^a%6or BO xpoHHKaTa Ha Ma^a^a n HeroBHTe pe.iaunn co apyrn cpejHoeeKoeHn h (|)o.iKiopHn
H3BOpH
Hukoc Haycuduc
This article introduces new perspectives on the Slavic pagan god Dazbog (or Dajbog/ Dabog) on the basis of medieval historical sources, folk traditions, linguistic analyses and artistic depictions on archeological objects. Special attention is focused on remarks concerning Svarog and Dazbog in the Slavic translation of the "World Chronicle" (Hronografia) of Ioannes Malalas. Thus this article contributes to discussions concerning Svarog published by the same author in previous issues of this journal.
Bo npBHOT 6poj Ha OBa cnncaHne, ny6iHKyBaBMe CTaraja bo Koja npeae^OBMe HCTpaxyBaae Ha KapaKTepoT Ha 6oroT CBapor, 6a3HpaHO Bp3 HHTepflHcnnniHHapHH corae^yBaaa, co noce6eH aKqeHT Ha HeroBHTe ihkobhh npeTCTaBH.1 Bo oBHe HCTpaxyBaaa BaxHo MecTo My nocBeTHBMe Ha HaBo^oT 3a CBapor (h 3a ipyrn 6oxecTBa) bo cioBeHcKnoT npeBo^ Ha »XpoHHKaTa Ha cBeToT« o^ JoBaH Maiaia. HamHTe ncTpaxyBaaa Ha oBaa TeMa npo^oixHja h no ny6iHKyBaaeTo Ha oboj' Tpy#. Oboj' naT aKqeHTOT ro HacoiHBMe Ha ^yaincTHiKHTe eieMeHTH bo cioBeHcKaTa naraHcKa peinrnja h Ha HHBHHTe peiannn co HpaHcKoTo ^yxoBHo ja^po h co HeroBHTe aonHoaHTHHKH h cpe^HoBeKoBHH MaHH^ecTannn (MaHnxejcTBoTo h 6oryMHicTBoTo).2 KaKo pe3yiTaT Ha oBHe HCTpaxyBaaa ce nojaBHja h hobh corie^yBaaa 3a KapaKTepoT Ha cioBeHcKHTe 6oroBH, HaBe^eHH bo npeBo^oT Ha MaiaiHHaTa xpoHHKa. Bo Taa cMncia oco6eHo ce HcTaKHyBaaT HamHTe 3aKiyionH 3a flax6or koh bo 3HaiHTeiHa Mepa ce pa3iHKyBaaT oHne mTo nonaTHo rn ncKaxaBMe bo HaBe^eHaTa cTaTHja. Bo Taa cMncia ce pemHBMe, oBHe hobh corie^yBaaa ^a rn ny6iHKyBaMe bo hctobo oBa cnncaHne, KaKo ^onoiHyBaae Ha cTaTHjaTa o^ npeTnpominoT 6poj.
Bo HameTo npeTxo^Ho ncTpaxyBaaa, bo koh^kct Ha nocTojHHTe Te3H h Ha concTBeHHTe corie^yBaaa (npe^ ce cnope^ ^aKTHTe HaBe^eHH bo »XpoHHKaTa«) rn npe^ioxHBMe cie^HHTe ^yHKnnn h ^oMeHH Ha CBapor:
-	^p m.e. emdemen Ha zno6anHU c$epu (eceaena, noeemmeo)
-	PenpeseHm Ha MumoMMm c$ameHUom paH m.e. npemeH nepuod od ezsucmeH-uujama Ha eceneHama uau noeemmeomo
H. HaycH^Hc, CAoeencKume nanmeonu so AuKoenuom meduym: Ceapos, Studia mythologica Slavica, 1, 1998, 75-92.
H. HaycH^Hc, flyrnu3mom so peAusuume na noneama na MaKedonuja, pe^epaT o^ HayiHHoT co6Hp »HcTopHjaTa Ha H^eHTe Ha noiBaTa Ha MaKe^oHHja«, CKonje (MAHY), 1999 (bo neiaT); N. Causidis, The Maniheic interpretation of the Roman Monuments of "Kavadarci Group", Macedonian Heritage, 11, Skopje, 1999, 3 - 77.
2
-	Podumea Ha Sozoeume
-	OcHuean u noKpoeumen Ha ceMejcmeomo
-	noxpoeumencmeo u dpyzu epcm co ozHom, Memanypzujama, coHuemo u ocoóeHo co Heóomo
-	Kapaxmep Ha znaeeH - epxoeeH, na dypu u edrncmeeH (eo eucmmcm cMucm Ha sóopom) 6oz
-Kapaxmep Ha meopeu Ha eceneHama u Ha HeKou KúHKpemHu eneMeHmu u Kamezopuu (coHue, ozaH, Memaaypzuja, saKoH, ceMejcmeo)3
npH Toa, TprayBajkH on conpxHHaTa Ha HaBonoT bo »XpoHHKaTa«, ce onpenenHBMe 3a nocTojHHTe cTaBoBH cnopen koh:
-	CoHuemo-Uap e cuh Ha Ceapoz
-	flawóoz e ucmoeemeH co CoHuemo - U,ap, cuHom ceapozoe.
HamHTe hobh cornenyBaaa ce onHecyBaaT caMo Ha nocnenHHoT on HaBeneHHTe 3aKnynonH h cnopen hhb:
-	flawóoz e cuh Ha Ceapoz
-Ho, moj He e ucmoeemeH co meoHuMom CoHue -Uap, Koj e, oneeudHo uMe Ha dpyzuom ceapozoe cuH
^ononHyBaaaTa 3a KapaKTepoT Ha flax6or mro ra H3noxyBaMe bo oBaa cTaraja, He caMo mTo He rH nonHpaaT h nopeMeTyBaaT norope npHKaxaHHTe ^yHKqHH Ha CBapor, TyKy o6paTHo - ymre noBeke rH 3anBpcTyBaaT.
-	^a^sor bo ejobehekhot npebo^ ha »xpohhkata ha cbctot« o^ jobah majaba
CnoBeHcKHoT npeBon Ha »XpoHHKaTa Ha cBeToT« on JoBaH Manana e enHo on peTKHTe cpenHoBeKoBHH khhxbbhh nena bo koh, noKpaj HMH^aTa Ha naraHocnoBeHcKH 6oxecTBa ce HaBenyBa h hhbhhot KapaKTep h ^yhkuhh. Tokmy nopanH Toa, oboj' H3Bop nocTojaHo npenH3BHKyBa BHHMaHHe Kaj HcTpaxyBanHTe Ha cnoBeHcKaTa KynTypa h oco6eHo Ha HHBHaTa naraHcKa penHrHja h MHTonorHja. CTaHyBa 36op 3a nenoT bo koj' ce npe3eHTHpa MHTonorH3HpaHo hctophcko npenaHHe 3a Bnaneeaero Ha npeBHHoT 6or, HeroBHTe 3acnyrH 3a noBe^KHoT pon h nponecoT Ha npeHecyBaae Ha oBHe ^yHKUHH Ha npyro 6oxecTBo Koe HMa KapaKTep Ha HeroB HacnenHHK. CoBpeMeHHTe HcTpaxyBanH, cMeTaaT neKa nacycoT co naraHocnoBeHcKHTe 6oxecTBa npeTcTaByBa nononHHTenHa HHTepnonanHja (HacTaHaTa HajnonHa bo 12. BeK), hhj' aBTop npHnaran Ha jyxHo-cnoBeHcKHoT ja3HHKH apean. HcKaxaHH ce cTaBoBH neKa toj', MenHTepaHcKHTe aHTHHKH 6oxecTBa on tphkhot opHrHHan th npHnaronHn Ha cnoBeHcKaTa cpenHHa, 3aMeHyBajkH th co nHKoBHTe on naraHo-cnoBeHcKaTa MHTonorHja. TaKa, HajnpBo ce cnoMHyBa napcTByBaaeTo Ha CBapor (noHcToBeTeH co OeocT T.e. Xe^ecT) h HeroBHTe 3acnyrH 3a noBemTBoTo, a noToa ce HaBenyBa neKa no Hero napcTByBan CoHne - D,ap, chh cBaporoB onHocHo ^ax6or (noHcToBeTeH co AnonoH).4
3	H. HaycH^Hc, CAoeencKume nanmeonu ... 84 - 86.
4	fleTan.Ho 3a oBoj H3Bop: H. Lovmjanski, Religija Slovena, 1996 (cpncKoxpBaTCKH npeBon Ha opHrHHanoT: H. Lowmiañski, Religia Slowian i jej upadek - VI-XII v.), 71-75. 3a HamHTe npeTxonHH cornenyBaita Ha oBoj H3Bop: H. HaycHnHc, CAoeencKume nanmeonu ..., 82 H HaTaMy.
EBe ra KjiyHHHTe neioBH Ha nacycoT on cjiOBeHCKHOT npeBon Ha xpoHHKaTa Ha JoBaH Maiaia (HnaTjeBCKa ieTonHC - 1114 ronHHa):
"(...) noca qhcaphCTBOBdTM (...) no NeMh ®eocTa, i je i Gvapora (bo opHrHHaioT Ctoh: Govapora, ^vapora) Napekowa 6runhTaNe. (...) vi Bpema qhcapycTBa ero, cinadowa ci Neeece, i Naca kovaTi opjie, npeje bo Toro naAiqaMi i kameNiemy Bivaxuca. Tije ®eocTa zakoNi uctavi jeNaMi za ediNi mujt nocaraTi i xodiTi rovh»\H (...) i UcTavi ediNomu Muj» ediNu jeNu imhTi i jeNh za ediNi mujt nocaraTi; a\e Ai kito nepecTuniTy, da BiBypruTy i vi ne\y orNyNu. Gero pa,v,i npozivawa i GvaporiMy, i Biaji, i 6runhTaNe. H no cemy qhcapycTBova cmni ero, imeNhmh GiANtqe, eroje NapiCüTy Dajhbori ... GiANbqe qhcapy, cmni Gvaporovi, eje ecTh Dajtbori, bh mujt ciAhNi; (...) Ne xoTa oThqa cvoero zakoNa pacunaTi, Gvapoja.(...)"5
Oboj' nacyc npenH3BHKai CKenca h HecoriacyBaaa Mery HCTpaxyBanHTe Ha cioBeHCKaTa peiHraja, KHHxeBHocT h iHHrBHCTHKa, HajMHory nopanH HaBonoT bo koj' 6oroT ,n,ax6or ce noHCToBeTyBa co coHneTo. Hotthk 3a Toa He Moxea na 6HnaT npyrHTe hctophckh H3BopH bo koh ce nojaByBa HMeTo Ha oboj' 6or, 3aToa mTo bo HHTy eneH on hhb He ce eKcniHUHTHo HaBeneHH HonaTonH koh 6h ja ocnopHie BpcKaTa Ha oBa 6oxecTBo co HCKaxaHHoT enHTeT »CoHne - nap«. 06paTHo, cnopen noenHHH HCTpaxyBanH, bo HeKoH on hhb Taa BpcKa e hmhihuhtho npHcyTHa.
1)	Bo »noBecTb BpeMeHHMx jeT« (980 r.), HoKpaj ocTaHaTHTe HnoiH, HonHrHaTH bo KHeBCKHoT xpaM Ha BianHMHp, ce cHoMHyBa h HMeTo Ha ,D,ax6or, 6e3 HHKaKBH npyrH eHHTeTH hih HH^opManHH. OaKToT mTo enHHCTBeHo Mery Xopc h ,D,ax6or He ctoh cbp3hhkot »h«, HeKoH HCTpaxyBanH ro o6jacHyBaaT KaKo B3aeMHa peianuja Mery nBaTa TeoHHMa (,n,ax6or KaKo eHHTeT Ha Xopc), mTo on CBoja CTpaHa ce 3eMa KaKo HoTBpna Ha coiapHHoT KapaKTep Ha ,n,ax6or (,n,ax6or = Xopc; Xopc = coHne; flaxSor = coHne).6 Ce pa3ÓHpa, oTcycTBoTo Ha cbp3hhkot »h« Moxe na ce noixH h Ha npyrH hphhhhh.
2)	ApryMeHTH 3a peianujara Mery ,n,ax6or h coHneTo HMa h bo enHo ^onojHyBaae Ha »noBecTb BpeMeHHbix jeT« Kane ce HaBenyBa neKa bo BpeMe Ha ,D,ax:6or, jyHapHoTo 6poeae Ha BpeMeTo 6hio 3aMeHeTo co coiapeH KaieHnap.' Ho HpHcycTBoto Ha ,D,ax:6or bo oBoj HaBon 6h Moxeio na ce HpoToiKyBa h Ha npyr HanHH, bo BpcKa co enoxama mTo oBoj 6or ja o3HanyBa (ToKMy bo KoHTeKCToT HpHcyTeH h bo XpoHHKaTa Ha Maiaia), mTo He Mopa HyxHo na ro Honpa36Hpa h HeroBHoT coiapeH KapaKTep.
3)	Bo »Cjobo o nojKy HropeBe«, bo nBa HaBpaTH, PycHTe ce HaBenyBaaT Hon
eHHTeToT ^ax6oroBH BHynH (»Horbi6ameTb xH3Hb ,n,ax6oxbfl BtHyKa«; »BtCTaia o6Hna
Bt CHiaxt ,D,axb6oxfl BtHyKa«) on mTo He MoxaT na ce H3BienaT 3aKiynonH hh 3a, HHTy
8
hpothb coiapHHoT KapaKTep Ha oBoj 6or.8 Bp3 ocHoBa Ha hhb, Moxe na ce 3aKiynH neKa
5	^Tara h TOJiKyBa^a: V. J. Mansikka, Die Religion der Ostslaven, Helsinki, 1922., 66-68; B. B. HBaHoB, B. H. TonopoB, Ceapoz, bo: CuaBaHcKaa MH^ojjoraa (3HiHKaoneÄHqecKHH cjiOBapb), MocKBa, 1995, 348, 349; E. A. PbiöaKoB, fabiKecmeo dpeenux Ciaexn, MocKBa, 1981, 9, 10.
6	H. Lovmjanski, h.ä., 93; B. B. HBaHoB, B. H. TonopoB, ffaxb6o¿, hh: CuaBaHcKaa MH^ojioraa (3HiiHKJioneÄHqecKHH cjioBapb), MocKBa, 1995, 153; B. H. TonopoB, 06 upaucKorn 3jemenme e pyccKoä dyxoenoü Kyjibmype, CuaBaHcKHH h öaiKaHcKHH ^ojibKiop (PeKoHcTpyxiHa ^peBHen cjiaBaHcKon ^yxoBHon KyjibTypH: hcto^hhkh h MeTo^H), MocKBa, 1989, 39.
7	E. A. PbiöaKoB, flsbinecmeo dpeeneü Pycu, MocKBa, 1987, 441, 442.
8	3a oBHe H3BopH h HeKoH hhbhh TojjKyBa^a: B. B. HBaHoB B. H. TonopoB, ffaxb6o¿ ..., 153, 154.
,D,ax6or hoch h o6enexje Ha 6or - HpeAoK - poAoHananHHK T.e. HoKpoBHTen Ha pycKHoT eTHoc. Ha oBa yKaxyBaaT h HeKoH ApyrH ^kth:
-KaKo HocneAHua Ha BaKBHoT poAoHananHHHKH KapaKTep Ha oboj' 6or, MoxaT Aa ce CMeTaaT concTBeHHTe hmhbs oa thhot »,D,ax6oroBHH«, HaBeAeHH bo eAHa yKpaHHcKa rpaMoTa oa 14 BeK.
-Bo eAHa yKpaHHcKa HapoAHa HecHa, ,D,ax6or e HpeTcTaBeH KaKo HoKpoBHTen Ha cBaAÖa, koj' Ha H3rpejcoHue ro AoneKyBa KHe3oT - MnaAoxeHeu.9
-Bo »Caobo o HonKy HropeBe«, BojaH e HpeTcTaBeH KaKo BHyK Ha Benec, oa mTo, cMeTaMe, Moxe Aa cneAH AeKa Benec e HpeAoK Ha BojaH h ho poAoBcKo-eTHHHKa nHHHja a He caMo ho nHHHja Ha HoKpoBHTencTBo HaA My3HnapHTe h xpeuHTe.10 Co oBaa ^yHKHHja Ha HpeAoK - poAoHananHHK ce HaMeTHyBa penauHjaTa »,D,ax6or - HpeAoK; Benec - HpeAoK; ^axöor = Benec«. HMajkH ro HpeABHA HecoMHeHHoT xtohckh KapaKTep Ha Benec, oBa cboJctbo ce ^aBopH3Hpa h Kaj HcTOHHocnoBeHcKHoT ,D,ax6or, co mTo Toj ce Ao6nHxyBa ao jyxHocnoBeHcKHoT ^aj6or Koj hoch jacHH xtohckh o6enexja. Moxe6H ToKMy Ha oBaa penauHja ce AonxH otcyctboto Ha Benec bo KHeBcKHoT HaHTeoH Ha BnaAHMHp, KaAe xtohckhot 6or Moxen Aa 6HAe 3acTaHeH HpeKy ^axöor, bo ^yHKHHja Ha aHanoroH HnH eHHTeT Ha Bonoc / Benec.
no3HaTH ce h ApyrH cpeAHoBeKoBHH HaBoAH 3a ^axöor koh He Hpe3eHTHpaaT apryMeHTH 3a HeroBHoT KapaKTep h ^hkhhh.11
,0,ax6or bo SamaHCKrne ^ojkjophh tpuhhhh
TnaBHaTa HpHHHHa 3a kphthhkhot oahoc koh HacycoT oa cnoBeHcKHoT HpeBoA Ha »XpoHHKaTa« AoaraaT oa 6anKaHcKHTe, hotohho cpHcKHTe, ^onKnopHH TpaAHUHH, Bp3aHH 3a mhtckh nHKoBH co HMHBä cooABeTHH Ha ^axöor. CTaHyBa 36op 3a ,D,a6or, flaj6or h ^a6a.
a) npHKa3HH 3a ^a6or o^ Ma^a
Bo eAHaTa oa oBHe HpHKa3HH ce roBopH cneAHoTo:
"Bio Dabog Car na zemlji, a Gospod Bog na nebesima. Pa se pogode: grešne duše
ljudi da idu Dabogu, a pravedne duše Gospodu Bogu na nebesa. To je tako dugo trajalo,
dok se Gospodu Bogu ražali što Dabog mnogo preko mere duše proždire, pa stane misliti
kako bi silu Dabogovu ukrotio".
HaTaMy ce pacKaxyBa KaKo Ha BoroT My ce para chh, Koj oTHmon, Aa ro 6apa oa
fla6or oHa mTo My HpHHarano KaKo HacneAcTBo oa TaTKo My.
fla6or "od teške jarosti zine da mu se jedna viličetina vukla po zemlji, a drugom u
nebo dodirao, ne bi li i sina Božjeg proždro. Ali mu sin Božji ne dade ni danuti, nego ga
udari kopljem u donju vilicu i uspravi koplje, te mu se i gornja vilica na koplje nabode. I
kako je onda sin Božji kopljem vilice razvalio, tako stoji i danas, i stajaše veki amin. A sve
grešne duše što ih je Dabog od pamtiveka proždro, pokuljaju iz usta i odu sa sinom 12
Gospoda Boga na nebesa".12
9 3a oBoj h HpeTxoAHHoT ^aKr: B. B. HBaHoB, B. H. Tohopob, Ceapoe ... , 153,154.
103a H3BopoT h HeKoH TonKyBaH.a: B. A. PbiöaKoB, fls. dp. CaaenH, 431; B. B. HBaHoB B. H. Tohopob,
Hccdedoeanux e oßiacmu CAaeaHCKUx dpeemcmeu, MocKBa, 1974, 65,66.
11 V.J. Mansikka, h.a., 175, 178-179.
6) npe^aHHja 3a »CpeSpeHHOT uap«
BTopaTa rpyna ^oaxaopHH Tpa^HnHH ja coHHHyBaaT HeKoaKy cpncKH npe^aHHja, 3annmaHH os pa3HH aBTopn bo pa3HO BpeMe koh ce o^HecyBaaT Ha »Cpe6peHHOT nap« npeTCTaBeH KaKo 3aoTHTHHK Ha py^HHnHTe (bo cHTe caynaH ce pa6oTH 3a py^HHKoT KynajHa). npHKaxaH e KaKo amrponoMop^eH aHK nne neao Teao HaH 6apeM raaBaTa ce o^ cpe6po. Cpe6peHHoT nap, Ha py^aprn-e hm ^aBa py^a bo H3o6HaHe, ho Kora THe ce oÓH^eae h Hero co cHaa ^a ro H3Ba^aT o^ py^HHKoT, Toj ra noBHKaa 6aHXHHTe peKH bo py^HHKoT h rH noTonHa cHTe pyqapH. Ha BpcKaTa Mery oBoj h npeTxo^HHoT jihk yKaxyBa ^ktot oto, cnope^ oBHe npe^aHHja, ph^ot bo Koj xHBeea oBoj nap ro Hoceao HMeTo flaj6or.13
b) TpnHHHH 3a fla6a
TpeTaTa neaHHa ja co^HHyBaaT ^oaxaopHHTe Tpa^HnHH Bp3aHH 3a jihkot fla6a T.e.
fla6o, HajnecTO co enHTeToT XpoMH fla6a, Koj ce jaByBa bo ^yHKnHja Ha xhtokophchhk
14
3a raBoa, o^hocho KaKo HMe 3a raaBHHoT raBoa.
r) flpyra ocTaTOHH bo $ojkjopot
CoÓHpanHTe Ha 6aaKaHcKoTo Hapo^Ho TBopemTBo bo MHHaTHoT BeK ny6aHKyBaae Hapo^HH necHH h flpyra ycTHH ^opMH bo koh ce nojaByBa arncoT Ha »flaxBor« h Ha »flaxHH Bor«.15 Be3 pa3aHKa Ha Toa oto HayKaTa H3pa3yBa coMHeBaaa bo HHBHaTa aBTeHTHHHocT, THe ce nojaByBaaT KaKo rpara h bo tokoh coBpeMeHH HaynHH #eaa.16 Bo oBa HcTpaxyBaae He rH BKaynyBaMe He 3aToa oto a npHopH rH TpeTHpaMe KaKo HeaBTeHTHHHH, TyKy 6H^ejkH cMeTaMe ^eKa Ha Toa HyxHo Tpe6a ^a My npeTxo^H caoxeHa nocTanKa 3a ^oKaxyBaae Ha HHBHaTa npHna^HocT Ha H3BopHaTa Hapo^Ha KyaTypa. Toj o6h# ke ro npe3eMeMe bo HaoHTe h^hh HCTpaxyBaaa.
Bo npHKaxaHHTe tph rpynH Ha ^oaxaopHH npHMepH ce eBH^eHTHH #Be KoMnoHeHTH:
12^TaT cnopea: B. HajKaHOBHh, O cpncnom epxoemm Beorpaa, 1941, 93,94 (npiiKa3HaTa e H3B0pH0 o6jaBeHa bo: BHjja 2, 1866, 642). Abtopot HaBeayBa ymre e^Ha cjimrn npHKa3Ha, co6paHa oa hctoto Mecro h hcthot codHpai (o6jaBeHa bo BHjja 3, 1867, 655); Bo HeKoH 6ocaHCKH BapnjaHTa Ha oBaa npHKa3Ha, Ha MecroTo Ha fla6or ce nojaByBa Cb. ApxaHrejj, KaKo Hacjie^HHK Ha cTapHHcKHoT 6or Ha MpTBHTe (Š. Kulišic, Dabog i nebesni bog u svjetlu novijih istraživanja, Traditiones, 5-6 (1976-77), Ljubljana, 1979, 204; CpncKu mumoMMKupeHHUK, Beorpaa, 1970, 101).
13noaaTo^ cnopea B. HajKaHoBHh, (h.a, 95, 96), Kaae mro e HaBeaeHa h H3BopHaTa jjHTepaTypa. 3a pejja^jaTa flaj6or - raBojj - MeTajjyprnja: Š. Kulišic, Dabog..., 204.
14 B. HajKaHoBHh, H.fl., 96; CpncKH. mht. pe^HHK, 101; A. HoMa, ffpeeHue CAaenHCKue 6oxecmea y cep6oe, XHBaa cTapHHa, 1998 /1, MocKBa, 3.
15»JaxHH Bor« Kaj C. H. BepKoBHm, Beda CioeaHaxh, C. neTep6yprt, 1881; h »flax6or« Kaj M. C. MffijojeBHh, necme u oSunajuyKynmz Hapoda cpncKos - oSpedHe necme, Beorpaa, 1869.
16 S. Petrovič, Mitologija kultura civilizacija, Beograd, 1995, 375-377.
-	JaceH ^yanHCTHHKH MHTonomKH KoHnenT bo koj' ce jaByBaaT ^hkobh CTaBeHH bo
no3Hnnja Ha onoHeHTH, TaKa mTo ymTe B. HajKaHoBHk h B. Jarnk, HHBHaTa npennomKa
17
ja BHnene bo npaHCKnoT nnn noKoHKpeTHo MaHHxejcKHoT nyanraaM.
-	Bo CHTe Tpn rpynn, flaj6or (T.e. fla6or h fla6o) HMa jacHH o6enexja Ha xtohckh mhtckh nHK co ^yHKqHH Ha noKpoBHTen Ha non3eMjeTO, Ha CMpTTa h Ha noKojHHnHTe h co o6enexje Ha 3no cymTecTBo. HajKaHoBHk 3aKnynyBa neKa bo cpncKHTe HaponHH npHKa3HH h npenaHHja, flaj6or e »HajroneM npoTHBHHK Eoxj'h«, koj' h cnopen H3BecTyBanHTe »Eoxe npocTH, 6ho cnnaH Kao Tocnon Eor Ha He6ecHMa«.18
TepHTopnjaTa Ha Koja ce eBHneHTHpaHH TpannnnHTe 3a fla6or T.e. »Cpe6peHnoT nap« (flaj6or) e cpncKnoT nen Ha TeneHneTo Ha CaBa h flyHaB. 3a pacnpocTpaHeTocTa Ha oBHe TpannnHH bo MHHaTHTe enoxn roBopn h totohhmot flay6oK, perncTpnpaH Ha TepHTopnjaTa Ha EanKa bo cpenHHoT BeK.19 TpannnHHTe 3a fla6a ce MHory nomnpoKo pacnpocTpaHeTH.
PejaHHH h corae^yBaaa
OBHe nBa KoMnneKca nonaTonn 3a flax6or rn nonennne HcTpaxyBanHTe bo Tpn rpynn:
a)	OHHe koh, cMeTajkn ro KaKo HajpeneBaHTeH HaBonoT on »XpoHHKaTa« Ha
20
Manana, h npyrHTe HaBeneHH H3BopH, flax6or ro cMeTaaT 3a conapeH 6or.
6) OHHe koh, oboj' HaBon ro oTc^pnaaT KaKo HeToneH, npn mTo rn cMeTaaT 3a aBTeHTHHHH h tohhh ^onKnopHHTe npHMepn, cnopen koh flax6or e xtohckh 6or 21
b)	OHHe koh He ce ctphktho onpeneneHH HHTy 3a enHa on nBeTe onnnn, npn mTo aKneHToT ro cTaaBaT Ha HeKon npyrn ^yHKnnn Ha flax6or (oco6eHo Ha KapaKTepoT »neyc naTop«) nnn npaBaT KoMnpoMHc Mery nBeTe Teopnn.22
PenanHHTe Mery npHKa3HHTe on ManBa h HaBonoT on »XpoHHKaTa« ce oneBHnHH. OcBeH HMeTo flax6or (T.e. flaj6or hhh fla6or), bo o6aTa cnynan ce jaByBa h HeroBHoT TaTKo (bo xpoHHKaTa CBapor, a bo npHKa3HHTe »rocnon Eor Ha He6oTo«),23 KaKo h ^yHKnHjaTa HacnenHHK, Koja mTo bo o6aTa cnynan ja hoch HeroBoT chh. Bo HaBeneHaTa npHKa3Ha Toa e 6e3HMeHHoT chh Ha Tocnon Eor (co o6enexja Ha jyHaK) koj' ce 6opn co fla6or, noneKa bo »XpoHHKaTa« - caMnoT flax6or (»CoHneTo nap, chhot cBaporoB
17	B HajKaHoBHh, H.n., 93 - 97; S. Petrovič, H.n., 375; noHoBH HcrpaxyBaK.a Ha oBHe npenaHHja h Ha flaj6or: A. HoMa, H.n., 3; fl. flparojnoBHh, B. CrojneBcKa-AHTHh, Mumoiysomena ma cpednoeeKoenama KuprncKa nucmenocm, CKonje, 1990, 57-61.
18	B HajKaHoBHh, H.n., 93.
19A. HoMa, H.n., 3.
20Ha npHMep: E. A. Pbi6aKoB, M3. dpee. Caaenn, 432 - 434; E. A. Pbi6aKoB H3. dpee. Pycu, 430 - 442; H. Lovmjanski, H.n., 75, 90, 93; B. B. HBaHoB, B. H. TonopoB, flawb6oz ..., 153,154; B. H. TonopoB, 06 HpancKom ..., 38 - 43;
21 npe« ce: B. HajKaHoBHh, H.n., 93-97; A. HoMa, H.n., 3; Š. Kulišič, Stara slovenska religija u svjetlu novijih istraživanja, posebno balkanoloških, Sarajevo, 1979, 161-162; Š. Kulišič, Dabog ..., 203 - 209 (co aKneHT Ha nyHapHHoT KapaKTep Ha 6oroT).
22Ha npHMep: A. Tett^op, Mumoaoeun na caaennume, (npeBon Ha opnrHHanoT: A. Gieysztor, Mitología
Slowian), Co^Ha, 1986, 154-155; fl. flparojnoBHk h B. AHTHk, (H.n., 57-58).
233a BpcKHTe Mery CBapor h He6oTo: H. HaycHflHc, CaoeencKume nanemonu..., 79, 80, 86, 87.
OflHOCHO ,D,ax6or«). KaKO mTO Beke peKOBMe, bo oboj' nocjeneH neTan. ce Kpne 0CH0BHaTa pa3^HKa h kj^hhot npo6neM.
Xtohckoto 3Haneae Ha flax6or ro H3Kaxaa hjh npH^araja He Man 6poj HCTpaxyBanH. Ho, bo TaKBOTO TonKyBaae, THe He ro BKjonyBaaT HaBonoT on cnoBeHCKHOT npeBon Ha »XpoHHKaTa«, TyKy ro HrHopHpaaT h OT^pnaaT 6e3 oco6eHH KOMeHTapH, cMeTajkn ro KaKO norpemeH, HeaBTeHTHneH h KaKO nHTepapHa KOMnnnanHja HnH ^HKanja.24 HamHOT npHnoHec ro rnenaMe TOKMy bo npHcTanoT npeKy Koj, bo »xTOHcKaTa Te3a 3a ^ax6or« 6h Moxen na ce BKnonH h oboj' HaBon.
CMeTaMe neKa BaKBOTO noBp3yBaae Ha cpenHOBeKOBHHOT KHH^eBeH TeKcT h Ha ^onKnopHHTe TpaflHnHH Moxe na ce ocTBapH npeKy npHMeHaTa Ha nyanHcTHHKHOT KOHnenT, 3a mTO KaKO noTTHK ceKaKO He Moxe na hh nocnyxn nacycoT on »XpoHHKaTa«, bo Koj He ce BHnnHBH HHKaKBH #yanHcTHHKH eneMeHTH, TyKy ManBaHcKHTe npHKa3HH 3a ^ax6or, bo koh THe ce coceM eBHneHTHH .25 Oboj' KOHnenT BcymHocT ro BOBenoBMe h ro npHMeHHBMe ymTe bo HamaTa npeTxonHa cTaTHja, npH HcTpaxyBaaeTO Ha KapaKTepoT Ha CBapor bo »XpoHHKaTa«, Kane KaKO MaTpHna ro ynoTpe6HBMe mhtot 3a 3'pBaH. npH Toa penanHHTe ce noKaxaa He caMO Ha coapxhhcko hhbo TyKy h Ha hhbo Ha TeoHHMHTe (CBapor - 3Bapor - 3BapyH - 3'pBaH).26 Ho, bo oboj' H3Bop HeMaBMe noTTHK, oboj' KOHnenT nocnenHO H noKpaj na ro npHMeHHMe h Ha flax6or. Toa ro npaBHMe bo OBaa npHrona,
noTTHKHaTH on HaBeneHHTe ^onKnopHH TpanHnHH.
Ja npeTcTaByBaMe HajnpBO HamaTa nyanHcTHHKa napanHrMa - mhtot 3a 3'pBaH: Bo HpaHcKHTe penHrHcKH TpanHnHH, noHHyBajkn on HajpaHHTe aBecTHjcKH xhmhh, na npeKy Ma3naH3MOT h 3opoacTpH3MOT, ce no maHHxej'ctboto h HeroBHTe cpenHO-BeKOBHH MaHH^ecTauHH ce npoBneKyBa nHKOT Ha 3'pBaH (3epBaH, 3ypBaH) koj' hoch o6enexja Ha anconyreH h hckohckh rocnonap h TBopen Ha kocmocot, noHcTOBeTeH co Hero, co He6oTO h co 6ecKOHenHOTO BpeMe. Cnopen MHTOBHTe, 3'pBaH nocaKan na My ce ponH chh (AxypaMa3na / OpMa3n), ho nopanH HeroBHOT coMHex bo non3aTa on oboj' hhh, bo Hero ke ce 3anHe, a 3aenHO co OpMa3n ke ce noponH h AxpHMaH - nHK co onBpaTeH H3rnen h ckjoh koh 3noTO. AxpHMaH ke ce H3ponH npB, TaKa mTO ke ja pacKHHe yrpo6aTa Ha TaTKOTO, H3neryBajkH nHpeKTHO on HeroBHOT cTOMaK T.e. rpanHTe. nopanH Toa mTO e npBoponeH, 3'pBaH ke Mopa HeMy na My ja OTcTanH BnacTa Han cBeTOT, ho bo Tpaeae on caMO 90 000 ronHHH, nocne mTO ke HacTanH BpeMeTO Ha OpMa3n. 27
HaBonoT on »XpoHHKaTa«, cornenaH bo KOHTeKcT Ha ^onKnopHHTe h Ha OBaa HpaHcKa napanHrMa, noKaxyBa enHa pa3nHKa - bo Hero ce HaBeneHH caMO nBa, a He tph nHKa. Ho, aKO ce H36pojaT HMH^aTa h enHTeTHTe, ke ce noKaxe neKa, noKpaj TaTKOTO
24	Bo OBaa cMHcjja norojieMO BHHMaHHe My o6paka A. HoMa (H.n., 3) Koj cMeTa neKa pejia^jaTa Mery flax6or h coH^o, bo HaBonoT on »XpoHHKaTa« ce flOJi«H Ha HeroBOTO nocenHHmrBO Ha OBoj kocmh^kh ejeMeHT on mro npoH3jjeryBa 3Haqett.eTO Ha coH^o KaKO chm6ojj Ha yHHBep3ajHaTa Bjjacr.
25	Ha OBoj npHon BcymHocT cyrepHpaje HajKaHOBHk h JarHk, koh cMeTaje neKa npao6pa3e^T Ha OBHe npHKa3HH Tpe6a na ce 6apa BepojaTHO bo HpaHcKHTe nyanHcrHqKH cKacKH koh npeKy 6oryMHjjcKHTe TpanHUHH nocneajje Ha EajjKaHOT.
26H HaycHnHc, CdoeencKume nanemonu..., 80.
273a OBoj mht: M. A. flaHnaMaeB, B. T HyKOHHH, Kyjjbrrypa h 3KOHOMHKa npeBHero HpaHa, MocKBa, 1980, 66, 68; 3. A. TpaHTOBcKHH, 3epean, bo: Mh$h HaponoB MHpa, MocKBa, 1980; M. Brandt, Izvori zla, Zagreb, 1989, 414, 467. HpaHcKaTa Bep3Hja Ha OBoj mht, Ha EajjKaHOT 6Hjja no3HaTa ymre bo aHTHKaTa - Ha npHMep, Kaj EyneMHe on Ponoc (4. BeK nHe), a npeKy $hjjo3ocko - KHHxeBHHTe nejja e npeHecyBaHa ce no cpenHHOT BeK - Ha npHMep Kaj flaMacKHoc bo 6. BeK. (M. Brandt, H.n., 467).
T.e. CBapor, BcymHocT ce cnoMHaTH ymTe nBe iMiaa - CoHne - nap h flax6or. Hh ce hhhh neKa bo oboj' nen on HaBonoT ce noTKpanHana rpemKa, HenocnenHocT nnn HaMepHa npenpaBKa, npH mTo ^omno no noncTOBeTyBaae Ha flaxfior h enHTeToT (cnopen Hac ^hkot) CoHne - nap.
CMeTaMe neKa bo H3BopHaTa napannma, CBapor HMan nBa cHHa, ono3nnnoHH no KocMonomKaTa c^epa h eneMeHTHTe mTo ra 3acTanyBane:
-	flax6or KaKo 3acTanHHK Ha 3eMjaTa h 3noTo
-	CoHne-nap KaKo 3acTanHHK Ha coHneTo (Moxe6n h cBexnnHaTa) h Ha no3HTH-BHHTe Hanena.
Bo npnnor Ha BpcKaTa »CoHne« KaKo chh Ha CBapor onn h nocToeaero Ha cnoBeHcKnoT TeoHHM CBapoxHH (naTpoHHMcKa ^opMa on CBapor), koj' coBpeMeHaTa HayKa, Bp3 ocHoBa Ha npyrn cpenHoBeKoBHH h ^onKnopHH h3boph, ro cTaBa bo penanHja co coHneTo h oraoT.
EBe KaKo cxeMaTcKH H3rnena oBaa penanHja, o^hocho npennoxeHaTa peKoHcTpyK-nnjaTa mTo on Hea cnenn:
floKonKy oBaa peKoHcTpyKnnja Ha MHTcKHTe nHKoBH on »XpoHHKaTa« ce npn^ara KaKo MoxHa, ce HaMeTHyBaaT HeKonKy npnnnHH koh Moxene na noBenaT no nopeMeTyBaae Ha hhbhhot H3BopeH KapaKTep h cTpyKTypa:
1.	flo cnoBeHcKnoT npeBenyBan (T.e. npnpenyBanoT) nocneana HeaBTeHTHHHa, ceKyHnapHa T.e. »omTeTeHa« Bep3nja Ha mhtot
2.	flo cnoBeHcKnoT npeBenyBan (T.e. npnpenyBanoT) nocneana npennoxeHaTa (n3BopHa) Bep3nja Ha mhtot, ho Toj He ro HaBen bo aBTeHTHHHa ^opMa nopann Tpn MoXHn npHHHHH:
-	3a na ja npnnaronn Ha cTpyKTypaTa mTo ja npeBenyBan nnn KynTypHnoT KoHTeKcT Ha Koj npnnaran
-	nopann Toa mTo He ja pa36pan bo h3bophhot KoHTeKcT
-	3aToa mTo He caKan nnn He cMeen na ja HaBene aBTeHTHHHo, nopann epeTHHKnoT nyann3aM conpxaH bo Hea
3. npeBenyBanoT (T.e. npnpenyBanoT) ro npeBen (T.e. ro HaBen) TeKcToT bo ^opMaTa mTo ja npennaraMe, npn mTo rpemKaTa nnn HaMepHoTo npenpaBaae ce cnynnne bo nononHexHHTe npenncn Ha nenoTo.
Kora h KaKo HaBe^eHaTa HpaHCKa npe^jomKa Moteja ^a ^ocnee bo ejOBeHeKaTa KyjTypa?
OBa npamaae e bo nnpeKTHa BpcKa co npamaaero 3a noTeKnoTo Ha nyannc-THHKHTe pennrncKH o6enexja bo cnoBeHcKaTa KynTypa, Koe naK, on cBoja cTpaHa, KaKo HayneH npo6neM 3an ce6e HMa nonra Tpannnnja. HMeHo, ymTe bo 19. h npBHTe neneHnn Ha 20. BeK, bo HayKaTa ce nojaBnne cepno3HH HaynHH Teopnn bo koh ce aKneHTnpano
28 3a onHocHTe CBapor KaKo TaTKo - He6o - cBeTnHHa h CBapoxHi KaKo chh - coHne - oraH: H. Haycn^nc, CAoeencKume nanmeonu ..., 84; H. Lovmjanski, H.n., 75,76.
3pBaH
AxypaMa3^a / OpMa3^ : AxpHMaH
CBapor
CoHue-U,ap / CBapo^rn : fla^Sor
BinjaHHeTO Ha o^enHH hctohhh KynTypH h nonynanHH bo eTHoreHe3aTa Ha CnoBeHHTe
h bo KOHCTHTyHpan>eTO Ha HHBHaTa KynTypa (KOHKpeTHo: ja3HK, pennraja h MHTonoraja).
Bnne o6pa3ioxeHH h TeopHH 3a y,qen0T Ha CKHTHTe, CapMaTHTe HnH B00nmT0 Ha
HpaH0ja3HHHHTe nonynanHH bo 0^0pMyBaaeT0 Ha enoBeHCKaTa naraHCKa penHrnja h
MHTOiorHja. Koh cpe^HHaTa Ha BeKOT, npeBnanean HaneneH HeraTHBHe CTaB bo oahoc Ha
OBHe TeopHH, koj' noCTe^HHBe neneHHH OHeBHflHO ry6H 3ahb. PeaKTyenraanHjaTa Ha
CTapHTe TeopHH ce 6a3Hpa Bp3 hobh h naneKy nocHnHH apryMeHTH koh ja n0TBpnyBaaT
BaxH0CTa Ha HaBeneHHTe hctohhh eTH0-KynTypHH K0Mn0HeHTH. noBHKyBajkH ce Ha
HCTopHCKHTe H3BecTyBaaa h Ha apxeonomKHTe Hao^H, aBTopHTe Ha OBHe HCTpaxyBaaa
HCTaKHyBaaT Te3H 3a BrpanyBaaeT0 Ha HeKOH KOHKpeTHH (no noTeKno HeenoBeHCKH)
nonynanHH oa cn0BeHCK0T0 coce^CTBO (CapMaTH, AnaHH h 0C06epH0 Ahth, na h Cp6H
h XpBaTH) bo cn0BeHCKH0T eTH0-KynTypeH KOMnneKC, npocnenero, oa e^Ha CTpaHa, co
npH^akaae Ha cn0BeHCKH0T ja3HK h H^eHTHTeT, ho oa npyra, co BnoxyBaae bo Hero Ha
CBojaTa MomHe 6oraTa h pa3BHeHa KynTypa (eneMeHTH Ha ja3HK0T, penHrajaTa, a 29
MHTonorHjaTa hth.).
Moxe na ce 3aKnynH neKa, enopen OBHe TeopHH, nyanHCTHHKH0T penHrHCKH
KOHnenT, na 0TTyKa h KOHKpeTHO - yn0Tpe6eHaTa nyanHCTHHKa MaTpnna 3a 3'pBaH, bo
cnoBeHCKaTa (HnH KOHKpeTHO jyxHoenoBeHCKaTa) naraHCKa penHrHja ce Hamna KaKO
pe3ynTaT Ha 0praHCK0T0 npoTKajyBaae Ha penHrHCKHTe Tpa^HUHH oa KOMnneKCOT Ha
HpaH0ja3HHHHTe nonynanHHH co h3bophhot cnoBeHCKH cyncTpaT.
fla rH HaBe^eMe cera no xpoHonomKH pen CHTe TeopeTKH moxhh ^a3H bo koh
30
Moreno na ce ocTBapH OBa BnHjaHHe:
1) BTopa nojOBHHa Ha II - noncroK Ha I mhj nHe. : Pena^ja Ha HeKoj npen-cnoBeHCKH cyncTpaT co nyx0BHaTa KynTypa Ha onpeneHH npeTCTaBHHUH Ha hhao-HpaHCKHOT KOMnneKC31 (Tpa^HUHH CpOflHH Ha ABeCTHjCKHOT H Be^HCKHOT MHTOnOmKO-
penHrHjcKH CHCTeM), oa Koja bo HCTopHCKaTa enoxa ke ce reHepHpaaT HajeKnaTaHTHHTe
29OBaa Teopnja, noKpaj flpyraTe ja 3acTanyBane H. Hn^epne h A. H. Co6oneBCKHy. 3a HHBHHTe TeopHH h 3a HcropHjaTa Ha 0B0j HayqeH npo6neM: B. B. Ce^OB, OnepKu no apxeojiozuu Črnem, MocKBa, 1994, 3 - 48. Bo OBaa rpyna cnara H Z. Vinski, (Uz problematiku starog Irana i Kavkaza s osvrtom na podrijetlo Anta i Bijelih Hrvata, Vjesnik arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu, 3. serija - vol XXVI-XXVII, 1993-1994, Zagreb, 1994, 77 - 80); fleHee, 0C06eH0 ja aKueHTHpaaT B. A. Pbi6aK0B, (fc. dpee. Pycu, 8 - 72); B. B. Ce^OB (h. a.); A. HoMa (HeKu ciaeucmuHKu acneKmu cpncKe emnoieneze, 36opHHK MaTHue cpncKe 3a enaBHCTHKy, 43, Beorpafl, 1993, 120 - 122); A. Pleterski, (Model etnogeze Slovanov na osnovi nekaterih novejših raziskav, Zgodovinski časopis, 49, Ljubljana, 1995, 550, 551); H. HaycH^HC (^ujaxponucKomo Komnapupane na peAuzucKume u emno-KyAmypnume npoupcu na noneama na MaKedonuja, bo: PenHrHHTe H penHrHCKHTe acneKTH Ha MaTepHjanHaTa h ^yxoBHaTa KynTypa Ha no^BaTa Ha Peny6nHKa MaKe^OHHja, CKonje, 1996, 256 - 257). 3a HcropHjaTa Ha OBHe HCTpaxyBatt.a bo c^epaTa Ha penHrajaTa: fl. M. fly^K0, Hpancme eAemenmm e cAaeancKom rnunecmee (ucmopuK u3ynenu.x), bo: Apxeonoraa cnaBaHCKoro ror0-B0CT0Ka, BopoHex, 1991, 3 - 10; B. H. TonopoB, O6 upancKom ..., 23-60; o^ nocTapHTe ^ena: I. Pilar, O dualizmu u vjeri starih Slovjena, Zbornik za narodni život i običaje Južnih Slavena, Zagreb, 1931.
30HcTaTa Ta6ena 6h M0xena ^a ce 0^HecyBa h Ha CBapor (cnope^H H. HaycH^HC. ČAoeencmme nanmeonu ..., 88).
31 Moxe6H o^pe^eHH rpyna^H Ha CaKHTe T.e. CKHTHTe co koh ce CTaBa bo pena^ja reHe3aTa Ha ABecTaTa na h 30p0acrpH3M0T (B. H. A6aeB, ffea 3opoacmpmma e Hpane, BecrHHK ^peBHett hctophh, 1990 / 4, MocKBa, 203, 204). Co orne^ Ha no^o^exHaTa er3HCTeH^ja Ha 0B0j cyncrpaT Ha TepHTopHjaTa Ha Koja ce ^opMHpane H^HHTe CnoBeHH, CTaHyBa BepojaTHO BnHjaHHeTO Ha OBa hcto ja^po Bp3 HeKoj npe^cnoBeHCKH HnH np0T0cn0BeHCKH enoj.
MaHH^ecTanHH Ha nyanncTHHKHoT penHracKH KoHnenT (Ma3naH3MoT h 3opoaCTpH3MoT).
2)	CpeflHHa - BTopa n0J0BHHa Ha I mhjchh^m nHe: YnecTBo Ha penarajaTa Ha ceBepo3ana#HaTa rpaHKa Ha HpaHoja3HHHHTe HaponH (ckhth, CapMaTH ...) bo o^opMyBaaeTo Ha nyxoBHaTa KynTypa Ha npen-cnoBeHcKHoT HnH npoTo-cnoBeHcKH cyncTpaT. He e HCKnyneHa MoxHocTa 3a KoHTaKTH h co hckoh napeKTHH HnH H3BeneHH $opMH Ha Ma3^aH3MoT H 3opoaCTpH3MoT.
3)	npBa n0J0BHHa Ha I MHjeHHyM H.e. (^o ro^eMHTe npece^Sn):
Moxhh ^HpeKTHH HnH nocpenHH KynTypHH BnHjaHHja on CacaHHncKa nepcaja bo Koja, bo BTopaTa nonoBHHa Ha 3. BeK ce npomapano MaHHxejcTBoTo. npononxyBaae Ha nponecrne on npeTxonHaTa ^a3a, bo KoHTeKcT Ha HoBonojaBeHHTe nonynanHH on HpaHcKa HnH npyra eTHo-KynTypHa npoBeHHeHnHja (ynecTBo Ha HecnoBeHcKHTe nonyna-uhh - AnaHHTe h oco6ero Ha AHTHTe, bo cnoBeHcKaTa eTHoreHe3a h KoHcTHTynpafteTo Ha cnoBeHcKaTa penHraja h MHTonoraja).
4)	V - VII BeK H.e. : He e HcKnyneHa Mo^HocTa, CnoBeHHTe bo oBoj nepaon, (npen HnH bo TeKoT Ha npecen6HTe), bo cBojaTa cTapa TaTKoBHHa na no^HBeane npB KoHTaKT co MaHHxejcKaTa noKTpHHa HnH co HeKoja on Hea H3BeneHa Bapajamra (naBnHKHjaHcTBo, MacanajaHcTBo ...) npeKy koh bo hhb ce Harnna HnH 6iraa caMo ocBe^em MHTcKaTa cTpyKTypa THnHHHa 3a 3'pBaH.
5)	IX-XV BeK. H.e. BnHjaHHe Ha 6oryMHncTBoTo, npH^aTeHo h npaKTHKyBaHo Ha EanKaHoT on cTpaHa Ha JyxHHTe CnoBeHH. 32
npocnenyBaaeTo Ha KynTypHo-HcTopcKHTe h reo-nonHTHHKHTe KoHcTenanHH bo koh ce 3anHano h o^opMyBano naraHo-cnoBeHcKoTo nyxoBHo janpo, ynaTyBa Ha 3a-KnynoKoT neKa HHTy nyanH3MoT, na oTTyKa hh cnoMHaTaTa MHTonomKa MaTpHna, He Morena bo Hero na ce Hajne KaKo nocnenana Ha eneH enHHcTBeH HacTaH HnH HeKaKBo KoHKpeTHo BnHjaHHe, ocTBapeHo bo onpeneH hctophckh MoMeHT, TyKy KaKo nponyKT Ha 6pojHH, onHocHo nepMaHeHTHH, nponecH Ha TpaHcMHcHja Ha nyanHcTHHKHoT Konenr koh BcymHocT HMane KapaKTep Ha ko HTHHyHpaH hctophckh nponec. 33 Bo KoHTeKcT Ha Toa 6h cneneno neKa h cnoBeHcKaTa Bapajamra Ha npacTapaoT nyanHcTHHKH mht on npeBonoT Ha »XpoHHKaTa« Ha Manana He e caMo nnon Ha noceTnHBocTa Ha Hej3HHHoT cnoBeHcKH npeBenyBan onHocHo npapenyBan, TyKy pe3ynTaT Ha opraHcKH npoTKajyBaaa Ha cnoBeHcKoTo h HpaHcKoTo nyxoBHo janpo koh Morene na ce cnynyBaaT bo 6nno Koja HnH bo noBekeTo on ^a3HTe Ha npano^eHaTa xpoHonomKa nHcTa.
OBHe hobh cornenyBaaa ro aKTynH3HpaaT h npamaaeTo nanH HaBeneHHoT mht 3a 3'pBaH Moxen na 6ane npennomKa Ha hcthot nacyc h bo oparHHanHoTo neno Ha Manana, 6e3 pa3nHKa mTo bo Hero ce BoBeneHH TeoHHMH on CTaporpnKaTa MHTonorHja. OBa no6HBa bo 3Haneae aKo ce 3eMe npenBHn Beke HaBeneHHoT ^aKT (BHnH $ycHoTa 27) neKa oBoj mht 6an no6po no3HaT bo MenHTepaHoT h Toa on npeTCTaBHHnm-e Ha KnacHHHaTa xeneHcKa ^Hno3o^Hja, na ce no HHBHHTe BH3aHTHcKH cnen6eHHnH, npH
32 Bo nocnenHHBe nBe $a3H 6h Moxene na ce BKnonaT Te3HTe Ha JarHk h HajKaHoBHk 3a HpaHo-flyanHcTmKaTa reHe3a Ha Ma^BaHcKHTe npHKa3HH h HHBHaTa pena^ja co 6oroMHncTBoTo. OBa Te3a ja nonnpxyBaaT h A. HoMa, (H.n.,3) h fl. flparojnoBHk h B. AmrHk, (H.n., 58,59); fleranHo 3a pena^HTe Mery cnoBeHcKoTo naraHcTBo h 6oryMHncTBoTo h 3a eBeHTyanHaTa reHe3a Ha oBa yqen.e ymre bo npH^HoMopjero, npen flocenyBaH,ero Ha CnoBeHHTe Ha EanKaHoT: H. HaycHflHc, flyasu3Mom ... .
333a oBa Hemro noneTanHo: H. HaycHflHc, ffymu3Mom ...
T. I
1.	HeöeceH 6or (CBapor), MeTanHa nno^Ka, BenecTHHo, Tecannja
2.	3'pBaH, aeTan oa MeTanHa annHKannja, ^ypncTaH, HpaH
mTO He Mano 3Haneae HMa ^aKTOT mTo n caMHOT Manana 6nn no noTeKno oa Cnpnja -noapanje coceM 6nncKy ao TaTKOBHHaTa Ha oboj' mht.34
CMeTaMe aeKa npnKaxaHHre corneayBaaa npnaoHecyBaaT 3a 3anBpcTyBaaeTo Ha Te3aTa 3a xtohckhot KapaKTep Ha ^axöor bo »XpoHHKaTa« Ha Manana h nomnpoKO bo jyxHocnoBeHcKHOT KynTypeH apean. Ho, co ornea Ha Beke HaBeaeHHTe H3Bopn h TonKyBaaa, 6h 6nno norpemHO, OBne 3aKnynonH eaHocraBHO aa ce annnnnpaaT h Ha HcTOHHocnoBeHcKHTe TpaannHH mTO ce oaHecyBaaT Ha ^ax6or, oaHocHO rno6anHO Ha
34 3a JoBaH Manana h HeroBaTa »XpoHHKa«: H. Lovmjanski, h.ä., 71.
chot cjobchckh eTHo-KyjTypeH KoMnjeKc. OTTyKa ce HaMeTHyBa eaHo npamaae Koe mTo ro nocraByBaMe KaKo HacjoB Ha cjc^hoto noraaBje.
momhh jh ce flBa fla^Sora:
jyMH0CJ0BeHCKH - xtohckh h HCT0HH0CJ0BeHCKH - COjapeH?
OBaa HaBHcTHHa Heo6HHHa KoHcraTanHja e hm^jh^tho hjh eKcnjHnHTHo npncyTHa Kaj HeKojKy oa aoceramHHTe HcTpaxyBaHH. noKpaj aBocMHcjeHHTe cpeaHo-bckobhh H3BopH, bo npHjor aoHeKaae h oaaT h HcToHHocaoBeHcKHTe ^ojkjophh TpaannHH 3a flax6or (HapoaHH necHH) bo koh HaMecTo co xtohckh o6eaexja, oBoj jhk e noBp3aH co aHeBHHoT h roanmHnoT nHKjyc Ha coh^to (co H3rpeBoT Ha coh^to h co 3aKayHyBaaeT0 Ha 3HMaTa h or^^^a^era Ha jctoto).35 Ho, aypH h oBHe, HaBHayM eKcnjHUHTHH aoKa3H 3a cojapHHoT KapaKTpep Ha HcronHocjoBeHcKnoT flax6or MoxaT aa ce cTaBaT noa npamaae, aKo ce 3eMe npeaBHa aeKa aHeBHHoT h roaHmHHoT nHKjyc Ha cohečto (oco6eHo ot^^^^to Ha npojerra) He MopaaT aa ro BoaaT cojapHHTe TyKy h apyrH ^Kj^m-ej^ h xtohckh) 6oxecTBa.
HeKoH aBTopH cMeTaaT aeKa aHxoTOMHjaTa Ha cojapHHoT KapaKTep Ha flax6or oa
HcronHocjoBeHcKaTe cpeaHoBeKoBHH H3BopH h Ha xtohckhot KapaKTep Ha flaj6or -fla6or - fla6o oa cpncKHTe ^ojkjophh TpaaHnHH e npoH3Boa Ha cnenH^HHHHoT hctophckh pa3BHToK bo Koj HaBjerja cjoBeHcKaTa naraHcKa pejHraja no npecej6aTa T.e. pacHjeHyBa&eTo Ha HcroHHHTe h JyxHHTe CjoBeHH. THe ro aKaeHTHpaaT h yaejoT Ha cTapoGajKaHcKHTe h Ha M&joa3HcKHTe TpaaHnHH (aypH h Ha KoHKpeTHH 6oxecTBa co cjhhho HMe) bo o^opMyBaaeTo Ha jhkot Ha flaj6or - fla6or - fla6o.36 Bo oBoj cTapoGajKaHcKM cyncTpaT 6h Moxeje aa ce 6apaaT h eBemyajHHTe KoMnoHeHTH koh aoBeje ao npeBarayBa&e Ha xToHcKHTe o6ejexja Ha oBoj mhtckh jhk.
Bp3 ocHoBa Ha eTHMojomKoTo rojE^a^e Ha TeoHHMoT flax6or, HcTpaxyBaHHTe aomje ao 3aKjynoKoT aeKa eaHo oa cymTecTBeHHTe o6ejexja Ha oBoj 6or 6Hja $yHKnHjaTa aeyc aaTop. Ce cMeTa aeKa oBoj cjoxeH TeoHHM hoch 3Haneae Ha »oHoj Koj
aaBa BoraTcrao, cpeka«, na aypH h KaKo cBoeBHaeH npeBoa Ha HpaHcKoTo 6ara bo
37
3Haneae Ha »oHoj Koj aaBa T.e. pacnpeaejyBa«. KaKo eaeH oa aoKa3HTe bo npHjor Ha oBHe TojKyBa&a ce 3eMa ceHTeHnHjaTa »aaj 6oxe« no3HaTa bo MHory cjoBeHcKH cpeaHHH, Koja hoch KapaKTep Ha 3aKojHyBaae Ha BHmHTe chjh (HeKoe HeonpeaejeHo 6oxecTBo) hjh naK noBHKyBaae Ha KoHKpeTHoTo 6oxecTBo flaj6or oaHocHo H3BHKyBaae Ha HeroBoTo HMe.
npH^akaaeTo Ha oBaa aHxoToMHja, HHHUHpa ymTe eaHo moxho pemeHHe Ha HeaocjeaHocTa Ha HaBoaoT oa cjoBeHcKHoT npeBoa Ha MajajHHaTa XpoHHKa. Cnopea Hero, npeTnocTaBeHaTa rpemKa hjh npenpaBKa bo npeBoaoT Moxeja aa ce cjy^H npH TpaHc^epoT Ha oBa aejo oa JyxHocjoBeHcKaTa bo HcronHocjoBeHcKa KHH^eBHa TpaaHnHja. Ako ro npH^aTHMe ^ktot aeKa bo HcToHHocjoBeHcKHTe TpaaHnHH flax6or HMaj cojapeH KapaKTep, jorHHHo e aa ce npeTnocTaBH aeKa cBeayBa&ero Ha TpHTe ayajHcTHHKH cTpyKTypHpaHH jHKa Ha aBa h ejHMHHHpaaeTo Ha hhbhoto B3aeMHo
35B. H. TonopoB, OSupaHCKom ..., 39, 40.
36fl. flparojjoBHk, B. AHTHk, H.a., 57-61; A. HoMa, H.a., 3.
37A. HoMa, H.a., 3.
onoHHpaae ro H3Beji pycKHoT npHpeiyBan Ha oBa lejío. npH Toa, HecaKajkH (nopaiH HepasÖHpaae Ha crpyKTypaTa) hih HaMepHo (sa ia ja npHiaroiH Ha MecHHTe MHToiomKH Tpa^HiHH) Toj ro eiHMHHHpai xtohckhot KapaKTep Ha ^axöor h ro noHcToBeTHi co CoHieTo - lap - ipyraoT CBaporoB chh, HaBeieH bo TeKcToT.
HoBHTe apryMeHTH h corieiyBaaa niacHpaHH bo oBaa craraja, cenaK He oBosMHoxyBaaT saTBopaae Ha npoöieMoT Ha ^axöor - HeroBHoT KapaKTep h ^yHKiHHTe (ocoöeHo He Ha HcronHocioBeHcKHoT). Ho, cMeTaMe leKa THe obosmo-xyBaaT le^HHHpaae Ha cymTecTBeHHTe KoMnoHeHTH koh oBoj npoöieM ro ycioByBaaT, KaKo h MoieiHpaae Ha HeKoiKy HeroBH moxhh pemeHHja. ^a rH cyMHpaMe.
Bo cpe^HoBeKoBHHTe TeKcToBH H bo ^oiKiopHHTe Tpa^HIHH HMa HHIHIHH sa nocroeae Ha iBa mhtckh iHKa T.e. iBe öoxecTBa co cihhho, a MoxeÖH h hcto HMe, ho co pasiHneH KapaKTep h ^yhkihh:
-bo jyxHocioBeHcKHTe noipanja Toa e flaj6or-^a6or-^a6o, co loMHHaHTH xtohckh oöeiexja
-bo HcTOHHocioBeHcKHTe noipanja Toa e ^axöor, co (HaBHiyM) noTeHiHpaHH coiapHH oöeiexja
Koj e hctophckhot KoHTeKcT Ha oBaa eBearyaiHa iHxoTOMHja? ,D,aiH eiHaTa oi oBHe BapHjaHTH Tpeöa ia ce TpeTHpa KaKo npHMapHa T.e. HsBopHa h bo oihoc Ha Hea ipyraTa KaKo ceKyHiapHa T.e. HsBeieHa? KaKo pemeHHe ce HaMeTHyBaaT HeKoiy MoieiH:
1.	HsBopeH e coiapHHoT KapaKTep Ha HcronHocioBeHcKHoT ,D,ax6or, Koj ce BpsyBa sa crapaTa nocrojÖHHa Ha CioBeHHTe, loieKa HeroBHoT xtohckh KapaKTep Kaj Cpöare (h nomHpoKo Kaj JyxHHTe CioBeHH) ce jaBHi no cioBeHcKHTe MHrpaiHH Ha EaiKaHoT, h Toa:
-	noi BiHjaHHe Ha MecHHTe crapoöaiKaHcKH TpaiHiHH bo koh 6hi npHcyTeH aHaioreH xtohckh ihk, MoxeÖH iypH h co cihhho hih hcto HMe
-	noi BiHjaHHe Ha MaHHxejcKo-öoryMHicKHTe TpaiHiHH h HeraTHBHHoT npeTcraB-HHK Ha flyaiHCTHHKHoT nap ÖoroBH.
2.	HsBopeH e xtohckhot KapaKTep Ha jyxHocioBeHcKHoT ^axöor, npH mTo coiapHHoT KapaKTep Ha HcronHocioBeHcKHoT:
-	ce jaBHi KaKo ceKyHiapHa BapHjaHTa Ha HcronHoeBponcKHTe KyiTypHo-hctophckh KoHcTeiaiHH
-	He Moxe ia ce ioKaxe ÖHiejkH sa Hero eKcniHnarao He roBopaT ^aKTHTe
3.	HHTy coiapHHoT hh xtohckhot KapaKTep Ha ^axöor He ce npHMapHH. OöaTa ce npoHsBoi Ha hctophckhot pasBHToK Ha TpaiHiHH BpsaHH sa KaTeropHjaTa »npHMapHo
38
MamKo öoxecrao« sa Koe ce cymTecTBeHH cieiHHTe oöeiexja:
-mHpoKo noie Ha lejcreyBaae, öasHpaHo Bps MamKHoT npHHiHn h npHMapHHTe MamKH ÖHoiomKH oöeiexja h ^yHKiHH (noioBa Mok, iHHaMHKa, cHia, eHeprHja ...)
-HecneiHaiHsHpaHocra T.e. HeiH^epeHiHpaHocra Ha loMeHHTe Ha lejcrayBaae, bo cMHcia Ha KocMHnKHTe c^epH h eieMeara (nioiHocr, xhbot h HeMaTepHjaiHH h eHepreTcKH ^aKTopH mTo rH ycioByBaaT)
-	eiHa oi ocHoBHHTe c^epH h ^hkihh Ha oBa öoxecrao e ßoracreoTo h HsoÖHiHeTo oi koh npoHsieryBa h ^yHiHjaTa Ha ieyc laTop - (6or laBaTei), Koja
383a oBoj THn 6oxecTBo bo cjioBeHcKHTe naraHcKH TpaiHiHH: H. HaycHÄHc, MHTcKHTe ..., 335-365, oco6eHo: 359-365, T. HXXXH.
10 11 12
T. II
I.	Zilah (Cluj); 2. BenecTHHo; 3. HoBropon; 4. MeconoTaMnja; 5. Tiszavarkony; 6. MaTKa, CKonje; 7. MeconoTaMnja; 8. Banbalma-Czebe puszta; 9. CKHSnHnti; 10. CeBepcmn KypraH;
II.	Pohofelice; 12. Nagyszentmiklos.
nopann Toa ja HaoraMe bo o6eTe HeroBH eBemyanHH BapnjaHTHH, na oTTyKa h KaKo
39
eTHMonomKa ocHoBa Ha 3aeflHHHKnoT TeoHHM flax6or-flaj6or-fla6or.
no nH^epeHnHjannjaTa Ha HcroHHHTe h JyxHHTe CnoBeHH, oBa npnMapHo MamKo Boxecrao, HaBnerno bo cnenn^HHHH pa3BojHH nponecn koh bo nBeTe cpennHH
39A. HoMa, H.n., 3; S. Kulisic, Dabog ..., 205,206; npyrn eTHMonomKH pemeHnja: fl. flparojnoBHK, B. CTojqeBcKa-AHTHK, H.n., 59,60.
ke noBenaT no HeroBa cnenHjanraanHja bo nBa coceM pa3jHHHH noMeHH (cojapeH h xtohckh) koh He ro HcKjyHHje h npHMapHHOT (deus dator), Bp3aH 3a hhbhhot HeKorameH 3aenHHHKH npoTOTHn.
Mopa na npH3HaeMe neKa 3a pa3jHKa on npeTxonHOTO noraaBje, npamaaaTa on OBa ocTaHyBaaT bo c^epaTa Ha xnnoTe3H on koh bo MOMeHTOB KaKO noBepojaTHa hh ce hhhh nocjenHaTa.
^HKOBHH npeTCTaBH Ha ^a^Sor o^ cpe^HHOT BeK
Bo OBaa cTaTHja He ch nocTaBHBMe 3a nej na rH npe3eHTHpaMe HamHTe HcTpaxyBafta Ha jHKOBHHTe MaHH^ecTanH Ha ^ax6or bo apxeojomKHTe HaonH h BOonmTO bo ejeMeHTHTe Ha MaTepHjajHaTa KyjTypa. Ho, KaKO HajaBa Ha OBHe corje-nyBaaa mTO ke 6HnaT HacKopo ny6jHKyBaHH, npnjoxyBaMe nBa npHMepH, koh BoenHO HMaaT KapaKTep h Ha nonojHyBaae Ha HaBeneHHOT nyanHcTHHKH onHoc Mery CBapor h flax6or h Ha HamaTa Beke cnoMHaTa cTaTHja 3a CBapor. CoraenyBaaaTa 3a OBoj 6or bo Hea 6ea npocjeneHH h Ha jhkobho hhbo, npeKy npeTcTaBHTe npHcyTHH bo nBe rpynH paHocpenHOBeKOBHH apxeojomKH HaonH - nenoTO Ha MeTajHH njOHKH on BejecTHHO bo TecanHja h paHocpenHOBeKOBHHTe nBonjonec™ ^H6yjH (bo noceramHaTa jHTepaTypa no3HaTH KaKO »npcTecTH«).
Bo KOHTeKcT Ha npenjo^eHHOT nyanHcTHHKH KOHijenT bo Koj ce cTpyKTypHpaaT
CBapor h ^ax6or, ce HaMeTHyBa npamaaeTO najH h bo OBHe HaonH, noKpaj Beke
npHKa^aHHOT CBapor e 3acTaneH h HeroBHOT xtohckh onoHeHT ^ax6or. ^o OBoj
40
onroBop BcymHocT Beke nojnoBMe bo HamHTe npeTxonHH HcTpaxyBaaa, ho npH Toa, HeMajkH ro npenBHn xtohckhot KapaKTep Ha ^ax6or, KaKO TeoHHMH Ha onoHeHTOT rH npenjoxHBMe Bejec - Bojoc h D,pHo6or. Cera, nocje npHjo^eHHTe TyKa coraenyBaaa, koh hhb co rojeMa BepojaTHocT MO^eMe na ro npHKjy^HMe h ^ax6or.
a) MeTa^HH pejje^HH mo^kh o^ Tecamja (T.I)
Koh cpenHHaTa Ha OBoj BeK e ny6jHKyBaH 36HpeH Haon Ha nBaeceTHHa MeTajHH njOHKH, npoHajneHH Kaj cejOTO BejecTHHO bo TecajHja, pejje^HO o6jHKyBaHH bo BHn Ha aHTpOnOMOp^HH H 3OOMOp$HH $HrypH. ^aTHpaHH ce BO 7. BeK H nOBp3aHH co cjOBeHcKOTO njeMe BejerH3HTH Koe mTO bo OBoj nepHon ja HacejyBano OBaa o6jacT Ha TpnHja. 3a OBaa npHrona ce 3HanajHH nBe on njOHKHTe - enHaTa mTO ro npHKaxyBa bpxobhhot He6eceH 6or (cnopen HamHTe TOjKyBaaa CBapor) (T.I-1) h npyraTa - co HeroBHOT xtohckh, TepHOMopc^eH h nynoBHmeH onoHeHT (Bejjec, D,pHo6or, a cnopen coraenyBaaaTa npHKa^aHH bo OBoj Tpyn MOxe6H h ^ax6or) (T.I-3).41
He6ecKHOT 6or HMa HeKOjKy o6ejexja, kjyhhh h 3a Beke HaBeneHHOT jhk Ha 3'pBaH (cnopenH: T.I-1 co 2). npHKa^aH e KaKO aHnporHH, (co meMaTH3HpaHa ByjBa), HeroBOTO Top3o e noHcTOBeTeHO co He6ecKHOT cBon (c^aTeH KaKO »Kpyr Ha BpeMeTO«)
40H. HaycHnHc, npemcmaeume na cioeencKume 6ozoeu - ononenmu eo luuoeHuom MeduyM, KyjjTypeH xhbot, 1997 / 1, CKonje, 55 - 65.
41 HanoMHyBaMe neKa neTajjHH HCTpaxyBatt.a Ha OBaa rpyna npenMeTH h oco6eHO Ha cnoMHaTHTe nBe hjjo^kh Beke ny6jjHKyBaBMe, TaKa mro bo OBaa npHrona caMO rH cyMHpaMe pe3yjjTaTHTe. H. HaycHnHc, npemcmaeume ..., 55 - 65. Hcthot, CnoeencKume nanmeonu ... . Bo OBHe TpynoBH ce HaBeneHH H H3BopHHTe ny6jjHKa^H Ha OBoj MaTepHjajj.
7	8
T. III
1. .ypHcTaH; 2. BenecTHHo, Tecannja; 3. ^yöoBan, BojBoflHHa; 4. Eena UpKBa, Bpman, BojBoflHHa; 5. Mana A3Hja; 6. .ex (Lezhe), AnöaHHja; 7. Hea Arananoc, Tpnaja; 8. Mana A3Hja (fleTm).
Ha koj' ce oflBHBa conapHHoT nHKnyc, npHKaxaH npeKy MynrannHnHpaHH comeBH ahckobh. Ha HeroBHTe rpaflH ctoh MeflanHoH, Koj cnopefl npHnoxeHaTa aHanorHja HajBepojaTHo ro HnycrpHpan npeflBpeMeHoTo paraae Ha HeroBHoT chh - 3acTanHHK Ha
3eMH0T0 T.e. HeraTHBHo Hane.o (aHa.oroH Ha HpaHcKH0T AxpHMaH). Bo K0HTeKcT Ha pe.aiHjaTa co ^ya.HcTHHKHTe pe.HrHcKH komhtokch, oco6eHo e BaxHa c.HHHocTa Mefy npeTcTaBaTa Ha oboj' 6or h HajcTapHTe .hkobhh npeTcTaBH Ha HpaHcKH0T 3'pBaH.
npeTcTaBaTa Ha 0n0HeHT0T Ha He6ecHH0T 6or (T.I-3) cooTBeTcTByBa Ha onHcHTe Ha AxpHMaH (Te.o Ha .aB h.h Ha ßpyro xhbotho, noBe^Ka r.aBa co yxaceH H3rae^ ... ) ho h Ha oöe.exjaTa Ha c.0BeHcKH0T xtohckh 6or (Bo.oc I Be.ec) co 300-aHTponoMop^eH rarae^, o6pacHaT co B.aKHa, MycTakH ... .42 HK0H0rpa(cKaTa h K0Mn03HiHcKaTa aHa.H3a Ha (HrypaTa oä 0Baa mronKa, noxaxyBa ^exa ce pa6oTH 3a HK0H0rpa(^cKH THn HHe Tpaeüe ce c.ejiH oä ro.eMHTe MeconoTaMcKH uhbh].h3aiiHH (T.II-4,7) npexy aHTHHKHTe cKHTcKo-capMaTcKH np0T0THn0BH (T.II-10) ce äo paHH0T cpe^eH BeK, Kora oboj' .hk, hh3 öpojHH npHMepH ce jaByBa Ha HaKHT0T h TopeyTHKaTa Koja hm ce npHnHmyBa Ha C.oBeHHTe, AHTHTe h Ha ÄpyrHTe nonynaiHH BK.yneHH bo ro.eMHTe npece.ÖH (T.II-1,5,8,9,11,12). Cboh penepxycHH oboj' .hk ^oxHByBa h bo n0.HH0T cpe^eH BeK, KaK0 e.eMeHT Ha ^exopaTHBHaTa yMeTHocT (KaMeHa h ^pBeHa n.acTHKa, HaKHT h ^pyra .yKcy3HH np0H3B0^H oä MeTa.) (T.II-3,6), ho oneBH^Ho 6e3 Äa ce 3a6opaBH Her0BH0T 0cH0BeH xtohckh K0HTexcT.
6) ^BonjonecTH (thp. »npcTecra«)	(T.III)
CTaHyBa 360p 3a cneiiH^HHHa (opMa Ha HaKHT Koja ce jaByBa bo BpeMeTo Ha ro.eMHTe npece.6H h Koja, cnope^ n0BekeT0 HCTpaxyBanH hm ce npHnHmyBa Ha C.oBeHHTe h AHTHTe h e KapaKTepHcTHHHa 3a ro.eM ^e. oä TepHTopHjaTa mT0 THe bo 0B0j nepH0fl ja Hace.yBa.e.43 Be3 pa3.HKa Ha THno.omxaTa h.h HK0H0rpa(cxa BapHjaHTa, cexoj' THn Ha 0BHe (H6y.nH e pacn^eHeT Ha ÄBa ^e.a oä koh e^HH0T ro npeTcTaByBa ropHH0T ^e. Ha Bce.eHaTa, co He6ecKH0T cboä, ^o^eKa ^pyraoT - Hej3HHHTe HHXHH npe^e.H, co 3eMjaTa h n0^3eMjeT0. OBHe 30hh, Ha (H6y.nHTe ce 3acTaneHH npexy pa3H0BH^HH .HK0BHH M0THBH c0 KapaKTep Ha cHm60.H (re0MeTpHcKH, 300M0p(HH, a ce
jaByBaaT h cxeMaTH3HpaHH npeTcTaBH Ha 6oroBHTe - 3acTanHHiH Ha ^a^eHaTa 30Ha). 3a Hac ce oco6eHo BaxHH 0HHe tmiobh, Ha koh He6oTo h 3eMjaTa ce 3acTaneHH npexy (HrypH Ha 6oroBH koh no cB0HTe o6e.exja ce Ha^0Bp3yBaaT Ha norope o6pa6oTeHHTe onoHeHTH. Ha npH.oxeHHTe npHMepoiH jacHo ce r.e^a HcTaTa K0Mn03HiHcKa cxeMa Ha He6ecKH0T 6or Koja npeTcTaByBa cTH.H3HpaHa BapHjaHTa Ha Mo^e.oT 3acTaneH Ha n.0HKaTa oä Be.ecTHHo (cnope^H: T.III-2 co 3-6)). npHcycTB0T0 Ha xtohckhot .hk -onoHeHT (Bo.oc - Be.ec, D,pHo6or h.h ^ax6or?) Ha 0BHe THnoBH e 3acTaneH0 caM0 npexy HeroBaTa rpoTecKHa r.aBa Koja ce jaByBa bo amponoMop(Ha h 300M0p(Ha BapHjaHTa (T.III-5-8). He cTaHyBa 360p 3a HMnpoBH3aiHja, Tyxy 3a npHMeHa Ha K0HKpeTeH HK0H0rpa(cKH THn Koj e cneiH^HHeH T0KMy 3a xT0HcKHTe 6oxecTBa.44
423a o6e:aexjaTa Ha naraHooroBeHcKHoT xtohckh 6or (oco6eHo 3a Her0BH0T H3mefl): H. HaycH^Hc,
MHTcKHTe c.HKH ..., 382-394. H. HaycH^Hc, npemcmaeume ..., 60,61, 64,65.
43 3a 0BHe (H6y:iH, hhbhhot MarHcKo-pemracKH KapaKTep, HK0H0rpa(HjaTa h cHM6o:THKaTa: H. HaycH^Hc, KaK H3ynaTb c^aBAHcKHe flByxn^acTHHMaTbie	b fl&ibHeflmeM, (pe(epayT oä VI Mefympo^eH KoHrpec
3a OKiBeHcKa apxeonoraja, o^pxaH bo HoBropo^, 1996 r. (ceKiHja 3a ÄyxoBHa Kymypa).
44AHarorHH Ha oBoj HK0H0rpa(cKH THn: H. HaycH^Hc, npemcmaeume ...,T.VIII; npncycTBo Ha xtohckhot 6or Ha ÄpyrH thhobh oä cnoMHaTHTe (H6y:rH: T.VII.
Dazbog in Malalas' Chronicle and His Relations with Other Medieval and Folkloristic
Sources
Nikos Causidis
This paper was based on an interpolation in the Slavic translation of "The World Chronicle" by Ioannes Malalas which is thought to have originated in the area where South Slavic languages are spoken. This pseudohistoric tradition cites that after emperor Svarog's reign had terminated, his son Dazbog, the Emperor Sun, took over.
The article first explores the data on the solar character of Dazbog originating from other medieval sources. The reason for this critical evaluation of the connection between the Emperor Sun and Dazbog lies in the Balkans, especially in Serbian folklore traditions in which characters analogous to Dazbog clearly exhibit chtonic traditions (fairy tales about Dabog; traditions on the "Silver Emperor," that is Dajbog; traditions on the character of the "Hromi Daba", who equals the devil). The author also stresses his conclusions based on the above-mentioned traditions concerning the predomination of the chtonic character of the former South Slavic Dazbog. The existing scientific theories about the character of this deity may be summed up in the following three categories: those stressing his solar character, others which stress his chtonic character, and yet others which are undecided on the subject.
The discord between Dazbog's character in folkloric traditions and the one from Malalas' citation gives rise to the author's suspicion of the total authenticity of the World Chronicle. He therefore attempts a different interpretation and reconstruction, first analyzing an Iranian myth about Z'rvan (Zervan, Zurvan) as a dualistic paradigm for the citation in Malalas' Chronicle. According to this myth, Z'rvan (who is identical to the Creator, the universe, and endless time) wanted to create a son, his successor (Ormazd / Ahura Mazda). However, since he had doubts over the rationality of this act, he produced Ahriman, an incarnation of evil, who was born first and who rules the world at present. After 90,000 years Ahriman will be succeeded by Z'rvan's second son, Z'rvans true successor. Based on the relation between Malalas' citation and these fairytales the author defines the equation Dazbog = Emperor Sun as a mistake, or possibly an intentional rewrite, suggesting the following reconstruction of the original context between these characters:
-	Svarog ( = Z'rvan) - primogenitor;
-	Emperor Sun ( = Ormazd / Ahura Mazda) - one of the two sons of Svarog who is identical to Svarozic as an incarnation of the sun, fire, light, and good;
-	Dazbog ( = Ahriman) - the second son of Svarog, an incarnation of chtonic zones of the universe, of darkness and light.
The author then suggests several possible explanations for the change in the original dualistic structure of the characters in the Chronicle. While searching for a cultural/ historic context of this Iranian/Slavic mythological relation he draws attention to scientific theories about the influence of Iranians on Slavs during their ethnogenesis and the formation of cultural and mythical/religions traditions. Next he illustrates these cultural and chronological elements which possibly manifest such influences.
Basing his discussion on a number of arguments, he concludes that the South Slavic Dazbog exhibits a primarily chtonic character, but allows for a possibility that there might
have been two Dazbogs: an Eastern Slavic, solar Dazbog, and the chtonic deity of South Slavs. Elaborating on the problem of the supremacy of either the chtonic or the solar characters, the author is in favor of the thesis according to which the common prototype for both could have been a variant of the "primary male deity." This deity exhibited the following characteristics:
-	polyfunctional deity, not specialized, with undefined spheres of patronage and activity;
-	accentuated functions connected with male sexual activity;
-	the "deus dator" character, preserved in the etymological root of the common teonym.
The author concludes his paper by citing preliminary conclusions about the presence of the chtonic god (thus also Dazbog) in medieval archaeological finds and in other elements of material culture. Here Dazbog appears as an opponent to the celestial god Svarog, also depicted on these objects. On one of the metal plates discovered in Velestino, Thessaly (T.I: 3), a chtonic god is depicted as a zoo-anthropomorphic being (analogies: T.II). Only his head is depicted on the so-called radiate-headed fibulae (T.III: 5-8). The head is placed under Svarog, in the part of the fibula depicting chtonic zones of the universe.