A. S. ADEKUNLE et al.: EFFECTIVENESS OF BIODEGRADABLE OILS AS QUENCHING MEDIA ...
607–612
EFFECTIVENESS OF BIODEGRADABLE OILS AS QUENCHING
MEDIA FOR COMMERCIAL ALUMINIUM
U^INKOVITOST BIORAZGRADLJIVIH OLJ KOT SREDSTEV ZA
GA[ENJE KOMERCIALNEGA ALUMINIJA
Adebayo Surajudeen Adekunle
1
, Adekunle Akanni Adeleke
2*
, Peter Pelumi Ikubanni
2
,
Kazeem Adekunle Adebiyi
3
, Oluwasanmi Adekunle Adewuyi
1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
Prejem rokopisa – received: 2019-08-05; sprejem za objavo – accepted for publication: 2020-04-28
doi:10.17222/mit.2019.186
The effectiveness of biodegradable oils such as palm oil, shea-butter oil and jatropha oil, compared to the conventional mineral
oil, in the quenching of commercial aluminium was investigated. Pure commercial aluminium was solutionized in an electric
furnace at (200, 250, 300 and 350) °C. The mechanical properties of the samples of commercial aluminium were determined
while the cooling rate and quench severity of the oils were studied. The results showed that the quench severity of the oils is di-
rectly proportional to the heat-transfer coefficient; jatropha oil, palm oil, shea butter and conventional mineral oil had heat-trans-
fer coefficients of (648.80, 621.38, 447.80 and 520.72) W/m
2
K at the nucleation region, while their quench severities were
(0.861, 0.752, 0.630, and 0.758) m
–1
, respectively. The hardness values of the pure commercial aluminium after quenching in
jatropha oil, shea-butter oil, palm oil and mineral oil were (116.7, 121.9, 116.0 and 91.1) HVN, with tensile strengths of (96.59,
127.60, 100.86 and 84.35) MPa, respectively. Shea-butter oil and palm oil are better quenching media for pure commercial alu-
minium when high ductility is required, while jatropha oil can be used when low ductility, or brittleness, is of importance.
Keywords: biodegradable oils, quenching, aluminium, mineral oil
Avtorji v pri~ujo~em prispevku opisujejo raziskavo u~inkovitosti biorazgradljivih olj, kot so jatrofino olje, palmino olje,
karitejevo maslo in karitejevo olje za ga{enje (hitro ohlajanje) komercialnega aluminija v primerjavi s konvencionalnim
mineralnim oljem. Tehni~no ~isti komercialni aluminij so raztopno `arili v elektri~no-uporovni pe~i pri (200, 250, 300 in
350) °C. Dolo~ili so mehanske lastnosti vzorcev aluminija v odvisnosti od ohlajevalne hitrosti in {tudirali ostrost (intenzivnost)
hladilnih sredstev. Rezultati raziskave ka`ejo, da je ostrost ohlajevalnega medija direktno proporcionalna koeficientu prenosa
toplote; jatrofino olje, palmovo olje, karitejevo maslo in mineralno olje imajo namre~ naslednje koeficiente prenosa toplote:
(648,80, 621,38, 447,80 in 520,72) W/m
2
K pri podro~ju nukleacije, medtem ko je njihova intenzivnost ohlajanja (0,861, 0,752,
0,630 in 0,758) m
–1
. Izmerjene trdote in natezne trdnosti vzorcev iz komercialnega aluminija po hitrem ohlajanju v jatrofinem
olju, karitejevem maslu, palmovem olju in mineralnem olju so bile (116,7, 121,9, 116,0 in 91,1) HVN ter (96,59, 127,60, 100,86
in 84,35) MPa. Jatrofino olje in palmovo olje sta bolj{i za hitro ohlajevanje ~istega aluminija v primeru zahtev po njegovi bolj{i
trdoti in trdnosti, medtem ko ima karitejevo maslo prednost, ko se zahteva dobra duktilnost in manj{a trdnost aluminija.
Klju~ne besede: biorazgradljiva olja, ga{enje (hitro ohlajanje), aluminij, mineralna olja
1 INTRODUCTION
Materials are the core of all technological advances,
and essential for human survival on earth. Aspects of
daily life, such as clothing, transportation, construction,
communication, are influenced by materials. The ad-
vancements of societies are tied to the ability to manu-
facture materials to meet the needs.
1
Mastering the devel-
opment, synthesis and manufacture of these materials
provides opportunities that were scarcely thought of a
few decades ago. Every day, new limits and heights are
attained in engineering applications. This has forced ma-
terials science into a rapid development ranging from the
very heavy-weight machine beds to the flyweight of
electronic circuit boards, high temperature performance
of super alloys and the versatility of ductile steels.
1
Aluminium is widely used in electrical, chemical,
food-packaging, petrochemical and construction indus-
tries on account of its excellent corrosion resistance,
high thermal and electrical conductivities and good
formability. Pure commercial aluminium possesses weak
matrices, resulting in low strength and this has caused a
drawback to its use.
2,3
The desire to develop new materi-
als with improved wear resistance and better tribological
properties without compromising the strength-to-weight
ratio, can be realised using metal-matrix composites and
heat treatment.
4,5
However, the choice of an effective
quenching medium used after heat treatment is very criti-
cal for ensuring the achievement of desired mechanical
properties.
6
Quenching has been regarded as an essential element
in the development of the desired properties of many
steels as well as aluminium alloys.
7
According to J. B.
Agboola et al.,
8
quenching has been used as a heat-treat-
ment method for several years and it still finds relevance
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 5, 607–612 607
UDK 620.1:669:665.353.3:665.353.4:669.71 ISSN 1580-2949
Original scientific article/Izvirni znanstveni ~lanek MTAEC9, 54(5)607(2020)
*Corresponding author's e-mail:
adeleke.kunle@ymail.com (Adekunle Akanni Adeleke)

today. It helps us to alter the microstructures of metals;
hence, their mechanical properties. Water, air and oils
have been the major quenching media for altering the
properties of any engineering material. Oils are complex
mixtures that are made up of different molecules that
should not be altered so as to maintain the synergy to
produce their effects.
9
Mineral oils have been in use as
the traditional source of quenching fluids for metals and
alloys because of its excellent cooling capacity.
10
How-
ever, the growing environmental concerns such as renew-
ability, biodegradability, safety and health of workers de-
mand serious attention; thereby looking for an alternative
quenching oil such as vegetable oil. Although the price
of vegetable oils is relatively higher compared with the
mineral oils,
11
their biodegradability, availability and nu-
merous benefits of by-products of vegetable oils have
made them more suitable and economical for use in
quenching. A study conducted by A. Petterson
12
showed
that bio-based fluids have better lubricities and their vis-
cosities are reduced significantly better at high tempera-
tures than those of mineral-based oils. However, with
these advantages, there are also a few challenges associ-
ated with the use of vegetable oils as quenching fluids.
These include their low-temperature viscosities, oxida-
tive problem and hydrolytic instabilities associated with
the triglycerides naturally present in them.
13
These tri-
glycerides are present in vegetable oils as free fatty acids
(FFA) and their effect can be neutralised by an effective
antioxidant used as an additive.
14
The carbon cycles of
mineral oil-based products are not closed but open and
this leads to an increase in the content of atmospheric
carbon dioxide, thus contributing to global warming, an
issue of concern to the entire globe.
15
Several researchers have worked on the heat treat-
ment and quenching of various materials (mild steel, me-
dium-carbon steel, aluminium, etc.) in various media in
order to investigate the effects of these quenching media
on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the
materials quenched.
7,16–25
However, there are few refer-
ence studies on the heat treatment and quenching of alu-
minium alloys in biodegradable oils. Therefore, it is im-
portant to investigate and evaluate the effects of
quenching aluminium alloys in biodegradable oils that
have not been utilized before. Their quenching ability is
determined by their heat-removal ability as well as the
ability to improve the hardenability of the material
quenched. The present study aims at determining the ef-
fects of local biodegradable oils, replacing mineral oils,
on the mechanical properties of pure commercial alu-
minium during quenching carried out after solution heat
treatment.
2 EXPERIMENTAL PART
2.1 Materials
The materials used in this research include pure com-
mercial aluminium, vegetable oils (such as shea-butter
oil, jatropha oil and palm oil) and conventional mineral
oil.
2.2 Characterization of vegetable oils
Vegetable oils (jatropha oil, shea-butter oil and palm
oil) used for this work were purchased from the Ilorin
market, Nigeria. They were characterized and used in the
as-purchased condition. The quenching performance of
these oils was compared with a commercially available
mineral oil designated as quintolubric 888-46 (conven-
tional slow oil). The chemical structures of the bio-
quenchants used in this work were characterized with
fluid viscosity which was measured at 40 °C according
to the ASTM D445-06
26
standard test. The fatty acid es-
ter composition of the vegetable oils was determined
with a gas-chromatography analysis using methyl-ester
derivatives of different vegetable oils prepared using a
Model HP 6890 gas chromatograph equipped with a
flame-ionization detector (FID) set to 300 °C and a
split-injection-system ratio of 1:30 at 280 °C.
2.3 Sample production, heat treatment and quenching
In determining the cooling curves of the oils,
99.83 % commercial aluminium was cast and cylindrical
probe samples with dimensions of 13.5 mm diameter ×
100 mm long were cut from the cast and the geometric
centre of each sample was fitted with a type-K thermo-
couple. Similar samples with the same dimensions were
machined for a tensile test, as shown in Figure 1. The
cast aluminium samples were then solutionized in the
electric furnace at a rate of 25 °C/min to solutionizing
temperatures of (200, 250, 300, and 350) °C and soaked
at each temperature for about 1 h. The heights of these
probes were five times their diameters to ensure the heat
transfer in the radial direction during solution treatment.
The thermocouple was carefully inserted in a hole with a
diameter of 3 mm, drilled into the top surface of the
probe having a good contact. The solutionized specimens
were manually and quickly (under 2 sec) transferred lat-
erally into a 1000-mL quenching bath containing
bio-quenchants. The probe temperature and cooling
times were captured using an SD-card data-logger digital
thermometer, model MTM-380SD, in order to establish
the cooling temperature versus time curve. In order to
determine the heat-transfer coefficient, the methodology
as stipulated by A. S. Adekunle et al.
13
was adopted.
2.4 Mechanical test
The hardness of the specimens was determined using
a LM700AT microhardness tester so that the Vickers
A. S. ADEKUNLE et al.: EFFECTIVENESS OF BIODEGRADABLE OILS AS QUENCHING MEDIA ...
608 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 5, 607–612

hardness number was obtained. The hardness test was
done in triplicates, using the mean result as the hardness
value for each corresponding sample. The tensile test of
each specimen (Figure 1) was carried out on a Testo-
metric machine (M500-50AT model) until fracture. The
method used by P. P. Ikubanni et al.
20
was adopted. The
tensile strength and the elongation of each sample were
determined from the data generated.
2.5 Microstructural examination
A microstructural examination was carried out on the
quenched samples using an optical metallurgical micro-
scope. The surfaces of the heat-treated aluminium cast
were grinded and subsequently polished with emery pa-
per until a mirror surface was obtained. The polished
surfaces were later cleaned with water and ethanol.
Thereafter, the surfaces were etched using 2 % Nital.
The microstructures were then observed under a high-
powered metallurgical microscope.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Physical and chemical properties
The analysis of the oils with gas chromatography us-
ing methyl-ester derivatives shows that the vegetable oils
possess triglyceride structures, which are completely sat-
urated, mono-unsaturated, di-unsaturated and tri-unsatu-
rated (Table 1). The two most common saturated fatty
esters in the vegetable oils used for this study are
palmitic and stearic, while the mono-unsaturated ester is
oleic and di-unsaturated ester is linoleic. The physical
properties of the oils are shown in Table 2. The densities
of the biodegradable oils are higher than that of the min-
eral oil. Palm oil has the highest density of 0.925 kg/m
3
,
followed by jatropha oil, shea-butter oil and mineral oil
with (0.916, 0.880, and 0.868) kg/m
3
, respectively. How-
ever, at 40 °C, mineral oil has the highest viscosity of
159.20 m
2
/s, while the lowest was observed to be that of
shea-butter oil, being 39.98 m
2
/s. Palm oil also has a
high viscosity of 130 m
2
/s. Shea-butter oil and mineral
oil have the lowest and highest flash-point values of
175 °C and 275 °C, respectively. The moisture content is
large in palm oil and jatropha oil with 2.39 % and
2.75 %, respectively. The iodine values for the vegetable
oils are within (18.30 and 23.37) cgI
2
/g.
Table 1: Composition percentage of fatty acids present in vegetable
oils
Fatty acids Palm oil Jatropha oil
Shea-butter
oil
Decanoate, C10:0 – – –
Lauric, C12:0 – – –
Myristic, C14:0 0.76 – –
Palmitic, C16:0 36.50 48.34 4.62
Stearic, C18:0 3.69 19.81 74.56
Arachidic, C20:0 1.03 3.68 1.24
Oleic, C18:1 45.66 31.85 18.84
Linoleic, C18:2 12.36 20.26 0.74
Table 2: Physical characterization of oils
Oils
Density
(kg/m
3
)
Viscos-
ity
40
o
C
(m
2
/s)
FP
(°C)
SV
IV
(cgI
2
/g)
AV
(%)
MC
(%)
Palm oil 0.925 130.00 192 144.74 23.37 0.29 2.39
Jatropha oil 0.916 52.60 240 102.00 18.30 5.63 2.75
Shea-butter
oil
0.880 39.98 175 115.01 21.59 2.61 1.83
Mineral oil 0.868 159.20 275 180.00 – 2.60 0.05
*FP – flash point, SV – saponification value, IV – iodine value, AV –
acid value, MC – moisture content
In addition, the chemical composition of the pure
commercial aluminium used for the investigation can be
seen in Table 3.
Table 3: Chemical composition (in mass fractions, w/%) of the com-
mercial aluminium
Al Cu Si Mn P S Cr Zn Ni
99.83 0 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.002 0.00 0.04 0.002
3.2 Cooling curves and rates
A film boundary region occurred in all the oils for a
short period. Palm oil and mineral oil had their film boil-
ing with nucleation and convection regions occurring at
periods of (4, 18, and 28) s, respectively. However,
jatropha and shea-butter oils had their film boiling with
nucleation and convection regions occurring at (2, 16 and
32) s, respectively (Figure 2). These three stages were
also observed in the study by J. B. Agboola et al.
9
for all
the quenchants used. This showed that the cooling rates
of oils are different from one another. Among all the
vegetable oils used as the quenchants, jatropha oil has
the highest cooling rate, while shea butter has the lowest
cooling rate. It was revealed that mineral oil has the low-
est cooling rate among the quenchants used in the study,
as shown in Figure 3. However, the maximum cooling
rates of jatropha oil, palm oil, shea-butter oil and mineral
oil are (36, 34, 24.2 and 23.1) °C/s, respectively. The
cooling rate of shea butter is close and comparable to
that of mineral oil, which makes it a slow quenching oil,
while jatropha oil and palm oil are fast quenching oils.
However, the low flash point of shea butter is a drawback
A. S. ADEKUNLE et al.: EFFECTIVENESS OF BIODEGRADABLE OILS AS QUENCHING MEDIA ...
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 5, 607–612 609
Figure 1: Specimen for mechanical properties

when considering it for the use in the heat-treatment in-
dustry because it is highly inflammable. The cooling
rates exhibited by various oils used in this study follow
each other in this order: jatropha oil > palm oil > shea
butter oil > mineral oil.
3.3 Heat-transfer coefficient
The cooling-curve data was used to determine the
time-dependent heat-transfer coefficient, while the
Grossman method was used to determine the time-aver-
aged heat-transfer coefficient
13
. At the film region, palm
oil and shea-butter oil had the same heat-transfer coeffi-
cient of 374.57 W/m
2
K, which was the lowest when
compared to those of jatropha oil and mineral oil of
(502.34 and 475.23) W/m
2
K, respectively. The heat-
transfer coefficients obtained for the oils showed that
jatropha oil exhibits the highest value of 648.80 W/m
2
K
for the heat-transfer coefficient at the nucleation region,
while palm oil and mineral oil have heat-transfer coeffi-
cients of (621.37 and 520.72) W/m
2
K at the nucleation
region. However, shea butter has the lowest heat-transfer
coefficient of 447.80 W/m
2
K at the convection region, as
displayed in Table 4, indicating that shea butter has a
low wettability and thus also a low quench severity. The
highest heat-transfer coefficients of the bio-quenchants
were found to be higher than that of the conventional oil.
This was in agreement with the work by Adekunle et
al.
13
Furthermore, the heat-transfer coefficient at the con-
vection stage showed convergence at 73.08 W/m
2
K for
the vegetable oils, while mineral oil exhibited a higher
value.
The quench severity, indicated by the Grossmann
hardness, which was calculated from the experimental
data for jatropha oil, mineral oil, palm oil and shea butter
was (0.861, 0.758, 0.752 and 0.63) m
–1
, respectively
(Figure 4). The quench severity for each oil is directly
proportional to its heat-transfer coefficient.
3.4 Mechanical properties
The mechanical properties of the pure commercial
aluminium quenched in various oils show that shea-but-
ter oil, palm oil and jatropha oil have high tensile
strengths of (127.6, 100.86 and 96.59) MPa, while min-
eral oil has the lowest tensile strength of 84.35 MPa
(Figure 5). The extension showed by the pure commer-
cial aluminium quenched in various bio-quenchants re-
vealed that shea-butter oil exhibits the highest extension
of 5.4 mm, while palm oil and jatropha oil exhibit exten-
sions of 3.9 and 3.11 mm, respectively. Mineral oil ex-
hibits the lowest extension of 1.8 mm. This implies that
all the quenchants improved the elasticity and ductility
of the material. Ductility and elasticity were also im-
proved when steel was quenched in bio-quenchants and
conventional oil as reported by several studies.
9,13,19
Ac-
cording to the tensile-test results, quenching commercial
cast aluminium in shea-butter oil makes the material
A. S. ADEKUNLE et al.: EFFECTIVENESS OF BIODEGRADABLE OILS AS QUENCHING MEDIA ...
610 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 5, 607–612
Figure 5: Tensile strength of commercial aluminium in various
quenchants
Figure 2: Cooling curve for the oils
Figure 3: Cooling rates for various bio-quenchants
Figure 4: Quench severity of various quenchants

ductile, while quenching it in jatropha oil and palm oil
causes less ductility, and mineral oil makes the commer-
cial aluminium brittle.
The hardness of the pure commercial aluminium after
quenching indicated that quenching with shea butter pro-
vides the highest hardness value of 121.9 HVN, while
palm oil and jatropha oil provide hardness values of (116
and 116.7) HVN, respectively, and mineral oil provides
the lowest hardness value of 91.1 HVN. The percentage
values of oleic and linoleic esters, that is, the unsaturated
acids present in the bio-quenchants are related to the
hardness values attained by the materials quenched.
13
Based on the improvement in the mechanical properties
of the cast aluminium quenched in the bio-quenchant
oils, compared with the mineral oil, it can be said that
bio-quenchant oils will be a good replacement for min-
eral oil. The results of this study confirm that the me-
chanical properties of materials always improve when
quenched in biodegradable oils.
7,17,19
Table 4: Heat transfer at different regions
Region
(W/m
2
K)
Palm
oil
Shea
butter
Jatropha
oil
Mineral
oil
Film region 374.57 374.57 502.34 475.23
Nucleation 621.38 447.8 648.8 520.72
Convection 73.09 73.08 73.09 82.24
Average 356.35 298.48 408.08 359.35
3.5 Microstructure
The microstructure at 200× of the commercial cast
aluminium quenched in various oils showed the exis-
tence of two major formations that are decisive factors in
determining whether a material is brittle or ductile. Ac-
cording to Figure 6a showing the structure after quench-
ing in mineral oil, the grains are long, small and loosely
packed, thereby making the material brittle. According
to the micrograph of the material quenched in jatropha
oil shown in Figure 6b, the grains are larger but closely
packed when compared with the grains obtained after
quenching in the remaining oils. Thus, this makes the
material slightly ductile. With palm oil, the grains are
evenly packed as seen in Figure 6c. However, the grains
are smaller compared to those obtained with jatropha oil
but larger than the grains obtained with mineral oil.
Hence, this implies that the material is more ductile than
that quenched with jatropha. With shea-butter oil, the
grains are smaller when compared to those obtained with
the other oils and they are more evenly distributed (Fig-
ure 6d). This means that the material is much more duc-
tile than that obtained with palm oil. In order to produce
materials whose ductility, strength and hardness are of
utmost importance, shea butter and palm oil are more ap-
propriate and beneficial as quenching media. Conse-
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 5, 607–612 611
A. S. ADEKUNLE et al.: EFFECTIVENESS OF BIODEGRADABLE OILS AS QUENCHING MEDIA ...
Figure 6: Microstructure of commercial aluminium treated with various quenchants: a) mineral oil, b) jatropha oil, c) palm oil and d) shea-butter
oil

quently, jatropha oil is useful for the materials whose
low ductility and/or brittleness are desired.
4 CONCLUSIONS
Among biodegradable oils, non-edible oil (jatropha)
has the highest heat-transfer coefficient and cooling rate
of 648.80 Wm
2
/K and 36 °C/s at the nucleation region,
respectively. Jatropha can be used as a fast quenching
medium because of its rapid cooling rate. The quench se-
verity for each oil is directly proportional to the
heat-transfer coefficient and quenching with shea butter
provides the highest hardness value of 121.9 HVN. The
hardness, elongation and tensile strength of commercial
aluminium using jatropha, palm oil and shea butter as
quenchants were higher than those obtained with mineral
oil. Excellent hardening properties and tensile strength
were obtained with vegetable oils when used for quench-
ing commercial aluminium in comparison with the con-
ventional mineral oil. The grains of pure commercial alu-
minium quenched with jatropha oil were small and
closely packed. Shea-butter oil and palm oil are better
quenching media when ductility is required, while
jatropha can be used as the quenching medium when low
ductility and/or brittleness are of importance.
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