nehtarpam bo cpeghmot bek -npenmmmhaphm mcrpa^ybafta bp3 ochoba ha 6ankahckmte npmmepm Opxudeja 3opoea he idea of researching the pentagram or the five - pointed star as a decorative and symbolical motif, and its possible meanings, emerged from the use of this sign/symbol as a decorative or symbolical matrix depicted on various kinds of objects dating from the Middle Ages. Accent is given to the Balkan examples from the early to the late Middle Ages. hus the interweaves of christian and pagan layers of the pentagram are detected. Different objects of the material culture having the pentagram as a distinguishing feature, are used as examples - rings, pottery, mosaics, plastic art, fresco - paintings, graffiti, funeral monuments and ethnological examples. he results given by this research are just a preliminary attempt at demystification of the pentagram and its decorative or symbolical meanings. 06ugoT ga ce npoHajge raison d'etre Ha 3Ha^UTe u cuM6onuTe ynoTpe6yBaHM og cTpaHa Ha HoBeKoT bo egeH mupoK BpeMeHCKM gujana3oH Koj gonupa go MCKOHCKMTe ^OHeTO^u oTceKoram 6un npoBoKaTuBeH, ho BoegHo u HeocTBapnuB. M noKpaj npegBu-geHaTa HeBo3Mo:«HocT Ha oBaa 3agana, cenaK cMeTaMe geKa noconyBafteTo Ha MHory3-HaHHocTUTe Ha egHa cuM6onuHHa unu 3HaKoBHa MaTpu^, Mo^e ga goBege go Hej3UHo npenuMuHapHo geMUcTU^u^upaH>e. npo6neM Ha oBa ucTpa^yBa^e Ke 6uge neHTarpa-MoT. YmTe Ha caMuoT noneToK T.e. npu geTeKTupafteTo Ha 3HaneK>eTo Ha neHTarpaMoT, HaugoBMe Ha HegocnegHocT bo ge^uHupafteTo Ha oBoj 3HaK unu cuM6on. HecTonaTM co TepMuHoT neHTarpaM, Koj nogpa36upa KoHKpeTHa reoMeTpucKa MaTpu^ bo Hero-BaTa u3Beg6a, ce o3HaneHu u gpyru cnuHHu HeMy neToKpaKu ^opMa^uu, kou 3a ^an He ro 3agoBonyBaaT ma6noHoT Ha u3BegyBafteTo. CraHyBa 36op 3a pa3nuHHu Bapuj^uM Ha neToKpaKu motubu kou noHeKoram uMaaT u 3ao6neHu unu 3paHecTu cTpaHu, unu naK BoonmTo He HanuKyBaaT Ha reoMeTpucKuoT npoToTun. ToKMy og Taa npunuHa T.e. nopagu HeBo3Mo^HocTa ga ce HanpaBu KoHeHHa gucmH^uja noMery neHTarpaMoT u neToKpaKuTe motubu unu SBe3gu, oBa ucTpa^yBafte Hy^Ho ce npomupu Ha noBeKe og nnaHupaHuTe acneKTu. TaKa, KaKo HeMuHoBHa KaTeropuja npeKy Koja ce o6jacHyBa u neToKpaKaTa SBe3ga ce HaMeTHa u caMuoT nouM seesda,1 ho 6e3 HaBneryBafte bo KoHKpeTHuTe 3HaneK>a Ha pa3nuHHuoT 6poj Kpa^u. Etobhuot aK^HT Ha oBa ucTpa^yBafte e cTaBeH Ha npegMeTuTe u c^OMeHU^UTe og cpegHoBeKoBHuoT nepuog, gogeKa gpyruTe nepuogu Ke 6ugaT KopucTeHu bo MuHuManHu T.e. HeonxogHu paMKu. BoegHo, oBa npoynyBarae u TepuTopujanHo e orpaHuneHo, npBeHcTBeHo Ha npuMepu og MaTepujanHaTa KynTypa kou noTeKHyBaaT A. Gerbran, 2. Sevalje, Recnik, 813 - 817. 51 neHTarpaM bo cpegHuoT BeK - npenMMMHapHM ucTpa^yBafta Bp3 0CH0Ba Ha 6anKaHcKMTe npuMepM og TepuTopujaTa Ha BanKaHCKuoT nonyocTpoB. Cnopeg Toa, go6ueHUTe pe3ynTaTu Ke 6ugaT caMo noneT0K Ha egeH ugeH noo6eMeH 3a^aT Koj Ke uMa 3a ^n ga ja npeTCTaBu nonuceMaHTUHHocTa Ha neHTarpaM0T bo pa3nuHHu xpoHonomKu u TepuTopujanHu paMKu.2 Bo npuMepuTe og MaTepujanHaTa KynTypa Ha kou ce nojaByBa npeTCTaBaTa Ha neHTarpaM0T, Mo^e ga ce HanpaBaT HeKonKy ycnoBHu nogen6u kou, og egHa CTpaHa ce ogHecyBaaT Ha caMuoT npegMeT KaKo MeguyM, a og gpyra CTpaHa - ce UHU^upaHU og HanuH0T Ha Koj Mo^e ga ce TpeTupa caMaTa npeTCTaBa T.e. neHTarpaM0T. Cnopeg npBaTa nogen6a, npou3ne3eHa og ^opManHaTa u apTuCTUHKaTa CTpaHa Ha npegMeT0T HocuTen Ha neHTarpaM, bo 0Ba ucTpa^yBaae 6u Morene ga ce u3gBojaT HeKonKy KaTeropuu npegMeTu. Bo npB peg Toa 6u 6une cp egH0B eK0BHUTe npcTeHu, noToa npuMepuTe og BU3aHTuCKaTa geKopaTUBHa nnacTUKa u cnuKapcTB0T0, yTunuTapHu cagoBu, apxuTeKT0HCKu eneMeHTu, KynTHu KocKeHu npegMeTu u Hagrpo6Hu c^0MeHU^u. BaKBaTa nogen6a He ru u^pnyBa ^opManHUTe MeguyMu, TyKy egHocTaBHo ro anconBupa 0Ha mT0 gocera ro on^aKaaT HamuTe ucTpa^yBaaa. OHue npuMepu og MaTepujanHaTa KynTypa kou He ce on^aTeHu bo oBoj Tpyg, Ke 6ugaT npegMeT Ha HeKoe ugHo ucTpa^yBaae. 1. CpegHOBeKOBHM npcTeHU üpBaTa rpyna npegMeTu Ha kou ce nojaByBa cnuKaTa Ha neHTarpaM, a kou BoegHo npeTCTaByBaaT 3aTBopeHa ^opManHa ^nuHa, ce cpegH0BeK0BHUTe npcTeHu. üpcTeH0T KaKo npegMeT e Ha ucKnywreneH HanuH noBp3aH co CBojoT HocuTen u oTTaMy npou3neryBa u uHTUMHocTa Ha HeroBaTa cuM6onuHHoCT. MaKo npcTeH0T Mo^e ge ce TpeTupa u KaKo o6uneH MogeH geTan, Tpe6a ga ce uMa npegBug ^aKT0T geKa MogaTa bo OHue Bpeuuwa Hecro 6una npogyKT Ha noTpe6uTe u y6egyBas>aTa, na oTTaMy u nodpaMyBan Ha BepyBaaaTa. üpeKpueH co xpucTujaHCKu o6ene»ja, cpegH0BeK0BHU0T HaKUT bo ce6e 3anyBan MHory og apxauHHUTe u MarucKUTe CBojcTBa, u3pa3eHu npeKy o6nu^UTe, MaTepujanuTe u opHaMeHTUKaTa, u bo roneMa Mepa ja 3anyBan npacTapaTa aMyneTCKa ynora ga mTUTu og 3no, og nogpeKnuBu onu, a cnpoTUBHo Ha Toa ga ro npuBnene go6poTo. Og gpyra CTpaHa npcTeHUTe bo cpegH0BeK0BueT0 uMane u uHCurHuCKu KapaKTep, KaKo noKa3aTen 3a npunagHocT koh HeKoja UHCTUTy^uja unu 3aegHu^, unu ru a^upMupane penuruo3-HUTe nyBCTBa Ha HocuTenoT.3 Ha TepuTopujaTa Ha P. MaKegoHuja, ce eBugeHTupaHu HeKonKy ^puMepo^u Ha cpegH0BeK0BHu npcTeHu geKopupaHu co motubot Ha neHTarpaM. Og n0KanuTeT0T rpagumTe-Taop, og Hacen6uHCKuoT xopu30HT, noTeKHyBa egeH npuMepoK Ha npcTeH co Bpe^aH neHTarpaM Ha rnaBaTa, Koj xpoHonomKu ce ogpegyBa bo g0^H0aHTUHKU0T unu paH0cpegH0BeK0BHU0T nepuog /cn.1/.4 Bo KHuraTa Ha E. MaHeBa ce eBugeHTupaHu gBa npcTeHa co oBoj motub. EgHuoT e og n0KanuTeT0T „Bpecro-BypnaTu^" (c. BuHunaHu Kaj Benec), npu mT0 HaKUToT og oBoj noKanuTeT ce gaTupa bo 10 - 11 BeK 2 ABTopoT Ha oBoj TeKCT, Bo M0MeHT0T pa6oTu Ha MarucTepcKa TeMa nocBeTeHa Ha cuM6onuKaTa Ha geKGpa^ujaTa Ha cpegHoBeKoBHUTe neHTecTu npcTeHu (Ounoso^CKu ^aKynTeT - CKonje), bo quu paMKu Ke 3eMe MecTo u neHTarpaMoT. 3 E. MaHeBa, CpegH0BeK0BeH, 5 - 7; E. Maneva, Ancient, 6 - 7. 4 K. PucT0B, rpagumTe-Taop, 222. 52 Opxudeja 3opoBa lcn. 2/. Bo cTaTujaTa Ha P. neTpoBuK, 6pojoT Ha npcTeHu co npeTCTaBa Ha neHTarpaM kom noTeKHyBaaT og noKanuTeToT „BpecTo - BypnaTu^" (c. Buhutohu, Benec) on^aKa neTupu ^puMepo^u len. 3, 4, 5 u 6|.5 BTopuoT npuMepoK eBugeHTupaH bo KHuraTa Ha E. MaHeBa e og noKanuTeToT ,^pKBumTe" (Kaj fleMup Kanuja), Koj e gaTupaH bo 14 - 15 BeK len. 7l.6 Bo My3ejcKuoT uHBeHTap og oBoj noKanuTeT nocTou ymTe egeH npcTeH Ha Koj e npeTCTaBeH neHTarpaM len. 8l.7 flo Hac cTuraa u egeH npuMepoK Koj noTeKHyBa og Heno3HaTo HaoranumTe bo peruoHoT Ha CKonje /cn. 9/.8 flBa npcTeHu co motubot neHTarpaM noTeKHyBaaT u og noKanuTeToT Shurdah (Sarda) og An6aHuja /cn. 10 u 11/. AHanoruu 3a npcTeHuTe co Bpe^aHa npeTcTaBa Ha neHTarpaM uMa bo rpo6oBuTe Ha „KoMaHu" KynTypaTa (7 - 8 BeK) bo CeBepHa An6aHuja, bo HeKpononuTe Bukel u Kalaja Dalmaces len. 12l. npcTeHuTe co Bpe^aHa neToKpaKa SBe3ga 6une bo mupoKa ynoTpe6a Kaj g0^H0aHTUHK0T0 aBToxToHo HaceneHue Ha mupoKuoT MeguTepaHcKu peruoH, u BepojaTHo og oBue cTapocegen^u 6une npeB3eMeHu u Kaj CnoBeHuTe. AHanoruu 3a oBue npcTeHu uMa u bo aBapo - cnoBeHcKuTe HeKpononu bo KapnaTcKaTa KoTnuHa u naHoHcKaTa Hu3uHa, u Toa bo noMnaguoT xopu3oHT og BTopaTa nonoBuHa Ha 8 BeK. Og HeKpononaTa bo ^gpuj^ noTeKHyBa egeH npuMepoK u3pa6oTeH og 6poH3a, co Bpe^aH neHTarpaM Ha npegHuoT npomupeH gen len. 13l.9 EBugeHTupaBMe ymTe gBa npuMepoKa co npeTcTaBa Ha neHTarpaM, Kou noTeKHyBaaT og Heno3HaTu HaoranumTa og TepuTopujaTa Ha XpBaTcKa len. 14 u 15l.10 HeKonKy ^puMepo^u noTeKHyBaaT u og cpegHoBeKoBHuTe HeKpononu bo Byrapuja. Og HeKpononaTa bo c. MumeBcKo, Kpg^anucKu oKpyr, noTeKHyBaaT gBa 6poH3eHu npcTeHa (oTKpueHu npeg ucKonyBaK>aTa), co enuncoBugHa rnaBa Ha Koja e Bpe^aHa neToKpaKa SBe3ga /cn. 16 u 17/.11 Og ucTaTa HeKponona noTeKHyBa u egeH gpyr npcTeH Ha Koj e npuKa^aH open Koj Ha egHoTo Kpuno uMa npeTcTaBa Ha neHTarpaM len. 18l. CoceMa ugeHTuneH npuKa3 ce jaByBa u Ha npcTeHoT og Moropjeno, BocHa u Xep^roBuHa, gaTupaH bo 9 - 10 BeK /cn. 19/.12 Og egeH »čhcku rpo6 bo HeKpononaTa Kaj c. A6naHu^ - BnaroeBrpag, noTeKHyBa egeH 6aKapeH npcTeH Ha nuja Kpy^Ha rnaBa e Bpe^aH neHTarpaM, 3ao6uKoneH co Bgna6HaTu tohku.13 M gBeTe 6yrapcKu HeKpononu, KaKo norpe6eH o6peg ja uMaaT xpucTujaHcKaTa uHxyMa^uja. no egeH npuMepoK Ha npcTeH co Bpe^aH neHTarpaM uMa u bo uHBeHTapoT og 6yrapcKuTe HeKpononu Kaj flon-hu ^^kobut u ranune l cn. 20l14. 5 OBue npcTeHu HegocTacyBaaT bo KHuraTa Ha E. MaHeBa, bo Koja ce on^aTeHM caMo MaTepujanuTe npucyTHu bo My3ejcKMTe 36upKu, TaKa mTo Hue Ke ™ McKopucTMMe eguHcTBeHo KaKo MnycTpaTMBeH MaTepujan; P. neTpoBMh, KoMaHcKa KynTypa, 143. 6 E. MaHeBa, CpegHoBeKoBeH, 89; B. AneKcoBa, fleMup Kanuja, 59. 7 OBoj npuMepoK e 3aBegeH nog uHBeHTapeH 6poj 200-VII bo My3ej Ha MaKegoHuja. 8 MH^opMa^MjaTa He e goBonHo o6pa3no®eHa 6MgejKM npcTeHoT e oTKyneH og npuBaTHu Kone^uoHepu. 9 J. Beloševic, Materijalna, 94-95. 10 Arheološki muzej, 194. 11 H. Bt^apoBa, CnaBSHu, 309. 12 P. neTpoBuh, KoMaHcKa KynTypa, 146. 13 H. Bt^apoBa, CnaBSHu, 284. 14 Bo HeKpononaTa Kaj flonHu H^obut KaKo norpe6eH o6peg ce eBugeHTupaHu KpeMa^MjaTa, KaKo u naraH-cKaTa u xpucTujaHcKaTa MHxyMa^Mja. npcTeHoT noTeKHyBa og ^hcku rpo6, C®. H. Bt^apoBa, CnaBSHu, 209.) 53 neHTarpaM bo cpegHuoT BeK - npenMMMHapHM ucTpa^yBafta Bp3 0CH0Ba Ha 6anKaHcKMTe npuMepM npcTeHM co neHTarpaM og nepuogoT 9 - 11 BeK noTeKHyBaaT u og raM3urpag m BuHHa /cn. 21 u 22/.15 EgeH npuMepoK co oBoj motmb e 3a6ene»:aH u bo MaTepujanuTe og cpegHoBeKoBHuoT rpag Pac, og KpajoT Ha 12 - noHeToK Ha 13 BeK / cn 23./.16 ^eHTecTUTe npcTeHu co Bpe^aHa geKopa^uja ce nojaByBaaT bo nepuogoT Ha 11 - 12 BeK. OBa e BpeMe Kora Bu3aHTuja noBTopHo ru peoKynupana cTapuTe Tepu-Topuu u BoegHo 3anoHHana egeH npo^c Ha peBumanu3upawe Ha xpucTujaHcTBoTo, uaKo Toa KaKo penuruja 6uno ogaMHa npu^aTeHo. Og oBoj acneKT, 3roneMyBaK>eTo Ha xpucTujaHcKoTo BnujaHue e BugnuBo bo npeB3eMaK>eTo Ha pa3HUTe cuM6onu og oBoj penuruo3eH cucTeM, u hubhoto npeTcraByBaK>e Ha npegMeTUTe og MaTepujanHaTa KynTypa.17 üopagu gocnegHocT koh nepuogoT Koj ce o6pa6oTyBa bo oBoj gen og TeKcToT, 3HaneftaTa kou neHTarpaMoT ru uMan bo npeTxogHUTe penurucKu u MUTonomKM cucTeMu Ke 6ugaT ena6opupaHu Ha caMuoT Kpaj, gogeKa oBge Ke cTaHe 36op eguHcTBeHo 3a xpucTujaHcKuoT cnoj og nonuceMaHTUHHocra Ha oBoj 3HaK. He e Heno3HaTo geKa xpucTujaHcKuoT KoH^nT, HacTpaHa og o^u^ujanHaTa npaKca, bo ce6e UHKopnopupan u MHory naraHcKU eneMeHTU, npuMeHU npeKy aHTUH-KUTe BnujaHuja, a kou opuruHupaaT gypu og EruneT u MeconoTaMuja. Bo BU3aHTU-cKaTa MaTepujanHa KynTypa ce HaugyBa Ha mhomtbo npegMeTU kou ^yH^uoHanHo ce o6eguHyBaaT co TepMUHoT „BU3aHTucKa Maruja". CraHyBa 36op 3a pa3HU BugoBU Ha aMyneTU, Mery kou ce nojaByBaaT u npcTeHu co npeTcTaBa Ha neHTarpaM / cn. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28/.18 üpaKTUHHocTa bo ynoTpe6aTa Ha npcTeHoT KaKo aMyneT npou3neryBa og HaHUHoT Ha Koj aMyneToT ^yH^uoHupan. MMeHo, ce cMeTano geKa npo^unaKTUHKaTa mok gejcTByBana Hajgo6po goKonKy nuHHocTa ro hocu aMyneToT Ha ce6e, mTo u geHec ce npaKTUKyBa. CuM6onuTe u TeKcToBUTe Ha BU3aHTucKUTe aMyneTU HajHecTo UMane 3a ^n ga ru ucTepaaT geMoHUTe u 3nuTe gyxoBU.19 üpuToa Tpe6a ga ce HanoMeHe geKa npcTeHUTe co BaKBU npeTcTaBU ce gocTa HecTU Ha egHa nomupoKa TepuTopuja Koja 6una HaceneHa co CnoBeHU u bo Koja xpucTujaHcTBoTo 6uno npeB3eMeHo npeKy Bu3aHTuja. Cnopeg npeTnocTaBKaTa Ha r. MapjaHoBuK - ByjoBuK, SBe3gaTa - neHTarpaM e cuM6on Ha eBaHrenucToT ^yKa KaKo cnuKap Ha Boropogu^, Koja bo anoKpu^UTe ce noBp3yBa co SBe3gaTa.20 BaKBoTo xpucTujaHcKo npuKnoHyBa^e Ha motmbot Ha neHTarpaMoT e noruHHo Kora Ke ce 3eMe npegBug penepToapoT Ha ocTaHaTUTe ^puMepo^u og oBoj Tun npcTeHu, oTKpueHU bo P. MaKegoHuja u bo cocegHUTe peruoHU. MMeHo, HeTupuTe cuM6onu (openoT, aHrenoT, naBoT u cuMnToMaTUHHuoT neHTarpaM), cnopeg npeTnocTaBKUTe 6u Tpe6ano ga ru npeTcTaByBaaT HeTBopu^Ta eBaHrenucTU. Ho, egeH MoMeHT bo BaKBoTo npeTnocTaBeHo TonKyBa^e ocTaHyBa HegoBonHo o6pa3no^eH. MMeHo, bo cnyHajoT co Tpu og eBaHrenucTUHKUTe cuM6onu, npeTcTaBUTe Ha npcTeHUTe BepojaTHo u 6u Mo^ene ga ce TpeTupaaT KaKo apryMeHTU 3a hmbho 15 P. neTpoBuh, KoMaHcKa KynTypa, 144. 16 M. nonoBuh, CTapu rpag, 43. 17 r. MapjaHoBuh - ByjoBuh, Tp&aHe, 91. 18 G. Koroglu, Byzantine amulets, 16. 19 G. Koroglu, Byzantine amulets, 14-15. Bugu noonmupHo 3a npcTeHoT neHaTHMK Koj ConoMoH ro go6un og rocnog (Sphragis heou), KaKo npao6pa3 3a aMyneTcKaTa ^yH^uja Ha npcTeHoT KaKo npegMeT. KoHKpeTHo neHTarpaMoT (neHTan^aTa) KaKo TanucMaH ce nojaByBa m Ha raocTUHKUTe npcTeHu neHaTM. 20 r. MapjaHoBuh - ByjoBuh, Tp&aHe, 91; E. MaHeBa, CpegHoBeKoBeH HaKUT, 89. 54 Opxudeja 3opoBa geTeKTupaae.21 DiegaHo og Toj acneKT, amenom 6u 6un ynoTpe6eH KaKo cuM6on Ha Cb. MaTej, openom KaKo cuM6on Ha Cb. JoBaH u naeom KaKo cuM6on Ha Cb. MapKo. npo6neM0T ce nojaByBa bo TonKyBafteTo Ha HeTBpTuoT cuM6on T.e. neT0KpaKaTa SBe3ga. Cnopeg ropeHaBegeHuoT penepToap, oBoj cuM6on 6u Tpe6ano ga ro npeTcTaByBa Cb. ^yKa, uaKo eTa6nupaH cuM6on Ha oBoj eBaHrenucr 6un óuKom.22 OnurnegHo e geKa bo cnopeg6a co TexHonomKaTa u yMeTHUHKaTa „coBpmeHocT" Ha ocraHaTUTe npeTcTaBu, u3Beg6aTa Ha 6uk He 6u Tpe6ano ga npeTcTaByBa npo6neM 3a u3pa6oTyBaHUTe Ha oBoj Bug npcTeHu. Ho, oBoj motub, 6apeM gocera bo nuTepaTypaTa He ce TpeTupa KaKo cuM6on npucyTeH Ha npcTeHUTe, uaKo Mopa ga ce HanoMeHe geKa Ha HeKou og npeTcTaBUTe Ha neTupuHo^HUTe ^ubothu, TpeTupaHu KaKo naeoeu, ce nojaByBaaT HarnaceHu a^eHTu Ha ymuTe kou M0^e6u 6u Tpe6ano ga ce npoTonKyBaaT u KaKo po^o6u? Bo BaK0B cnynaj T.e. bo HegocTaT0K Ha eTa6nupaHu0T cuM6on Ha Cb. ^yKa bo penepToapoT npeTcTaBu noBp3aHu co neTBopu^Ta eBaHrenucru, KaKo eguHcTBeHa o^^uja ce nojaByBa T0KMy npeTnocTaBKaTa geKa cuM6on Ha Cb. ^yKa cTaHyBa neHTarpaM0T - SBe3ga. Anu6u 3a BaKBuoT TpaHc^ep Ha cuM6onu e o6pa3no^eHueTo geKa Cb. ^yKa e BoegHo u cnuKap Ha Boropogu^, Koja e 03HaneHa co SBe3ga.23 Ha oBoj cTaguyM ocTaHyBa HejacHo ganu neT0KpaKaTa SBe3ga ro cuM6onu3upa Cb. ^yKa unu Boropogu^, unu u gBaj^aTa, u bo Koj cnynaj 6u ro npeTcTaByBana egHuoT unu gpyraTa? Bo o6ugoT ga ce npoTonKyBa egeH npeTxogHo B0cTaH0BeH 3HaK T.e. cuM6on, KaK0B mT0 e neHTarpaM0T 6u 6uno HajcoogBeTHo, bo cnynajoT co HeroBaTa npeTcTaBa Ha cpeg-H0BeK0BHUTe npcTeHu ga ce npujge og acneKT Ha HeroBaTa aMyneTcKa u npo^unaKTUHKa ynora. Haj6e3onacHa u peanHo HajnoTBpgeHa BapujaHTa bo TonKyBafteTo Ha oBoj 3HaK/ cuM6on 6u 6una HeroBaTa ynoTpe6a KaKo xMrujacruneH aMyneT, go6ap 3a 3gpaBje,24 mT0 KaKo MarucKa KaTeropuja 6una npoeKTupaHa Bp3 pa3Hu o6jeKTu u npeTcTaBu u Kopu-cTeHa bo puTyanuTe noBp3aHu co 6aeaeT0. Og gpyra cTpaHa penurucKaTa K0H0Ta^uja Ha neHTarpaM0T, cornegaHa HU3 xpucTujaHcKa npu3Ma, ce TonKyBa KaKo 6ercTB0 bo cum-6onuHKaTa ecxaTonoruja, npu mT0 oBoj cuM6on ja 03HanyBa 6o^ecTBeHaTa npucyTHocT, ho ce noBp3yBa u co o6pegoT Ha UHU^uja^ujaTa u huhot Ha KpmTeBaae.25 AnconyTHo xpucTujaHcKaTa K0H0Ta^uja Ha npeTcTaBUTe Ha cpegH0BeK0BHUTe neHTecTu npcTeHu e HegoBonHo o6pa3no^eHa. Mo^e6u e noBepojaTHo geKa cTaHyBa 360p 3a HeKaKBu npuMapHu K0M^una^uu Ha xpucTujaHcTB0T0 u „npa3H0BepueT0" / „na-raHcTB0T0". CMeTaMe geKa cuM6uoTUHHocTa unu nogo6po „cuHKpeTUHHocra" Ha goMu-HaHTHuoT K0H^ecu0HaneH ^puH^u^ u naraHcKuoT eneMeHT bo MaTepujanHaTa KynTypa, cTaHyBa apxeonomKu noTBpgeHa KaKo HanuH Ha ^ubot unu cocToj6a Ha yM0T Ha Toram-H0T0 HaceneHue. Bo npunor Ha Toa roBopaT u H0BUTe ucTpa^yBaaa Ha cuTe ^opMu Ha MaTepujanHaTa KynTypa u o6unauTe og cpegH0BeK0BueT0 bo P. MaKegoHuja.26 21 MaKG MecTonaTM GcTaHyBa GTBGpeHa guneMaTa ganu KpunecTGTO cymTecTBG e aHren unu apxaHren, ^TU^aTa - open unu HeKoj gpyr Bug, a MeTupuHG^HGTG cymTecTBG - naB, BGnK unu Ky^e (E. MaHeBa, CpegHGBeKGBeH HaKUT, 89). 22 HaMecTG 6uk KaKG cuM6onu Ha eBaHrenucTGT HyKa ce jaByBaaT u BGnGT u TeneTG. 23 r. MapjaHGBuh - ByjGBuh, TpaaHe, 91. TyKa Tpe6a ga ce 3eMe npegBug geKa SBe3gaTa npeTcTaBeHa Ha Ma^opuGHGT Ha BoropogM^ He e neTGKpaKa. 24 Mgtubgt Ha neHTarpaM ce cpeTHyBa ymTe Kaj npcTeHUTe og gG^HGaHTUMKUGT nepuog. E. MaHeBa, CpegHGBeKGBeH HaKUT, 89. 25 P. neTpoBMh, KoMaHcKa KynTypa, 120 - 121. 26 BugM noonmupHo H. HaycMgMc, MMTcKMTe. 55 neHTarpaM bo cpegHuoT BeK - npenMMMHapHM ucTpa^yBafta Bp3 0CH0Ba Ha 6anKaHcKMTe npuMepM 2. KepaMM^KM cagoBM BTopaTa rpyna npegMeTM Ha kom ce nojaByBa npeTCTaBaTa Ha neHTarpaM ce Ke-paMMHKMTe cagoBM. EgHa og Haj3HanajHMTe nojaBM Ha rpmapcKMTe npou3Bogu M3pa-6oTeHM Ha pa^Ho rpmapcKo rn^e ce 6pojHMTe penje^HM 3Ha^M Ha gHaTa Ha cagoBMTe. CenaK, HeBo3Mo^Ho e ga ce M3Bege CMCTeMaTM3a^Mja Ha npeTcTaBMTe Ha KepaMMHKMTe cagoBM 3aToa mTo He nocrojaT ogHanpeg onpegeneHM 3Ha^M kom ce ynoTpe6yBane Ha KoHKpeTHM npegMeTM. EgeH mct 3HaK Mo^e ga ce cpeTHe Ha npegMeTM co pa3nuHHM ^opMM. Mery penje^HMTe npeTcTaBM kom ce nojaByBaaT Ha KepaMMHKMTe cagoBM og cpeg-HoBeKoBHMoT nepuog e m npeTcTaBaTa Ha neHTarpaM. npMToa, bo HayKaTa nocTojaT pa3-nuHHM, KpajHo cnpoTMBcTaBeHM TonKyBafta Ha ^nuoT penepToap og 3Ha^M kom ce M3o-6pa3yBaHM Ha oBoj Bug npegMeTM. HeKou aBTopu ru cMeTaaT oBue 3Ha^M 3a HajpaHa nojaBa Ha nenaTM Ha rpmapuTe T.e. rpHHapcKMTe pa6oTMnHM^M. Ho, cnopeg gpyru ucTpa^yBanu kom ce 3aHMMaBane co npo6neMoT Ha penje^HMTe 3Ha^M Ha KepaMMHKMTe npou3Bogu, ogpegeHM motmbm, Mery kom m neHTarpaMoT, MMaaT MarucKo noTeKno u 3Hanefte /cn. 29/.27 TaKa, Tue ja cuM6onu-3upaaT cunaTa Ha orHoT Koja MMa noce6Ha ynora bo M3pa6oTyBafteTo Ha KepaMMKaTa. MucnefteTo Ha J. Aj3Hep, geKa oBue 3Ha^M ce noBp3aHM co npogopoT Ha xpucTujaHcTBoTo e ocaMeHo.28 noroneM 6poj aBTopu cMeTaaT geKa o3HaKMTe Ha gHo-to Ha cnoBeHcKMTe cagoBM, He ce nojaByBaaT npeg 8 - 9 BeK. Ha cagoBMTe og Benrpag penje^HMTe 3Ha^M ce og nepuogoT Ha 10 - 11 BeK. M Ha TepuTopujaTa Ha Byrapuja nojaBaTa Ha penje^HM 3Ha^M Ha gHoTo Ha cagoBMTe ce noBp3yBa co BoBegyBafteTo Ha pa^HoTo rpmapcKo Kon^. no BoBegyBafteTo Ha ho^hoto rpHHapcKo Kon^ bo 11 BeK bo Byrapuja, penje^HMTe 3Ha^M Ha cagoBMTe nocTeneHo ucne3HyBaaT.29 Og noKanMTeToT fljagoBo noTeKHyBa egeH npuMepoK Ha rpHe co oTKpmeH BpaT, oTKpueHo bo Hacen6aTa. npeTcTaBaTa Ha neHTarpaM e M3BegeHa co Bpe^yBafte Ha ^mho M3Ma3HeToTo gHo, oTKaKo cagoT 6un ucneneH /cn. 30/.30 Ha gHoTo Ha cagoBMTe pa6oTe-hm Ha ho^ho rpHHapcKo Kon^ Boo6unaeHo He ce nojaByBaaT 3Ha^M, co mTo oBa rpHe npeTcraByBa ocaMeH npMMep.31 Og TepuTopujaTa Ha P. MaKegoHuja, hotohho og BuTona noTeKHyBa egeH go^Ho-aHTMHKM ^oKno^e^ Ha Koj e npeTcTaBeH neHTarpaM /cn. 31/.32 ^opManHuoT MeguyM bo oBoj cnynaj He go3BonyBa ge^MgHo TpeTupafte Ha penje^HMTe 3Ha^M KaKo tmhmhhm 03HaKU unu Ma^ucKu/pumyanHU očjeKmu a^nM^MpaHM co ocMucneHa ^yH^uja. Ho m noKpaj HeBo3Mo^HocTa 3a KoHe^Ho geKogupafte, noruHHo 6m 6uno ga ce npeTnocraBM geKa bo egeH 3HaK ynoTpe6eH Ha KepaMUHKM cag Mo«e napanenHo ga nocTojaT noBeKe otmhhm unu pa3nuHHM 3Hanefta. TaKa, goKonKy neHTarpaMoT ro TpeTupaMe bo HeroBaTa o3HanyBaHKa T.e. gecKpunTMBHa ynora, Toj cTaHyBa aM6neM Ha concTBeHocT, Ha ogpegeHa pa6oTunHM^, ho og gpyra cTpaHa u 27 B. BuKuh, CpegftoBeKoBHa, 40 - 41; Z. Vana, Die welt, 133, 136. 28 B. BuKuh, CpegftoBeKoBHa, 40 - 41. 29 H. floH^eBa - neTKoBa, 3Ha^M, 49. 30 B. D. Borisov, Djadovo, 142. 31 B. D. Borisov, Djadovo, 213. 32 T. JaHaKueBcKM, y6MKa^Mja, 36. 56 Opxudeja 3opoBa BaKBMOT HaBugyM ^yH^uoHaneH 3HaK MO«e ga hocm KOHKpeTHa npunuHa bo Hero-bmot M3Óop. Ha oBa hubo gypu u bo yTunuTapHocra Ha egeH 3HaK Mo«e ga ce HaceTaT ceMaHTMHKM npegno3u kou ja ogpegyBaaT HeroBaTa ynoTpeóa u ^ep^e^^uja. 3. BM3aHTMCKM CnOMeH^M TpeTaTa KaTeropuja npegMeTu Ha kou ce nojaByBa npeTCTaBaTa Ha neHTarpaM KoHKpeTHo ce noBp3yBa co MeguyMu - HocuTenu og Bu3aHTucKaTa c^epa Ha MaTepujanHaTa KynTypa. neHTarpaMoT He ce ynoTpeóyBa Hecro bo geKopa^ujaTa, ho cenaK ce cpeTHyBa bo egeH gonr nepuog, og go^HoaHTUHKUTe, go c^oMeHu^uTe og nepuogoT Ha 3penuoT cpegeH BeK.33 npuToa, Ha oBoj cTaguyM Ha ynoTpeóa, neHTarpaMoT u HeMy cnu^HuTe 3Ha^u / cuMÓonu, bo roneMa Mepa goóuBaaT ^yH^uja Ha opHaMeHTu. OpHaMeHTuTe no aBToMaTu3aM ce HeyHu^opMHu, ho uHTepgu^unnuHapHu, u ceKaKo eKcnnoaTupaHu og cuTe cnoeBu Ha onmTecTBoTo, ocoóeHo og oHue noHucKuTe. npuToa goópo e 3aóene^aHo geKa „bo MoMeHToT Kora ^oco^ucTu^upaHUTe apTucTu^KM ^opMu Ha eKcnpecuja Ke 3anoHHaT ga geKnuHupaaT unu ucne3HyBaaT, opHaMeHTuTe uaKo cMeTaHu 3a peTapgupaHa BapujaHTa Ha yMeTHocTa, noKa^yBaaT bucok cTeneH Ha oTnopHocT koh u3yMupafteTo".34 npeKy oBaa cBoja cynepuopHocT, opHaMeHTuTe npepacHyBaaT bo Tpagu^ucKo HacnegcTBo Koe, npeHecyBaHo og ^eHepa^uja Ha ^eHepa^uja, npogon^yBa ga nocTou gypu u Toram Kora yMeTHocTa Ha Koja opuruHanHo u npunarane e ogaMHa 3aóopaBeHa. Ha Toj HanuH opHaMeHTuTe goóuBaaT eTHonomKa BpegHocT.35 OaKToT geKa Bu3aHTucKaTa uMnepuja uMa pena^uu co ^p^uja, EruneT, Cupuja u nepcuja, Mo^e gegyKTuBHo ga ce goKa^e gypu u caMo npeKy aHanu3a Ha Bu3aHTucKuTe opHaMeHTu.36 a) OnmapHU nnanu od Ce. Coruja, Oxpud u Mopodeuc (P. MaKedoHuja) flenoBuTe og geKopaTuBHaTa nnacTuKa bo oxpugcKaTa KaTegpana Cb. Coruja (11 BeK), ce og onTapHaTa nperpaga, Koja HeKoram óuna nocTaBeHa Ha 3anagHuoT paó Ha u3gurHaTuoT npe3BuTepuyM.37 HamuoT uHTepec ro npuBnene cogp^uHaTa Ha egHa og onTapHuTe nnonu, ceKaKo nopagu ^aKToT mTo Ha Hej3uHuoT penje^ ce u3oópa3eHu gBe neToKpaKu SBe3gu -neHTarpaMu /en. 32/. fleKopa^ujaTa Ha gBaTa nnyTeja og npe3BuTepuyMoT uMa cnu^Ha ocHoBHa 3aMucna, ho Ha BTopaTa nnona HegocTacyBaaT ToKMy neHTarpaMuTe, na nopagu Toa Ke ja ucKnynuMe og paMKuTe Ha oBa ucTpa^yBa^e. npBaTa nnona e geKopupaHa co nernu bo npeceK „m" kou cnneTeHu bo 3aTBopeHa ^nuHa co3gaBaaT Tpu noroneMu u mecT noManu Kpy^Hu MegaaoHu, bo kou ce npeTcTaBeHu cuMóonuHHu 3Ha^u u ^urypu.38 ^HTpanHuoT MegaaoH uMa noroneMu 33 K. neTpoB, fleKopaTuBHaTa, 135. 34 O. M. Dalton, Byzantine, 685. 35 O. M. Dalton, Byzantine, 685. 36 O. M. Dalton, Byzantine, 685. 37 K. neTpoB, fleKopaTuBHaTa, 126. 38 K. neTpoB, fleKopaTuBHaTa, 130. 57 neHTarpaM bo cpegHuoT BeK - npenMMMHapHM ucTpa^yBafta Bp3 0CH0Ba Ha 6anKaHcKMTe npuMepM guMeH3uu og CTpaHu^HuTe, a gypu u co CBojaTa npeTCTaBa (eguHCTBeHa ^urypanHa) ro npuBneKyBa BHuMaHueTo KaKo HocuTen Ha K0M^03U^ucKaTa ^a6yna.39 Bo 0Ba ^HTpanHo none e npeTCTaBeH open Koj co KaHyuTe gp^u CTunu3upaHa 3Muja. 3a Hac e uHTepeceH egeH gpyr M0MeHT, noBp3aH Ha HeKoj HanuH co 0Baa npeTCTaBa, a Toa ce ManuTe Kpy^Hu MegaaoHu Hag u nog oBoj ^HTpaneH motub. Bo 0Bue gBe nonuaa ce npeTCTaBeHu neT0KpaKu SBe3gu - neHTarpaMu co Man Kpyr Ha cpeguHaTa u nynKa40, bo uHTepecHa puTMu^Ka, a M0^e6u u cuM6onuHKa nocTaBeHocT, ropHuoT e npeBpTeH HaonaKy, a gonHuoT nocTaBeH HopManHo - co BpB0T Harope. üpeTnocTaBeHo e geKa aH0HuMHu0T CKynnTop, pa3MecTyBaaeT0 Ha cuM6onuTe ro peanu3upan, BogeH og HaMepaTa ga ja u36erHe M0H0T0H0CTa Ha noBTopyBaaeTo.41 npuToa, cuM6onuTe bo npBaTa u TpeTaTa 30Ha go6uBaaT cnpoTuBeH pacnopeg, gogeKa bo norneg Ha neHTarpaM0T, Koj e cenaK noBp3aH co ^HTpanHuoT motub, pa3H0BugH0CTa e nocTurHaTa npeKy Her0B0T0 npeBpTyBaae bo ropHaTa 30Ha.42 üpeTCTaBaTa Ha open Koj bo KaHyuTe gp^u 3Muja e unycTpa^uja Koja Bogu noTeKno og caMuTe ^0HeT0^u Ha ^UBunu3a^uuTe.43 nocegyBajKu cnoco6HoCT ga ce u3gurHe Hag o6na^UTe u ga ro Bnepu nornegoT gupeKTHo bo coh^to, openoT go6uBa 3Haneae Ha He6eceH, a BoegHo u conapeH cuM6on. Bo xpucTujaHCKaTa uK0H0rpa^uja openoT KaKo cuM6on Mo^e ga ce noBp3e co KoHKpeTHu HocuTenu. TaKa, npeTCTaBeH caM Toj Mo^e ga ro cuM6onu3upa eBaHrenucT0T JoBaH, ho BoegHo u XpucToc T.e. egeH nepuog og HeroBuoT ^ubot.44 OpenoT Mo«e ga ro 03HanyBa u XpucT0B0T0 YcneHue, ho u Her0B0T0 KpancTBo.45 M bo AnoKanuncaTa, openoT ce nojaByBa KaKo XpucT0B cuM6on.46 Ako ja cornegaMe bo ^nocT ^opManHaTa cogp^uHa Ha 0Baa onTapHa nnona, Ha npB nnaH u3neryBa Hej3uHaTa He6ecHa cuM6onuKa. MMeHo cuTe ynoTpe6eHu geKopaTuBHu eneMeHTu Mo^aT ga ce noBp3aT co coh^to, 3paneaeT0 u co He6oTo KaKo npocTopHa 3oHa.47 KoHKpeTHaTa ynoTpe6a Ha neT0KpaKuTe SBe3gu Mo«e ga ce TonKyBa og HeKonKy acneKTu. TaKa, goKonKy ro cornegaMe neHTarpaM0T bo HeroBaTa ogpeg6a KaKo 3HaK, Toram u Toj go6uBa conapHa u TpaHC^HgeHTHa K0H0Ta^uja,48 Koja ro 3ajaKHyBa 3HaHeH>eT0 Ha ^HTpanHuoT motub. Ho, Tpe6a ga ce HanoMeHe geKa bo gpeBHuTe ^UBunu3a^uu, neHTarpaM0T ynoTpe6eH KaKo 3HaK - ugeorpaM, ro 03HanyBan u nouM0T „óowecmBo".49 ÜpeTCTaBaTa Ha neHTarpaM ce cpeTHyBa Ha ymTe egHa omTeTeHa MepMepHa nnona oTKpueHa bo MopogBuc (Kaj KonaHu). M 0Baa nnona, cnopeg uK0H0rpa^CKuTe KapaKTepucTuKu, ce gaTupa bo 11 BeK /en. 33/.50 üpaBoaronHuoT o6nuK Ha nnonaTa e nogeneH Ha gBa poM6a noBp3aHu co ja3on u ^naHKupaHu co gBa ManTemKu KpcTa 39 K. neTpoB, fleKopaTuBHaTa, 131. 40 3Ha^u He ce u3BegeHu gocnegHo cnopeg reoMeTpucKaTa MaTpu^ 41 K. neTpoB, fleKopaTuBHaTa, 133. 42 K. neTpoB, fleKopaTuBHaTa, 133. 43 A. Gerbran, Ž. Ševalje, Rečnik, 641 - 646; K. neTpoB, fleKopaTuBHaTa, 131 - 133. 44 K. neTpoB, fleKopaTuBHaTa, 133. 45 A. Gerbran, Ž. Ševalje, Rečnik, 642.. 46 K. neTpoB, fleKopaTuBHaTa, 133. 47 Bo Megan>oHuTe neBo u gecHo og ^HTpanHuoT Kpyr co npeTCTaBa Ha open ce noMecTeHu KpcToBu, a bo npBaTa u TpeTaTa xopu30HTanHa 30Ha CTojaT mecToKpaKu po3eTu co xeKcaroHaneH paM u gBe gBaHaeceTpa^HM po3eTu (K. neTpoB, fleKopaTuBHaTa, 133 - 135). 48 M. Elijade, Istorija, 54. 49 M. Elijade, Istorija, 54; n. TonuucKu, 3ue3u, 271. 50 C. OununoBa, ApxuTeKT0HCKa, 47. 58 Opxudeja 3opoBa BnumaHu bo Kpyr. npuToa, bo neBuoT goneH aron (ogpeg6aTa npou3neryBa og HanuHoT Ha Koj ja npeTCTaByBaMe nnonaTa) ce nojaByBa neToKpaKa SBe3ga co Kpyr bo cpeguHaTa (gecHuoT ropeH aron He e 3anyBaH). MHTepecHo e mTo u bo geKopa^ujaTa Ha oBaa nnona ce HaceTyBaaT aco^uja^uu Ha HeóecHaTa cuM6onuKa. MMeHo, KaKo u Ha onTapHaTa nnona og OxpugcKaTa Cb. Coruja, u oBge ce ynoTpe6eHu gBaHaeceTpaHHa po3eTa u gBaHaeceTKpaKa SBe3ga, kou bo cBojaTa cuMÓonuKa ro cogp^aT 3pane-wema T.e. conapHaTa unu He6ecKaTa cBeTnuHa. ^Ba neHTarpaMu ce npeTcTaBeHu u Ha egeH penje^ og Bon Ha ocrpoBoT BpaH, XpBaTcKa, og 11 BeK, a oBoj motub ro uMa u Ha nnonaTa og cnnuTcKaTa KpcrunHu^, ucto TaKa og 11 BeK / en 34/. OBue gBa cnoMeHuKa noonmupHo Ke 6ugaT on^aTeHu bo HeKoe gpyro ucTpa^yBa^e. Ha oBa MecTo caMo 6u ucTaKHane geKa bo HuBHaTa uKoHorpa^uja, KOM6uHa^ujaTa Ha neHTarpaMoT co m^u (opnu?) ja go6nu^yBa cMucnaTa Ha oBoj 3HaK go HeKaKBa „pajcKa cuM6onuKa".51 HeTupu neToKpaKu SBe3gu - neHTarpaMu ce u3BegeHu u bo Mo3auHHaTa geKopa^uja Ha Cb. Coruja bo ^purpag /en. 35/. Kpy^HuTe nonufta bo kou ce cMecTeHu neToKpa-KuTe SBe3gu ce pacnopegeHu Ha cTpaHuHHuTe Kpa^u Ha egeH poM6 Koj bo ^HTapoT uMa Kpy^Ho none co npeTcTaBa Ha HeTupuKpaKa po3eTa co cp^BugHu nucToBu. npuToa, neHTarpaMuTe bo Kpy^HuoT gen, 3aTBopeH og Kpa^uTe ro cogp^aT uctuot motub. MaKo cTaHyBa 36op 3a eneMeHTu og Mo3auKoT kou uMaaT hucto geKopaTu-BeH KapaKTep, uHTepecHo e mTo neToKpaKaTa SBe3ga ce nojaByBa bo KOM6uHa^uja co pom6ot, Koj bo BHaTpemHocTa cogp^u HumaH T.e. po3eTa.52 Pom6ot, ynoTpe6eH gypu u bo geKopaTuBHa cMucna, Ha hubo Ha opHaMeHT, Mo^e ga ce TpeTupa KaKo HocuTen Ha ceMarnu^HocT. PoM6uHHuTe ugeorpaMu co cBojaTa TpaHcucTopuHHocT u TpaHcKynTypanHocT My ce HaMeTHyBaaT u Ha xpucTujaHcTBoTo, Koe HeMo^ejKu ga ru ucKopeHu, egHocTaBHo ru BKnyqyBa bo cboj'ot cucTeM, ho gerpagupaHu Ha hubo Ha opHaMeHTu.53 Bo cBojaTa ucropucKa guc^O3u^uja, npeTcTaBaTa Ha poM6 ce noBp3yBa co ^eHcKuTe acneKTu.54 Pom6ot co ^HTpaneH motub Mo^e KoHKpeTHo ga ce TpeTupa KaKo npuKa3 Ha Bne3oT bo MajKaTa - 3eMja Koja bo penuruo3Ho - MuTonomKuTe cucTeMu uMa MHory6pojHu 3acTa^Hu^u.55 flononHyBa^eTo Ha pom6ot co conapHu cuM6onu Mo«e ga yKa^yBa u Ha nocroefte Ha HeKaKBa cnuKa Ha cBeToT oKony Koj ce ogBuBa conapHuoT ^uKnyc.56 CenaK, Ha oBoj cTaguyM Ha ynoTpe6a T.e. bo geKopaTuBHuTe npeTcTaBu ocTaHyBa oTBopeHo npamafteTo ganu, KaKBu u huu cuMynaKpyMu ce 3aTBopeHu bo nouMoT neToKpaKa SBe3ga - neHTarpaM, uMajKu npegBug geKa oBue npuMepu u npunaraaT Ha xpucTujaHcKaTa c^epa Ha HocuTenu. 51 P. neTpoBMh, KoMaHcKa KynTypa, 122. 52 noonmupHo 3a cuM6onuKaTa Ha pom6ot Bugu H. HaycMgMc, KocMonomKu 110 - 115. 53 3a xpMCTMjaHM3a^MjaTa Ha pom6mhhmtc ugeorpaMu Bugu noonmupHo Kaj H. HaycMgMc, KocMonomKM, 124 - 126. 54 H. Haycuguc, KocMonomKu, 99. 55 H. Haycuguc, KocMonomKu, 106 - 107. 56 3a pom6ot gononHeT co conapHu cuM6onu Bugu noonmupHo Kaj H. Haycuguc, KocMonomKu, 115 - 117. 59 neHTarpaM bo cpegHuoT BeK - npenMMMHapHM ucTpa^yBafta Bp3 0CH0Ba Ha 6anKaHcKMTe npuMepM 6) Bu3aHmucK0 cnuKapcmBO reoMeTpMCKMTe o6nu^u BoonnmTo, Mery kom u neHTarpaMOT u HeroBMTe Bapuj^uu, HenocpegHO ce noBp3aHu u co ogpegeHu ^urypu u c^hu og BM3aHTMCKoTo cnuKapcTBo. reoMeTpMCKMTe pemeHuja ce nojaByBaaT bo nocnegHuTe ge^Huu Ha 13 BeK. KoHKpeTHo, Tue ce noBp3yBaaT co nuKOBHOTO TonKyBaK>e Ha „CnaBaTa" T.e. 6o^ecTBeHaTa CBeTnocr Koja ru oKpy^yBa nuKOBuTe Ha oBonnoTeHuoT Bor.57 3aKoHuTocTa bo ynoTpe6aTa Ha ogpegeHu reoMeTpucKu o6nu^u bo KoHKpeTHu KOM^O3u^uu yKa^yBa Ha HuBHa ocMucneHa npuMeHa.58 Og roneMa Ba^HocT e ^aKTOT mTo reoMeTpucKuTe o6nu^M HuKoram He ce jaByBaaT noBp3aHu co CMpTHu^u, 6e3 orneg Ha hubhuot gypu u HajBucoK CBeTuTencKu paHr. BoegHo, ucTuTe o6nu^u He ce ynoTpe6yBaaT gypu hu 3a ^urypuTe Ha XpucToc Kora e npuKa^aH npeg BocKpeceHueTo, co ucKnynoK Ha KOM^O3u^ujaTa npeo6pa^eHue.59 BaKBuTe 3aKOHuToCTu go3BonyBaaT reoMeTpucKuTe o6nu^u ga ce npoTonKyBaar KaKo eneMeHTu kou ja 3ajaKHyBaaT He6ecKaTa Bo^ecTBeHa npupoga Ha nuKOBuTe go kou ce npeTCTaBeHu.60 Bo oBoj KOHTeKCT Mo^e6u 6u Tpe6ano ga ce 3eMe npegBug cnu^HaTa ynoTpe6a Ha neHTarpaMOT bo npeTxogHuTe penurucKu cucTeMu, 3a kou Ke CTaHe 36op nogony bo TeKCTOT. 3HaqeK>eTo Ha reoMeTpucKuTe o6nu^u Ha hum6ot u MaHgopnaTa npou3neryBa og caMaTa cuM6onuHKa BpegHoCT Koja um 6una npugaBaHa Ha 6poeBuTe. TaKa ymTe bo nuTaropejcKaTa Tpagu^uja cuM6onuKaTa Ha 6pojoT neT HenocpegHo npeora u Ha neToaronHuTe o6nu^u.61 CenaK, xpucTujaHCKaTa Teonoruja Ha 6poeBuTe um gana nouHaKBo 3Hanefte og oHa mTo Tue ro uMane bo aHTuKaTa, oBoj naT bo CKnag co xpucTujaHCKOTo c^aKafte Ha CBeTOT u HOBeKOT bo Hero.62 üojaBaTa Ha neTO3paHHuTe o6nu^u bo bu3aHTucKOTo cnuKapcTBo ce cnegu og cpeguHaTa Ha 12 BeK. Bo oBoj nepuog Boo6uneHaTa ocMO3pa^Ha MaHgopna bo Xpuctoboto üpeo6pa^eHue ce 3aMeHyBa co neTO3pa^Ha. üpaBuneH reoMeTpucKu neTOKpaK o6nuK Ha MaHgopnaTa uMa bo npunpaTaTa Ha ^KBaTa Cb. fopru bo Grapo HaropunuHo (P. MaKegoHuja) bo c^HaTa üpeo6pa^eHue /en. 36/.63 Bo xpucTujaHCKOTo TonKyBafte Ha cuM6onuKaTa Ha 6pojoT neT, npeg cé ce ucTaKHyBa ugejaTa 3a neTTe npeMygpu ceTuna, npu mTo e oneBugHa BpcKaTa co nouMOT mukpokocmoc Koj bo aHTuKaTa ce o3HanyBan co neToaronHuK.64 GuM6onuKaTa Ha 6pojoT neT bo ce6e uHKopnopupa u gpyru 3HaneH>a. ynoTpe6aTa Ha neTO3paHHuTe o6nu^u go nuKOT Ha Boropogu^ bo ^HTpanHaTa ancuga Ha ^KBaTa bo MaHacTupoT rpanaHu^ (Kocobo), Mo^e ga ce noBp3e co 3HanefteTo Ha Boropogu^ KaKo BpcKa Mery Bo^juoT xpaM u Xpuctoboto oBonnoTyBafte T.e. KaKo MajKa Ha üpeMygpocTa /en. 37/. Coruja, noKpaj gpyroTo ru ogpa3yBa u ceTunaTa Ha gyxoBHaTa 57 B. MaKo, reoMerpujc™, 41. 58 HuM6oBuTe u MaHgopnuTe co reoMerpuc™ o6nM^M npeg cé ce noBp3aHu co ^urypuTe Ha XpucToc, ^ury-paTa Ha Bo^opogM^a bo c^HHTe bo kou He ce npuKa^yBa Hej3uHaTa 3eMHa e^3MCTeH^Mja, npeTCTaBaTa Ha ryna6oT KaKo cuM6on Ha Cb. flyx u gp. (Bugu noonmupHo: B. MaKo, reoMeTpKjcKK, 41). 59 B. MaKo, reoMeTpKjcKK, 41. 60 B. MaKo, reoMeTpKjcKK, 42. 61 B. MaKo, reoMeTpKjcKK, 42. 62 B. MaKo, reoMeTpKjcKK, 43. 63 B. MaKo, reoMeTpKjcKK, 49 - 50. 64 B. MaKo, reoMeTpKjcKK, 50. 60 Opxudeja 3opoBa ^ep^e^^uja T.e. neTTe npeMygpu ceTuna. BpcKaTa noMery cuM6onuKaTa Ha 6pojoT neT m n0UM0T Ha npeMygpocTa, noBp3aHU npeKy ugejaTa 3a cBeTn0cH0T0 3paneH>e, e BugnuBa u bo nojaBaTa Ha noTnonHo npaBunH0T neToaronHUK oKony hum6ot Ha npeMygpocTa bo flenaHU (Kocobo) /en. 38/.65 neT0KpaKU0T o6nuK Ha MaHgopnaTa ce nojaByBa u bo XpucT0B0T0 npeo6pa^eHue bo flenaHU /en. 39/, a oBoj o6nuK Ha MaHgopna, bo ucTouMeHaTa K0M^03U^uja, Ha egHa UK0Ha ro ynoTpe6un u AHgpej Py6aoB /cn. 40/.66 OaKToT mT0 neToaronHUTe u neT03panecTUTe o6nu^u ce nojaByBaaT caMo Ha HeKonKy npuMepu bo BU3aHTucKaTa yMeTHocT, roBopu 3a TeonomKaTa cno^eHocT Ha HUBH0T0 3Haneae. npeTn0cTaBeH0T0 TonKyBaae Ha 0Bue o6nu^u KaKo npeTcTaBa Ha ugejaTa 3a npeMygpocTa u npeMygpuTe ceTuna, 3acera e HajonpaBgaHo bo xpucTujaHcKaTa Teonoruja.67 na cenaK, BaKB0T0 TonKyBaae He ru ucKnyqyBa u gpyruTe mo«hm cornegyBaaa Ha neT0KpaKUTe ^opMa^uu kou npou3neryBaaT og MHory3HaHHocTa Ha 6pojoT neT. OcTaHyBa 0TB0peH0 npamaaeTo ganu u bo noconeHUTe npuMepu og geKopaTUBHaTa nnacTUKa u M03auK0T, neHTarpaMUTe He 6une HaMepHo u npoMucneHo U3o6pa3eHU? 4. rpa^MTM (Eyrapnja) Ha TepuTopujaTa Ha Byrapuja ce oTKpueHU MHory6pojHU 3Ha^u Bpe^aHU Ha pa3nuHHU npegMeTU. Bo HayHHaTa nuTepaTypa, 0Bue cpegH0BeK0BHU ^Te»:u ce no3HaTU nog n0UM0T „rpa^UTu". OBoj TepMUH npou3neryBa og caMaTa TexHUKa Ha U3BegyBas>e Ha 3Ha^UTe Koja nogpa36upa Bpe^yBaae Ha Ma3Ha TBpga noBpmuHa co noMom Ha ocTap npegMeT.68 HajMHory rpa^UTU ce oTKpueHU oKony npBUTe 6yrapcKU npecTonHUHU, nnucKa m npecnaB, u Toa Bpe^aHU Ha cTon6oBU, Ha KaMeaa, HaKUT u Ha KepaMUHKU cagoBU.69 Og gpyra cTpaHa bo Jy^Ha Byrapuja, co ucKnyHoK Ha HeKonKy ^pameHTU og KepaMUHKU cagoBU co Bpe^aHU 3Ha^u u HeKonKy npcTeHU co npeTcTaBa Ha neHTarpaMU, 6pojoT Ha oTKpueHUTe rpa^UTU e ganeKy noMan.70 XpoHonomKU, Bpe^aHUTe u penje^HUTe 3Ha^M npunaraaT Ha nepuogoT Ha npB0T0 ByrapcKo ^pcTBo, og KpajoT Ha 7 go n0HeT0K0T Ha 11 BeK. 3Ha^UTe HenpeKUHaTo 6une ynoTpe6yBaHU u bo naraHcKuoT, u bo xpucTujaHcKuoT nepuog.71 npeTcTaBaTa Ha neHTarpaM0T Mo^e ga ce npocnegu Ha HeKonKy pa3nuHHU BugoBU npegMeTU. 3a noneT0K, UHTepecHo e ga ce HanoMeHe geKa neT0KpaKaTa SBe3ga ce cpeTHyBa Ha egeH cTon6 og nnucKa, npu mT0 Tpe6a ga ce UMa npegBug geKa Ha TepuTopujaTa Ha Byrapuja bo nepuogoT Mery 7 - 10 BeK, Ha cTon6oBUTe HecTo ce Bpe^yBane „HaTnucu" / cn. 41 /.72 65 Bugu noonmupHo Kaj B. MaKo, reoMeTpujcKM, 51. 66 B. MaKo, reoMeTpujcKM, 52. 67 B. MaKo, reoMeTpujcKM, 52. 68 fl. OBHapoB, BtnrapcKU, 10, og MTan. Graffito - Bpe^yBa. 69 H. floHHeBa - neTK0Ba, 3Ha^M, 23. 70 H. floHHeBa - neTK0Ba, 3Ha^M, 23. 71 H. floHHeBa - neTK0Ba, 3Ha^M, 22 - 25. 72 H. floHHeBa - neTK0Ba, 3Ha^M, 31 - 32. 61 neHTarpaM bo cpegHuoT BeK - npenMMMHapHM ucTpa^yBafta Bp3 0CH0Ba Ha 6anKaHcKMTe npuMepM BaKBu 3Ha^M (^tku u pe^u) ce GTKpueHu Ha pa3Hu MaTepujanu Ha TepuTopujaTa Ha Byrapuja, ccc6eHC CKony npecTonHuHuTe ünucKa u üpecnaB. noBuKyBajKu ce Ha gencTO Ha ^pHGpM3e^ Xpa6ap, „O nucueHex", Kage Tcj rcBcpu 3a egeH paH nepucg cg ^ubgtgt Ha cnoBeHuTe Kora Tue wrane u numyBane co ^tku u pe^u, HeKou HayHHM^M npeTnocTaByBaaT geKa 3Ha^MTe GTKpueHu Ha 6yrapcKuTe c^GMeHM^M ce BcymHCCT noKa3aTenu 3a HeKaKBa nucMeHCCT, Koja um 6una no3HaTa Ha Man 6poj npocBeTeHu nu^.73 CenaK, HeBC3MC^HG e ga ce ogpegu ganu bg 6yrapcKuTe 3Ha^M uMano eneMeHTu Ha ugeorpaMCKG unu nuKTcrpaMCKC nucMo. Cnopeg CMucnoBHaTa cogp^uHa, rpa^uTuTe ce genaT Ha gBe rpynu. üpBaTa rpy-na ru on^aKa peanucTu^HuTe npeTCTaBu, gogeKa bg BTopaTa BneryBaaT CMM6GnMHHMTe npeTCTaBu u 3Ha^M.74 BaKBaTa nogen6a e cenaK ycnoBHa, 6ugejKu noHeKoram He nocTou ocTpa rpaHu^ noMery gBaTa Buga. BoegHo, HeBC3MC^HG e ga ce onpegenu u HanuHCT T.e. MecTCTC Ha ynoTpe6a Ha 3Ha^MTe, 6ugejKu egeH ucT 3HaK Mo^e ga ce cpeTHe Ha pa3nuHHu HocuTenu (KaMeHu 6nGKGBu, Tynu, KepaMugu, Bne3CBu Ha nemTepu, MepMepHu CTGn6GBu u cn).75 npo6neMu ce nojaByBaaT u npu gaTupaaeTC Ha rpa^uTuTe, 3aToa mTC Tue ce bg cymTuHa ^poM3BogM Ha TpagM^MGHanHaTa yMeTHCCT. Ha Toj HanuH naraHCKuTe cuM6Gnu Ha npuMep, He MC^aT ceKoram u co curypHCCT ga ce CMecTaT bg naraHCKaTa enoxa, 3aToa mTC MHory og hub npogon^une ga ce KopucTaT u no npuMaaeTC Ha xpucTujaHCTBCTC.76 na cenaK, Ha rpa^uTuTe He Mo«e ga um ce cg3eMe 3HaneaeTC Ha penepu 3a penuruG3H0 - MuTonomKuTe npeTCTaBu Ha cpegHOBeKOBHucT HOBeK. MMajKu ro npegBug npuMapHuoT uHTepec Ha CBa ucrpa:*yBaae - neHTarpaMCT, bg GBO j gen Ke 6ugaT on^aTeHu caMO CHue npuMepu Ha rpa^uTu Ha kgu ce nojaByBa HeroBaTa npeTCTaBa. BepojaTHO HajuHTepecHaTa u HajnpGBGKaTuBHa ynoTpe6a Ha neHTarpaMuTe ce cpeTHyBa Ha egeH BapoBHuHKu 6noK og üpecnaB. TyKa npeTCTaBuTe Ha gBa neHTarpaMa ce uHKopnopupaHu bg egHa pa3BueHa K0M^03M^Mja lcn. 42/. CTaHyBa 360p 3a c^Ha Ha noB, npu mTC ^HTpanHC MecTO um e gageHO Ha npeTCTaBuTe Ha nGBe^ - KoaaHuK, guB 6uk u Kyne. npuToa, neHTarpaMuTe ce u3G6pa3eHu Hag KyneTC u Bp3 3agHuTe H03e Ha KoaoT. MHTepecHG e mTC noBe^T u KyneTC ce bg cymTuHa ucmoeemHU oójeKmu kgu ce HocuTenu Ha gejcTBOTO, a KaKO apryMeHT 3a HuBHaTa ^yH^uoHanHa n0Bp3aH0CT MC^aT ga ce ucKopucTaT u neHTarpaMuTe. MMajKu ja npegBug nogen6aTa cnopeg CMucnoBHaTa cogp^uHa Ha rpa^uTuTe, bg CBoj MCMeHT He Mo^e co curypHCCT ga ce ogpegu ganu GBaa npeTCTaBa e peanucTu^Ha T.e. npogyKT Ha ceKojgHeBHuTe 36ugHyBaaa, unu e cuM6GnuHHa T.e. npuKa3 Ha HeKaKBa MuTonomKa enu3oga? na cenaK, conapHuoT T.e. He6ecHuoT cnoj bg 3HaneaeTC Ha neHTarpaMCT go3BonyBa, bg GBaa c^Ha ga ce HaceTaT MuTOnOmKu ^pegMC^G3M^MM. Ha egeH MepMepeH CTon6 og ünucKa, cuM6onuHHaTa npeTCTaBa Ha neHTarpaMCT e npuKa^aHa bg KGM6MHa^Mja co gpyru 3Ha^M, gogeKa bg ropHuTe napTuu ce npeTCTaBeHu HGBeHKu u ^ubgtuhcku ^urypu lcn. 43/. Bo CBoj cnynaj xGpu3GHTanHaTa nogpegeHCCT Ha npeTCTaBuTe ja npaBu HeBC3MC^Ha xunoTeTu^HaTa noBp3aHCCT Ha neHTarpaMCT co GgpegeH nuK. 73 H, floH^eBa - neTKOBa, 3Ha^M, 7, 31 - 32. 74 fl. OB^apoB, BtnrapcKu, 17. 75 H. floH^eBa - neTKOBa, 3Ha^M, 46. 76 fl. OB^apoB, BtnrapcKu, 19. 62 Opxudeja 3opoBa Ha egeH KaMeH cg nnucKa, Kcj 6un gen cg HeKaBa sugHa KCHCTpy^uja, npeTcTaBaTa Ha egeH gcMUHaHTeH neHTarpaM e npugpy^eHa cc npuKa3 Ha HCBeK u ^ubcthc, KaKC u egHa HCBeHKa rnaBa bc aH^ac /en. 44/. MHTepecHC e mTC neHTarpaMCT, uaKC gupeKTro He KcpecncHgupa cc HuegHa cg npeTcTaBUTe, ce HaMeTHyBa Hag ^ubcthctc cg MamKU ncn, Kce HanuKyBa Ha npeTcTaBUTe Ha kch>. neHTarpaMCT ce cpeTHyBa u Ha egHa nemTepHa Kapna, cg KaBapHa. ncg HercBaTa npeTcTaBa UMa cxeMaTU3upaHa ^UBCTUHcKa, BepcjaTHC KcacKa rnaBa /en. 45/. Ha ManTepcT Ha egHa ^pKBa bc nepHUK, gc npeTcTaBaTa Ha rpHKU KpcT hum 3aBpmeT^u UMaaT CBanHU gcgaT^u, ce cpeTHyBa u npeTcTaBaTa Ha neHTarpaM /en. 46/. Mcrpa^yBanuTe Ha rpa^UTUTe cccTaBune HeKcnKy ncgen6u Ha 3Ha^UTe kcu ce cpeTHyBaaT Ha c^CMeHU^UTe. TaKa, bc egHa rpyna ce cMecTeHU recMeTpucKUTe ^urypu, Meíy kcu ce Hacía u neHTarpaMCT. TcnKyBaaeTC Ha CBaa rpyna 3Ha^u e bc gcMeHCT Ha HUBHaTa ccnapHa cuM6cnuKa unu HUBHaTa yncTpe6a KaKC TaMru.77 Hc, ucTCBpeMeHC neHTarpaMCT BneryBa u bc gpyruTe rpynu Ha 3Ha^u (cuM6cnuHHU, pyHUHHu), TaKa mTC Ha CBCj cTaguyM e HeBC3MC^HC ga ce cnpcBege KCHeHHC KaTercpu3upaH>e. Bc cnynaj Kcra neHTarpaMCT ce yncTpe6yBa bc KCM^C3U^UCKU ccMucneHa c^Ha, HeccMHeHC e geKa HercBaTa npeTcTaBa hccu cuM6cnuHKC 3HaneH>e Kce Tpe6a ga ja 3ajaKHe unu gcc6jacHU HapaTUBHaTa cTpyKTypa. Og gpyra cTpaHa, neHTarpaMCT yncTpe6eH caM T.e. 6e3 jacHU BpcKU cc cgpegeHU npeTcTaBU, ccTaHyBa HegccTU^eH 3a TcnKyBaae Kce 6u rc ncjacHunc HercBCTC cuM6cnuHHC, pyHUHHC, ugecrpaMcKC unu HeKaKBC ncuHaKBC 3Haneae. S. KocKeHO poK^e og n^MCKa (Eyrapnja) ymTe egeH apryMeHT bc ncn3a Ha KCHKpeTHCTC 3Haneae Ha neHTarpaMCT, cpeKaBaMe Ha KccKeHCTC pcKHe cg nnucKa /en. 47/. OBa pcKHe e CTKpueHC cc gpyru Hacgu kcu ncTeKHyBaaT cg nepucgcT Ha 8 - 9 BeK.78 Bp3 ncBpmuHaTa Ha CBa pcKHe ce Bpe^aHU pa3HU 3Ha^u u ugecrpaMU, npu mTC Ha cTpaHUTe Kage mTC Tca 6unc npcgynneHC, ce npuKa^aHU Haj6uTHUTe npeTcTaBU -rancnupaHKU kch. T.e. egHcpcr cg egHaTa, u eneH mTC ce gBU^u bc cnpcTUBHa HaccKa, cg gpyraTa cTpaHa.79 MHTepecHC e mTC ncMeíy CBue gBe npeTcTaBU ce ncjaByBa u 3HaKCT neHTarpaM. CaMUCT MeguyM bc CBcj cnynaj gc3BcnyBa egHC npcmupyBaae Ha npeTcTaBUTe cc kcu e ncBp3aH neHTarpaMCT. MMeHC, KccKeHCTC pcKHe, cc cBcjaTa HeccMHeHC naraHcKa cuM6cnuKa, gupeKTHC Mc«e ga ce ncBp3e cc cTapuTe cncBeHcKU BepyBaaa.80 KynTCT Ha eneHCT e nc3HaT ymTe cg npaucTcpujaTa. Cc cBcjaTa ccnapHa cuM6cnuKa Tcj nc npaBunc ce ncBp3yBa cc MamKUTe 6c^ecTBa, npu mTC bc cncBeHcKUCT naHTecH eneHCT ce jaByBa u KaKC aTpu6yT Ha nepyH.81 Bc naraHcKUTe mutcbu eneHCT e ncBp3aH cc neKyBaaeTC u MarujaTa, a ce ucraKHyBa u HercBaTa mck ga ja ccBnaga 3MujaTa, gcgeKa 77 H. flGHHeBa - neTKGBa, 3Ha^M, 34. 78 E. MaHeBa, CnGBeHcKU, 48; H, flGHHeBa - neTKGBa, MMTGnGrMHHM, 69. 79 E. MaHeBa, CnGBeHcKU, 48. 80 E. MaHeBa, CnGBeHcKU, 51; H. Haycuguc, MuTcKUTe, 464,465. 81 E. MaHeBa, CnGBeHcKU, 51, ^.h. 24. 63 neHTarpaM bo cpegHucT BeK - npenuMuHapHu ucTpa^yBaaa Bp3 CCHCBa Ha 6anKaHCKuTe npuMepu bo xpuCTujaHCKuoT KOH^nT Toj uMa 6anTucManH0, ecxaT0n0mK0 u coTepuonomKO 3Haneae. 82 M ^aHTaCTuHHuoT egHopor opuruHupa ymTe og aHTuHKuTe MuTonomKu CuCTeMu.83 Bo aneKCaHgpuCKaTa pega^uja Ha &u3uono^om, egHoporoT Ce CMeTa 3a CuM6on Ha gyxoBHaTa HucTuHa u Ha geBCTBeHOCTa, a Ce noBp3yBa u co Boropogu^ u XpuCTOC. Bo Bu3aHTuCKaTa pega^uja Ha uCTouMeHOTO geno og 11 BeK, egHoporoT go6uBa COCeM HeoneKyBaHa CBupenoCT u CTpaoTHOCT bo ^opManHuoT npuKa3.84 Toj Ce CnoMeHyBa u bo Bu6nujaTa, Kage Ce CnopegyBa co koh>ot u 6ukot, gogeKa bo 3anagH0eBp0nCK0T0 xpuCTujaHCTBo, OBa ^aHTaCTuHHO ^ubotho go6uBa npoTuBpeHHa CMuCna. TaKa egHoporoT, og egHa CTpaHa e CuM6on Ha XpuCTOC, ho og gpyra CTpaHa ro CuM6onu3upa u CaTaHaTa.85 ^0gaT0^u 3a noCToeaeTO Ha egHoporoT u bo naraHCKuTe MuTonomKu CuCTeMu, KOHKpeTHO Kaj Bono^KuTe 6yrapu, gaBa m6h ^agnaH, Koj bo CBouTe onuCu Benu geKa noBeHKuTe rpynu ro 6apaaT egHoporoT bo myMuTe u Kora Ke ro OTKpujaT CTpenaaT bc Hero gogeKa He ro y6ujaT.86 3aegHuHKa 3a gBeTe 300M0p^Hu npeTCTaBu e anoTponejCKaTa mok Ha hubhutc poroBu. MMajKu ja npegBug naraHCKaTa aMyneTCKa CuM6onuKa Ha KOCKeHOTO poKHe,87 M0«e ga Ce npeTnoCTaBu geKa npeTCTaBuTe Bpe^aHu no HeroBOTO Teno ucto TaKa ko-peCnoHgupane co HeKaKBu penurucKO - MuTonomKu 3acTa^Hu^u. üpuToa, nojaBaTa Ha neHTarpaMOT go ^uBOTuHCKuTe npeTCTaBu co cuM6onuHK0 3HaneH>e, noBTopHO roBopu bo non3a Ha xunoTe3aTa geKa Toj M0^e6u uMan KOHKpeTeH nep^muBeH npeg3HaK, pa3-6upnuB 3a nocBeTeHuTe bo KynTOT. ó. CpegHOBeKOBeH HagrpoöeH cnoMeHUK - CTeKaK (BocHa m Xep^roBMHa) BepojaTHO HajeKC^nu^uTeH npuMep 3a 3HaneH>eT0 Ha neHTarpaMOT e npeTCTaBaTa Ha Hagrpo6HaTa nnona og TpH (BocHa u Xep^roBuHa) /en. 48/. Ha HeKonKy ^puMepo^M Ha CTeK^uTe ce cpeTHyBaaT Bapuj^uu Ha KpcTOT, Koj noHeKoram bo ropHuoT gen npeMuHyBa bo rnaBa. HecTonaTu BaKBaTa rnaBa Ha KpcTOT ce 3aMeHyBa co po3eTa, Koja ro npeTCTaByBa coh^to T.e. He6ecKaTa CBeTnocT.88 npuToa, onpaBgyBaae 3a BaKBuTe Tpagu^uu bo npuKa^yBaaeTO, npeTCTaByBa JoBaHOBOTO eBaHrenue bo Koe 3a HorocoT ce Benu geKa „u eo He^o cé 6erne, u Mueomom 6eme ceemnuHa Hanyéemo", mTO BcymHOCT 3Hanu geKa XpuCTOC e u3egHaneH co 6o^juoT 360p, co ^ubotot u co BeHHaTa CBeTnuHa.89 Cnopeg TonKyBafteTO Ha A. ConoBjeB, Ha Hagrpo6HaTa nnona og TpH, CoH^mo e npeTCTaBeHO co muctuhhuot 3HaK Ha neHTarpaMOT, gogeKa Kpa^uTe Ha KpcTOT ce nogurHaTu koh He60T0 KaKO u XpucTOBuTe pa^, bo no3a Ha opaHT.90 82 E. MaHeBa, CncBeHCKu, 51 - 52. 83 H. flcHHeBa - neTKCBa, MuTcncruHHu, 65. 84 H. floHHeBa - neTKCBa, MuTcncruHHu, 65 - 66. 85 H. floHHeBa - neTKCBa, MuTcncruHHu, 66. 86 H. flcHHeBa - neTKCBa, MuTcncruHHu, 66. 87 E. MaHeBa, CncBeHCKu, 51. 88 A. CcncBjeB, CuM6cnuKa, 160. 89 A. CcncBjeB, CuM6cnuKa, 160. 90 A. CcncBjeB, CuM6cnuKa, 161. 64 Opxudeja 3opoBa floKonKy ro npu^aTMMe T0nKyBaH>eT0 Ha OBaa npeTcTaBa, c^aTeHa KaKO cxeMaTM3a^Mja Ha XpucTOBMOT o6nuK, Toram bo neHTarpaMOT n0BT0pH0 ce HaugyBa Ha gBO3Ha^HOcT. Og egHa crpaHa, Toj Mo«e ga ce TpeTupa KaKO conapeH unu He6eceH cuM6on, ho og gpyra - noucTOBeTyBaK>eTO Ha KpcTOBugHMOT o6nuK co caMMOT XpucToc, cMMnTOMaTMHHO Hé go6nu:«yBa go npeTxogHMTe 3HaneH>a Ha neHTarpaMOT T.e. go HeroBaTa u^eo^paMCKa e u AHaT 6una cMeTaHa 3a gBono-noBa 6o»:u^.100 KpB0np0neBan>eT0 u KaHu6anu3MOT ce bo cymTUHa KapaKTepucTUKU Ha gpeBHUTe 6o»^u Ha nnogHocTa. MaKO bo cnynajoT co OBue gBe 6o»^u og KaHaaHcKUOT naHTeoH He nocTojaT koh-KpeTHU goKa3U geKa KaKO hubhu cuM6onu 6une KopucTeHU neTOKpaKU SBe3gu - neHTa-rpaMU, Tpe6a ga ce UMa npegBug geKa fleHu^ma u BenepHu^ma ce bo cymTUHa egHa ucTa SBe3da - BeHepa.101 KopHenuj Arpuna bo cBoeTO geno De occulta philosophia npeTcTaByBa rpyna og aMajnucKU nenaTU, Mery kou e egeH co npeTcraBa Ha neHTarpaM Icn. 50/. 3anucoT OKony Hero ce coctom og neT rp^KU 6yKBU - IGIRA, bo 3HaneH>e 3ÓpaB-do6ap 3a 3dpaBje.102 Bo rp^KUOT MUTonomKU cucreM, Xuruja e KepKa Ha AcKnenuj, u og Hero ja HacnegyBa MOKTa ga neKyBa, ho BoegHO 3a Hea ce noBp3yBa u orHumTeTO, Koe KaKO KynTeH nouM coogBeTcTByBa Ha ^eHcKUTe Hanena bo npaucTopucKUTe u aHTUHKUTe KynTOBU. Mery xe6pejcKUTe aMajnuu og paKonucoT Ha Ka6anaTa, Koj ce Haora bo BpuTaHcKUOT My3ej, eBugeHTupaHM ce Tpu aMajnuu co npeTcTaBa Ha neHTarpaM Icn. 51I.103 MHTepecHO e mTO cuTe Tpu ce HaMeHeTU 3a 3amTUTa og ^unuT u Hej3UHaTa mok. ^ukot Ha ^unuT e npogyKT Ha „HapodHama penmuja" Koja He coogBeTcTByBa Ha o^u^ujanHaTa u bo ce6e cogp^u MHory na^aHCKu eneueHmu. ^unuT, aHanorHa Ha cyMepcKaTa EpemKuran, rp^KaTa Gello, a BoegHO u npoTOTun unu apxeTun Ha BU3aHTucKaTa Gylou unu 94 M. Elijade, Istorija, 59 (Ishtar barbata). 95 M. Elijade, Istorija, 54. TpaH^eHgeHTHaTa HeóecKa CTpyKTypa Ha 6o®ecTBeHUTe óuTuja 6una noTBpgyBaHa co geTepMUHupaH 3HaK Koj um npeTxogen Ha HUBHUTe ugeorpaMU u Koj U3BopHo npeTCTaByBan SBe3ga. 96 3a gHeBHUoT ^yKflyc Ha BeHepa KaKo yTpuHCKa u Be^epHa SBe3ga Bugu A. Gerbran, Ž. Ševalje, Rečnik, 1032; A. Schimel, Odgonetanje, 144. 97 M. Elijade, Istorija, 59. 98 M. Elijade, Istorija, 131. 99 M. Elijade, Istorija, 131. 100 M. Elijade, Istorija, 135. MHTepecHa e egHa enu3oga og MUToBUTe 3a AHaT bo Koja Taa, npupegyBajÉu ro3Óa bo ^ecT Ha BaanoBaTa noóega Hag 3MejoT, „0Ó3eMeHa od y6ucmBeH nopuB noHHyBa da zu y6uBa BojHu^me, nyBapume, cmap^me, u bo KpBma Koja u donupana do KoneHa, maa zu Bp3yBana oKony cBojom nojac znaBume u pa^me Ha y6ueHume MpmBu'.Tpeóa ga ce HanoMeHe geKa ucTaTa AHaT, bo MoMeHToT Kora ro npoHaora 6e3®MBoTHoTo Teño Ha cBojoT conpyr Baan „zo npoMdupa HezoBomo meno 6e3 hom u ja nue HezoBama KpB 6e3 nexap". 101 A. Gerbran, Ž. Ševalje, Rečnik, 1032 - 1033. 102 E. A. Volis Badž, Amajlije, 226. 103 E. A. Volis Badž, Amajlije, 230. 66 Opxudeja 3opoBa Abyzou, e BcymHocT mutcku nuK, KoMno3uTeH u no cboj'ot ^u3uhku u3rneg, ho u no cboj'ot ncuxonomKu npo^un.104 Bo oBoj nuK ce HaTano^une MHory og ^yH^uu-Te KapaKTepucTuHHu 3a BoMumme - MajKu, BoMumme Ha Mueomom u CMpmma, BoMumme KpeamopKu. CenaK, co TeKoT Ha BpeMeTo bo ^unuT ce Banopu3upane ToKMy HeraTuBHuTe acneKTu Ha oBue 6o»^u, na TaKa Taa cTaHyBa TunuHHo geMoHcKa Kpea^uja, geguBuHu3upaHa u gerpagupaHa bo paMKuTe Ha penuruo3HuTe cucTeMu bo kou ce cpeTHyBa. Haja^eHTupaHa cTaHyBa Hej3uHaTa npupoga Ha Mopa - oHaa Koja ru „Mopu" pogunKuTe u HOBopogeHHUftaTa. YnoTpe6aTa Ha neHTarpaMoT KaKo npo^unaKc og Hej3uHaTa mok 6u Mo^en ga yKa^yBa Ha HeKaKBa UHBOKa^uja Ha HeKoj gpyr (^eHcKM unu MamKu) nuK Koj ro HeyTpanu3upa u enuMuHupa Hej3uHoTo gejcTByBafte.105 Ha egHa og aMajnuuTe og paKonucoT Ha Ka6anaTa, noKpaj arnuTe Ha egHuoT og neHTarpaMuTe ce ucnumaHu UMUftaTa Ha apxaHrenuTe Muxaun, raBpun u XaHaHuen.106 Toa e BcymHocT TpujagaTa apxaHrenu npaTeHu og Bor ga ja BpaTaT ^unuT og nycTuHaTa, npu mTo Taa gaBa BeTyBafte geKa ceKoram Kora Ke ru Bugu HuBHuTe UMUfta 3anumaHu Ha aMajnuja Ke ru nomTegu MajKaTa u geTeTo og cboj'ot rHeB. TparajKu no oHoj og Koj noTeKHyBa MOKTa Ha neHTarpaMoT KaKo npo^unaKc, no-ruHHo u Hy^Ho e u bo oboj' cy6jeKT ga ce oHeKyBaaT u ^pou^upaaT, oBoj naT He geMoHcKu, aMu 6o^ecTBeHu KapaKTepucTuKu. Bo xpucTujaHcKaTa goKTpuHa, KaKo mo^hu o^^uu ce nojaByBaaT gBa nuKa, Boropogu^ unu caMuoT XpucToc. Boropogu^ e eguHcTBeHU-ot nuK bo xpucTujaHcKuoT MuTonomKu cucTeM koj npeKy ogpegeHu pa3BpcryBafta ce oTKnoHyBa og KaTeropujaTa „cmpthoct" KaKo HoBeHKo Mepuno. BcymHocT, Boropogu^ cTaHyBa MegujaTop noMery oBue gBa cBeTa. Bo nuKoT Ha Boropogu^, xpucTujaHcTBoTo ru cuHTeTu3upa eneMeHTapHuTe ^yH^uu Ha HeKoramHuTe npoToKpeaTopKu, ho bo ucto BpeMe, oboj' penurucKu cucTeM BocTaHoByBa u enuMUHa^uja Ha HuBHuTe nuKo-bu, gerpagupajKu ja u caMaTa Boropogu^ bo Hej3uHaTa anconyTHo cMpTHa KaTeropuja Ha ^eHa - MajKa. He Tpe6a ga ce u3ocTaBaT u t.h. epeTuHHu c^aKaaa 3a Boropogu^, cnopeg kou u caMaTa (He cnyHajHo BeHHa geBU^), ce TpeTupa KaKo aHrencKo co3gaHue npaTeHo og 6ora ga 6uge Bne3/BpaTa 3a MecujaTa.107 Bo cuTe o^^uu Ha Boropogu^, na u bo Hej3uHoTo uMe unu Ha3uB, ce ^OTeH^upa Hej3uHaTa ^yH^uja Ha PogunKa. Bo nuKOT Ha Boropogu^ ce HaceTyBaaT u npe»:m^UTe Ha HeKoramHuTe Bo^u-^u Ha BojHaTa, ho cy6nuMupaHu Ha hubo Ha 3amTuTHuK unu rapaHT Ha no6ega. MMeHo, aM6neMuTe Ha Boropogu^ nocTojaHo 6une HoceHu Ha 6ajpa^UTe Ha xpucTujaHcKuTe apMuu.108 McTOBpeMeHo, Boropogu^ ce nojaByBa u KaKo nuK Koj ce 3acTanyBa 3a rpemHU-^UTe no hubhoto HanymTafte Ha MaTepujanHuoT cBeT. Og oboj' acneKT, Ha Hea Mo^e ga 104 Bo peTKMTe aHTMHKM M3BopM bo kou ce cnoMeHyBa, Gello e npepaHo noHUHaTa geBU^a 6e3 nopog, Koja ru Hanara ge^aTa u ru npegu3BMKyBa 6onecTMTe u cMpTTa Kaj HOBopogeHMTe. Bo BM3aHTMcKMTe u nocTBM3aHTucKMTe M3Bopu ce cnoMHyBa ymTe egeH ®eHcKU geMOH, Gylou, Koja ru UMa cKopo ucTMTe KapaKTepucTuKu. ETUMonomKU Gello Mo«e ga ce goBege bo pena^uja co Gallu, cyMepo-aKagcKU ®eHcKU geMOH, 3aMucnyBaHa bo ^opMa Ha „6uk yHumTyBaH", HyBap Ha nog3eMjeTo. (M. Patera, Gello/Gylou, 27.) 105 3a ConoMOH KaKo npoTUBHUK Ha Abyzou Bugu noonmupHo Kaj G. Vikan, Art, Medicine and Magic, 79 - 80. 106 XaHaHuen 3HaHU „MunocTUB Bo^ju gap", G. Dejvidson, Recnik Andzela; MHTepecHo e ga ce HanoMeHe geKa u aHrenuTe ce noBp3aHU Ha HeKoj HaHUH co SBe3guTe, 6ugejKu bo CTapuoT 3aBeT u bo Jygau3MOT, Hag ceKoja og SBe3guTe kou u ce noKopyBaaT u ja HajaByBaaT Bo^jaTa Bonja, 6gee no egeH aHren (noonmupHo Bugu: A. Gerbran, 2. Sevalje, Recnik, 1121). 107 H. Haycuguc, flyanucTUHKU, 318. 108 A. Baring, J. Cashford, he Myth, 593. 67 neHTarpaM bo cpegHuoT BeK - npenMMMHapHM ucTpa^yBafta Bp3 0CH0Ba Ha 6anKaHcKMTe npuMepM ce rnega u KaKo Ha MapruHanM3upaHa ynpaBUTenKa Ha 3agrpo6HaTa cyg6uHa Ha nyfeTo. Ha oBoj cTaguyM, bo Boropogu^ Mo^e ga ce HaceTaT pe^MgMBMTe og HeKoramHMTe ^yH^uu Ha Bo^^UTe Ha ^mbotot m cMpTTa. Ha Kpaj 6u Tpe6ano ga ce cnoMeHaT u MHory6pojHUTe enuTeTu Ha Boropogu^ kom noBTopHo ro noBp3yBaaT Hej3MHMoT nuK co KaTeropujaTa Bo^^u - KpeaTopKu. HajnpoBoKaTMBHu og acneKT Ha XMnoTeTMHHaTa noBp3aHocT Ha neToKpaKaTa SBe3ga co Boropogu^, ce enMTeTMTe ympuHCKa SBe3da u Stella Maris (MopcKa SBe3ga).109 BTopaTa hmhhoct bo xpucTujaHcKaTa penuruja, Koja Mo^e ga ce noBp3e co npo-^unaKTMHKaTa moK Ha neHTarpaMoT 6u 6un caMuoT XpucToc unu HeKoja HeroBa ^M^ypa^Mja. üpuToa, nuK0T Ha Coruja - üpeMygpocTa HeKaKo ce HaMeTHyBa co cbo-uTe ^pegMc^03M^MM koh 6pojoT neT. HacTpaHa og o^M^MjanHaTa goKTpuHa, bo cpeg-HoBeKoBHuoT nepuog ce nojaByBaaT MHory penuruo3HU yne^a kom bo HeKoj goMeH ro on^aKaaT unu ce HagoBp3yBaaT Ha xpucTujaHcTBoTo. Bo Ka6anaTa, bo Koja ce cuHTeTM3upaHM raocTUHKUTe TeKcToBu, ce nojaByBa nuK0T Ha ffleKMHa. MaHM^ecTa^MjaTa Ha ffieKUHa noTeKHyBa og cTMxoBMTe Ha neHmameyxom, kom ce ogHecyBaaT Ha „npucycmBomo" T.e. „cnaBama" Ha JaxBe KaKo BugnuB „o6naK".110 üpBoTo cnoMeHyBafte Ha ffieKUHa e bo eBpejcKMTe TeKcToBu og 1 BeK, Kage Taa ro UMana 3HanefteTo Ha „BudnuBa MaHufiecmamja" Ha 60»:ecTB0T0 Koe Mo^e ga ce oco3Hae npeKy ceTunaTa. Og oBoj acneKT MHTepecHo e mTo xpucTujaHcTBoTo bo nuK0T Ha Coruja ru ^0TeH^Mpa ToKMy neTTe npeMygpu ceTuna. üpuToa „BudnuBama MaHufiecmamja" Ha 6o^ecTBoTo He Tpe6a ga ce c^aTu 6yKBanHo KaKo mo^hoct 3a ceTunHo co3HaHue, TyKy noBeKe bo JyHroBcKa cMucna. Toa 6u 3Haneno geKa apxeTunoT Mopa ga cTaHe o6jeKT Ha MegMTa^Mja, unu KaKo mTo Benu JyHr, ga npojge hm3 t.h. „aKmuBHa uMa^uHa^uja", npu mTo HeroBoTo 3Hanefte ogegHam Ke ce oTKpue caMo nocne gonroTpajHa K0HTeM^na^Mja.111 KaKo apryMeHT 3a „6oMecmBeHama" K0H0Ta^Mja Ha neHTarpaMoT, Mo»e ga ce npegno^u u ctmxot 16 og JoBaHoBoTo OTKpoBeHue, bo Koj ce Benu: „Jac, Mcyc, ^o ucnpamuB cBojom amen, da bu ^o nocBedonu oBa Ha ^KBume. Jac cyM KopeH upod ffaBudoB; cjaHama SBe3da fleHu^".112 CnynajHo unu HecnynajHo, fleHU^Ta T.e. BeHepa, Koja bo MHory penuruo3Hu cucTeMu e nowryBaHa KaKo yTpuHcKa u BenepHa SBe3ga, u oBge e 6o^ecTBeH npeg3HaK.113 Mo^e6u Ha cnuneH HanuH neToKpaKaTa SBe3ga npeTcTaBeHa Ha openoBoTo Kpuno, Ha cpegH0BeK0BHMTe npcTeHu og MumeBcKo u Moropjeno, ja cuM6onu3upa XpucToBaTa MaHM^ecTa^Mja bo AnoKanuncaTa /cn. 18 u 19/.114 Bo o6ug ga ce Ha^HaT naraHcKMTe aco^Mja^MM noBp3aHu co neToKpaKaTa SBe3ga BepojaTHo 6u 6uno HajcoogBeTHo ga ce cnoMeHaT HapogHMTe BepyBaK>a noBp3aHu co SBe3guTe. Cnopeg oBue BepyBaK>a, SBe3guTe ce noBp3aHu co cyg6uHaTa Ha nyfeTo u BnujaaT Ha 3eMHMTe cnyqyBafta. Bo HapogHaTa MUTonoruja, noce6Ho 3HaneH>e mm e gageHo Ha cosBe3gujaTa u Ha ogpegeHU roneMU SBe3gu. TaKa Ha npuMep BeHepa e cMeTaHa 3a ympuHcKa (3opHUK, Ca6oncKa SBe3ga, fleHU^, 3opH>ana) u BenepHa SBe3da (BenepHU^, Benepftana), bo cKnag co nepuogoT og geH0T u H0KTa Kora ce nojaByBa Ha He6oTo.115 109 A. Baring, J. Cashford, he Myth, 549, 558. 110 A. Baring, J. Cashford, he Myth, 639. 111 A. Baring, J. Cashford, he Myth, 648. 112 Bu6nuja, 1240. 113 Bugu norope bo TeKcToT 3a neToKpaKaTa SBe3ga KaKo cuM6on Ha MmTap. 114 Bugu norope bo TeKcToT 3a openoT KaKo XpucToB cuM6on bo AnoKanuncaTa. 115 CnoBeHcKa MUTonoruja, 191 - 192. 68 Opxudeja 3opoBa Bo ^oHKnopoT ce HaugyBa u Ha Tparu og Kynm koh see3Öume. TaKa no onmTo-cnoBeHcKUTe npeTcTaBu, SBe3guTe ce HepacKUHnuBo noBp3aHu co H0BeK0BaTa cyg6uHa. nocTojaT BepyBaaa geKa Ha He6oTo uMa oHonKy SBe3gu KonKy mT0 uMa nyre Ha 3eMjaTa, unu geKa co paraaeTo Ha H0BeK0T, Ha He6oTo ce nanu H0Ba SBe3ga (Bor unu aHrenuTe nanaT cBeKa), Koja pacTe 3aegH0 co cBojoT HocuTen, a no HeroBaTa cMpT ce racu u nara Ha 3eMjaTa.116 Kaj cuTe CnoBeHu, naraaeTo Ha SBe3gaTa ce TonKyBa KaKo cMpT Ha Hej3UHU0T 3eMcKU gB0jHUK. BoegHo, Kaj cuTe cnoBeHcKu Hapogu ce cpeKaBaaT u 3a6paHUTe (Ta6ya) 3a 6poeae Ha SBe3gu unu Ha BnepyBaae npcT bo SBe3ga, 6ugejKu ce cMeTano geKa aK0 H0BeK ro npaBu Toa, Mo«e ga Hauge Ha cBojaTa SBe3ga Koja Ke nagHe u Ke ce yracu, na H0BeK0T Ke yMpe.117 Cnopeg HeKou BepyBaaa, bo SBe3gu ce npeTBapaaT gymuTe Ha yMpeHUTe, u Toa HajnecTo Ha caMoy6uj^uTe unu Ha HeKpcTeHUTe ge^. Bo 06nuK0T Ha SBe3ga Mo«e ga ce nojaBaT u geM0HcKu nu^. Bo HapogHaTa MUTonoruja ce cMeTano geKa cjajoT Ha SBe3guTe uMan MarucKo gejcTBo Koe Moreno ga ce ynoTpe6u KaKo 3amTUTa 3a npegMeTUTe Ha 3eMjaTa. TaKa, nog SBe3geH0 He6o 6une ocTaBaHu ogpegeHu npegMeTu noBp3aHu co nnogHocTa Ha pogoT/ neTHUHaTa unu ^uB0THUTe, co ^n noToa BemTepKUTe ga He Mo^aT ga um HanaKocTaT.118 3a SBe3guTe ce noBp3aHu u ogpegeHu raTaaa 3a neTHUHaTa, puTyanu 3a nnogHocT Ha go6uT0K0T u cnuHHu BepyBaaa. nonuceMaHTUHHocTa Ha neHTarpaM0T He Tpe6a ga ce cMeTa KaKo xeHguKen bo o6uguTe 3a Her0B0T0 TonKyBaae, 6ugejKu „eÖHa3HaHHacma e 3HaK Ha cna6acm, dadeKa napadaKcam ce mpemupa KaKo Haj^aneMa dyxaem 6a^amcm6a".119 OBa npenuMUHapHo ucTpa^yBaae Ha 3HaneaeT0 Ha neHTarpaM0T BepojaTHo npegu3BUKa noBeKe npamaaa, oTKonKy mT0 noHygu ogroBopu. na cenaK, Ha caMuoT Kpaj ogpegeHu 3aKnyH0^u cMeaT ga ce reHepanu3upaaT. OaKT0T geKa TepuTopujanHUTe paMKu og kou noTeKHyBaaT npuMepuTe on^aTeHu bo 0Ba ucTpa^yBaae, bo cpegH0BeK0BHU0T nepuog 6une HaceneHu og CnoBeHu, go3BonyBa anpuopu ga ce npeTnocTaBu cuHKpeTUHHocTa Ha xpucTujaHcTB0T0 og egHa, u naraHcKUTe KynToBu og gpyra cTpaHa. Bo HagBopemHo opueHTupaHUTe penuruo3Hu cucTeMu, KaKBo mT0 e u xpucTujaHcTB0T0, Ba^Ho MecTo 3aB3eMane noTnonHUTe npoe^uu T.e. HagBopemHuoT nuK Ha apxeTunoT. Toa 0B03M0^yBan0, ^pou^upaHaTa cnuKa bo cBecTa Ha naraHcKUTe onmTecTBeHu cnoeBu bo roneMa Mepa ga ce 3aMeHu co HecBecHa cogp^uHa. KaKo mT0 Benu EHrenc: „ adeÖHaw u3HuKHama, penmujama ceKa^am 3adpMyea meeceH 6paj Ha npemcmaeu HacnedeHu ad npemxaÖHume epeMuwa, 6udejKu ea cume a6nacmu Ha u^eana^ujama, mpadu^jama ce jaeyea KaKo ucKnynumenm KamepeamueHa cuna".120 npuToa Tpe6a ga ce npeTnocTaBM geKa nocToeaeTo Ha gBe napanenHu penuruo3Hu MaTpu^u goBeno go noucT0BeTyBaae Ha ogpegeHu apxeTunoBu. OBa HeMUH0BH0 pe3ynTupano co ^p0B0^upaae Ha ogpegeH MoMeHT Kora BaKBuoT KoMnunupaH apxeTun 3anoHHan perpecuBHo ga ce BpaKa bo 116 CnoBeHcKa MMTOnOTMja, 191 - 192. 117 CnoBeHcKa MMTonoraja, 191 - 192. 118 CnoBeHcKa MMTOnOTMja, 191 - 192. 119 K. r. JyHr, HoBeK, 24. 120 fl. ÜB^apoB, BtnrapcKM, 69 - 70. 69 neHTarpaM bo cpegHUoT BeK - npenMMMHapHM ucTpa^yBa&a Bp3 0CH0Ba Ha 6anKaHcKUTe npuMepm noHMCKMTe m noapxaHHHM CTaguyMM, a co Toa ce nojaBuna onacHoeTa og CHeMyBaK>e T.e. og 3a6opaBaK>e Ha HeroBaTa MaTpu^.121 BM6nMorpa^Mja B. Aleksova, Demir Kapija. B. Aleksova, Prosek - Demir Kapija, slovenska nekropola i slovenske nekropole u Makedoniji, Dissertationes, tom I, Skopje - Beograd, 1966. Arheološki muzej. Gr. Avtori, Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu, Zagreb 1993. E. A. Volis Badž, Amajlije. E. A. Volis Badž, Amajlije i talismani, Beograd, 1988. A. Baring, J. Cashford, he Myth. A. Baring, J. Cashford, he Myth of the Goddess - evolution of an image, London, 1993. J. Beloševic, Materijalna. J. Beloševic, Materijalna kultura Hrvata od VI do IX stoljeca, Zagreb, 1980. Bu6nuja. Bu6nuja GrapMoT u Hobmot 3aBeT, npeBog: fl - p/fl - p fl. X. KoHcraHTMHoB, BuTona, 1999. B. BuKuh, CpegftoBeKoBHa. B. BuKuh, CpegK>oBeKoBHa KepaMMKa Beorpaga, Beorpag, 1994. B. D. Borisov, Djadovo. Boris D., Borisov, Djadovo, Mediaeval settlement and necropolis (11th- 12th century),Tokyo, 1989. G. Koroglu, Byzantine amulets. G. Koroglu, Byzantine amulets illustrated by examples from the Haluk Perk Collection, in Magic in Art, Art and Culture Magazine, Issue 12, Istanbul, 2004, 12-17. Z. Vana, Die welt. Z. Vana, Die welt der Alten Slawen, Praha, 1983. G. Vikan, Art, Medicine and Magic. G. Vikan, Art, Medicine and Magic in the Early Byzantine period, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 38, Washington, 1984, 65-86. H. Bt^apoBa, CnaBHHM. H. Bt^apoBa, CnaBHHM m npa6tnrapu (no gaHHM Ha He-KpononuTe ot VI - XI BeK Ha TepuTopuHTa Ha BtnrapuH), Co^mh, 1976. A. Gerbran, Ž. Ševalje, Rečnik. A. Gerbran, Ž. Ševalje, Rečnik simbola, Novi Sad, 2004. n. ronuMCKM, 3ue3M. n. ronuMCKM, 3ue3M ot komto ca BtnrapuTe, npegxpMCTMHHCKa u npegMrocronMaHCKa penuruH u MMTonoruH, co^mh, 2003. O. M. Dalton, Byzantine. O. M. Dalton, Byzantine art and archaeology, Oxford, 1911. G. Dejvidson, Recnik. G. Dejvidson, Recnik andžela, New York, 1967. flomeBa - neTKoBa, 3Ha^M. flomeBa - neTKoBa, 3Ha^M Btpxy apxeonorunecKM ^aMeTHM^M ot cpegHoBeKoBHa Btnrapuja VII - X BeK, Co^mh, 1980. floHHeBa - neTKoBa, MuTonoruHHM. flomeBa - neTKoBa, MuTonoruHHM M3o6pa-^eHMH ot 6tnrapcKoTo cpegHoBeKoBue, Co^mh, 1996. M. Elijade, Istorija. M. Elijade, Istorija verovanja i religijskih ideja, Beograd, 2003. T. JaHaKueBCKM, y6MKa^Mja. T. JaHaKueBckm, y6MKa^Mja Ha cpegHoBeKoBHa BuTona (VII - XIV BeK), BuTona, 2003. K. r. JyHr, HoBeK. K. E JyHr, HoBeK u K>eroBM cmm6ohm, Beorpag, 1996. n. Koctmk. 36upKa. n. Koctmk. 36upKa mapanu^ 3a o6pegHe xne6oBe y ETHorpa^CKoM My3ejy y Beorpagy, DiacHMK eTHorpa^CKor My3eja, 30, Beorpag, 1968, 91 - 112. 121 K. r. JyHr, HoBeK, 24. 70 Opxudeja 3opoBa B. MaKo, reoMeTpujcKu. B. MaKo, reoMeTpujcKu o6nu^u HUM6oBa u MaHgopna y cpegftOBeKOBHoj yMeTHocTu Bu3aHTuje, Cp6uje, Pycuje u ByrapcKe, 3orpa^, 21, Beorpag, 1990, 41 - 59. E. MaHeBa, CpegHoBeKoBeH HaKUT. E. MaHeBa, CpegHoBeKoBeH HaKUT og MaKegoHuja, CKonje, 1992. E. MaHeBa, CpegHOBeKOBeH. E. MaHeBa, CpegHOBeKOBeH HaKUT, fypra, CKonje, 2000. E. Maneva, Ancient. E. Maneva, Ancient jewellery from Macedonia - Middle Ages, Skopje, 2005. E. MaHeBa, CnoBeHcKu. E. MaHeBa, CnoBeHcKu, naraHCKU aMyneT og flaBUHa, MaKegoH- CKO HacnegcTBo, roguHa VI, 6poj 15, CKonje, 2001, 41 - 55. r. MapjaHoBufr-ByjoBufr, Tps>aHe. r. MapjaHoBufr-ByjoBufr, Tps>aHe cpncKa HeKponona (Kpaj XI - noneTaK XIII BeKa), Beorpag, 1984. fl. OBHapoB, BinrapcKu. fl. OBHapoB, BinrapcKu cpegHoBeKoBHU pucyHKU - rpa^uTu, Co^ufl, 1882. M. Patera, Gello/Gylou. M. Patera, Peurs enfantines et craintes adultes: Gello/Gylou entre discours ancien, byzantin et moderne / Emotions Over Time: Ancient Pathe -Modern Sentiments a Comparative Approach, University of Crete, Department of History and Archaeology, International Colloquium 9 - 10, 2005, 27 - 29. K. neTpoB, fleKopaTUBHa. K. neTpoB, fleKopaTUBHa nnacTUKa bo MaKegoHuja bo XI u XII BeK, EogumeH 36opHUK Ha ®uno3o^cKu ^aKynTeT, kh. 14, CKonje, 1962, 125 - 182. P. neTpoBuh, KoMaHCKa KynTypa. P. neTpoBufr, KoMaHCKa KynTypa Kao ochob MaTepujanHe u gyxoBHe KynType CnoBeHa og VII go XII BeKa, EnacHUK ogjenes>a yMjeTHocTu, nogropu^, 1992, 109 - 157. M. nonoBufr, CTapu rpag. M. DonoBufr, CTapu rpag Pac, Beorpag, 1987. K. Puctob, TpagumTe-Taop. K. Puctob, rpagumTe-Taop, npenuMUHapeH u3BemTaj og ucTpa^yBaftaTa bo 2000-2004 roguHa, Macedoniae Acta Archaeologica, 17, CKonje, 2006, 215-230. CnoBeHCKa MUTonoruja. CnoBeHcKa MUTonoruja, eH^UKno^egujcKU pe^HUK, Beorpag, 2001. A. ConoBjeB, CuM6onuKa. A. ConoBjeB, CuM6onuKa cpegs>eBeKoBHux rpo6Hux cnoMe-HUKa y Bochu u Xep^roBUHu, Godišnjak istorijskog društva Bosne i Hercegovine, VIII, Sarajevo, 1956, 5 - 67. A. Schimel, Odgonetanje. A. Schimel, Odgonetanje božjih znakova, Sarajevo, 2001. C. ^ununoBa, ApxuTeKToHCKa. C. ^ununoBa, ApxMTeKToHCKa geKopaTUBHa cKynnTypa bo MaKegoHuja V - VI u XI - XII BeK, CKonje, 1997. H. Haycuguc, flyanucTUHKu. H. Haycuguc, flyanucTUHKu cnuKu, CKonje, 2003. H. Haycuguc, KocMonomKu. H. Haycuguc, KocMonomKu cnuKu, CKonje, 2005. H. Haycuguc, MuTcKUTe. H. Haycuguc, MuTcKUTe cnuKu Ha Jy^HUTe CnoBeHu, CKonje, 1994. 71 nehtarpam bo cpeghUot bek - npenmmMhaphm uctpa^yba&a bp3 0ch0ba ha 6ankahckUte npumepm he Pentagram in the Middle Ages - Preliminary researches into its meanings Orhideja Zorova he pentagram as a decorative and symbolical motif can be detected on many various kinds of objects from the material heritage of the Middle Ages, such as: rings, plastic art, mosaics, fresco - paintings, pottery, graphites inscribed on different materials (columns, stones, church walls etc.), bone - amulets, funeral monuments, and even ethnological objects used for decorating ritual loaves. he territorial frames of the research consist of examples that originate from the Balkan Penisula. Although different at first glance, all these objects which used as the basis of presentation of a concrete symbol - the pentagram - seem to have something in common, and that would be the connection with Christianity as an official religious system , on one hand, and the paganic cults and rituals, on the other hand. he medieval jewellery, although it seems to have dominant Christian characteristics, transcribes many archaic, magical and prophylastic features. he use of the pentagram as a symbolical motif on the rings ( fig. 1 - 28), so far has been interpreted as a presentation of the evangelical sign of Luke, as a painter of the Holy Virgin, or as a symbol of the Holy Virgin herself. his interpretation was probably the main impulse of this research for the subject behind the pentagram. It seems that its presentation on a object such as the ring allows us to search for the most intimate and personal beliefs transcribed through a simple sign, the pentagram. Christian examples of plastic art (fig. 32-34), mosaics (fig. 35) and fresco - paintings (fig. 36-40) give two basic explanations of the significance of the pentagram. It is important that its use is always in relation to the divinity as a category. hus, the subject behind the pentagram is Mary or Christ, i.e. Sophia as his figuration. At this point it is impossible to exclude all the religious systems of the civilizations from which Christianity emerged as doctrine. Here we have in mind the Mesopotamian and Kaan mythology where the pentagram is a symbol for the planet Venus, the Morning and Evening star, and so correlates to some female goddesses such as Inana, Anat and Asherat. Its power can be best shown in the Hebraic amulet that protects against Lilith and her destructive power (fig. 51). Traces of divinisation of the stars (and the pentagram is a kind of a star) are notica-ble in the ethnographical objects (fig. 49) and beliefs. Here the pentagram is mostly used as a prophylactic symbol that protects from evil, spell casting eyes and brings welfare. At this stage the subject is of no importance, since the ethnographical materials consist of many paganic manifestations of the cults and rituals. he paganic polysemantical symbolism of the pentagram, through its manifestations on the medieval pottery (fig. 29-31), graffiti (fig. 41-46), bone-amulet (fig. 47) and funeral monuments - stecci (fig. 48), give yet another spectrum of possible significance/ meanings that could be transcibed to the pentagram as a symbol or a sign. hus, it is treated as a corporational device of legacy, or as a divine symbol that associates to a divine subject, unknown at this stage of the research. he best example for its divine nature is the bone - amulet from Pliska, Bulgaria (fig. 47), where the inscribed composition and the object itself talk of the ritual background of the performance in which the bone-amulet was used. hus the pentagram incorporated between the presented animals and signs, shows close relations with the unicorn and the deer, who represent some aspects of the pagan mythology. 72 Opxudeja 3opoBa All the results gathered by this study, instead of giving answers, present more questions to the problem of the meaning of the pentagram. herefore the study itself presents a preliminary research that would allow us to create a basic archetype/ archetypes with which the pentagram can be related. It becomes clear that the original matrix of the pentagram was lost through the centuries, and we can only sense its primal significance and power. But through analyses that consist of different objects, sepulchral and secular, we hope to get as close as possible to the subject/ subjects and the beliefs behind the pentagram. 73 nehtarpam bo cpeghmot bek - npemmmhaphm mctpa®ybaaa bp3 0ch0ba ha 6a^kahckmte npmmepm CpedHOBeKOBHU npcmeHu: cn. 1: Fpadumme - Taop (K. PucmoB, Fpadumme - Taop, cn. 7); cn: 2 Epecmo - Eyp-namu%a, c. BuHunaHu - Benec (E. MaHeBa, CpedHOBeKOBeH HaKum, T. 91, 93/18); cn. 3: Epecmo - Eypnamu%a, c. BuHUHaHU - Benec (P. nempoBuh, KoMaHcKa Kynmypa, 143, T. XVII, cn. 2); cn. 4: Epecmo - Eypnamu%a, c. BuHunaHu - Benec (P. nempoBuh, KoMaHcKa Kynmypa, 143, T. XVII, cn. 3); cn. 5: Epecmo - Eypnamu%a, c. BuHunaHu - Benec (P. nempoBuh, KoMaHcKa Kynmypa, 143, T. XVII, cn. 6); cn. 6: Epecmo - Eypnamu%a, c. BuHunaHu - Benec (P. nempoBuh, KoMaHcKa Kynmypa, 143, T. XVII, cn. 9); cn. 7: ^KBumme, He^omuHo - ffeMup Kanuja (E. MaHeBa, CpedHoBeKoBeH HaKum, T. 93, 31/132); cn. 8: ^KBumme, He^omuHo - ffeMup Kanuja, My3ej Ha MaKedoHuja, uhb. Ep. 200-VII; cn. 9: cKoncKu pe^uoH (Heny6nuKyBaHo); cn. 10 u 11: Shurdah (Sarda) - An6aHuja (H. Spahiu, D. Komata, Shurdah, 333, pl. X, 13; 336, pl. XIII, 6); cn. 12: Kaljaja Dalmaces (P. nempoBuh, KoMaHcKa Kynmypa, 143, T. XVII, cn. 12); cn. 13: Ždrijac (J. Beloševic, Materijalna, T. XLIII, 30); cn. 14 u 15: Heno3Hamu Haoianumma, XpBamcKa (Arheološki muzej, 194); 74 Opxudeja 3opoBa 28 en. 16 u 17: MumeBCKO 1 u 2 (M. H. BuMapoBa, CnaBrnu, 309, en. 6 u 7); en. 18: MumeBeKo (P. nempoBuh, KoMaHCKa Kynmypa, 146, T. XX, en. 2); en. 19: Mosopjeno (P. nempoBuh, KoMaHCKa Kynmypa, 146, T. XX, sl. 9); en. 20: Fanune - Eysapuja (M. H. BuMapoBa, CnaBrnu, 242); en. 21: TaM3u¿pad (P. nempoBuh, KoMaHeKa Kynmypa, 144, T. XVIII, en. 33); en. 22: Buma (P. nempoBuh, KoMaHeKa Kynmypa, 144, T. XVIII, en. 30); en. 23: Pae (M. nonoBuh, Cmapu ¿pad, 43); en. 24, 25, 26, 27 u 28: Haluk Perk Kone^uja (G. Koroglu, Byzantine amulets, 16) 75 neHTarpaM bo cpegHuoT BeK - npenMMMHapHM ucTpa^yBafta Bp3 0CH0Ba Ha 6anKaHcKMTe npuMepM Cn. 29:3Ha^ ynompe6yBaHU Ha KepaMUHKU npou3Bodu (Z. Vana, Die welt, 133) Cn. 30: cpeÖHOBeKOBeH KepaMUHKU cad od ffjaàoBO (Boris D. Borisov, Djadovo, 142, sl. 170) Cn. 31: ^o^HoaHmuHKU noKnone^ od EUmona (T. JaHaKUeBcKU, y6uKa^uja, 37, cn. 20) 76 Opxudeja 3opoBa VGVClCiCjCiGVClCiCiGVGVCVGiGlGlCH Cn. 32: onmapHa nnona od Cb. Coruja - Oxpud (K. nempoB, ffeKopamuBHa, 128, cn. 3) Cn. 33: MepMepHa mona od MopodBuc (C. OununoBa, ApxumeKmoHCKa, T. LXXXVIII, cn. 1) Cn. 34: cnnumcKa Kpcmurmu^ (Starohrvatska prosvijeta, III, serija-svezak 28 - 29, 2001-2002, Split, 2002, 37) Cn. 35: Mo3auneH opHaMeHm od Cb. Coruja - ^apu^pa^ (O. M. Dalton, Byzantine, 341, fig. 206) 77 neHTarpaM bo cpegHuoT BeK - npenMMMHapHM ucTpa^yBafta Bp3 0CH0Ba Ha 6anKaHcKMTe npuMepM Cn. 36: npeoópaMeHue, Cmapo Ha^0pu^UH0 - MaKedoHuja (B. MaKO, reoMempujeKu, 49, en. 26) Cn. 37: %eHmparma onmapHa aneuda Ha rpanaHu%a - Kocobo (B. MaKO, reoMempujeKu, SO, en. 27) Cn. 3S: npeMydpoema, flenaHu - Kocobo (B. MaKO, reoMempujeKu, SO, en. 29) Cn. 39: npeoópaMeHue, flenaHu - Kocobo (B. MaKo, reoMempujeKu, Sl, en. 31) Cn. 40: npeoópaMeHue, uKoHa Ha AHÖpej PyÓTboB (B. MaKo, reoMempujeKu, Sl, en. 32) 78 Opxudeja 3opoBa Cn. 41: cmon6 od nnucKa - Ey^apuja (M. ffomeBa - nemKOBa, 3Ha^u, 32, 06p. 3) Cn. 42: BapoBHUHKu 6noK od npecnaB - Ey^apuja (ff. OBHapoB, EvmapcKu, Ta6n. I) Cn. 43: MepMepeH cmon6 od nnucKa - Ey^apuja (ff. OBHapoB, EvmapcKu, Ta6n. LXI) 79 neHTarpaM bo cpegHuoT BeK - npenMMMHapHM ucTpa^yBafta Bp3 0CH0Ba Ha 6anKaHcKMTe npuMepM Cn. 44: Kamen od nnucKa - Ey^apuja (ff. Oenapoe, BvmapCKu cpeàuoeeKoeuu, Ta6n. LXXXIV, 2) Cn. 45: nemmepna Kapna od Kaeapna - Ey^apuja (ff. Oenapoe, BtmapCKu, Ta6n. CX, 3) Cn. 46: ^Kea od nepnuK - Ey^apuja (ff. Oenapoe, BvmapCKu, Ta6n. CXXII, 1, 2) s0 Opxudeja 3opoBa Cn. 47: KocKeHo poKHe od nnucKa - Eysapuja (M. florneBa - nemKoBa, 3Ha%u, 165, T. XXV, en.7) Cn. 48: cpedHoBeKoBHa Had¿po6Ha nnona od TpH - EocHa u Xep%e¿oBuHa (A. ConoBjeB, CuM6onuKa, 5D, en. 32) 81 neHTarpaM bo cpegHuoT BeK - npenMMMHapHM ucTpa^yBafta Bp3 0CH0Ba Ha 6anKaHcKMTe npuMepM Cn. 49: mapanKa od OmumuK - Cp6uja (n. KocmuK, 36upKa, 96, T. Œ, cn. 2) Cn. SO: aMajnucKu nenam od denomo De occulta philosophia Ha Kopnenuj A¿puna (E. A. Volis Badž, Amajlije, 229) Cn. S1: Xe6pejcKu aMjnuu od paKonucom Ha Ka6anama (E. A. Volis Badž, Amajlije, 230) 82