuretum falcati 4 Cratoneuretum commutati ID Igor Dakskobler AM Andrej Martinčič BrBl Josias Braun-Blanquet BS Boštjan Surina EA Ervin Aichinger 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 72 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Pr. Fr. Database number of relevé (Delovna številka popisa) 202685 202680 202684 202681 202683 202682 217622 214119 213529 277220 282139 244429 276815 276875 217599 217606 217607 276332 277263 217528 259695 276877 277221 244220 Author of relevé (Avtor popisa) IDAM IDAM IDAM IDAM IDAM IDAM IDAM IDAM IDSBAM IDSBAM IDAM IDAM IDAM IDAM IDBVAM IDBVAM IDBVAM IDBZSBAM IDSBAM IDBZAM TWAM IDAM IDSBAM IDBZAM Elevation in m (Nadmorska višina v m) 1370 1380 1370 1388 1390 1400 1780 1770 2050 2000 1880 1910 1950 1940 1720 1690 1695 2020 1970 1985 1920 1940 2000 1670 Aspect (Lega) NW SW SW SW SE S SE S SW SW S SE SE SW SW NW NW S 0 0 S S SW SE Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) 50 20 40 30 30 30 60 60 20 80 15 10 10 30 20 5 5 1 0 0 10 70 95 25 Parent material (Matična podlaga) ClCh ClCh ClCh ClCh ClCh ClCh L LM LCh LCh L L LM LM L L L LM L L Gr L LCh Gr Soil (Tla) Co Co Co Co Co Co Li Gl Li Li Li Li Gl Gl Li Li Li Gl Li Li Li Li Li Gl Stoniness in % (Kamnitost v %) 20 5 5 0 0 5 10 10 10 20 40 30 5 20 20 0 0 5 15 30 40 100 100 10 Cover of herb layer in % (Zastiranje zeliščne plasti v %): 80 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 80 80 60 70 70 70 80 100 100 70 85 70 60 30 25 70 Cover of moss layer in % (Zastiranje mahovne plasti v <+%): 20 15 10 15 5 30 20 40 40 60 20 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 15 10 30 10 10 40 Number of species (Število vrst) 56 31 40 53 44 47 22 20 21 32 25 20 29 37 31 27 27 24 37 15 25 25 17 24 Relevé area (Velikost popisne ploskve) m 2 4 1 2 4 2 5 10 2 10 10 5 2 2 10 2 10 10 20 4 10 10 10 10 20 Date of taking relevé (Datum popisa) 23. 7. 2002 and 11. 6. 2003 23. 7. 2002 and 11. 6. 2003 23. 7. 2002 and 11. 6. 2003 23. 7. 2002 and 11. 6. 2003 23. 7. 2002 and 11. 6. 2003 23. 7. 2002 and 11. 6. 2003 7/12/2007 9/8/2004 7/28/2005 7/17/2019 7/27/2020 8/17/2012 8/28/2019 8/28/2019 7/13/2007 7/13/2007 7/13/2007 8/1/2019 7/23/2019 7/26/2007 8/6/1983 8/28/2019 7/17/2019 7/31/2012 Locality (Nahajališče) Blehe-Šoštar Blehe-Šoštar Blehe-Šoštar Blehe-Šoštar Blehe-Šoštar Blehe-Šoštar V Mlakah-Loška Koritnica V Mlakah-Loška Koritnica Mangart-Prodi Mangart-Prodi Mali Babanski Skedenj Bala-Bavh-Pri Kamnih Mangart-Na jami Mangart-Na jami Bala-Spodnji Lepoč Bala-Spodnji Lepoč Bala-Spodnji Lepoč Konjska planina-Cesar Mangart-Prodi T riglavska jezera-Zeleno jezero Mangart- Rdeča skala Mangart-Na jami Mangart-Na jami Velo polje-Malo polje Quadrant (Kvadrant) 9749/4 9749/4 9749/4 9749/4 9749/4 9749/4 9547/4 9547/4 9547/4 9547/4 9646/4 9547/4 9547/4 9547/4 9647/2 9647/2 9647/2 9649/1 9547/4 9648/2 9547/4 9547/4 9547/4 9649/1 Coordinate GK Y (D-48) m 419030 419027 419026 419033 419028 419042 396656 396680 396451 396505 382336 397266 395940 395977 396990 396857 396861 412583 396273 407590 396123 395978 396503 412289 Coordinate GK X (D-48) m 5121101 5121113 5121100 5121120 5121126 5121137 5143896 5143949 5145220 5145197 5133224 5141189 5144926 5144887 5140235 5140106 5140114 5136330 5145126 5134856 5144158 5144888 5145208 5135157 Diagnostic species of the associations (Diagnostične vrste asociacij) Pr. Fr. Cfer Carex ferruginea E1 3 + . . + + . . . . + . . . + . + . . + + . . + 10 42 MC Saxifraga aizoides E1 + . . . . . . . 1 1 . . . + . . + + . . 1 1 + . 9 38 FS Petasites albus E1 . 4 + 2 2 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 21 MuA Senecio ovatus E1 + + + + + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 25 TR Heracleum sphondylium subsp. pollinianum E1 + + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 7 29 MuA Carduus carduelis E1 . + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 21 SCF Carex frigida E1 + 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 + + + 24 100 TR Festuca nitida E1 . . . . . . . + 1 1 2 2 1 . 1 . + . . . 1 + . 2 11 46 MC Palustriella decipiens E0 . . . . . . 2 2 1 1 . . 1 + 2 2 2 . . . 1 . . . 10 42 PS Paederota lutea E1 . . . . . . . . + 1 + . . + . . . . + . + 2 2 . 8 33 TR Achillea atrata E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . + 1 r . . . 1 . . + . . 7 29 PC Saxifraga paniculata E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + r . 2 8 SCF Equisetum palustre E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 4 SCF Carex davalliana E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 4 SCF Pinguicula alpina E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 4 MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea Viola biflora E1 1 . + . + . . . + 2 2 + + 1 + . . . 1 . . + . . 12 50 Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. ranunculifolium E1 + + + . . + . . 1 . . . . . + + + . . . 1 . . . 9 38 Thalictrum aquilegiifolium E1 + . + + . + . . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . 6 25 Chaerophyllum hirsutum E1 + . 1 . . 1 1 1 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 6 25 Alchemilla xanthochlora E1 . + + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 25 Peucedanum ostruthium E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + + . . . + . . . 4 17 Veratrum album E1 . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . + + + . . . . . . . 4 17 Chaerophyllum villarsii E1 . 2 . 1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Aconitum degenii subsp. paniculatum E1 . + + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Stellaria nemorum E1 . . + . r 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Hypericum maculatum E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . . . 3 13 Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum E1 . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Pleurospermum austriacum E1 + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Aconitum angustifolium E1 r . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Table 2: Communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps Preglednica 2: Združbe z vrsto Carex frigida v Julijskih Alpah 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 73 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Pr. Fr. Database number of relevé (Delovna številka popisa) 202685 202680 202684 202681 202683 202682 217622 214119 213529 277220 282139 244429 276815 276875 217599 217606 217607 276332 277263 217528 259695 276877 277221 244220 Author of relevé (Avtor popisa) IDAM IDAM IDAM IDAM IDAM IDAM IDAM IDAM IDSBAM IDSBAM IDAM IDAM IDAM IDAM IDBVAM IDBVAM IDBVAM IDBZSBAM IDSBAM IDBZAM TWAM IDAM IDSBAM IDBZAM Elevation in m (Nadmorska višina v m) 1370 1380 1370 1388 1390 1400 1780 1770 2050 2000 1880 1910 1950 1940 1720 1690 1695 2020 1970 1985 1920 1940 2000 1670 Aspect (Lega) NW SW SW SW SE S SE S SW SW S SE SE SW SW NW NW S 0 0 S S SW SE Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) 50 20 40 30 30 30 60 60 20 80 15 10 10 30 20 5 5 1 0 0 10 70 95 25 Parent material (Matična podlaga) ClCh ClCh ClCh ClCh ClCh ClCh L LM LCh LCh L L LM LM L L L LM L L Gr L LCh Gr Soil (Tla) Co Co Co Co Co Co Li Gl Li Li Li Li Gl Gl Li Li Li Gl Li Li Li Li Li Gl Stoniness in % (Kamnitost v %) 20 5 5 0 0 5 10 10 10 20 40 30 5 20 20 0 0 5 15 30 40 100 100 10 Cover of herb layer in % (Zastiranje zeliščne plasti v %): 80 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 80 80 60 70 70 70 80 100 100 70 85 70 60 30 25 70 Cover of moss layer in % (Zastiranje mahovne plasti v <+%): 20 15 10 15 5 30 20 40 40 60 20 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 15 10 30 10 10 40 Number of species (Število vrst) 56 31 40 53 44 47 22 20 21 32 25 20 29 37 31 27 27 24 37 15 25 25 17 24 Relevé area (Velikost popisne ploskve) m 2 4 1 2 4 2 5 10 2 10 10 5 2 2 10 2 10 10 20 4 10 10 10 10 20 Date of taking relevé (Datum popisa) 23. 7. 2002 and 11. 6. 2003 23. 7. 2002 and 11. 6. 2003 23. 7. 2002 and 11. 6. 2003 23. 7. 2002 and 11. 6. 2003 23. 7. 2002 and 11. 6. 2003 23. 7. 2002 and 11. 6. 2003 7/12/2007 9/8/2004 7/28/2005 7/17/2019 7/27/2020 8/17/2012 8/28/2019 8/28/2019 7/13/2007 7/13/2007 7/13/2007 8/1/2019 7/23/2019 7/26/2007 8/6/1983 8/28/2019 7/17/2019 7/31/2012 Locality (Nahajališče) Blehe-Šoštar Blehe-Šoštar Blehe-Šoštar Blehe-Šoštar Blehe-Šoštar Blehe-Šoštar V Mlakah-Loška Koritnica V Mlakah-Loška Koritnica Mangart-Prodi Mangart-Prodi Mali Babanski Skedenj Bala-Bavh-Pri Kamnih Mangart-Na jami Mangart-Na jami Bala-Spodnji Lepoč Bala-Spodnji Lepoč Bala-Spodnji Lepoč Konjska planina-Cesar Mangart-Prodi T riglavska jezera-Zeleno jezero Mangart- Rdeča skala Mangart-Na jami Mangart-Na jami Velo polje-Malo polje Quadrant (Kvadrant) 9749/4 9749/4 9749/4 9749/4 9749/4 9749/4 9547/4 9547/4 9547/4 9547/4 9646/4 9547/4 9547/4 9547/4 9647/2 9647/2 9647/2 9649/1 9547/4 9648/2 9547/4 9547/4 9547/4 9649/1 Coordinate GK Y (D-48) m 419030 419027 419026 419033 419028 419042 396656 396680 396451 396505 382336 397266 395940 395977 396990 396857 396861 412583 396273 407590 396123 395978 396503 412289 Coordinate GK X (D-48) m 5121101 5121113 5121100 5121120 5121126 5121137 5143896 5143949 5145220 5145197 5133224 5141189 5144926 5144887 5140235 5140106 5140114 5136330 5145126 5134856 5144158 5144888 5145208 5135157 Diagnostic species of the associations (Diagnostične vrste asociacij) Pr. Fr. Cfer Carex ferruginea E1 3 + . . + + . . . . + . . . + . + . . + + . . + 10 42 MC Saxifraga aizoides E1 + . . . . . . . 1 1 . . . + . . + + . . 1 1 + . 9 38 FS Petasites albus E1 . 4 + 2 2 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 21 MuA Senecio ovatus E1 + + + + + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 25 TR Heracleum sphondylium subsp. pollinianum E1 + + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 7 29 MuA Carduus carduelis E1 . + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 21 SCF Carex frigida E1 + 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 + + + 24 100 TR Festuca nitida E1 . . . . . . . + 1 1 2 2 1 . 1 . + . . . 1 + . 2 11 46 MC Palustriella decipiens E0 . . . . . . 2 2 1 1 . . 1 + 2 2 2 . . . 1 . . . 10 42 PS Paederota lutea E1 . . . . . . . . + 1 + . . + . . . . + . + 2 2 . 8 33 TR Achillea atrata E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . + 1 r . . . 1 . . + . . 7 29 PC Saxifraga paniculata E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + r . 2 8 SCF Equisetum palustre E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 4 SCF Carex davalliana E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 4 SCF Pinguicula alpina E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 4 MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea Viola biflora E1 1 . + . + . . . + 2 2 + + 1 + . . . 1 . . + . . 12 50 Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. ranunculifolium E1 + + + . . + . . 1 . . . . . + + + . . . 1 . . . 9 38 Thalictrum aquilegiifolium E1 + . + + . + . . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . 6 25 Chaerophyllum hirsutum E1 + . 1 . . 1 1 1 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 6 25 Alchemilla xanthochlora E1 . + + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 25 Peucedanum ostruthium E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + + . . . + . . . 4 17 Veratrum album E1 . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . + + + . . . . . . . 4 17 Chaerophyllum villarsii E1 . 2 . 1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Aconitum degenii subsp. paniculatum E1 . + + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Stellaria nemorum E1 . . + . r 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Hypericum maculatum E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . . . 3 13 Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum E1 . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Pleurospermum austriacum E1 + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Aconitum angustifolium E1 r . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 74 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Pr. Fr. Rumex arifolius E1 . . . + . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Athyrium filix-femina E1 . . . . 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Geranium sylvaticum E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Polygonatum verticillatum E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Saxifraga rotundifolia E1 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Serratula tinctoria subsp. monticola E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 T anacetum corymbosum subsp. clusii E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Chaerophyllum aureum E1 . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Geum rivale E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Ranunculus platanifolius E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Scrophularia scopolii E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Epilobium alpestre E1 . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 MC Montio-Cardaminetea Bryum pseudotriquetrum (Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum) E0 . 2 1 + 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . . 1 . . 1 . . . 14 58 Palustriella commutata E0 1 . 1 . . . + 1 . 1 1 . 3 2 . . . + . 1 1 + . 4 13 54 Cratoneuron filicinum E0 . 1 1 . . . . . 1 1 + 1 . + + + + . . . . + . . 11 46 Heliosperma pusillum E1 + . . . . . + 2 1 + + + . . . . . . . . . . + . 8 33 Epilobium alsinifolium E1 . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 + + . . . . . . . + . . . + 8 33 Hymenostylium recurvirostre E0 + . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 3 13 Philonotis fontana E0 . . . 1 . . 1 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Preissia quadrata E0 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . + . . . . 2 8 Didymodon ferrugineus E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Ditrichum flexicaule E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Didymodon vinealis E0 . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Calliergonella cuspidata E0 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Brachythecium rivulare E0 . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Cardamine amara E1 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Gymnostomum aeruginosum E0 . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Conocephalum conicum E0 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Campylidium calcareum E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Bryum schleicheri E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Blindia caespiticia E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 4 CD Caricetalia davallianae Parnassia palustris E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 + 1 1 . . + 1 . . . + 8 33 Carex capillaris E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + . + . 2 . + . . 6 25 Campylium stellatum E0 1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 1 1 . . . . . . . 5 21 Carex flava s. lat. E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . + 3 13 Tofieldia calyculata E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 2 8 Carex bicolor E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 4 ScF Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae Calliergonella lindbergii E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 1 . . . . . . . 3 13 Amblystegium serpens E0 . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Juncus filiformis E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + . . . . . . . 2 8 Carex nigra E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . + 2 8 Juncus articulatus E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . + 2 8 Drepanocladus cossonii E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 1 4 T araxacum sect. Palustria E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 1 4 Eriophorum scheuchzeri E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 4 Aulacomnium palustre E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . 1 4 Allium schoenoprasum subsp. alpinum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . 1 4 Cy Cystopteridion fragilis Cystopteris fragilis E1 r . + . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 5 21 Valeriana tripteris E1 + . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Cystopteris regia E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . 1 . . 3 13 Asplenium viride E1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Orthothecium rufescens E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 PC Potentilletalia caulescenstis Campanula cochleariifolia E1 . . . . . . . . . 2 + . 1 + . . . . . . . 2 1 . 6 25 Valeriana elongata E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 2 8 AC Arabidetalia caeruleae Veronica alpina E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + 1 + . . . . . 5 21 Soldanella alpina E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 1 . 1 . . 1 . . . . 4 17 Salix retusa E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . 1 2 . . . . . 4 17 Trifolium pallescens E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . + . + . + . . . 4 17 Carex parviflora E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + . . + . . 3 13 T araxacum sect. Alpina E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . + . . . . . 2 8 Alchemilla fissa E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . . . . . . . 2 8 Epilobium anagallidifolium E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Galium noricum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 4 Ranunculus traunfellneri E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 4 Sibbaldia procumbens E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 4 Saxifraga sedoides E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . 1 4 Doronicum glaciale E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 4 Rumex nivalis E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 4 TR Thlaspietea rotundifolii Adenostyles glabra E1 1 2 3 + . . 3 3 . . 1 . . . r . . . + . . . . . 9 38 Rhodiola rosea E1 . . . . . . . . 2 2 . 1 . . . . . . . . 1 . + . 5 21 Arabis alpina E1 + + + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 21 Cirsium spinosissimum E1 . . . . . . . . + + . + . + . . . . . . . . . . 4 17 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 75 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Pr. Fr. Rumex arifolius E1 . . . + . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Athyrium filix-femina E1 . . . . 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Geranium sylvaticum E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Polygonatum verticillatum E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Saxifraga rotundifolia E1 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Serratula tinctoria subsp. monticola E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 T anacetum corymbosum subsp. clusii E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Chaerophyllum aureum E1 . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Geum rivale E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Ranunculus platanifolius E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Scrophularia scopolii E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Epilobium alpestre E1 . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 MC Montio-Cardaminetea Bryum pseudotriquetrum (Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum) E0 . 2 1 + 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . . 1 . . 1 . . . 14 58 Palustriella commutata E0 1 . 1 . . . + 1 . 1 1 . 3 2 . . . + . 1 1 + . 4 13 54 Cratoneuron filicinum E0 . 1 1 . . . . . 1 1 + 1 . + + + + . . . . + . . 11 46 Heliosperma pusillum E1 + . . . . . + 2 1 + + + . . . . . . . . . . + . 8 33 Epilobium alsinifolium E1 . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 + + . . . . . . . + . . . + 8 33 Hymenostylium recurvirostre E0 + . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 3 13 Philonotis fontana E0 . . . 1 . . 1 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Preissia quadrata E0 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . + . . . . 2 8 Didymodon ferrugineus E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Ditrichum flexicaule E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Didymodon vinealis E0 . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Calliergonella cuspidata E0 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Brachythecium rivulare E0 . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Cardamine amara E1 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Gymnostomum aeruginosum E0 . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Conocephalum conicum E0 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Campylidium calcareum E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Bryum schleicheri E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Blindia caespiticia E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 4 CD Caricetalia davallianae Parnassia palustris E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 + 1 1 . . + 1 . . . + 8 33 Carex capillaris E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + . + . 2 . + . . 6 25 Campylium stellatum E0 1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 1 1 . . . . . . . 5 21 Carex flava s. lat. E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . + 3 13 Tofieldia calyculata E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 2 8 Carex bicolor E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 4 ScF Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae Calliergonella lindbergii E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 1 . . . . . . . 3 13 Amblystegium serpens E0 . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Juncus filiformis E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + . . . . . . . 2 8 Carex nigra E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . + 2 8 Juncus articulatus E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . + 2 8 Drepanocladus cossonii E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 1 4 T araxacum sect. Palustria E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 1 4 Eriophorum scheuchzeri E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 4 Aulacomnium palustre E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . 1 4 Allium schoenoprasum subsp. alpinum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . 1 4 Cy Cystopteridion fragilis Cystopteris fragilis E1 r . + . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 5 21 Valeriana tripteris E1 + . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Cystopteris regia E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . 1 . . 3 13 Asplenium viride E1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Orthothecium rufescens E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 PC Potentilletalia caulescenstis Campanula cochleariifolia E1 . . . . . . . . . 2 + . 1 + . . . . . . . 2 1 . 6 25 Valeriana elongata E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 2 8 AC Arabidetalia caeruleae Veronica alpina E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + 1 + . . . . . 5 21 Soldanella alpina E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 1 . 1 . . 1 . . . . 4 17 Salix retusa E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . 1 2 . . . . . 4 17 Trifolium pallescens E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . + . + . + . . . 4 17 Carex parviflora E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + . . + . . 3 13 T araxacum sect. Alpina E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . + . . . . . 2 8 Alchemilla fissa E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . . . . . . . 2 8 Epilobium anagallidifolium E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Galium noricum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 4 Ranunculus traunfellneri E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 4 Sibbaldia procumbens E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 4 Saxifraga sedoides E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . 1 4 Doronicum glaciale E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 4 Rumex nivalis E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 4 TR Thlaspietea rotundifolii Adenostyles glabra E1 1 2 3 + . . 3 3 . . 1 . . . r . . . + . . . . . 9 38 Rhodiola rosea E1 . . . . . . . . 2 2 . 1 . . . . . . . . 1 . + . 5 21 Arabis alpina E1 + + + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 21 Cirsium spinosissimum E1 . . . . . . . . + + . + . + . . . . . . . . . . 4 17 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 76 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Pr. Fr. Epilobium collinum E1 . + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Leontodon hispidus subsp. hyoseroides E1 + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Valeriana montana E1 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 2 8 Doronicum grandiflorum E1 . . . . . . . . 2 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Poa minor E1 . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 2 8 Ligusticum seguieri E1 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Sedum atratum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Tussilago farfara E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . 1 4 CF Caricion ferrugineae Cerastium subtriflorum E1 . . . . . . + 1 1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 5 21 Gentiana pumila E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 + . . . . . 4 17 Trifolium thalii E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Cfir Caricetum firmae Silene acaulis E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . 2 8 Minuartia verna (M. gerardii) E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . r . 2 8 Gentiana nivalis E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Carex firma E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 4 CA Caricion autroalpinae Festuca calva E1 . . + . . . 1 . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . 4 17 Laserpitium peucedanoides E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Koeleria eriostachya E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 4 Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra E1 . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Centaurea haynaldii subsp. julica E1 . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 SV Seslerietalia coeruleae Galium anisophyllum E1 . . . + . . . . + . . . . + + + . . + . + + . . 8 33 Achillea clavenae E1 . . . . . . + . + + + . . . . . . . . . . . + . 5 21 Ranunculus carinthiacus E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Juncus monanthos E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + . . . . . 2 8 Saussurea discolor E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 ES Elyno-Seslerietea Polygonum viviparum E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 2 + . 1 + 1 . . . . . 7 29 Aster bellidiastrum E1 1 . . . . . . . . + . . r 1 1 . . . 1 . . 1 . . 7 29 Alchemilla vulgaris s. lat. E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + . + + . 2 5 21 Carex sempervirens E1 r . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Cerastium strictum E1 . . + + . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 1 . . . 4 17 Myosotis alpestris E1 . . . . . . . . . + . 1 . + . . . . 1 . . . . . 4 17 Phyteuma orbiculare E1 + . + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r 4 17 Thymus praecox subsp. polytrichus E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + + . . . . . . r . 4 17 Sesleria caerulea E1 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . 3 13 Pedicularis verticillata E1 . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 3 13 Selaginella selaginoides E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . . . . . . + 3 13 Lotus alpinus E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Bartsia alpina E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Gentianella anisodonta E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Astrantia bavarica E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . . . . . . . . 2 8 Betonica alopecuros E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Linum julicum E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Leucanthemum heterophyllum E1 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Rhinanthus glacialis E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Scabiosa lucida subsp. lucida E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Polygala alpestris E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Homogyne discolor E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 4 Agrostis alpina E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 8 JT Juncetea trifidi Festuca nigrescens E1 + 1 + 2 + . . 1 . . . . + . . 1 . . . . . . . . 8 33 Euphrasia minima (inc. E. pulchella) E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + . . . . . . . 4 17 Juncus jacquinii E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + 1 3 . . . . . 4 17 Campanula scheuchzeri E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + 2 8 Anthoxanthum nipponicum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . 1 4 Scorzoneroides helvetica (Leontodon helveticus) E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 4 PaT Poo alpinae-Trisetetalia Poa alpina E1 . + . + . . . + 1 . . 1 . 2 . + + + 2 . . 1 . + 12 50 Crepis aurea E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 + + 1 . . . . . . 5 21 Ranunculus nemorosus E1 + + . 2 . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 17 Trollius europaeus E1 . . + . + + . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . 4 17 Cerastium fontanum E1 . . + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Euphrasia picta E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Trifolium badium E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . 2 8 Ca Calthion Crepis paludosa E1 + 1 + 1 . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 21 Caltha palustris E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 4 MA Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Deschampsia cespitosa E1 . + . . . 1 + 1 . . . . . . + . + + . . . . . . 7 29 Galium album E1 + 1 + 1 + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 25 Leontodon hispidus E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 . . . + + . . + 5 21 Dactylis glomerata E1 . + + . . 1 . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 4 17 Angelica sylvestris E1 . . + 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 17 Veronica chamaedrys E1 . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Festuca arundinacea E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 77 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Pr. Fr. Epilobium collinum E1 . + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Leontodon hispidus subsp. hyoseroides E1 + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Valeriana montana E1 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 2 8 Doronicum grandiflorum E1 . . . . . . . . 2 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Poa minor E1 . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 2 8 Ligusticum seguieri E1 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Sedum atratum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Tussilago farfara E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . 1 4 CF Caricion ferrugineae Cerastium subtriflorum E1 . . . . . . + 1 1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 5 21 Gentiana pumila E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 + . . . . . 4 17 Trifolium thalii E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Cfir Caricetum firmae Silene acaulis E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . 2 8 Minuartia verna (M. gerardii) E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . r . 2 8 Gentiana nivalis E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Carex firma E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 4 CA Caricion autroalpinae Festuca calva E1 . . + . . . 1 . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . 4 17 Laserpitium peucedanoides E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Koeleria eriostachya E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 4 Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra E1 . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Centaurea haynaldii subsp. julica E1 . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 SV Seslerietalia coeruleae Galium anisophyllum E1 . . . + . . . . + . . . . + + + . . + . + + . . 8 33 Achillea clavenae E1 . . . . . . + . + + + . . . . . . . . . . . + . 5 21 Ranunculus carinthiacus E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Juncus monanthos E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + . . . . . 2 8 Saussurea discolor E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 ES Elyno-Seslerietea Polygonum viviparum E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 2 + . 1 + 1 . . . . . 7 29 Aster bellidiastrum E1 1 . . . . . . . . + . . r 1 1 . . . 1 . . 1 . . 7 29 Alchemilla vulgaris s. lat. E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + . + + . 2 5 21 Carex sempervirens E1 r . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Cerastium strictum E1 . . + + . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 1 . . . 4 17 Myosotis alpestris E1 . . . . . . . . . + . 1 . + . . . . 1 . . . . . 4 17 Phyteuma orbiculare E1 + . + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r 4 17 Thymus praecox subsp. polytrichus E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + + . . . . . . r . 4 17 Sesleria caerulea E1 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . 3 13 Pedicularis verticillata E1 . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 3 13 Selaginella selaginoides E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . . . . . . + 3 13 Lotus alpinus E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Bartsia alpina E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Gentianella anisodonta E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Astrantia bavarica E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . . . . . . . . 2 8 Betonica alopecuros E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Linum julicum E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Leucanthemum heterophyllum E1 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Rhinanthus glacialis E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Scabiosa lucida subsp. lucida E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Polygala alpestris E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Homogyne discolor E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 4 Agrostis alpina E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 8 JT Juncetea trifidi Festuca nigrescens E1 + 1 + 2 + . . 1 . . . . + . . 1 . . . . . . . . 8 33 Euphrasia minima (inc. E. pulchella) E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + . . . . . . . 4 17 Juncus jacquinii E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + 1 3 . . . . . 4 17 Campanula scheuchzeri E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + 2 8 Anthoxanthum nipponicum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . 1 4 Scorzoneroides helvetica (Leontodon helveticus) E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 4 PaT Poo alpinae-Trisetetalia Poa alpina E1 . + . + . . . + 1 . . 1 . 2 . + + + 2 . . 1 . + 12 50 Crepis aurea E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 + + 1 . . . . . . 5 21 Ranunculus nemorosus E1 + + . 2 . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 17 Trollius europaeus E1 . . + . + + . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . 4 17 Cerastium fontanum E1 . . + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Euphrasia picta E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Trifolium badium E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . 2 8 Ca Calthion Crepis paludosa E1 + 1 + 1 . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 21 Caltha palustris E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 4 MA Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Deschampsia cespitosa E1 . + . . . 1 + 1 . . . . . . + . + + . . . . . . 7 29 Galium album E1 + 1 + 1 + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 25 Leontodon hispidus E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 . . . + + . . + 5 21 Dactylis glomerata E1 . + + . . 1 . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 4 17 Angelica sylvestris E1 . . + 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 17 Veronica chamaedrys E1 . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Festuca arundinacea E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 78 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Pr. Fr. Trifolium repens E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Trifolium pratense E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 1 4 Prunella vulgaris E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 4 FB Festuco-Brometea Cirsium erisithales E1 + . + + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 8 33 Prunella grandiflora E1 r + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Bromopsis transsilvanica E1 + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Koeleria pyramidata E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 2 8 Carlina acaulis E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 2 8 Buphthalmum salicifolium E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Gymnadenia conopsea E1 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Helictotrichon praeustum E1 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 TG Trifolio-Geranietea Libanotis sibirica subsp. montana E1 . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Digitalis grandiflora E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Origanum vulgare E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Achillea distans E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 EA Epilobietea angustifolii, Galio-Urticetea Rubus idaeus E1 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Urtica dioica E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Lamium maculatum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 4 BA Betulo-Alnetea Salix waldsteiniana E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . + . . . . . 4 17 Alnus viridis E2 . . . 2 . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Sorbus aucuparia E1 r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 VP Vaccinio-Piceeta Veronica urticifolia E1 + . + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 21 Aposeris foetida E1 + + . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 17 Calamagrostis arundinacea E1 + . . 1 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 17 Luzula luzuloides E1 . . . 1 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Solidago virgaurea E1 . . + + . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 FS Fagetalia sylvaticae . Knautia drymeia E1 + + . + 1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 21 Campanula trachelium E1 . + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 17 Symphytum tuberosum E1 . . + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 17 Galeobdolon flavidum E1 . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Daphne mezereum E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . 2 8 Galium laevigatum E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Scrophularia nodosa E1 . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Cardamine impatiens E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Lamium orvala E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Pulmonaria officinalis E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 QF Querco-Fagetea Carex digitata E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 O Other species (Druge vrste) Agrostis sp. E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . r + 3 13 Sagina sp. E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Euphrasia sp. E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 4 M Mosses (Mahovi) Brachythecium rutabulum E0 + + 1 . 1 . 1 + + 1 . 1 . 1 . . . . . . + . . . 11 46 Mnium thomsonii E0 1 . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Mnium marginatum E0 + . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Plagiochila porelloides E0 . . . + . . . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . . . . 3 13 Ctenidium molluscum E0 + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Hypnum cupressiforme var. cupressiforme E0 . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Plagiomnium rostratum E0 . . . + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Hylocomium splendens E0 . . . + . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Lescuraea incurvata (Pseudoleskea incurvata) E0 . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . + . . 2 8 Cynodontium fallax E0 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Bryum argenteum E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Pedinophyllum interruptum E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Plagiomnium ellipticum E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Plagiothecium laetum E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Scapania nemorea E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Plagiomnium cuspidatum E0 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus E0 . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Atrichum undulatum E0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Dicranum scoparium E0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Eurhynchium angustirete E0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Metzgeria conjugata E0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Exertotheca crispa (Neckera crispa) E0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Plagiothecium nemorale E0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Isothecium alopecuroides E0 . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Rhizomnium punctatum E0 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Mnium spinosum E0 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Rhabdoweisia fugax E0 . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Dicranella heteromalla E0 . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Pogonatum nanum E0 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Sciuro-hypnum curtum (Brachythecium curtum) E0 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 79 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Pr. Fr. Trifolium repens E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Trifolium pratense E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 1 4 Prunella vulgaris E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 4 FB Festuco-Brometea Cirsium erisithales E1 + . + + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 8 33 Prunella grandiflora E1 r + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Bromopsis transsilvanica E1 + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Koeleria pyramidata E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 2 8 Carlina acaulis E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 2 8 Buphthalmum salicifolium E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Gymnadenia conopsea E1 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Helictotrichon praeustum E1 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 TG Trifolio-Geranietea Libanotis sibirica subsp. montana E1 . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Digitalis grandiflora E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Origanum vulgare E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Achillea distans E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 EA Epilobietea angustifolii, Galio-Urticetea Rubus idaeus E1 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Urtica dioica E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Lamium maculatum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 4 BA Betulo-Alnetea Salix waldsteiniana E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . + . . . . . 4 17 Alnus viridis E2 . . . 2 . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Sorbus aucuparia E1 r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 VP Vaccinio-Piceeta Veronica urticifolia E1 + . + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 21 Aposeris foetida E1 + + . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 17 Calamagrostis arundinacea E1 + . . 1 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 17 Luzula luzuloides E1 . . . 1 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Solidago virgaurea E1 . . + + . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 FS Fagetalia sylvaticae . Knautia drymeia E1 + + . + 1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 21 Campanula trachelium E1 . + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 17 Symphytum tuberosum E1 . . + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 17 Galeobdolon flavidum E1 . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Daphne mezereum E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . 2 8 Galium laevigatum E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Scrophularia nodosa E1 . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Cardamine impatiens E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Lamium orvala E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Pulmonaria officinalis E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 QF Querco-Fagetea Carex digitata E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 O Other species (Druge vrste) Agrostis sp. E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . r + 3 13 Sagina sp. E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Euphrasia sp. E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 4 M Mosses (Mahovi) Brachythecium rutabulum E0 + + 1 . 1 . 1 + + 1 . 1 . 1 . . . . . . + . . . 11 46 Mnium thomsonii E0 1 . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Mnium marginatum E0 + . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 Plagiochila porelloides E0 . . . + . . . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . . . . 3 13 Ctenidium molluscum E0 + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Hypnum cupressiforme var. cupressiforme E0 . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Plagiomnium rostratum E0 . . . + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Hylocomium splendens E0 . . . + . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Lescuraea incurvata (Pseudoleskea incurvata) E0 . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . + . . 2 8 Cynodontium fallax E0 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Bryum argenteum E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Pedinophyllum interruptum E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Plagiomnium ellipticum E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Plagiothecium laetum E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Scapania nemorea E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Plagiomnium cuspidatum E0 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus E0 . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Atrichum undulatum E0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Dicranum scoparium E0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Eurhynchium angustirete E0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Metzgeria conjugata E0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Exertotheca crispa (Neckera crispa) E0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Plagiothecium nemorale E0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Isothecium alopecuroides E0 . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Rhizomnium punctatum E0 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Mnium spinosum E0 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Rhabdoweisia fugax E0 . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Dicranella heteromalla E0 . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Pogonatum nanum E0 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Sciuro-hypnum curtum (Brachythecium curtum) E0 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 20/1 • 2021, 57–80 80 Igor Dakskobler & Andrej Martinčič Plant communities with Carex frigida in the Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Pr. Fr. Timmia norvegica E0 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Pseudoleskea incurvata E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Rhytidium rugosum E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . 1 4 Barbilophozia attenuata E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 4 Barbilophozia hatcheri E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 4 Climacium dendroides E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 4 Hypnum vaucheri E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 4 Ptilidium ciliare E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 4 Tortella densa E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 1 4 Tortella tortuosa E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . 1 4 Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostre E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 4 Encalypta streptocarpa E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 4 Syntrichia norvegica E0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 4 Legend – Legenda 1 Saxifrago aizoidis-Caricetum ferrugineae 2–6 Carici frigidae-Patasitetum albi 7–21 Palustriello decipientis-Caricetum frigidae 22–23 Ranuculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae caricetosum frigidae 24 Equiseto palustris-Caricetum davallianae nom. prov. ID Igor Dakskobler BZ Branko Zupan BV Branko Vreš SB Sanja Behrič TW T one Wraber AM Andrej Martinčič Cl Claystone – glinavec Ch Chert – roženec D Dolomite – dolomit L Limestone – apnenec M Marlstone – laporovec Gr Gravel – grušč Co Colluvial soil – koluvialna tla Li Lithosol – kamnišče Gl Molic Gleysols – organsko-mineralna tla Pr. Presence (number of relevés in which the species is presented) – število popisov, v katerih se pojavlja vrsta Fr. Frequency in % – frekvenca v % PS Physoplexido comosae-Saxifragion petraeae Grey colored columns - nomenclatural type (sivo pobarvana stolpca sta nomenklaturni tip)