125
Classification of the relict forest 
communities of Palla’s Black Pine  
(Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria
Abstract
New approach for the classification of the Black Pine forest communities in 
Bulgaria was made in the paper. The analysis of forest pytocoenoses from Vlahina, 
East and West Rhodopi and Balkan Range Mountains confirmed their separation 
into two classes – Quercetea pubescentis (low-altitudinal) and Erico-Pinetea (high-
altitudinal). The second class is represented from one polymorphic association 
Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae whereas the other group is represented from two 
new associations. The association Junipero deltoidi-Pineteum pallasianae is more 
related to the surrounding thermophilous oak forests as well as the association 
Lathyro laxiflori-Pinetum pallasianae is more similar to the hornbeam and beech 
forests. 
Izvleček
V članku predstavljamo nov pristop k klasifikaciji gozdov črnega bora v Bolgariji. 
Z analizo gozdnih fitocenoz z območja Vlahina, vzhodnih in zahodnih Rodopov 
in gorovja Balkan, smo potrdili njihovo uvrstitev v dva razreda – Quercetea 
pubescentis (na nižjih nadmorskih višinah) and Erico-Pinetea (na višjih nadmorskih 
višinah). Slednji je zastopan z eno polimorfno asociacijo Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum 
nigrae, prvi razred pa predstavljata dve novi asociaciji. Asociacija Junipero deltoidi-
Pineteum pallasianae je povezana s sosednjimi termofilnimi hrastovimi gozdovi, 
medtem ko je asociacija Lathyro laxiflori-Pinetum pallasianae bolj podobna 
gabrovim in bukovim gozdovom.
Keywords: Balkan Peninsula, 
coniferous forests, vegetation, 
syntaxonomy, cluster analysis.
Ključne besede: Balkanski polotok, 
gozdovi iglavcev, vegetacija, 
sintaksonomija, klastrska analiza.
Received: 16. 5. 2017
Revision received: 27. 9. 2017
Accepted: 2. 10. 2017
1 Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., Sofia 1164, Bulgaria. 
E-mail: rossentzonev@abv.bg
2 Department of Dendrology, Faculty of Forestry, Forestry University, 10 Kliment Ohridsky Blvd., Sofia 1797, Bulgaria. E-mail: mariusdimitrov@ltu.bg
3 Division of Applied Botany, Department of Botany and Mycology, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 10 Gagarin 
Str., Sofia 1113, Bulgaria. E-mail: chgussev@gmail.com, vlado@bio.bas.bg
4 Directorate of Central Balkan National Park, 3 Bodra Smyana Str., Gabrovo 5300, Bulgaria. E-mail: ivodimnik@abv.bg
Rossen Tzonev1, Marius Dimitrov2, Chavdar Gussev3, Vladimir Vulchev3 & 
Ivailo Nikolov 4
DOI: 10.1515/hacq-2017-001117/2 • 2018, 125–161
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
126
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Introduction
The Black pine (Pinus nigra) has wide range of distribu-
tion occupying territories from Central and South Europe 
to the South-West Asia and in this range it is strongly vari-
able (Gaussen et al. 1993). Several subspecies are known 
from the different parts of Europe and Asia Minor but 
especially the subspecies Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana oc-
curs in Bulgaria (see Stoyanov 1963, Gaussen et al. 1993, 
Liber et al. 2003, etc.). Strong variability amongst the 
populations of Black Pine in Bulgaria also was recorded 
(Naydenov et al. 2006, 2015) which is a good evidence for 
their relict origin and the insular isolation within the sur-
rounded forest types dominated from oak, beech or other 
coniferous species, mostly Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris.
According to Bondev (1991, 2002) and Roussakova 
& Valchev (2015) the communities of Black Pine belong 
to the Mediterranean vegetation forest type in Bulgaria. 
The species is xerothermic with large range of altitude, 
from 400 up to 1800 m alt. Presently, the main part of 
the Black pine forests in Bulgaria occur between (600) 
800 and 1300–1500 m alt., mainly in steep slope areas. 
The forests occur in different vegetation belts, from the 
xerothermic oak belt, through the mesophilous horn-
beam-beech forests up to the microthermic coniferous 
forests. Hence they fall within different climatic and 
phytogeographical territorial subdivisions which also 
reflect on their classification. These forest communities 
occur mostly in Rhodope, Vlahina and Pirin Mts. and to 
a more limited extent in Slavyanka, Rila, Osogovo Mts., 
the low mountains of West Bulgaria, the Balkan Range 
and Forebalkan (Roussakova & Valchev 2015). Accord-
ing to Panayotov & Yurukov (2016) the natural Black 
Pine forests in Bulgaria cover area about 37500 ha. This 
calculation is a little bit different from the area cited in 
the Red Data Book of Bulgaria, vol. 3 – 39940 ha (see 
Gussev & Tzonev 2015) on the basis of models produced 
from Bulgaria Forest Database. 
These communities have conservation significance be-
cause the habitat of Black Pine is included in Annex № 1 
of Habitat Directive and Bulgarian Biodiversity Act and 
is of conservation priority. Parts of the communities of Pi-
nus nigra subsp. pallasiana are within protected areas and 
in sites from the European Ecological Network NATU-
RA 2000. Some of the Bulgarian reserves like Chamdzha, 
Kazanite, Kastrakli, Boraka, Gabra, Borovec, etc. were 
especially established to protect the genetic resources of 
natural Black Pine forests. The Black Pine communities 
also were assessed in the Red List Assessment of Euro-
pean Habitats (see Janssen et al. 2016) as “Least Concern” 
within the habitat G3.4b Temperate and submediterra-
nean montane Pinus sylvestris-nigra woodland. 
The natural and human-forested communities of Black 
Pine have significant importance in Bulgaria (Vlasev 
1966). They are used as a construction material, for resin, 
and by the local people for the production of pine splinters. 
It has also ornamental features. But also thousands of hec-
tares have been planted because of aesthetic and anti-ero-
sion purposes in many areas in Bulgaria where the species 
is not native. According to Panayotov & Yurukov (2016) 
the Black Pine plantations in Bulgaria occupy one area of 
272000 ha (7 times more than the natural forests) and near 
80% of them are in the altitudinal belt between 0 and 700 
m. But the origin of genetic material in many cases is not 
known and even is from different subspecies and also hy-
brids from France, Italy and other European countries. 
The natural communities of Black Pine in Bulgaria 
have been object of numerous studies according to the 
dominant methodology (see Lavrenko 1959) most of 
them summarised by Apostolova & Slavova (1997). 
Mainly they were focused on these Black Pine forests in 
the protected areas and especially the reserves like Boro-
vec (Bondev & Lyubenov 1985), Chamluka (Bondev & 
Lyubenova 1985), Gabra (Bondev & Lazarov 1995, Gus-
sev et al. 2005), Boraka (Velchev et al. 1985), Kastrakli 
(Meshinev 1985), Chervenata Stena (Nikolov & Nikolov 
1984) as well as some mountain areas in Bulgaria like the 
basin of Chepelarska river and south of Smolyan Town 
in Rhodope Mts. (Gorunova & Kochev 1992, Meshinev 
1995), Osogovska Mts. (Zahariev 1934, Lazarov 1995), 
Plana Mts. (Penev 1938), Vitosha Mt. (Petkov 1921), 
Middle Rhodopi (Stranski 1921), Slavyanka Mt. (Stoya-
nov 1921) or specific communities like these ones with 
Black Pine and Bearberry (see Roussakova et al. 1991). 
Some data for the structure and the distribution of the 
Black Pine forests in Bulgaria also have in the works 
of Bondev & Yordanova (1973), Bondev (1991, 2002), 
Velchev (2002) and Roussakova et al. (1991). The habitat 
of Black Pine forests in Bulgaria (36G3 Forests of Black 
pine (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana)) was described by 
Roussakova & Valchev (2015). Only study according to 
the Braun-Blanquet methodology is the recent research 
of the flora and vegetation of Chamdzha Reserve in Stara 
Planina Mts. (Vassilev & Gavrilova 2016), but because 
of insufficient phytocoenological materials the syntaxon 
was given only on a community level. 
The studies on these communities on the Balkan and 
Western Anatolian Peninsula are more numerous but 
most of them are not very close to Bulgaria and therefore 
not provide sufficient information to conclude for the 
classification of such communities in this central part 
of Balkan Peninsula. More or less complete information 
for Black Pine forests from the surrounding countries of 
Bulgaria was given for Greece (Debazac 1970, Barbero 
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
127
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
& Quezel 1976, Bergmeier 1990, 2002, Dimopoulos 
& Georgiadis 1995, etc.), Albania (Dring et al. 2002), 
the countries of former Yugoslavia (Em 1962, 1978, 
Domac 1965, Mišić 1981, Trinajstić 1986, 1998, Škorić 
& Vasić (eds.) 2006, Zupančič 2007, Popović et al. 1997, 
Milosavljević et al. 2008, Ostojić & Jovanović 2008, 
Sedlar et al. 2011, etc.), Turkey (Aksoy & Gemici 1980, 
Akman et al. 1979, Quézel et al. 1980, Ketenoğlu et al. 
2010, etc), as well as the whole Balkan Peninsula or some 
parts of the Mediterranean region (Horvat 1959, Horvat 
et al. 1974, Debazac 1971, Seibert 1992, Regato et al. 
1995, Poldini & Vidali 1999, Brullo et al. 2001). 
The aim of the present study is to make an attempt to 
establish classification sheme of the relict natural commu-
nities of Palla’s Black Pine forests in Bulgaria. More detail 
descriptions of their ecological, floristic and dynamic pe-
culiarities and their origin also were object of this research.
Material and methods
The plant communities of study sites were investigat-
ed during the period between years 1991–2014. The 
principles and methods of the Zürich-Montpellier School 
(Braun-Blanquet 1964, Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg 
1974, Westhoff & van der Maarel 1978) were applied. 
The sample plot size varies between 200 to 600 sq. m 
because of the open structure of Black Pine forests. More 
than 100 relevés were used to cover some of the most 
important localities of Black Pine communities in Bul-
garia like East and West Rhodope, Central Balkan Range, 
Vlachina Mountains, etc. (Figure 1). At each sampling 
plot a complete list of the present species (vascular plants) 
was recorded, together with their cover-abundance value 
according to the 7-degree Braun-Blanquet scale and 
transformed as proposed by van der Maarel (1979). The 
plant nomenclature follows Delipavlov et al. (2003). 
All data analysis was performed with the SYN-TAX 
2000 program package (Podani 2001). Average linkage 
method (UPGMA) and Principal Coordinate Analysis 
(PCoA) were used to evaluate floristic similarity between 
relevés or respectively established syntaxa according to 
the Horn’s index (Horn 1966). UPGMA (Unweighted 
Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) is a simple 
agglomerative or hierarchical clustering method used 
widespread in the phytocoenological studies (van der 
Maarel & Franklin 2013). UPGMA clustering is more 
robust and has a better goodness of fit to dissimilarities 
than complete and single linkage classifications (Poda-
ni & Schmera 2006). The Horn’s index is an informa-
tion theoretic index of community similarity (commu-
Figure 1: Map of studied communities in Bulgaria dominated from Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana.
Slika 1: Zemljevid proučevanih združb z dominantno vrsto Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana v Bolgariji.
      
       
     
     
   
  
     
              
        






 



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R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
nity overlap), which is recommended to such researches 
(Brower et al. 1998). 
The synaxa were compared according their floristic struc-
ture and the constancy classes of the taxa. The synoptic 
similarity also was evaluated using also PCoA and average 
linkage method (UPGMA) using Horn’s index. Principal 
Coordinates Analysis (PCoA = Multidimensional scaling, 
MDS) is a method to explore and visualize similarities or 
dissimilarities of data. It starts with a similarity matrix 
or dissimilarity matrix (= distance matrix) and assigns 
for each item a location in a low-dimensional space, e.g. 
as a 3D graphics. This analysis was pioneered by Gower 
(1966) as an alternative to PCA better suited to ecological 
datasets. This analysis was used in the study only on asso-
ciation level to establish the main gradient for differentia-
tions amongst them. 
The syntaxa names and the names of their authors 
are given according to ICPN (Weber et al. 2000). The 
leading for the determination of synoptic schema was the 
work of Mucina et al. (2016).
Results
The results of the analyses, demonstrated the existing of 
two main groups of Black Pine communities (Figure 2) 
that correspond to two vegetation classes. They could be 
presented in the following syntaxonomic scheme: 
Class Quercetea pubescentis Doing-Kraft ex Scamoni et 
Passarge 1959 
Order Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae Klika 1933 
Alliance Fraxino orni-Ostryion Tomažič 1940  
Association Lathyro laxiflori-Pinetum  pallasianae 
ass. nova hoc loco
Alliance Carpinion orientalis Horvat 1958 
Association Junipero deltoidi-Pinetum pallasianae 
ass. nova hoc loco
Class Erico-Pinetea Horvat 1959 
Order Erico-Pinetalia Horvat 1959
Alliance Fraxino orni-Pinion nigrae Em 1978
Association Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae Em 
1978 subass. typicum
Association Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae Em 
1978 subass. haberletosum subass. nova hoc loco
Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana and Brachypodium 
pinnatum community
The first group of communities is on a lower altitude 
and on more xerophilous to xeromesophilous condi-
tions. It could be related with the deciduous (oak, beech, 
hornbeam) forests. The species composition and ecologi-
cal peculiarities of these communities are similar to the 
surrounding mostly oak forests. The deciduous trees like 
Quercus frainetto, Q. pubescens, Carpinus orientalis, Acer 
campestre, Fraxinus ornus, Pyrus pyraster, Sorbus torminal-
Figure 2: Cluster dendrogram of relevés with Pinus nigra pallasiana: 1. Ass. Lathyro laxiflori-Pinetum pallassianae; 2. Ass. Junipero deltoidi-Pinetum 
pallasianae; 3. Ass. Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae typicum; 4. Ass. Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae haberletosum; 5. Pinus nigra pallasiana and 
Brachypodium pinnatum community.
Slika 2: Dendrogram popisov z vrsto Pinus nigra pallasiana: 1. As. Lathyro laxiflori-Pinetum pallassianae; 2. As. Junipero deltoidi-Pinetum pal-
lasianae; 3. As. Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae typicum; 4. As. Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae haberletosum; 5. Združba z vrstama Pinus nigra 
pallasiana in Brachypodium pinnatum. 























                                                                                             

  
 

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Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
is, etc. can be co-dominant. The shrub layer is also typical 
for this forest type and includes species like Cornus mas, 
Corylus avellana, Cotinus coggygria, and Syringa vulgaris. 
The participation of Genista carinalis, Juniperus oxycedrus 
subsp. deltoides, etc. provides the Mediterranean outlook 
of these forests. The herbaceous vegetation is dominated 
by Brachypodium pinnatum, B. sylvaticum, Festuca het-
erophylla, Melica uniflora, Poa nemoralis, etc. Most of the 
Black Pine forests from this type are not in good condi-
tion as a result of the anthropogenic pressure and natural 
forest succession and really the Black Pine forests have 
remained like only small islands among the broad-leaved 
vegetation. At the higher altitude (900–1200 m) more 
typical for montane forest belt of the Bulgarian moun-
tains prevail more mesophilous species like Quercus dale-
champii, Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus which also have 
similar shrub and herbaceous layers with these forests. 
The second main group is more related to coniferous 
forests. The coniferous species are represented mostly 
from Abies alba and Picea abies. The dominant role of Ses-
leria latifolia is typical for the herbaceous layer of these 
high-altitudinal Black Pine forests. 
According to the analysis three main associations were 
described – one of them already described in Former Yu-
goslavia (Em 1978) presents the communities from Erico-
Pinetea. Two new associations belong to low-altitudinal 
Black Pine forests from Quercetea pubescentis. All associa-
tions are described below with their ecological, phytocoe-
nological and floristic features. 
Especially PCoA (Figure 3) well illustrated the main 
gradients which differentiate the studied communities. 
The humidity and altitude are decreasing from left to 
right on Axis 1. The most xerophytic and low-altitudinal 
is the association Junipero deltoidi-Pinetum pallasianae (2) 
which is close to more mesophilous Lathyro laxiflori-Pi-
netum pallasianae (1) and they both belong to Quercetea. 
Whereas, the class Erico-Pinetea is presented from two 
subassociations (3 and 4) of one association and also from 
one community (5) but witth a lower species richness.
Association Lathyro laxiflori-Pinetum pallasianae ass. 
nova hoc loco (Table 1), holotypus rel. 11 
Diagnostic species for the association: Pinus nigra sub-
sp. pallasiana (100%), Aremonia agrimonoides (57%), 
Lathyrus laxiflorus (48%), Genista carinalis (35%). 
Constant species: Pinus nigra subsp. pallassiana (100%), 
Quercus daleschampii (78%), Melica uniflora (61%), 
Fagus sylvatica (57%), Aremonia agrimonioides (57%).
This new association (Figure 4) is described from two 
remote regions of Bulgaria – Vlachina Mt. (Gabra Re-
serve) on western border with FYR Macedonia and East 
Rhodope Mts. (Zhenda Reserve). These communities are 
more meso-xerophilous and represent the transitional type 
between typical low-altitudinal Black Pine communities 
from Quercetea pubescentis and the high-altitudinal moun-
tain ones from Erico-Pinetea. They occupy the altitudinal 
Figure 3: Ordination diagram of the established syntaxa: 1. Ass. 
Lathyro laxiflori-Pinetum pallassianae; 2. Ass. Junipero deltoidi-Pinetum 
pallasianae; 3. Ass. Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae typicum; 4. Ass. 
Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae haberletosum; 5. Pinus nigra pallasiana 
and Brachypodium pinnatum community.
Slika 3: Ordinacija ugotovljenih sintaksonov: 1. As. Lathyro laxiflori-
Pinetum pallassianae; 2. As. Junipero deltoidi-Pinetum pallasianae; 3. As. 
Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae typicum; 4. As. Seslerio latifoliae-Pine-
tum nigrae haberletosum; 5. Združba z vrstama Pinus nigra pallasiana in 
Brachypodium pinnatum.
Figure 4: Stand of the association Lathyro laxiflori-Pinetum pallassianae 
in Borovec Reserve, East Rhodope Mts. Photo: Rossen Tzonev.
Slika 4: Sestoj asociacije Lathyro axiflori-Pinetum pallassianae v rezer-
vatu Borovec, gorovje Vzhodni Rodopi. Foto: Rossen Tzonev.





















        









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Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
belt between 500-1300 m alt., mostly 800–1000 m. The 
exposition of the terrain is with northern component and 
the inclination varies between 8–45° (mostly 30–40°). The 
canopy of tree layer is about 60% (from 40 to 80%). 
Besides with the dominant Pinus nigra, co-dominants 
are some mesophilous deciduous species (mostly belong-
ing to Fagion sylvaticae) like Quercus daleschampii, Fagus 
sylvatica. The shrub layer is not well developed but the 
herbaceous species are typical also for the forests of Com-
mon Beech, Hornbeam or Sessile Oak. Such are Aremonia 
agrimonoides, Melica uniflora, Poa nemoralis, Galium odo-
ratum, Sanicula europaea, Galium pseudaristatum, Dactylis 
glomerata, Hieracium murorum gr. The diagnostic species 
emphasize the relationships firstly with surrounding beech 
forests (Aremonia agrimonoides, Lathyrus laxiflorus) but also 
their relict and Balkan endemic origin (Genista carinalis). 
Association Junipero deltoidi-Pinetum pallasianae 
ass. nova hoc loco (Table 1) holotypus rel. 47. 
Diagnostic species: Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana (100%), 
Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. deltoides (88%), Dianthus pe-
traeus subsp. petraeus (44%), Cotinus cogyggria (38%). 
Constant species: Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana (100%), 
Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. deltoides (88%), Fraxinus 
ornus (88%), Quercus pubescens (88%), Carpinus ori-
entalis (75%), Quercus dalechampii (69%), Viola odo-
rata (56%).
This new association is the most xerophylous and with 
the strongest sub-Mediterranean influence mainly from 
the surrounding oak forests. The Black Pine communi-
ties have relict origin and insular isolation amongst the 
deciduous forest vegetation. Such forests have been estab-
lished in the lowest parts of distribution of Black Pine 
communities in Bulgaria – East Rhodope Mts. (Borovec 
and Boraka Reserves) (Figure 5) and part of southern 
slopes of Central Balkan Range (Chamdzha Reserve and 
Meden Dol Locality) (Figure 6). Their distribution varies 
in the altitudinal belt between 300–700 m alt. (mostly 
500–600). They occupy slopes with inclination nearby 
30–45° (between 12–45°) and with different expositions. 
It is mainly northern in East Rhodope Mts. but definitely 
south in the Balkan Range Mt. 
The forests are open, dry and light. The canopy is most-
ly about 50–60%. Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana is a domi-
nant or co-dominant with deciduous tree species like 
Quercus pubescens, Quercus dalechampii, Carpinus orienta-
Figure 5: Stand of the association Junipero deltoidi-Pinetum pallassianae in Boraka Reserve, East Rhodope Mts. Photo: Rossen Tzonev. 
Slika 5: Sestoj asociacije Junipero deltoidi-Pinetum pallassianae, rezervat Boraka, gorovje Vzhodni Rodopi. Foto: Rossen Tzonev. 
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Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
lis, and Fraxinus ornus. The shrub layer is better developed 
comparing with the previous association. Juniperus oxyce-
drus subsp. deltoides participates in both geographical ar-
eas whereas Cotinus cogyggria is a dominant species in East 
Rhodope Mts. Other common species in shrub layer are 
Cornus mas and Crataegus monogyna. Widespread species 
like Brachypodium sylvaticum, Veronica chamaedrys, Viola 
odorata, etc. are typical for the herbaceous layer. Especial-
ly in Central Balkan Range, the forests are on calcareous 
rocky terrains where the hasmophytic Balkan endemics 
like Dianthus petraeus subsp. petraeus and Moehringia pen-
dula could dominate in this layer. They are also diagnostic 
species together with South-East European subspecies of 
Juniperus oxycedrus – Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. deltoides 
and also Cotinus cogyggria which represents the relation-
ships with the open oak forests and forest-steppes of 
South-East Europe. 
Association Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae Em 
1978 (Table 2) 
Diagnostic species for the association: Pinus nigra sub-
sp. pallasiana (100%), Sesleria latifolia (63%), Iberis 
sempervirens (21%), Daphne blagayana (14%).
Constant species: Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana (100%), 
Fagus sylvatica (79%), Calamagrostis arundinacea 
(74%), Ostrya carpinifolia (70%), Abies alba subsp. alba 
(70%), Euphorbia amygdaloides (70%), Fragaria vesca 
(60%), Acer hyrcanum subsp. hyrcanum (54%). 
The group of communities in Bulgaria which belong 
to the class Erico-Pinetea (Figure 7) was included in the 
scope of described in Former Yugoslavia (FYR Mac-
edonia) association Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae Em 
1978. Its range was expanded to all central Balkan Moun-
tains and its floristic and ecological structure is accepted 
to be more polymorphic. This association is represented 
from different geographical synvicariant Black Pine com-
munities distributed mostly inside the coniferous vegeta-
tion dominated from Scot Pine and/or Spruce. But these 
Pinus nigra communities, because of their lower competi-
tive possibilities comparing with the dominant coniferous 
species, are isolated on not very large spots on some some-
times very steep and rocky slopes of mountain valleys or 
gorges. There is a clear dominant role of Sesleria latifolia 
in the herbaceous layer – Balkan endemic – ecological 
and geographical vicariant of some other similar species 
like Sesleria robusta in southern and western parts of the 
Figure 6: Stand of the association Junipero deltoidi-Pinetum pallassianae in Chamdzha Reserve, Central Balkan Mts. Photo: Ivajlo Nikolov.
Slika 6: Sestoj asociacije Junipero deltoidi-Pinetum pallassianae, rezervat Chamdzha, gorovje Srednji Balkan. Foto: Ivajlo Nikolov.
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Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Balkan Peninsula. This association is also synvicariant to 
the described in Kato Olimbos Seslerio robustae-Pinetum 
pallasianae Barbero et Quezel 1976 corr. Bergmeier 1990, 
which is similar but richer in endemic and oro-mediter-
ranenan species. Such species are Sesleria robusta, Centau-
rea pindicola, Polygala nicaeensis subsp. mediterranea, etc. 
The association Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae Em 
1978 was described from the region of Baba Mountain 
(Pelister). The most of diagnostic species could be found 
also in the high-altitudinal Black Pine forests from West 
Rhodope and Central Balkan Range like Sesleria latifo-
lia (dominant), Iberis sempervirens, Daphne blagayana. 
It could be summarized that the association described 
by Em (1978) is distributed in the Central Balkans and 
probably the distribution in Baba (Pelister) Mt. is on 
the periphery of its range, on the border with Dinaride 
Mountain System where Pinus nigra subsps. dalmatica 
occurs. Em (1978) did not give holotypus of the associa-
tion according to the requirements of ICPN (Weber et al. 
2000) but the association was validly described because 
it was described before 01.01.1979. Two cluster groups 
(see Figure 2) from Erico-Pinetea from Bulgaria could be 
accepted as a part of this association in a broad sense of 
meaning. But the communities on the southern slopes of 
Central Balkan Range are closer to described from Em 
(1978) association than these ones from Rhodope Mts. 
which are geographically closer. It is the reason to de-
scribe the high-altitudinal Rhodopean Black Pine forests 
as a new sub-association while the Central Balkan group 
is accepted as belonging to the typical subassociation. 
This syntaxonomic decision will expand the range of de-
scribed association from Em (1978) to the north and east 
direction. 
Association Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae Em 
1978 subass. typicum (Table 2)
Diagnostic species for the association: Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana (100%), Sesleria latifolia (96%), Iberis 
sempervirens (40%), Daphne blagayana (24%).
Constant species: Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana (100%), 
Ostrya carpinifolia (100%), Sesleria latifolia (96%), Fa-
gus sylvatica (88%), Fragaria vesca (84%), Abies alba 
subsp. alba (76%), Cotoneaster nebrodensis (68%), Acer 
pseudoplatanus (64%), Euphorbia amygdaloides (60%), 
Acer hyrcanum subsp. hyrcanum (56%), Galium schulte-
sii (52%), Calamagrostis arundinacea (52%). 
Figure 7: Stand of the association Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum pallassianae in West Rhodope Mts., Dobrostan. Photo: Rossen Tzonev.
Slika 7: Sestoj asociacije Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum pallassianae v gorovju Zahodni Rodopi, Dobrostan. Foto: Rossen Tzonev. 
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
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R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
These communities (Figure 8) are distributed on the 
southern macro-slopes of Central Balkan Range and geo-
graphically fall in the Tryoan part of Central Balkan Na-
tional Park. They are distributed in the altitudinal belt 
between 1100 and 1500 m, on slopes mostly with west or 
east exposition. The inclination varies between 5 and 70°, 
but mostly the terrains are steep – 40–50°. The canopy 
varies between 50–80%, (mostly 60–70%).
The Black Pine (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) is mostly 
co-dominant together with Common Beech (Fagus syl-
vatica), European Hop-Hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia) 
and European Silver Fir (Abies alba subsp. alba). The tree 
layer includes also species like Acer hyrcanum, A. pseudo-
platanus, Fraxinus ornus. The shrub layer is typical for 
the terrains with rocky outcrops and includes species like 
Genista rumelica, Cotoneaster nebrodensis, Daphne meze-
reum, etc. The herbaceous layer is also rich and includes 
mostly species typical for coniferous and beech forests like 
Calamagrostis arundinacea, Luzula sylvatica, Mycelis mu-
ralis, Doronicum columnae, Cephalanthera rubra, Galium 
schultesii, Laserpitium siler. The diagnostic species like 
Sesleria latifolia is a dominant. Also the other diagnostic 
species for the association like Iberis sempervirens, Daphne 
blagayana are also well represented in a part of communi-
ties. They also emphasized the relict origin of Black Pine 
communities survived on the steep and rocky places sur-
rounded by the dominant Common Beech forests. 
Association Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae Em 1978 
subass. haberletosum rhodopensis subass. nova hoc 
loco (Table 2) holotypus rel. 33.
Diagnostic species for the subassociation: Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana (100%), Haberlea rhodopensis (24%), 
Cotoneaster integerrimus (38%). 
Constant species: Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana (100%), 
Calamagrostis arundinacea (92%), Hieracium murorum 
gr. (81%), Euphorbia amygdaloides (73%), Abies alba 
subsp. alba (65%), Aremonia agrimonoides (62%), 
Acer hyrcanum subsp. hyrcanicum (58%), Primula veris 
(58%), Mycelis muralis (58%), Tanacetum corymbosum 
(58%), Picea abies (62%), Salvia glutinosa (58%), Phy-
sospermum cornubiense (54%). 
This syntaxon was described from West Rhodope Mts., 
especially from Kazanite and Kastrakli Reserves, on the 
altitudinal belt between 1000–1300 m. Typical are the 
very steep slopes, mostly about 50°, with not very big tree 
Figure 8: Stand of the association Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum pallassianae in Central Balkan Mts., Ortaburun Locality. Photo: Ivajlo Nikolov.
Slika 8: Sestoj asociacije Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum pallassianae v gorovju Srednji Balkan, območje Ortaburun. Foto: Ivajlo Nikolov.
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
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R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
canopy (50–60%) because of the great calcareous rocky 
outcrops. The exposition varies from mostly northern in 
Kazanite Reserve to mostly southern in Kastrakli Reserve.
Black Pine forests unlike to these from Central Balkan 
are surrounded mainly from coniferous forests dominated 
by the Spruce (Picea abies). It affects also to their floristic 
composition and ecological structure. Pinus nigra is not a 
clear dominant but co-dominant with Abies alba and Fa-
gus sylvatica. The last one increases in the understory. The 
species composition of heathland and herbaceous layers 
is determined from the dominants like Vaccinium myrtil-
lus, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Luzula luzuloides and also 
Sesleria latifolia. The last species is not so common like to 
Central Balkan Range and dominates mostly in Kastrakli 
Reserve. Typical is that the ecological and floristic struc-
ture is a mixture between thermophilous species from the 
oak forests and more mesophilous typical for Beech and 
Spruce and Fir coniferous forests. The first group includes 
species like Fraxinus ornus, Chamaecytisus hirsutus, Tan-
acetum corymbosum, Physospermum cornubiense, Festuca 
heterophylla, etc. The second group includes species like 
Aremonia agrimonoides, Luzula luzuloides, Dryopteris filix-
mas, Oxalis acetosella, and Orthilia secunda. 
This group of communities was separated as the new 
subassociation haberletosum. Both differential species: 
Haberlea rhodopensis and Cotoneaster integerrimus are 
chasmophytes and emphasize the very steep and rocky 
substrates occupied from the Black Pine communities. 
Haberlea rhodopensis is also Tertiary relicts with a limited 
distribution in the mountains in the central part of Bal-
kan Peninsula. 
Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana and Brachypodium pin-
natum community (Table 2)
Constant and dominant species: Pinus nigra subsp. pal-
lasiana (100%), Pinus sylvestris (50%), Brachypodium 
pinnatum (75%).
Four relevés of Black Pine communities from West 
Rhodope Mts. are determined only as communities be-
cause lack of sufficient material to be classified. They are 
dominated from Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana, and in 
three of them Brachypodium pinnatum is a dominant in 
the herbaceous layers. But their floristic composition is 
too heterogeneous and allows only to being included in 
Fraxino orni-Pinion nigrae Em 1978 and Erico-Pinetea. 
The common species in all communities are widespread 
in different forest types – such are Primula veris, Dactylis 
glomerata, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Cruciata glabra. The 
community from Chervenata Stena Reserve includes also 
the Balkan endemic Pulsatilla halleri subsp. rhodopaea 
which is part of species complex diagnostic to the class 
Erico-Pinetea. Future investigations will decide where is 
the place of these or similar to them forest communities 
which are widespread in many places in the Bulgarian 
mountains. 
Discussion 
As a conclusion we can summarise some common feature 
in all described Black Pine communities in Bulgaria. Eve-
rywhere they are fragments of older (relict) vegetation. 
Well-preserved parts of the relict forests that are with pre-
served composition and structure of the autochthonous 
vegetation are very rare. Apart from the autochthonous 
communities also secondary ones exist. They occur in the 
three climatic zones in Bulgaria: moderate continental, 
transitional and continental-Mediterranean. They inhabit 
steep slopes mainly with southern aspect. The Black Pine 
forests prefer alkaline rocks but in Rhodope Mts. they can 
occur also on other types of bedrock. The Black Pine is 
rarely clear dominant but often forms mixed communi-
ties with various coniferous and deciduous tree species 
that have xerothermic or meso-xerothermic character-
istics. But the natural habitats of the species have been 
strongly reduced. The forests have been destroyed as a re-
sult of various economic activities (including unregulated 
logging) or have been replaced by Quercus dalechampii, 
Fagus sylvatica, etc. as a result of natural successions. Parts 
of the communities have been turned into open (sparse) 
forests (Roussakova & Valchev 2015). 
Everywhere in its natural range, the Black Pine com-
munities are usually small, relict and isolated inside the 
dominant forest types. The last ones could be conifer-
ous forests from Vaccinio-Piceetea in the mountains, or 
deciduous forests from Quercetea pubescentis, Quercetea 
robori-petraeae or Carpino-Fagetea (depending from the 
altitude and latitude), or even evergreen from Quercetea 
ilicis in the southernmost parts of this range. It is the 
main reason for describing of many Black Pine associa-
tions usually with small areas everywhere in the species 
range. This situation is repeating in all neighbouring of 
Bulgaria countries where this subspecies occurs. But it 
is also the same with the communities of other subspe-
cies like Pinus nigra subsp. dalmatica, Pinus nigra subsp. 
banatica, Pinus nigra subsp. calabrica, Pinus nigra subsp. 
salzmanii, etc. (see Trinajstić 1986, 1998, 1999, Regato et 
al. 1995, Dring et al. 2002, Brullo et al. 2001, Zupančič 
2007, Sedlar et al. 2011, Coldea 2015, etc.). 
In former Yugoslavia the subspecies Pinus nigra sub-
sp. pallasiana appear in communities in the southern 
and eastern parts of FYR Macedonia and Eastern Ser-
bia (Horvat 1959, Em 1962, Horvat et al. 1974, Škorić 
& Vasić 2006, etc.). Besides the association Seslerio 
latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae, Em (1978) has described also 
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R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
the associations Lathyro versicoloris-Pinetum nigrae and 
Pulsatillo macedonicae-Pinetum nigrae. But they are with 
limited geographical distribution. 
In Serbia, the subspecies is located only in the eastern 
part of the country – the valleys of Resava, Jerma and Laz-
areva Rivers, Suva, Ducat and Crnook Mts. (Avramović 
et al. 2006). In the last one is located the single reserve 
(Jarešnik) of Palla’s Black Pine forests in the country (see 
Ostoić & Jovanović 2008). But there are not really validly 
published associations from the country, which can be 
compared with the neighbouring similar in Bulgaria. The 
associations Seslerio-Pinetum pallasianae N. Rand et al. 
2006, Vaccinio-Pinetum pallasianae N. Rand et al. 2006, 
published and cited also by Milosavljević et al. (2008), 
are “nomen nudum”. Not valid is also the association 
Taxo-Pinetum nigrae Mišić 1981 and it was correctly cited 
as a community from Ostoić & Jovanović (2008). The 
indirectly cited floristic structure of these communities 
indicated their closer similarity to Erico-Pinetea, than to 
Quercetea pubescentis, but for more precise comparison re-
leves are necessary to be availible. The syntaxa described in 
East Serbia also include two associations with very limited 
distribution: Humileto-Pinetum nigrae Jovanović 1956 
and Colurno-Pinetum nigrae Jovanović 1951. According 
to Tatić & Tomović (2006) both last mentioned syntaxa 
belong to one association - Carici humilis-Pinetum nigrae 
B. Jovanović 1956 from Suva Mt. and Sukovska Reka lo-
cality. The diagnostic species of the association were not 
indicated, but the floristic structure and ecological and 
geographical peculiarities have proved that it is another 
and different syntaxon with many diagnostic for class Fes-
tuco-Brometea species like Carex humilis, Sesleria filifolia, 
Galium purpureum, Achillea clypeolata, Melica ciliata, etc. 
The presence of Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana in Roma-
nia according to Boşcaiu & Boşcaiu, (1999) is located 
only in south-westernmost part of the country. The single 
described association Genisto radiatae-Pinetum pallasian-
ae (Fekete 1959) Resmeriţa 1972 has the diagnostic spe-
cies Genista radiata, G. januensis, Festuca xanthina, Linum 
uninerve and Campanula kladniana. According to Coldea 
(2015) it is included in the alliance Seslerio rigidae-Pin-
ion sylvestris Coldea 1991 together with the surrounding 
forests dominated from Pinus sylvestris. This alliance and 
communities does not occur in the geographical region 
of Bulgaria. 
The forests of Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana are repre-
sented from one association in Ukraine only in south-
eastern part and the Crimean Peninsula (Didukh 2003). 
But it is very specific and separated in different alliance 
and even order Pinetalia pallasianae-kochianae Korzhe-
nevsky 1998 (see Mucina et al. 2016) also enoughly dif-
ferent from the Balkan communities. 
The ecology and classification of the forests of Pinus ni-
gra subsp. pallasiana in Greece is discussed in several pub-
lications (see Barbero & Quezel 1976, Bergmeier 1990, 
2002, Dimopoulos & Georgiadis 1995, Dimopolous et 
al. 1996, Brullo et al. 2001, etc.). For example, Bergmeier 
(1990) has corrected some of syntaxa described by Barbe-
ro & Quezel (1976) which were not described in accord-
ance of the Code of phytocoenolical nomenclature like 
the associations Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana and Cam-
panula stenosiphon community, Pinus nigra subsp. pallasi-
ana and Crataegus pycnoloba (both from Pelopones), Pinus 
nigra subsp. pallasiana and Staehelina uniflosculosa, Pinus 
nigra subsp. pallasiana and Daphne blagayna (both from 
Pelagonia) and Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana and Sorbus 
torminalis (from Pindus Mt.). The most of them were as-
signed to Abieto-Pinion, now Abietion cephalonicae Hovat 
et al. 1974 – determined by Mucina et al. (2016) as relict 
supramediterranean Hellenic fir and Black Pine forests. 
In spite of sometime similar ecological and floristic struc-
ture of these communities to the Bulgarian Black Pine 
forests they belong to the typical oro-mediterranean for-
est vegetation. 
The last conception is especially the association Seslerio 
robustae-Pinetum pallasianae from Kato Olimbos to be 
included in the alliance Chamaecytiso hirsuti-Pinion pal-
lasianae Barbero et Quézel 1976 (Mucina et al. 2016). 
Such communities from Peloponissos (South Greece) are 
represented from two associations (see Dimopoulos et al. 
1996). The associations Cicero graeci-Pinetum pallasianae 
Dimopolous et al. 1996 is a part of evergreen vegeta-
tion from Quercetea ilicis, while the association Crataego 
pycnolobae-Pinetum pallasianae Barbero & Quezel 1976 
represents xerophilous decidouous forests from Quercet-
ea pubescentis but the relict supramediterranean alliance 
Abietion cephallonicae Horvat et al. 1974. The association 
Pyrolo chlorantae-Pinetum nigrae from Mt. Parnon (Pelo-
ponissos) also is within Abietion cephalonicae (Bergmeier 
2002) which alliance does not occur in Bulgaria.
Very complicated is the situation in Turkey, where the 
subspecies Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana is widespread 
and participates in many different syntaxa, which have 
been summarized mainly in the work of Ketenoğlu et al. 
(2010). More than 33 associations have been described 
there and all of them represent the xerophilous decidu-
ous vegetation of Quercetea pubescentis (see Akman et 
al. 1979, Quézel et al. 1980, etc) but within special for 
Asia Minor alliances and even orders. The taxon Pinus 
nigra subsp. pallasiana is mostly distributed in North-
ern (Pontic Mountains, the provinces of Kastamonu, 
Samsun, Sinop, Bolu and Cankiri), Western (the prov-
inces of Kutahya, Ankara, Afyon, Eskisehir, etc.) and 
sporadic in the Central Part (Konya, Aksaray). The as-
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
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R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
sociations from Pontic Mountains belong to the specific 
order Querco cerridis-Carpinetalia orientalis Quézel et 
al. 1980 and the alliances Carpino betuli-Acerion hyrcani 
Quézel et al. 1978, Cisto laurifolii-Pinion pallasianae 
Akman et al. 1978, Quercion anatolicae Akman et al. 
1979. These ones from the western and central parts be-
long to another order Querco pseudocerridis-Cedretalia 
libani Barbéro et al. 1974 and its alliances Abieto cilic-
icae-Cedrion libani Quézel et al. 1978, Lonicero num-
mulariafoliae-Cedrion libani Quézel et al. 1978, Ostryo 
carpinifoliae-Quercion pseudocerridis Quézel et al. 1978 
and Adenocarpo complicati-Pinion pallasianae Quézel et 
al. 1978. Additional fact which limits any comparisons 
of these communities of Black Pine to those of the cen-
tral Balkans is that many of these associations have not 
been described according to the rules of the ICPN (We-
ber et al. 2000) (for example Art. 3 (d, h), Art. 5, etc.), 
therefore they are not valid. Such associations for ex-
ample are Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana-Quercus petraea 
subsp. iberica Akman et al. 1983, Tanaceto-Pinetum ni-
grae Ozen & Kilinc 1995, Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana-
Astragalus listonia Kilinc 1985, Cephalanthero-Pinetum 
nigrae Ocakverdi & Cetik 1987, Pinus nigra subsp. 
pallasiana-Ligustrum vulgare Akman et al. 1983, Pinus 
nigra subsp. pallasiana-Anthyllis vulneraria Akman & 
Aydogdu 1986, etc. Some of them also are only on the 
level of community. But it is undeniable that their syn-
taxonomical position based on the floristic structure and 
ecological peculiarities is very different comparing with 
the Black Pine communities in Bulgaria and the Bal-
kans, in general. 
The main conclusion from the analysis is that the Black 
Pine forests in Bulgaria are enough specific to be new 
syntaxa or to expand the range of distribution of some 
already described associations, endemic to parts of the 
Balkans. It emphasizes their significance not only as relict 
communities with limited distribution but also as impor-
tant part of the natural vegetation. According to Roussa-
kova & Valchev (2015) the Black pine forests are also an 
important edaphic and hydrological factor and also some 
rare and protected plants occur in them. Such species are 
Anthemis rumelica, Carduus thracicus, Fritillaria pontica, 
Pulsatilla halleri subsp. rhodopaea, Scabiosa rhodopensis, 
Verbascum roripifolium, V. rupestris, Centaurea achtarovii, 
Kernera saxatilis, etc. 
The natural communities of Black Pine in Bulgaria 
also have conservation significance because as a part of 
the habitat 9530 *(Sub-) Mediterranean pine forests with 
endemic black pines, they are target object of NATURA 
2000 network in Bulgaria. Therefore, their preservation is 
not only from national Bulgarian but also from European 
interest.
Acknowledgements
We want to express our thankfuls to Mr. Ivaylo Iva-
nov from BSPB for the technical support and also to 
Dr. Gordana Tomović from Belgrade University and 
Prof. Vladimir Randjelović from the Univeristy of Niš 
for the provided literature sources. Part of these stud-
ies were made during the implementation of project 
BG161PO005/11/3/3.2/25/06 “Implementation of ac-
tivities for organization and management of parks and 
reserves – Elaboration of management plans of the re-
serves “Vulchi dol”, “Boraka”, “Borovec”, “Zhenda” and 
“Chamluka”. 
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R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
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Locality 
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Data
7/
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7/
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01
4
7/
31
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6/
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01
2
4/
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01
2
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2
5/
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01
3
Latitude
41
 2
9 
33
.4
41
 2
9 
32
.0
41
 4
7 
04
.2
41
 4
7 
08
.0
41
 4
6 
57
.0
41
 4
7 
25
.1
41
 4
7 
12
.0
41
 4
7 
13
.4
42
 0
1 
30
.8
42
 0
1 
37
.4
42
 0
1 
39
.0
42
 0
1 
51
.2
42
 0
1 
45
.8
42
 0
1 
33
.1
42
 0
1 
36
.9
42
 0
1 
29
.5
42
 0
1 
29
.8
42
 0
1 
55
.0
42
 0
1 
32
.1
42
 0
1 
32
.2
42
 0
1 
46
.1
42
 0
1 
41
.4
42
 0
1 
34
.3
41
 3
3 
35
.8
41
 3
3 
35
.0
41
 3
3 
29
.1
41
 3
3 
39
.0
41
 3
3 
28
.0
41
 3
3 
36
.4
41
 5
0 
55
.7
41
 5
0 
83
.5
42
 4
3 
52
.9
42
 4
3 
40
.1
42
 4
3 
52
.9
42
 4
3 
48
.3
42
 4
3 
47
.1
42
 4
3 
50
.5
42
 4
3 
44
.2
42
 3
9 
02
.2
Longitude
25
 1
6 
07
.1
25
 1
6 
10
.4
25
 1
0 
50
.4
25
 1
0 
48
.0
25
 1
0 
49
.0
25
 1
0 
38
.4
25
 1
0 
43
.6
25
 1
1 
00
.8
22
 5
0 
13
.9
22
 5
0 
11
.3
22
 5
0 
02
.7
22
 4
9 
59
.4
22
 5
0 
12
.7
22
 5
0 
06
.1
22
 5
0 
03
.1
22
 5
0 
34
.3
22
 5
0 
07
.4
22
 4
9 
58
.2
22
 5
0 
21
.3
22
 5
0 
22
.9
22
 5
0 
20
.4
22
 5
0 
24
.8
22
 5
0 
26
.8
25
 3
1 
08
.5
25
 3
0 
44
.0
25
 3
0 
47
.1
25
 3
1 
10
.0
25
 3
0 
44
.0
25
 3
0 
65
.9
25
 1
6 
47
.3
25
 1
6 
80
.4
24
 3
5 
22
.2
24
 3
5 
30
.5
24
 3
5 
22
.2
24
 3
5 
37
.7
24
 3
5 
36
.6
24
 3
5 
36
.2
24
 3
5 
29
.8
24
 5
0 
10
.7
Altitude 46
8
46
8
81
9
90
0
69
0
82
8
82
8
76
4
10
10
98
0
96
0
91
0
96
0
10
00
98
0
10
35
10
15
90
0
10
10
10
10
95
5
10
00
99
0
35
0
37
5
40
9
34
0
41
0
30
9
40
9
35
6
60
0
54
8
62
5
62
0
58
2
63
1
62
2
70
0
Exposition E E N N S SE N N W NW NW NE E N NW N N N NW NE W W W NW NE N N N W S SW SE S N N E NE E S
Inclination 8 8 22 45 25 40 8 20
40
°-4
5°
40
°-4
5°
30
°-3
5°
10
°-1
5°
10
°-1
5°
35
°-4
0°
35
°-4
0°
35
°-4
0°
35
°-4
0°
30
°-3
5°
20
°-2
5°
40
°-4
5°
35
°-4
5°
35
°-4
0°
35
°-4
0°
12 12 12 15 5 10 22 30 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 35
Coverage (%) 60 60 80 70 70 80 80 70 50 50 60 60 60 80 70 80 80 40 50 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 80 80 70 50 50 50 40 60 60 40 60 60 50
Sample plot (sq. m) 40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
Association Lathyro laxiflori-Pinetum pallasianae ass. nova, holotypus rel. 11 hoc loco
Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold subsp. palassiana (Lamb.) Holmboe 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 100 4 3 4 4 5 4 4 2b 2b 2b 3 3 2b 2b 2b 2b 100
Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC 2b . + + . . + . . . + . + + + + . + . + + + . 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Lathyrus laxiflorus (Deaf.) Kuntze . . + + 1 . . + . + + + . . . . + + . . + + . 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Genista carinalis Griseb. + + 2b 2b 2b + . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 . . . . . 2m + 1 . . . . . . . . 19
Association Junipero deltoidi-Pinetum pallasianae ass. nova, holotypus rel. 47 hoc loco 0
Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. deltoides (R. P. Adams) N. G. Passal. 1 . 2b . 2b + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 22 . + + + + . + + 2b 2b 1 1 1 1 2b 2b 88
Dianthus petraeus Waldst. et Kit. subsp. petraeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . 3 2b 2b 2b 2b 1 2b . 44
Moehringia pendula (Waldst. et Kit.) Fenzl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . 2b 2b 3 3 2b 3 3 . 44
Cotinus cogyggria Scop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2b 2b 3 2b 2b 3 . . . . . . . . . . 38
Alliance Fraxino orni-Ostryion Tomazic 1940 0
Fraxinus ornus L. 3 3 2b + . . 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2b 2b + + + + . . + 1 + 1 1 1 1 2b 88
Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Primula veris L. . . 2b + . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . + , , 22 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Campanula persicifolia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . + , 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Alliance Carpinion orientalis Horvat 1958 0
Carpinus orientalis Mill. . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 13 + + . + . . . + 2b 1 1 1 1 2b 2b 2b 75
Order Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae Klika 1933 and class Quercetea pubescentis Doing-Kraft ex Scamoni et Passarge 1959 0
Quercus pubescens Willd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 4 . 2b + 2b 2b 2b + 1 + + 1 + 2b 2b 88
Table 1: Diagnostic table of the syntaxa from Quercetea pubescentis.
Tabela 1: Diagnostična tabela sintaksonov razreda Quercetea pubescentis.
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
141
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releves 1 2 11 14 16 13 12 15 80 81 91 93 82 83 90 88 84 94 89 92 85 86 87 % 3 7 4 5 8 6 9 10 47 49 50 48 51 53 52 54 %
Locality 
C
ha
m
lu
ka
 
Re
ze
rv
e 
C
ha
m
lu
ka
 
Re
ze
rv
e 
Z
he
nd
a 
Re
se
rv
e 
Z
he
nd
a 
Re
se
rv
e 
Z
he
nd
a 
Re
se
rv
e 
Z
he
nd
a 
Re
se
rv
e 
Z
he
nd
a 
Re
se
rv
e 
Z
he
nd
a 
Re
se
rv
e 
G
ab
ra
 R
es
er
ve
 
G
ab
ra
 R
es
er
ve
 
G
ab
ra
 R
es
er
ve
 
G
ab
ra
 R
es
er
ve
 
G
ab
ra
 R
es
er
ve
 
G
ab
ra
 R
es
er
ve
 
G
ab
ra
 R
es
er
ve
 
G
ab
ra
 R
es
er
ve
 
G
ab
ra
 R
es
er
ve
 
G
ab
ra
 R
es
er
ve
 
G
ab
ra
 R
es
er
ve
 
G
ab
ra
 R
es
er
ve
 
G
ab
ra
 R
es
er
ve
 
G
ab
ra
 R
es
er
ve
 
G
ab
ra
 R
es
er
ve
 
C
on
st
an
cy
 (%
)
Bo
ro
ve
c 
Re
se
rv
e 
Bo
ro
ve
c 
Re
se
rv
e 
Bo
ro
ve
c 
Re
se
rv
e 
Bo
ro
ve
c 
Re
se
rv
e 
Bo
ro
ve
c 
Re
se
rv
e 
Bo
ro
ve
c 
Re
se
rv
e 
Bo
ra
ka
 R
es
er
ve
 
Bo
ra
ka
 R
es
er
ve
 
C
ha
m
dz
a 
- 
C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
C
ha
m
dz
a 
- 
C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
C
ha
m
dz
a 
- 
C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
C
ha
m
dz
a 
- 
C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
C
ha
m
dz
a 
- 
C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
C
ha
m
dz
a 
- 
C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
C
ha
m
dz
a 
- 
C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
M
ed
en
 d
ol
 - 
C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
C
on
st
an
cy
 (%
)
Author
RT
z, 
C
hG
RT
z, 
C
hG
RT
z, 
C
hG
M
D
M
D
RT
z, 
C
hG
RT
z, 
C
hG
M
D
V
V,
 C
hG
V
V,
 C
hG
V
V,
 C
hG
V
V,
 C
hG
V
V,
 C
hG
V
V,
 C
hG
V
V,
 C
hG
V
V,
 C
hG
V
V,
 C
hG
V
V,
 C
hG
V
V,
 C
hG
V
V,
 C
hG
V
V,
 C
hG
V
V,
 C
hG
V
V,
 C
hG
RT
z, 
C
hG
M
D
RT
z, 
C
hG
M
D
M
D
M
D
RT
z, 
C
hG
M
D
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Data
7/
30
/2
01
4
7/
30
/2
01
4
7/
31
/2
01
4
6/
16
/2
00
6
6/
16
/2
00
6
7/
31
/2
01
4
7/
31
/2
01
4
6/
16
/2
00
6
18
.0
5.
20
01
18
.0
5.
20
01
20
.0
5.
20
01
20
.0
5.
20
01
18
.0
5.
20
01
18
.0
5.
20
01
20
.0
5.
20
01
19
.0
5.
20
01
18
.0
5.
20
01
20
.0
5.
20
01
19
.0
5.
20
01
20
.0
5.
20
01
19
.0
5.
20
01
19
.0
5.
20
01
19
.0
5.
20
01
7/
30
/2
01
4
6/
12
/2
00
6
7/
30
/2
01
4
6/
12
/2
00
6
6/
12
/2
00
6
6/
12
/2
00
6
7/
30
/2
01
4
6/
12
/2
00
6
4/
20
/2
01
2
4/
20
/2
01
2
4/
20
/2
01
2
4/
20
/2
01
2
4/
20
/2
01
2
4/
20
/2
01
2
4/
20
/2
01
2
5/
17
/2
01
3
Latitude
41
 2
9 
33
.4
41
 2
9 
32
.0
41
 4
7 
04
.2
41
 4
7 
08
.0
41
 4
6 
57
.0
41
 4
7 
25
.1
41
 4
7 
12
.0
41
 4
7 
13
.4
42
 0
1 
30
.8
42
 0
1 
37
.4
42
 0
1 
39
.0
42
 0
1 
51
.2
42
 0
1 
45
.8
42
 0
1 
33
.1
42
 0
1 
36
.9
42
 0
1 
29
.5
42
 0
1 
29
.8
42
 0
1 
55
.0
42
 0
1 
32
.1
42
 0
1 
32
.2
42
 0
1 
46
.1
42
 0
1 
41
.4
42
 0
1 
34
.3
41
 3
3 
35
.8
41
 3
3 
35
.0
41
 3
3 
29
.1
41
 3
3 
39
.0
41
 3
3 
28
.0
41
 3
3 
36
.4
41
 5
0 
55
.7
41
 5
0 
83
.5
42
 4
3 
52
.9
42
 4
3 
40
.1
42
 4
3 
52
.9
42
 4
3 
48
.3
42
 4
3 
47
.1
42
 4
3 
50
.5
42
 4
3 
44
.2
42
 3
9 
02
.2
Longitude
25
 1
6 
07
.1
25
 1
6 
10
.4
25
 1
0 
50
.4
25
 1
0 
48
.0
25
 1
0 
49
.0
25
 1
0 
38
.4
25
 1
0 
43
.6
25
 1
1 
00
.8
22
 5
0 
13
.9
22
 5
0 
11
.3
22
 5
0 
02
.7
22
 4
9 
59
.4
22
 5
0 
12
.7
22
 5
0 
06
.1
22
 5
0 
03
.1
22
 5
0 
34
.3
22
 5
0 
07
.4
22
 4
9 
58
.2
22
 5
0 
21
.3
22
 5
0 
22
.9
22
 5
0 
20
.4
22
 5
0 
24
.8
22
 5
0 
26
.8
25
 3
1 
08
.5
25
 3
0 
44
.0
25
 3
0 
47
.1
25
 3
1 
10
.0
25
 3
0 
44
.0
25
 3
0 
65
.9
25
 1
6 
47
.3
25
 1
6 
80
.4
24
 3
5 
22
.2
24
 3
5 
30
.5
24
 3
5 
22
.2
24
 3
5 
37
.7
24
 3
5 
36
.6
24
 3
5 
36
.2
24
 3
5 
29
.8
24
 5
0 
10
.7
Altitude 46
8
46
8
81
9
90
0
69
0
82
8
82
8
76
4
10
10
98
0
96
0
91
0
96
0
10
00
98
0
10
35
10
15
90
0
10
10
10
10
95
5
10
00
99
0
35
0
37
5
40
9
34
0
41
0
30
9
40
9
35
6
60
0
54
8
62
5
62
0
58
2
63
1
62
2
70
0
Exposition E E N N S SE N N W NW NW NE E N NW N N N NW NE W W W NW NE N N N W S SW SE S N N E NE E S
Inclination 8 8 22 45 25 40 8 20
40
°-4
5°
40
°-4
5°
30
°-3
5°
10
°-1
5°
10
°-1
5°
35
°-4
0°
35
°-4
0°
35
°-4
0°
35
°-4
0°
30
°-3
5°
20
°-2
5°
40
°-4
5°
35
°-4
5°
35
°-4
0°
35
°-4
0°
12 12 12 15 5 10 22 30 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 35
Coverage (%) 60 60 80 70 70 80 80 70 50 50 60 60 60 80 70 80 80 40 50 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 80 80 70 50 50 50 40 60 60 40 60 60 50
Sample plot (sq. m) 40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
40
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
Association Lathyro laxiflori-Pinetum pallasianae ass. nova, holotypus rel. 11 hoc loco
Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold subsp. palassiana (Lamb.) Holmboe 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 100 4 3 4 4 5 4 4 2b 2b 2b 3 3 2b 2b 2b 2b 100
Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC 2b . + + . . + . . . + . + + + + . + . + + + . 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Lathyrus laxiflorus (Deaf.) Kuntze . . + + 1 . . + . + + + . . . . + + . . + + . 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Genista carinalis Griseb. + + 2b 2b 2b + . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 . . . . . 2m + 1 . . . . . . . . 19
Association Junipero deltoidi-Pinetum pallasianae ass. nova, holotypus rel. 47 hoc loco 0
Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. deltoides (R. P. Adams) N. G. Passal. 1 . 2b . 2b + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 22 . + + + + . + + 2b 2b 1 1 1 1 2b 2b 88
Dianthus petraeus Waldst. et Kit. subsp. petraeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . 3 2b 2b 2b 2b 1 2b . 44
Moehringia pendula (Waldst. et Kit.) Fenzl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . 2b 2b 3 3 2b 3 3 . 44
Cotinus cogyggria Scop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2b 2b 3 2b 2b 3 . . . . . . . . . . 38
Alliance Fraxino orni-Ostryion Tomazic 1940 0
Fraxinus ornus L. 3 3 2b + . . 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2b 2b + + + + . . + 1 + 1 1 1 1 2b 88
Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Primula veris L. . . 2b + . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . + , , 22 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Campanula persicifolia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . + , 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Alliance Carpinion orientalis Horvat 1958 0
Carpinus orientalis Mill. . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 13 + + . + . . . + 2b 1 1 1 1 2b 2b 2b 75
Order Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae Klika 1933 and class Quercetea pubescentis Doing-Kraft ex Scamoni et Passarge 1959 0
Quercus pubescens Willd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 4 . 2b + 2b 2b 2b + 1 + + 1 + 2b 2b 88
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
142
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releves 1 2 11 14 16 13 12 15 80 81 91 93 82 83 90 88 84 94 89 92 85 86 87 % 3 7 4 5 8 6 9 10 47 49 50 48 51 53 52 54 %
Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz. . . + . . . . . . + + . . . + . . . . . 1 + + 30 + 2b + + . 2b . . . . . . . . . . 31
Galium pseudaristatum Schur. + . . + . . . . . . + + 2b . . . . . . + + + + 39 . . . + . + . + . . . . . . . . 19
Quercus fraintetto Ten. 2b + . . . . . . . . 3 3 . . . 1 . . . + . + + 35 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Cornus mas L. 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 9 2b 2b . + + 2b . . . . . . . . . . 31
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + . 9 . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 + - 31
Tamus communis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + + + 1 + . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Quercus cerris L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1 2b . 25
Physospermum cornubiense (L.) DC . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + . . . + . . . . 13 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Trifolium medium L. subsp. balcanicum Velen. . + . . . . . . + + . . . + . . . . . . . . .+ 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch.Bip. . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Clinopodium vulgare L. . . + . + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
Lathyrus niger (L.) Bernh. + . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 13 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Buglossoides purpurocoerulea (L.) I.M.Johnst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Sorbus domestica L. + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Potentilla micrantha Ramond ex DC . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Festuca heterophylla Lam. . . . . . . + 1 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Acer tataricum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Limodorum abortivum (L.) Schwartz. . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Pyrus pyraster Burgst. . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Helleborus odorus Waldst. et Kit. . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. . . . + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Doronicum orientale Hoffm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
Iris sintenisii Janka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lonicera etrusca Santi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Pulmonaria mollis Wulfen ex Hornem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lathyrus venetus (Mill.) Wohlf. . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Silene italica (L.) Pers. . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Class Quercetea robori-petraeae Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Oberd. 1957 0
Quercus dalechampii Ten. 2b 2b + + 2b 3 + 2b 1 1 + . . + + + . . + . + + + 78 2b + 2b . . . . . + + 2b + 1 + 2b 1 69
Euphorbia amygdaloides L. + . . . + . . + . . + . + . . . . . . . + + . 30 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Chamaecytisus hirsutus (L.) Link. . . . + . + . . + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Quercus petreaea (Mattuschka) Liebl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . 2b 1 . 2b 2b 2b 1 . 38
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. . + + . . . 2b 2b . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Lerchenfeldia flexuosa (L.) Schur. . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Class Carpino-Fagetea sylvaticae Jakuch ex Passarge 1968 0
Melica uniflora Retz. . . . 1 . . 3 1 . . . . + 3 1 2b 1 + 1 + 3 2b 1 61 . + . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 13
Poa nemoralis L. + . + + 2m + . 2m + + . + . + . . . . . . . . + 48 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . + 13
Fagus sylvatica L. . . . . . . 2b . + + + . 2b 2b 3 2b 2b 4 2b 3 . + . 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Dactylis glomerata L. . . + + + + + + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . 1 19
Hieracium gentile Jord. ex Boreau . + + . . . . + + + + + . + + . . . . + . . . 43 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Sanicula europaea L. . . + . + . + 2b . . . . + . + . . + . . + . . 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Scilla bifola L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1 + . 44
Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau 1 + + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b 1 + 2b + . + . . . . 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + + + . . + . . . . . . . . . . 25
Hedera helix L. . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich. . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Acer campestre L. . . . . . . . . + . . . + . . . . . . . . + + 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Melittis melissophyllum L. . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy . . . . . . . . + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
143
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releves 1 2 11 14 16 13 12 15 80 81 91 93 82 83 90 88 84 94 89 92 85 86 87 % 3 7 4 5 8 6 9 10 47 49 50 48 51 53 52 54 %
Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz. . . + . . . . . . + + . . . + . . . . . 1 + + 30 + 2b + + . 2b . . . . . . . . . . 31
Galium pseudaristatum Schur. + . . + . . . . . . + + 2b . . . . . . + + + + 39 . . . + . + . + . . . . . . . . 19
Quercus fraintetto Ten. 2b + . . . . . . . . 3 3 . . . 1 . . . + . + + 35 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Cornus mas L. 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 9 2b 2b . + + 2b . . . . . . . . . . 31
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + . 9 . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 + - 31
Tamus communis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + + + 1 + . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Quercus cerris L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1 2b . 25
Physospermum cornubiense (L.) DC . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + . . . + . . . . 13 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Trifolium medium L. subsp. balcanicum Velen. . + . . . . . . + + . . . + . . . . . . . . .+ 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch.Bip. . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Clinopodium vulgare L. . . + . + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
Lathyrus niger (L.) Bernh. + . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 13 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Buglossoides purpurocoerulea (L.) I.M.Johnst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Sorbus domestica L. + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Potentilla micrantha Ramond ex DC . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Festuca heterophylla Lam. . . . . . . + 1 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Acer tataricum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Limodorum abortivum (L.) Schwartz. . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Pyrus pyraster Burgst. . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Helleborus odorus Waldst. et Kit. . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. . . . + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Doronicum orientale Hoffm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
Iris sintenisii Janka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lonicera etrusca Santi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Pulmonaria mollis Wulfen ex Hornem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lathyrus venetus (Mill.) Wohlf. . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Silene italica (L.) Pers. . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Class Quercetea robori-petraeae Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Oberd. 1957 0
Quercus dalechampii Ten. 2b 2b + + 2b 3 + 2b 1 1 + . . + + + . . + . + + + 78 2b + 2b . . . . . + + 2b + 1 + 2b 1 69
Euphorbia amygdaloides L. + . . . + . . + . . + . + . . . . . . . + + . 30 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Chamaecytisus hirsutus (L.) Link. . . . + . + . . + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Quercus petreaea (Mattuschka) Liebl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . 2b 1 . 2b 2b 2b 1 . 38
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. . + + . . . 2b 2b . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Lerchenfeldia flexuosa (L.) Schur. . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Class Carpino-Fagetea sylvaticae Jakuch ex Passarge 1968 0
Melica uniflora Retz. . . . 1 . . 3 1 . . . . + 3 1 2b 1 + 1 + 3 2b 1 61 . + . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 13
Poa nemoralis L. + . + + 2m + . 2m + + . + . + . . . . . . . . + 48 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . + 13
Fagus sylvatica L. . . . . . . 2b . + + + . 2b 2b 3 2b 2b 4 2b 3 . + . 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Dactylis glomerata L. . . + + + + + + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . 1 19
Hieracium gentile Jord. ex Boreau . + + . . . . + + + + + . + + . . . . + . . . 43 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Sanicula europaea L. . . + . + . + 2b . . . . + . + . . + . . + . . 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Scilla bifola L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1 + . 44
Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau 1 + + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b 1 + 2b + . + . . . . 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + + + . . + . . . . . . . . . . 25
Hedera helix L. . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich. . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Acer campestre L. . . . . . . . . + . . . + . . . . . . . . + + 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Melittis melissophyllum L. . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy . . . . . . . . + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
144
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releves 1 2 11 14 16 13 12 15 80 81 91 93 82 83 90 88 84 94 89 92 85 86 87 % 3 7 4 5 8 6 9 10 47 49 50 48 51 53 52 54 %
Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. . . . . . . . + . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Prunus avium L. + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Carex digitata L. . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 6
Campanula rapunculoides L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz. + . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Vicia cracca L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Crataegus pentagyna Waldst. et Kit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lilium martagon L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lonicera xylosteum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Abies alba Mill. subsp. alba . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Arum maculatum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Carpinus betulus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Fraxinus excelsior L. + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Neotia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Class Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 0
Juniperus communis L. subsp. communis . + . + . . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . + . + 26 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Dicranum scoparium Hedw. + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Other species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Veronica chamaedrys L. . . . . . . . . + + + + . . . . . . . + + + + 35 . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 44
Viola odorata L. . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . + + . . . + + + + + 2b + . 56
Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv. . + 2b 2b 2b . . 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 + . + 2b 2b + . . . . . . . . . . 31
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2b + + 50
Rosa canina L. 1 . . + + . . . . . + . . + . . . . . . + + . 30 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Peucedanum cervaria (L.) Lapeyr. . . . . . . . . . . + . . + + . . . + + + . + 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Veronica hederifolia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + + + + . 2b + . 38
Dorycnium herbaceum Vill. + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 + . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . 19
Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . + + 13 . + . + . + . . . . . . . . . . 19
Hieracium cymosum L. . . + + + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Viola tricolor L. . . . . . . . . . . + . + + . + . . . . + . + 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Trifolium alpestre L. . . + + 2b . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . 6
Euphorbia helioscopia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 . . . 1 . 25
Brachythecium velutinum (Hedw.) Schimp. + + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . 6
Hypericum cerastioides (Spach) N. Robson . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . 2b 13
Micropyrum tenellum Link. . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . 13
Chamaecytisus absinthioides (Janka) Kuzmanov + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Corylus avellana L. . . . . . . . . . . . . r + + . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend. . . . . . . + . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Fragaria vesca L. . . . . + . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Rosa pimpineifolia L. + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Trifolium angustifolium L. . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . + . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Vicia angustifolia Grufberg . . . + 2b + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Astragalus depressus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 13
Geranium lucidum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 13
Lapsana communis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 13
Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) Stirt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . 13
Carlina vulgaris L. . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Genista tinctoria L. + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Geranium sanguineum L. . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Poa bulbosa L. . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . 2m . . . . . . . . 6
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
145
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releves 1 2 11 14 16 13 12 15 80 81 91 93 82 83 90 88 84 94 89 92 85 86 87 % 3 7 4 5 8 6 9 10 47 49 50 48 51 53 52 54 %
Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. . . . . . . . + . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Prunus avium L. + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Carex digitata L. . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 6
Campanula rapunculoides L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz. + . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Vicia cracca L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Crataegus pentagyna Waldst. et Kit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lilium martagon L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lonicera xylosteum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Abies alba Mill. subsp. alba . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Arum maculatum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Carpinus betulus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Fraxinus excelsior L. + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Neotia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Class Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 0
Juniperus communis L. subsp. communis . + . + . . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . + . + 26 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Dicranum scoparium Hedw. + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Other species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Veronica chamaedrys L. . . . . . . . . + + + + . . . . . . . + + + + 35 . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 44
Viola odorata L. . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . + + . . . + + + + + 2b + . 56
Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv. . + 2b 2b 2b . . 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 + . + 2b 2b + . . . . . . . . . . 31
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2b + + 50
Rosa canina L. 1 . . + + . . . . . + . . + . . . . . . + + . 30 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Peucedanum cervaria (L.) Lapeyr. . . . . . . . . . . + . . + + . . . + + + . + 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Veronica hederifolia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + + + + . 2b + . 38
Dorycnium herbaceum Vill. + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 + . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . 19
Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . + + 13 . + . + . + . . . . . . . . . . 19
Hieracium cymosum L. . . + + + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Viola tricolor L. . . . . . . . . . . + . + + . + . . . . + . + 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Trifolium alpestre L. . . + + 2b . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . 6
Euphorbia helioscopia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 . . . 1 . 25
Brachythecium velutinum (Hedw.) Schimp. + + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . 6
Hypericum cerastioides (Spach) N. Robson . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . 2b 13
Micropyrum tenellum Link. . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . 13
Chamaecytisus absinthioides (Janka) Kuzmanov + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Corylus avellana L. . . . . . . . . . . . . r + + . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend. . . . . . . + . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Fragaria vesca L. . . . . + . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Rosa pimpineifolia L. + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Trifolium angustifolium L. . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . + . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Vicia angustifolia Grufberg . . . + 2b + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Astragalus depressus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 13
Geranium lucidum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 13
Lapsana communis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 13
Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) Stirt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . 13
Carlina vulgaris L. . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Genista tinctoria L. + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Geranium sanguineum L. . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Poa bulbosa L. . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . 2m . . . . . . . . 6
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
146
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releves 1 2 11 14 16 13 12 15 80 81 91 93 82 83 90 88 84 94 89 92 85 86 87 % 3 7 4 5 8 6 9 10 47 49 50 48 51 53 52 54 %
Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Teucrium chamaedrys L. + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . 2m . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Thymus sp. . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . 2m . . . . . . . . . . 6
Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P. Beauv. 3 . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Clematis vitalba L. . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . + 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Galium verum L. . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Genista ovata Waldst. et Kit. . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Juglans regia L. + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Agrimonia eupatoria L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Ajuga genevensis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Anthemis tinctoria L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Campanula lingulata Waldst. et Kit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Cardamine hirsuta L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
Clematis viticella L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Cornus sanguinea L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Evonymus europaeus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
Galium aparine L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b 6
Geranium columbinum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 6
Geum urbanum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 6
Koeleria simonkaii Adamovic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Lamium purpureum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
Ligustrum vulgare L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Linara pelisseriana (L.) Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Ophrys cornuta Steven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . 6
Parentucellia latifolia (L.) Caruel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Prunus spinosa L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Ranunculus arvensis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Rubus caesius L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Silene noctiflora L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Aegopodium podagraria L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ajuga reptans L. . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Asperula cynanchica L. subsp. cynanchica . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Astragalus glyciyhylloides DC. . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth. . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd. . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Danthonia alpina Vest. . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ferulago sylvatica (Besser) Rchb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Festuca valesiaca Schleich. ex Gaudin . . . 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Filago vulgaris Lam. . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Hieracium hoppeanum Schult. . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Hypericum perforatum L. . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Hypochaeris maculata L. . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Myrrhoides nodosa (L.) Cannon . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Populus tremula L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Silene vulgaris (Moench.) Garcke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Trifolium repens L. . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
147
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releves 1 2 11 14 16 13 12 15 80 81 91 93 82 83 90 88 84 94 89 92 85 86 87 % 3 7 4 5 8 6 9 10 47 49 50 48 51 53 52 54 %
Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Teucrium chamaedrys L. + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . 2m . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Thymus sp. . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . 2m . . . . . . . . . . 6
Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P. Beauv. 3 . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Clematis vitalba L. . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . + 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Galium verum L. . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Genista ovata Waldst. et Kit. . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Juglans regia L. + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Agrimonia eupatoria L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Ajuga genevensis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Anthemis tinctoria L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Campanula lingulata Waldst. et Kit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Cardamine hirsuta L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
Clematis viticella L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Cornus sanguinea L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Evonymus europaeus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
Galium aparine L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b 6
Geranium columbinum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 6
Geum urbanum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 6
Koeleria simonkaii Adamovic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Lamium purpureum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
Ligustrum vulgare L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Linara pelisseriana (L.) Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Ophrys cornuta Steven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . 6
Parentucellia latifolia (L.) Caruel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Prunus spinosa L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Ranunculus arvensis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Rubus caesius L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Silene noctiflora L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 6
Aegopodium podagraria L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ajuga reptans L. . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Asperula cynanchica L. subsp. cynanchica . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Astragalus glyciyhylloides DC. . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth. . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd. . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Danthonia alpina Vest. . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ferulago sylvatica (Besser) Rchb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Festuca valesiaca Schleich. ex Gaudin . . . 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Filago vulgaris Lam. . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Hieracium hoppeanum Schult. . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Hypericum perforatum L. . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Hypochaeris maculata L. . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Myrrhoides nodosa (L.) Cannon . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Populus tremula L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Silene vulgaris (Moench.) Garcke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Trifolium repens L. . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
148
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Table 2: Diagnostic table of the syntaxa from Erico-Pinetea.
Tabela 2: Diagnostična tabela sintaksonov razreda Erico-Pinetea.
Number of releve 55 57 56 67 68 69 72 73 74 59 58 75 76 78 77 66 70 71 79 60 63 61 62 65 64 % 17 18 22 21 19 29 20 27 28 25 23 24 26 30 31 41 42 32 35 36 37 33 34 38 39 40 % 43 44 46 45
Locality 
O
rt
ab
ur
un
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
O
rt
ab
ur
un
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
O
rt
ab
ur
un
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
or
fia
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
O
rt
ab
ur
un
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
or
fia
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
or
fia
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
O
rt
ab
ur
un
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
O
rt
ab
ur
un
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
O
rt
ab
ur
un
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
un
te
pe
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
un
te
pe
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
un
te
pe
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
un
te
pe
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
un
te
pe
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ra
vi
te
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ra
vi
te
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ra
vi
te
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ur
th
isa
r-
 C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ra
vi
te
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ra
vi
te
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ra
vi
te
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ra
vi
te
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ra
vi
te
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ra
vi
te
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
C
on
st
an
cy
 (%
) 
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
C
on
st
an
cy
 (%
)
C
he
rv
en
at
a 
ste
na
Za
bu
rd
o 
vi
lla
ge
, R
od
op
i 
C
he
pe
la
re
 to
w
n,
 R
od
op
i
Pa
ve
lsk
o 
vi
lla
ge
, R
od
op
i 
Author
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
Iv
N
ik
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Data
6/
29
/2
01
2
6/
29
/2
01
2
6/
29
/2
01
2
6/
29
/2
01
2
6/
29
/2
01
2
6/
29
/2
01
2
6/
29
/2
01
2
6/
29
/2
01
2
6/
29
/2
01
2
6/
29
/2
01
2
4/
11
/2
01
3
4/
11
/2
01
3
4/
11
/2
01
3
4/
11
/2
01
3
4/
11
/2
01
3
6/
4/
20
11
6/
4/
20
11
6/
4/
20
11
6/
16
/2
01
3
6/
4/
20
11
5/
29
/2
01
1
5/
29
/2
01
1
5/
29
/2
01
1
5/
29
/2
01
1
5/
29
/2
01
1
8/
11
/2
00
3
8/
11
/2
00
3
8/
12
/2
00
3
8/
11
/2
00
3
8/
11
/2
00
3
8/
13
/2
00
3
8/
11
/2
00
3
8/
13
/2
00
3
8/
13
/2
00
3
8/
12
/2
00
3
8/
12
/2
00
3
8/
12
/2
00
3
8/
13
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
07
.1
99
9
07
.1
99
6
07
.1
99
6
07
.1
99
6
Latitude
42
 4
5 
07
.9
42
 4
5 
10
.9
42
 4
5 
14
.7
42
 4
5 
46
.4
42
 4
5 
37
.4
42
 4
5 
38
.0
42
 4
5 
41
.5
42
 4
5 
19
.1
42
 4
5 
18
.9
42
 4
5 
07
.4
42
 4
5 
19
.9
42
 4
5 
20
.8
42
 4
5 
13
.3
42
 4
5 
13
.3
42
 4
5 
23
.4
42
 4
5 
12
.5
42
 4
4 
49
.7
42
 4
5 
07
.9
42
 4
5 
16
.5
42
 4
5 
07
.9
42
 4
5 
27
.4
42
 4
5 
01
.4
42
 4
5 
02
.6
42
 4
5 
06
.4
42
 4
5 
04
.7
41
 4
0 
38
.0
41
 4
0 
35
.0
41
 4
0 
35
.0
41
 4
0 
38
.0
41
 4
0 
32
.0
41
 4
0 
44
.0
41
 4
0 
41
.0
41
 4
0 
39
.0
41
 4
0 
46
.0
41
 4
0 
30
.0
41
 4
0 
35
.0
41
 4
0 
19
.0
41
 4
0 
34
.0
41
 4
1 
35
.0
41
 4
1 
40
.0
41
 4
1 
28
.0
41
 4
1 
10
.0
41
 4
1 
40
.0
41
 4
1 
29
.0
41
 4
1 
34
 .0
41
 4
1 
29
.0
41
 4
1 
49
.0
41
 4
1 
37
.0
41
 4
0 
55
.0
41
 4
0 
57
.0
41
 4
1 
15
.0
41
 5
5 
00
.0
41
 4
7 
00
.0
41
 4
3 
00
.0
41
 5
1 
00
.0
Longitude
24
 3
5 
48
.3
24
 3
5 
54
.9
24
 3
5 
59
.4
24
 3
5 
39
.8
24
 3
5 
44
.0
24
 3
5 
43
.8
24
 3
5 
42
.8
24
 3
5 
46
.0
24
 3
5 
46
.0
24
 3
5 
49
.1
24
 3
6 
20
.0
24
 3
6 
21
.7
24
 3
6 
28
.4
24
 3
6 
28
.4
24
 3
6 
21
.5
24
 3
6 
51
.4
24
 3
7 
26
.9
24
 3
6 
42
.5
24
 3
6 
50
.6
24
 3
6 
36
.9
24
 3
6 
48
.7
24
 3
6 
55
.0
24
 3
6 
51
.0
24
 3
7 
00
.1
24
 3
6 
58
.0
24
 2
2 
54
.0
24
 2
3 
04
.0
24
 2
4 
04
.0
24
 2
2 
44
.0
24
 2
2 
55
.0
24
 2
3 
11
.0
24
 2
3 
00
.0
24
 2
3 
27
.0
24
 2
3 
29
.0
24
 2
3 
34
.0
24
 2
4 
03
.0
24
 2
4 
01
.0
24
 2
3 
35
.0
24
 1
9 
34
.0
24
 1
9 
27
.0
24
 2
0 
11
.0
24
 1
9 
53
.0
24
 1
9 
18
.0
24
 1
9 
46
.0
24
 1
9 
41
.0
24
 2
0 
03
.0
24
 1
9 
14
.0
24
 1
9 
37
.0
24
 2
0 
11
.0
24
 2
0 
13
.0
24
 2
0 
12
.0
24
 5
5 
00
.0
24
 5
3 
00
.0
24
 3
9 
00
.0
24
 4
3 
00
.0
Altitude
11
17
11
10
11
27
12
33
12
30
12
55
12
51
12
10
12
00
11
30
10
53
10
31
11
00
12
50
10
12
12
37
12
12
12
20
13
15
12
38
14
70
13
97
13
15
14
15
13
73
10
90
11
40
11
20
99
0
11
80
10
10
10
20
11
90
10
50
12
80
11
10
13
80
12
00
10
10
10
10
11
90
10
25
11
00
10
20
10
60
10
40
10
70
10
60
10
50
11
00
11
70
14
60
13
00
13
00
13
00
Exposition E E E E N
W E E W W N
W W W W W W W S N
W
SW W SW N
W
Q
N
W
SW W W
N
W
N N
W
N
W
N
W N
N
N
W
N
N
W
N N N
W
N
W N S S
W
N
W
SE S S S SE S S SS
E
SS
W
SW 0 S S
E W
Inclination 70 65 50 50 50 50 45 60 60 45 55 40 55 45 45 40 50 50 55 60 30 10 20 20 5 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 0 42 30 35
Coverage (%) 50 50 70 50 70 70 60 50 50 70 60 60 70 80 50 60 70 70 80 60 60 80 80 70 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Sample plot (sq. m)
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
00
20
00
20
00
20
00
Diagnostic species for association Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae Em 1978 subass. typicum %
Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold subsp. palassiana 
(Lamb.) Holmboe 2b 2b 3 3 3 2b 2b 3 3 2b 2b 2b 3 3 2b 3 3 3 2b 3 3 3 3 3 2b 100 2b 3 2b 3 3 2b 3 2b 3 2b 3 2b 4 3 3 3 2b 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 100 4 5 4 4
Sesleria latifolia (Adamovic) Degen 2b 1 3 3 3 + + 1 1 . 3 2b 4 4 1 3 2b 2b 3 1 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b 1 1 3 2b 2b 2b 3 2b 35 1 . . .
Iberis sempervirens L. 2b 2b + . 2b + + 1 1 . . . . . . . . . 1 2b . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Daphne blagayana Freyer . . . 2b + 2b 2b + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Differential species for the subassociation haberletosum subass. nova, holotypus rel. hoc loco 33
Haberlea rhodopensis Friv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + + . . + . r . . . . + . . . . r . . . + . . . . 27 . . . .
Cotoneaster integerrimus Medicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . + . . + + . . . . + + + + + + . . 38 . . . .
Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana and Brachypodium pinnatum community
Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P. Beauv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b . . . . . + . 8 4 3 4 .
Alliance Fraxino orni-Pinion nigrae Em 1978, order Erico-Pinetalia Horvat 1959 and class Erico-Pinetea Horvat 1959
Ostrya carpinifolia Scorp. 2b + 2b 2b 1 2b 1 + + 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 1 2b 2b 2b 2b 1 1 1 1 2b 2b 100 2b + . + . + . . . . . . . . 3 + 1 3 2b 2b 2b 2b 3 . . . 50 . . . .
Fraxinus ornus L. 1 1 1 . 1 . . . . 1 1 2b 1 . 1 + . . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . + . . . . + + + . + 2b 1 + 2b 2b . . . 38 . . . .
Pinus sylvestris L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b 2b . 2b 12 . 1 2b . . . . . . + 2b . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2b . 2b .
Laserpitium siler L. . . . + 1 + + 2b 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2b . + + 2b 2b . 23 . . . .
Galium lucidum All. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + + . . + + . + + 27 . . . .
Chamaecytisus hirsutus (L.) Link. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + + . . + . + . . 19 . . . .
Pulsatilla halleri (All.) Willd. subsp.  rhodopaea (Stoj. & Stefanov) K. Krause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Genista rumelica Velen. 1 1 + + + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . 36 r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + 1 . 19 . . . .
Carex humilis Leyss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2m 1 2b . 2b 1 2b 2b + 31 . . . .
Hieracium pannosum Boiss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . + + + 19 . . . .
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
149
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releve 55 57 56 67 68 69 72 73 74 59 58 75 76 78 77 66 70 71 79 60 63 61 62 65 64 % 17 18 22 21 19 29 20 27 28 25 23 24 26 30 31 41 42 32 35 36 37 33 34 38 39 40 % 43 44 46 45
Locality 
O
rt
ab
ur
un
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
O
rt
ab
ur
un
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
O
rt
ab
ur
un
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
or
fia
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
O
rt
ab
ur
un
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
or
fia
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
or
fia
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
O
rt
ab
ur
un
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
O
rt
ab
ur
un
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
O
rt
ab
ur
un
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
un
te
pe
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
un
te
pe
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
un
te
pe
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
un
te
pe
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
un
te
pe
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ra
vi
te
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ra
vi
te
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ra
vi
te
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ur
th
isa
r-
 C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ra
vi
te
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ra
vi
te
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ra
vi
te
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ra
vi
te
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ra
vi
te
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
K
ra
vi
te
- C
en
tr
al
 B
al
ka
n
C
on
st
an
cy
 (%
) 
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
az
an
ite
 R
es
er
ve
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
tr
ak
li 
Re
se
rv
e
K
as
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Author
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M
D
M
D
M
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D
M
D
M
D
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D
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D
M
D
M
D
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D
M
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M
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D
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D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Data
6/
29
/2
01
2
6/
29
/2
01
2
6/
29
/2
01
2
6/
29
/2
01
2
6/
29
/2
01
2
6/
29
/2
01
2
6/
29
/2
01
2
6/
29
/2
01
2
6/
29
/2
01
2
6/
29
/2
01
2
4/
11
/2
01
3
4/
11
/2
01
3
4/
11
/2
01
3
4/
11
/2
01
3
4/
11
/2
01
3
6/
4/
20
11
6/
4/
20
11
6/
4/
20
11
6/
16
/2
01
3
6/
4/
20
11
5/
29
/2
01
1
5/
29
/2
01
1
5/
29
/2
01
1
5/
29
/2
01
1
5/
29
/2
01
1
8/
11
/2
00
3
8/
11
/2
00
3
8/
12
/2
00
3
8/
11
/2
00
3
8/
11
/2
00
3
8/
13
/2
00
3
8/
11
/2
00
3
8/
13
/2
00
3
8/
13
/2
00
3
8/
12
/2
00
3
8/
12
/2
00
3
8/
12
/2
00
3
8/
13
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
8/
20
/2
00
3
07
.1
99
9
07
.1
99
6
07
.1
99
6
07
.1
99
6
Latitude
42
 4
5 
07
.9
42
 4
5 
10
.9
42
 4
5 
14
.7
42
 4
5 
46
.4
42
 4
5 
37
.4
42
 4
5 
38
.0
42
 4
5 
41
.5
42
 4
5 
19
.1
42
 4
5 
18
.9
42
 4
5 
07
.4
42
 4
5 
19
.9
42
 4
5 
20
.8
42
 4
5 
13
.3
42
 4
5 
13
.3
42
 4
5 
23
.4
42
 4
5 
12
.5
42
 4
4 
49
.7
42
 4
5 
07
.9
42
 4
5 
16
.5
42
 4
5 
07
.9
42
 4
5 
27
.4
42
 4
5 
01
.4
42
 4
5 
02
.6
42
 4
5 
06
.4
42
 4
5 
04
.7
41
 4
0 
38
.0
41
 4
0 
35
.0
41
 4
0 
35
.0
41
 4
0 
38
.0
41
 4
0 
32
.0
41
 4
0 
44
.0
41
 4
0 
41
.0
41
 4
0 
39
.0
41
 4
0 
46
.0
41
 4
0 
30
.0
41
 4
0 
35
.0
41
 4
0 
19
.0
41
 4
0 
34
.0
41
 4
1 
35
.0
41
 4
1 
40
.0
41
 4
1 
28
.0
41
 4
1 
10
.0
41
 4
1 
40
.0
41
 4
1 
29
.0
41
 4
1 
34
 .0
41
 4
1 
29
.0
41
 4
1 
49
.0
41
 4
1 
37
.0
41
 4
0 
55
.0
41
 4
0 
57
.0
41
 4
1 
15
.0
41
 5
5 
00
.0
41
 4
7 
00
.0
41
 4
3 
00
.0
41
 5
1 
00
.0
Longitude
24
 3
5 
48
.3
24
 3
5 
54
.9
24
 3
5 
59
.4
24
 3
5 
39
.8
24
 3
5 
44
.0
24
 3
5 
43
.8
24
 3
5 
42
.8
24
 3
5 
46
.0
24
 3
5 
46
.0
24
 3
5 
49
.1
24
 3
6 
20
.0
24
 3
6 
21
.7
24
 3
6 
28
.4
24
 3
6 
28
.4
24
 3
6 
21
.5
24
 3
6 
51
.4
24
 3
7 
26
.9
24
 3
6 
42
.5
24
 3
6 
50
.6
24
 3
6 
36
.9
24
 3
6 
48
.7
24
 3
6 
55
.0
24
 3
6 
51
.0
24
 3
7 
00
.1
24
 3
6 
58
.0
24
 2
2 
54
.0
24
 2
3 
04
.0
24
 2
4 
04
.0
24
 2
2 
44
.0
24
 2
2 
55
.0
24
 2
3 
11
.0
24
 2
3 
00
.0
24
 2
3 
27
.0
24
 2
3 
29
.0
24
 2
3 
34
.0
24
 2
4 
03
.0
24
 2
4 
01
.0
24
 2
3 
35
.0
24
 1
9 
34
.0
24
 1
9 
27
.0
24
 2
0 
11
.0
24
 1
9 
53
.0
24
 1
9 
18
.0
24
 1
9 
46
.0
24
 1
9 
41
.0
24
 2
0 
03
.0
24
 1
9 
14
.0
24
 1
9 
37
.0
24
 2
0 
11
.0
24
 2
0 
13
.0
24
 2
0 
12
.0
24
 5
5 
00
.0
24
 5
3 
00
.0
24
 3
9 
00
.0
24
 4
3 
00
.0
Altitude
11
17
11
10
11
27
12
33
12
30
12
55
12
51
12
10
12
00
11
30
10
53
10
31
11
00
12
50
10
12
12
37
12
12
12
20
13
15
12
38
14
70
13
97
13
15
14
15
13
73
10
90
11
40
11
20
99
0
11
80
10
10
10
20
11
90
10
50
12
80
11
10
13
80
12
00
10
10
10
10
11
90
10
25
11
00
10
20
10
60
10
40
10
70
10
60
10
50
11
00
11
70
14
60
13
00
13
00
13
00
Exposition E E E E N
W E E W W N
W W W W W W W S N
W
SW W SW N
W
Q
N
W
SW W W
N
W
N N
W
N
W
N
W N
N
N
W
N
N
W
N N N
W
N
W N S S
W
N
W
SE S S S SE S S SS
E
SS
W
SW 0 S S
E W
Inclination 70 65 50 50 50 50 45 60 60 45 55 40 55 45 45 40 50 50 55 60 30 10 20 20 5 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 0 42 30 35
Coverage (%) 50 50 70 50 70 70 60 50 50 70 60 60 70 80 50 60 70 70 80 60 60 80 80 70 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Sample plot (sq. m)
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
60
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
00
20
00
20
00
20
00
Diagnostic species for association Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae Em 1978 subass. typicum %
Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold subsp. palassiana 
(Lamb.) Holmboe 2b 2b 3 3 3 2b 2b 3 3 2b 2b 2b 3 3 2b 3 3 3 2b 3 3 3 3 3 2b 100 2b 3 2b 3 3 2b 3 2b 3 2b 3 2b 4 3 3 3 2b 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 100 4 5 4 4
Sesleria latifolia (Adamovic) Degen 2b 1 3 3 3 + + 1 1 . 3 2b 4 4 1 3 2b 2b 3 1 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b 1 1 3 2b 2b 2b 3 2b 35 1 . . .
Iberis sempervirens L. 2b 2b + . 2b + + 1 1 . . . . . . . . . 1 2b . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Daphne blagayana Freyer . . . 2b + 2b 2b + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Differential species for the subassociation haberletosum subass. nova, holotypus rel. hoc loco 33
Haberlea rhodopensis Friv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + + . . + . r . . . . + . . . . r . . . + . . . . 27 . . . .
Cotoneaster integerrimus Medicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . + . . + + . . . . + + + + + + . . 38 . . . .
Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana and Brachypodium pinnatum community
Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P. Beauv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b . . . . . + . 8 4 3 4 .
Alliance Fraxino orni-Pinion nigrae Em 1978, order Erico-Pinetalia Horvat 1959 and class Erico-Pinetea Horvat 1959
Ostrya carpinifolia Scorp. 2b + 2b 2b 1 2b 1 + + 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 1 2b 2b 2b 2b 1 1 1 1 2b 2b 100 2b + . + . + . . . . . . . . 3 + 1 3 2b 2b 2b 2b 3 . . . 50 . . . .
Fraxinus ornus L. 1 1 1 . 1 . . . . 1 1 2b 1 . 1 + . . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . + . . . . + + + . + 2b 1 + 2b 2b . . . 38 . . . .
Pinus sylvestris L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b 2b . 2b 12 . 1 2b . . . . . . + 2b . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2b . 2b .
Laserpitium siler L. . . . + 1 + + 2b 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2b . + + 2b 2b . 23 . . . .
Galium lucidum All. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + + . . + + . + + 27 . . . .
Chamaecytisus hirsutus (L.) Link. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + + . . + . + . . 19 . . . .
Pulsatilla halleri (All.) Willd. subsp.  rhodopaea (Stoj. & Stefanov) K. Krause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Genista rumelica Velen. 1 1 + + + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . 36 r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + 1 . 19 . . . .
Carex humilis Leyss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2m 1 2b . 2b 1 2b 2b + 31 . . . .
Hieracium pannosum Boiss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . + + + 19 . . . .
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
150
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releve 55 57 56 67 68 69 72 73 74 59 58 75 76 78 77 66 70 71 79 60 63 61 62 65 64 % 17 18 22 21 19 29 20 27 28 25 23 24 26 30 31 41 42 32 35 36 37 33 34 38 39 40 % 43 44 46 45
Class Carpino-Fagetea sylvaticae Jakuch ex Passarge 1968
Fagus sylvatica L. . . 2b 2b 1 2b 3 + + 2b 1 2b 2b 2b 2b 1 2b 2b 2b + . 1 1 2b 2b 88 2b 1 2b 2b + 3 + . . . + + . 2b 2b 3 3 3 2b 2b 2b + 1 . . 1 77 . . 1 .
Abies alba Mill. subsp. alba . . . 2b + 2b 2b + + 2b 1 1 + . + 2b 1 2b 2b + . . 2b 1 2b 76 2b 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 2b 3 3 3 3 + + . + . + . . . . . . . 65 + . . +
Hieracium gentile Jord. ex Boreau . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . + . . 2b + 1 . . . . 20 + + + + 1 . + 1 + + + + + + + + . + + + + . + . . + 81 . . . .
Aremonia agrimonodides (L.) DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 + . 1 . . 1 1 28 + r . + + . 1 + + + + + + + + + + . . . . . + . . . 62 1 1 . .
Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. . . . + + + + + + . . . . . + . 1 1 + . . . . . . 40 . + . . + + + + . + + + . + + + + + . + . . + . . . 58 . . . .
Acer pseudoplatanus L. . . . 1 + + + + + + . . . . . 2b 2b 1 + . 1 1 1 1 1 64 . . . . + + + . + . . + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 . . . .
Prenanthes purpurea L. . . . + + + 2b + + + . . . . . . . . 1 . 1 . . 2b . 40 r + . . . . . r + . + . . + . + + . . + . . . . . + 38 . . . .
Lilium martagon L. + + 1 . + + 1 + + . . . . . . . 1 1 . . . . . . . 40 + . . . . . + + . . . + . . . . + + + . . . + . . . 31 . . . .
Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . + . 2b . 2b 2b . 20 2b 2b 1 2m . 1 2m 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b + . . . + . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . .
Cotoneaster nebrodensis (Guss.) C. Koch . . . 1 2b 1 + + + . 1 + 1 1 r 1 . 1 2b 1 . . 1 2b . 68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Salvia glutinosa L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + . + + + + + + + . . . + + + + + . + . . + . . . 58 . . . .
Campanula rapunculoides L. 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 12 . . . . 2m . + + + + + + . . . . . + . + . . . . . + 38 . . . .
Galium schultesii Vest. + + 1 + + 2b 1 + + + . . . . . . . . + + . . . . 2b 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Hepatica nobilis Mill. . . . . . . . . . . + 1 1 1 1 + 1 + . . . . . . 32 . + . . . . . r . . . . + + . + . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . .
Luzula sylvatica (Hudson) Gaudin . . . 1 + 2b 2b + + . . 2b . . 2b . 2b 2b . . . . . . . 40 . r . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . .
Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + r . . . . r + + + + + . . + + r + . 46 . . . .
Doronicum columnae Ten. . . . . . . . . . . + 1 1 + 2b + 1 + + . . . 1 . . 40 . . . . . + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . .
Poa nemoralis L. + + + . . . . . . 2b . . . . . . . . . r + . . . . 24 2b 2m . . . + . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . 1 . . . 23 . . . .
Populus tremula L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . 4 . 2b + 1 . + . . + . + + + + + . . . . . . . 1 . . . 42 . . . .
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 1 . . 1 12 . + . . + + . r . . + + . . r . + . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . .
Lonicera xylosteum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 4 + + . + + . + + . + . . . + . . . . . + . . + . . . 38 . . . .
Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + . r + . + 1 + . + . . . . . + . . . . . . + + + 42 . . . .
Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Symphytum tuberosum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + 1 r . . . . . . . 16 .. . . . . . + . . + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . 1 1
Dactylis glomerata L. . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + . . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . 1 . . . 15 1 1 1 1
Geranium robertianum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 . . 1 12 . . . . + + r + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 23 . . . .
Sorbus aucuparia L. x Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz. . . . . 2b . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 + 1 . . 1 1 2b 1 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Daphne mezereum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 . . 1 1 . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . 1 . .
Knautia drymeja Heuff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . r . . . . . . . . + + + . + . . . + + . . + 31 . . . .
Acer platanoides L. . . . 1 + 2b + . . + . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . 24 . . . + . . + + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . .
Aquilegia nigricans Baumg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . r . + r + r + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . .
Hedera helix L. . . . . . . . . . . + + + . 2b . . . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . .
Lathyrus vernus Bernh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + . . . . + r . . . . . + . + + . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . .
Campanula trachelium L. subsp. trachelium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . r 1 . . . 1 16 r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Epilobium montanum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 . r . . + . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . .
Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 . + . . 2b . . 1 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Melica nutans L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . r . . . . . . . . . 2b + + 1 . . . . . . . . 19 . . . .
Mercurialis perennis L. . . . . . . . . . + + 1 . . 1 . . . + . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Sanicula europaea L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . + + . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . .
Sorbus austriaca (Beck) Hedl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + + + + . 19 . . . .
Veronica urticifolia Jacq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + . . . + r r . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . .
Carpinus betulus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b 4 . . . + . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 12 . . . .
Anemone ranunculoides L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . .
Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . + r . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . r + . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . .
Prunus avium L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . 1 . . 1 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Rothm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . .
Convallaria majalis L. . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Fraxinus excelsior L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Pulmonaria officinalis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . .
Tilia cordata Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . .
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
151
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releve 55 57 56 67 68 69 72 73 74 59 58 75 76 78 77 66 70 71 79 60 63 61 62 65 64 % 17 18 22 21 19 29 20 27 28 25 23 24 26 30 31 41 42 32 35 36 37 33 34 38 39 40 % 43 44 46 45
Class Carpino-Fagetea sylvaticae Jakuch ex Passarge 1968
Fagus sylvatica L. . . 2b 2b 1 2b 3 + + 2b 1 2b 2b 2b 2b 1 2b 2b 2b + . 1 1 2b 2b 88 2b 1 2b 2b + 3 + . . . + + . 2b 2b 3 3 3 2b 2b 2b + 1 . . 1 77 . . 1 .
Abies alba Mill. subsp. alba . . . 2b + 2b 2b + + 2b 1 1 + . + 2b 1 2b 2b + . . 2b 1 2b 76 2b 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 2b 3 3 3 3 + + . + . + . . . . . . . 65 + . . +
Hieracium gentile Jord. ex Boreau . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . + . . 2b + 1 . . . . 20 + + + + 1 . + 1 + + + + + + + + . + + + + . + . . + 81 . . . .
Aremonia agrimonodides (L.) DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 + . 1 . . 1 1 28 + r . + + . 1 + + + + + + + + + + . . . . . + . . . 62 1 1 . .
Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. . . . + + + + + + . . . . . + . 1 1 + . . . . . . 40 . + . . + + + + . + + + . + + + + + . + . . + . . . 58 . . . .
Acer pseudoplatanus L. . . . 1 + + + + + + . . . . . 2b 2b 1 + . 1 1 1 1 1 64 . . . . + + + . + . . + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 . . . .
Prenanthes purpurea L. . . . + + + 2b + + + . . . . . . . . 1 . 1 . . 2b . 40 r + . . . . . r + . + . . + . + + . . + . . . . . + 38 . . . .
Lilium martagon L. + + 1 . + + 1 + + . . . . . . . 1 1 . . . . . . . 40 + . . . . . + + . . . + . . . . + + + . . . + . . . 31 . . . .
Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . + . 2b . 2b 2b . 20 2b 2b 1 2m . 1 2m 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b + . . . + . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . .
Cotoneaster nebrodensis (Guss.) C. Koch . . . 1 2b 1 + + + . 1 + 1 1 r 1 . 1 2b 1 . . 1 2b . 68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Salvia glutinosa L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + . + + + + + + + . . . + + + + + . + . . + . . . 58 . . . .
Campanula rapunculoides L. 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 12 . . . . 2m . + + + + + + . . . . . + . + . . . . . + 38 . . . .
Galium schultesii Vest. + + 1 + + 2b 1 + + + . . . . . . . . + + . . . . 2b 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Hepatica nobilis Mill. . . . . . . . . . . + 1 1 1 1 + 1 + . . . . . . 32 . + . . . . . r . . . . + + . + . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . .
Luzula sylvatica (Hudson) Gaudin . . . 1 + 2b 2b + + . . 2b . . 2b . 2b 2b . . . . . . . 40 . r . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . .
Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + r . . . . r + + + + + . . + + r + . 46 . . . .
Doronicum columnae Ten. . . . . . . . . . . + 1 1 + 2b + 1 + + . . . 1 . . 40 . . . . . + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . .
Poa nemoralis L. + + + . . . . . . 2b . . . . . . . . . r + . . . . 24 2b 2m . . . + . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . 1 . . . 23 . . . .
Populus tremula L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . 4 . 2b + 1 . + . . + . + + + + + . . . . . . . 1 . . . 42 . . . .
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 1 . . 1 12 . + . . + + . r . . + + . . r . + . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . .
Lonicera xylosteum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 4 + + . + + . + + . + . . . + . . . . . + . . + . . . 38 . . . .
Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + . r + . + 1 + . + . . . . . + . . . . . . + + + 42 . . . .
Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Symphytum tuberosum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + 1 r . . . . . . . 16 .. . . . . . + . . + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . 1 1
Dactylis glomerata L. . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + . . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . 1 . . . 15 1 1 1 1
Geranium robertianum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 . . 1 12 . . . . + + r + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 23 . . . .
Sorbus aucuparia L. x Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz. . . . . 2b . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 + 1 . . 1 1 2b 1 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Daphne mezereum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 . . 1 1 . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . 1 . .
Knautia drymeja Heuff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . r . . . . . . . . + + + . + . . . + + . . + 31 . . . .
Acer platanoides L. . . . 1 + 2b + . . + . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . 24 . . . + . . + + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . .
Aquilegia nigricans Baumg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . r . + r + r + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . .
Hedera helix L. . . . . . . . . . . + + + . 2b . . . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . .
Lathyrus vernus Bernh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + . . . . + r . . . . . + . + + . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . .
Campanula trachelium L. subsp. trachelium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . r 1 . . . 1 16 r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Epilobium montanum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 . r . . + . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . .
Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 . + . . 2b . . 1 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Melica nutans L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . r . . . . . . . . . 2b + + 1 . . . . . . . . 19 . . . .
Mercurialis perennis L. . . . . . . . . . + + 1 . . 1 . . . + . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Sanicula europaea L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . + + . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . .
Sorbus austriaca (Beck) Hedl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + + + + . 19 . . . .
Veronica urticifolia Jacq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + . . . + r r . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . .
Carpinus betulus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b 4 . . . + . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 12 . . . .
Anemone ranunculoides L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . .
Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . + r . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . r + . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . .
Prunus avium L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . 1 . . 1 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Rothm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . .
Convallaria majalis L. . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Fraxinus excelsior L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Pulmonaria officinalis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . .
Tilia cordata Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . .
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
152
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releve 55 57 56 67 68 69 72 73 74 59 58 75 76 78 77 66 70 71 79 60 63 61 62 65 64 % 17 18 22 21 19 29 20 27 28 25 23 24 26 30 31 41 42 32 35 36 37 33 34 38 39 40 % 43 44 46 45
Acer campestre L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Actaea spicata L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Anemone nemorosa L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Arabis procurrens Waldst. et Kit. . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 1 + . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Asarum europaeum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Festuca drymeja Mert.& Koch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H. P. Fuchs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Evonymus latifolius (L.) Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Galium rotundifolium L. . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Polygonatum latifolium (Jacq.) Desf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Primula elatior (L.) Hill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Ranunculus ficaria L. subsp. caltifolius (Rchb.) 
Arcang. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Symphytum bulbosum Schim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Viscum album L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Class Quercetea robori-petraeae Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Oberd. 1957
Euphorbia amygdaloides L. + + 1 . . . . . . + 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 + + + . . . 1 60 + + . + . . + 1 + + + + + + + . + + + + + . + . . + 73 1 1 1 1
Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . r . . . r . . . 1 + . . + + 3 . 2b + . 3 . . . 38 . . . 3
Campanula persicifolia L. 1 1 1 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 r . . . . . + . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 15 . 1 . 1
Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + . . + . + . 35 . . . .
Quercus dalechampii Ten. . . . . . . . . . 2b . . . . . . . . . r + . . . . 12 2b + + + . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . .
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . + + + 15 . . 1 .
Veronica officinalis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + + . + r + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . .
Lerchenfeldia flexuosa (L.) Schur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 8 . . . .
Viburnum lantana L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . r . + + r . . . . + + + + . + . + . + + . . 46 . . . .
Class Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939
Picea abies (L) Carst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + . 1 . . . . + + 2b + + + + . + + + . + + . + + 62 . . . 2b
Orthilia secunda (L.) House . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 + + . . . + . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . + . . . + + + . + . + + . . . . . . + 31 . . . .
Vaccinium myrtillus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2b . . 8 + + 1 1 1 2b + 2b 2b 1 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 . . . .
Rosa pendulina L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . 1 8 . . . . + . + + + . . + + . . + . + . . . + . . . . 35 . 1 1 .
Juniperus communis L. subsp. communis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . 1 . . 1 . . 12 r . . r . . . . r . . . . . . . . . + . . + + + . . 27 . . . .
Oxalis acetosella L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 2m . . . 2m 2m 2m . 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . .
Lonicera caerulea L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . + . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . .
Moneses uniflora (L.) A.Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + r . . . . . . . . . + 12 . . . .
Corallorhiza trifida Chatel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Goodiera repens (L.) R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Melampyrum sylvaticum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 1
Class Quercetea pubescentis Doing-Kraft ex Scamoni et Passarge 1959
Acer hyrcanum Fish. C. A. Mey. subsp. 
hyrcanicum 1 1 . 1 . 1 + + + 1 1 + 1 . + + . . . r . . . . . 56 . + + r . . . r . . . . . + . + + 1 2b 2b + 2b . + + + 58 . . . .
Primula veris L. . . . + + 1 1 + + + . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . 32 . . . + . . . + + + + + + + . + . + . . + + + + . + 58 1 1 1 1
Clinopodium vulgare L. + + 1 + + + + + + + . . . . . + . . . r . . . . . 48 + . . r . . . . + . . . . + . . . + . . . . + . . . 23 . . . .
Potentilla micrantha Ramond ex DC . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . + + . + + . + + + + + . . . + . + . + . . . . 46 . . . .
Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch. Bip. . . . . . . . . . . 1 r . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 + . . + . . + + + . + + + . . + . + + . + . . + + + 58 . . . .
Physospermum cornubiense (L.) DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + + + . . . . + . + + + + + 1 + 1 . + + 54 . . . .
Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . r r . . . . . + + + + + . + + + + . . . 46 . . . .
Evonymus verrucosus Scop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . + . . + . . . . + + + + + + . + . + . . . 42 . . . .
Festuca heterophylla Lam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b 1 . . . . 8 2m . . . . + + . r + . . . 1 . + + . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . .
Cornus mas L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . + . . . . + + . . + + 2b . + . . . . 31 . . . .
Digitalis lanata Ehrh. . . . . 1 + 1 + + + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz. 1 1 . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + . . . . 1 . . 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Digitalis viridiflora Lindt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + r . + . . . . + . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . .
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Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releve 55 57 56 67 68 69 72 73 74 59 58 75 76 78 77 66 70 71 79 60 63 61 62 65 64 % 17 18 22 21 19 29 20 27 28 25 23 24 26 30 31 41 42 32 35 36 37 33 34 38 39 40 % 43 44 46 45
Acer campestre L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Actaea spicata L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Anemone nemorosa L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Arabis procurrens Waldst. et Kit. . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 1 + . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Asarum europaeum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Festuca drymeja Mert.& Koch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H. P. Fuchs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Evonymus latifolius (L.) Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Galium rotundifolium L. . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Polygonatum latifolium (Jacq.) Desf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Primula elatior (L.) Hill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Ranunculus ficaria L. subsp. caltifolius (Rchb.) 
Arcang. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Symphytum bulbosum Schim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Viscum album L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Class Quercetea robori-petraeae Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Oberd. 1957
Euphorbia amygdaloides L. + + 1 . . . . . . + 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 + + + . . . 1 60 + + . + . . + 1 + + + + + + + . + + + + + . + . . + 73 1 1 1 1
Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . r . . . r . . . 1 + . . + + 3 . 2b + . 3 . . . 38 . . . 3
Campanula persicifolia L. 1 1 1 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 r . . . . . + . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 15 . 1 . 1
Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + . . + . + . 35 . . . .
Quercus dalechampii Ten. . . . . . . . . . 2b . . . . . . . . . r + . . . . 12 2b + + + . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . .
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . + + + 15 . . 1 .
Veronica officinalis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + + . + r + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . .
Lerchenfeldia flexuosa (L.) Schur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 8 . . . .
Viburnum lantana L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . r . + + r . . . . + + + + . + . + . + + . . 46 . . . .
Class Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939
Picea abies (L) Carst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + . 1 . . . . + + 2b + + + + . + + + . + + . + + 62 . . . 2b
Orthilia secunda (L.) House . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 + + . . . + . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . + . . . + + + . + . + + . . . . . . + 31 . . . .
Vaccinium myrtillus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2b . . 8 + + 1 1 1 2b + 2b 2b 1 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 . . . .
Rosa pendulina L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . 1 8 . . . . + . + + + . . + + . . + . + . . . + . . . . 35 . 1 1 .
Juniperus communis L. subsp. communis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . 1 . . 1 . . 12 r . . r . . . . r . . . . . . . . . + . . + + + . . 27 . . . .
Oxalis acetosella L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 2m . . . 2m 2m 2m . 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . .
Lonicera caerulea L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . + . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . .
Moneses uniflora (L.) A.Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + r . . . . . . . . . + 12 . . . .
Corallorhiza trifida Chatel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Goodiera repens (L.) R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Melampyrum sylvaticum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 1
Class Quercetea pubescentis Doing-Kraft ex Scamoni et Passarge 1959
Acer hyrcanum Fish. C. A. Mey. subsp. 
hyrcanicum 1 1 . 1 . 1 + + + 1 1 + 1 . + + . . . r . . . . . 56 . + + r . . . r . . . . . + . + + 1 2b 2b + 2b . + + + 58 . . . .
Primula veris L. . . . + + 1 1 + + + . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . 32 . . . + . . . + + + + + + + . + . + . . + + + + . + 58 1 1 1 1
Clinopodium vulgare L. + + 1 + + + + + + + . . . . . + . . . r . . . . . 48 + . . r . . . . + . . . . + . . . + . . . . + . . . 23 . . . .
Potentilla micrantha Ramond ex DC . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . + + . + + . + + + + + . . . + . + . + . . . . 46 . . . .
Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch. Bip. . . . . . . . . . . 1 r . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 + . . + . . + + + . + + + . . + . + + . + . . + + + 58 . . . .
Physospermum cornubiense (L.) DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + + + . . . . + . + + + + + 1 + 1 . + + 54 . . . .
Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . r r . . . . . + + + + + . + + + + . . . 46 . . . .
Evonymus verrucosus Scop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . + . . + . . . . + + + + + + . + . + . . . 42 . . . .
Festuca heterophylla Lam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b 1 . . . . 8 2m . . . . + + . r + . . . 1 . + + . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . .
Cornus mas L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . + . . . . + + . . + + 2b . + . . . . 31 . . . .
Digitalis lanata Ehrh. . . . . 1 + 1 + + + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz. 1 1 . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + . . . . 1 . . 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Digitalis viridiflora Lindt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + r . + . . . . + . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . .
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Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releve 55 57 56 67 68 69 72 73 74 59 58 75 76 78 77 66 70 71 79 60 63 61 62 65 64 % 17 18 22 21 19 29 20 27 28 25 23 24 26 30 31 41 42 32 35 36 37 33 34 38 39 40 % 43 44 46 45
Campanula sparsa Friv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + + + r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1 . . .
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 . 8 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . 12 . . . .
Carpinus orientalis Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 15 . . . .
Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. deltoides 
(R.P.Adams) N.G.Passal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . + . 8 . 1 1 .
Syringa vulgaris L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 2b + . . . 12 . . . .
Trifolium medium L. subsp. balcanicum Velen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 . . 1
Cotinus cogyggria Scop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . 8 . . . .
Galium pseudaristatum Schur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . 1
Vincetoxicum hyrundinaria Medicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . . 8 . . . .
Acer hyrcanum Fish. C. A. Mey. subsp. 
intermedium (Pančić) Palam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Chamaecytisus frivaldskyanus (Degen) Kuzmanov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . .
Coronilla emerus L. subsp. emeroides (Boiss. & 
Spruner) Holmboe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Quercus pubescens Willd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . 4 . . . .
Other species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth. . . . 1 + + 2b + + . . . . . . . . . 1 3 2b 2b 3 3 2b 52 2b 2b 1 1 1 1 2b 1 2b + + 1 + 1 2b 1 + 2b 1 2b . . 2b 2b 2b 3 92 2b 1 . 1
Fragaria vesca L. . . . 1 + + + + + + 1 + + + 1 1 1 1 . + 1 1 2b 1 1 84 . + . . . + + 1 + + . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . 1 2b 1
Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 1 . 1 16 . . . . . . + . 2m + . + 2m 2m 2m . + 2m + . . + 1 . . + 50 2b 1 1 1
Sorbus aucuparia L. . . . 2b + + + + + 1 . . . . . . 1 + + . . . . 2b 1 48 + + + . . + . + + + . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 . . . .
Teucrium chamaedrys L. 1 1 + . . . . . . + 1 + . . + . . . 2b . . . . . . 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . + + + . 1 + . 27 1 . . .
Corylus avellana L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b . . . . . . 4 + 1 . . . . + 2b 2b . + . + + + . . 2b + + . . + . . . 50 + . . .
Geranium sanguineum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . r . . . r . . . . r . . . + + + + + + + + + 46 1 . . .
Ajuga reptans L. . . . + + + + + + . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 1 32 . . . . + . . . . . + . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . .
Thesium bavarum Schrank + + 1 1 1 + + 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 12 . . . .
Dianthus petraeus Waldst. et Kit. subsp. 
petraeus 1 2b + . 1 + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 8 . . . .
Origanum vulgare L. 1 1 1 . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . + + + . . + 19 . . . 1
Chamaecytisus austriacus (L.) Link. 1 1 + . + + + + + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Rubus saxatilis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . 4 . . . . . + + + + + . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 31 . . . 1
Campanula glomerata L. subsp. glomerata 1 1 1 . 1 + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Jurinea mollis (L.) Rchb. subsp. anatolica 
(Boiss.) Stoj. 1 1 + + 1 + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . + + + + + + . . r 35 . . . .
Seseli rigidum Waldst. et Kit. var. rigidum 2b 2b + + 1 + + 1 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Solidago virgaurea L. . . . + + + 1 + + . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 28 . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . .
Coronilla varia L. + + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . 1 + . . + 19 . . . .
Dorycnium herbaceum Vill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + + + + + + 31 . . . .
Galium verum L. . . . + 1 + 1 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2b . 1 .
Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + . . + + + . . . 31 . . . .
Polypodium vulgare L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + + + . + + + + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . .
Campanula rotundifolia L. + + 1 . 1 + . + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Bryophyta sp. indent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + 2m 2m . 2b . + . . 2m + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 . . . .
Rubus idaeus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . + . . + . + . . . . . . . . . + . . 19 . 1 . 1
Tussilago farfara L. . . . . + + 1 + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Asplenium trichomanes L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + + . . + + . + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . .
Astragalus monspessulanum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . + + + 23 . . . .
Chamaecytisus ciliatus (Wahlenb.) Rothm. 1 1 1 . . . 1 . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Gentiana asclepiadea L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . + + r . . . + + . . . + . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . .
Geranium macrorrhizum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + 2b + . . 2b . . . . . . + . . . . . r . . . . . . . 23 . . . .
Sedum ochroleucum Chaix . . . + 1 + + 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Vicia sepium L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . + r + . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . .
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155
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releve 55 57 56 67 68 69 72 73 74 59 58 75 76 78 77 66 70 71 79 60 63 61 62 65 64 % 17 18 22 21 19 29 20 27 28 25 23 24 26 30 31 41 42 32 35 36 37 33 34 38 39 40 % 43 44 46 45
Campanula sparsa Friv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + + + r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1 . . .
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 . 8 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . 12 . . . .
Carpinus orientalis Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 15 . . . .
Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. deltoides 
(R.P.Adams) N.G.Passal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . + . 8 . 1 1 .
Syringa vulgaris L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 2b + . . . 12 . . . .
Trifolium medium L. subsp. balcanicum Velen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 . . 1
Cotinus cogyggria Scop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . 8 . . . .
Galium pseudaristatum Schur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . 1
Vincetoxicum hyrundinaria Medicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . . 8 . . . .
Acer hyrcanum Fish. C. A. Mey. subsp. 
intermedium (Pančić) Palam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Chamaecytisus frivaldskyanus (Degen) Kuzmanov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . .
Coronilla emerus L. subsp. emeroides (Boiss. & 
Spruner) Holmboe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Quercus pubescens Willd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . 4 . . . .
Other species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth. . . . 1 + + 2b + + . . . . . . . . . 1 3 2b 2b 3 3 2b 52 2b 2b 1 1 1 1 2b 1 2b + + 1 + 1 2b 1 + 2b 1 2b . . 2b 2b 2b 3 92 2b 1 . 1
Fragaria vesca L. . . . 1 + + + + + + 1 + + + 1 1 1 1 . + 1 1 2b 1 1 84 . + . . . + + 1 + + . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . 1 2b 1
Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 1 . 1 16 . . . . . . + . 2m + . + 2m 2m 2m . + 2m + . . + 1 . . + 50 2b 1 1 1
Sorbus aucuparia L. . . . 2b + + + + + 1 . . . . . . 1 + + . . . . 2b 1 48 + + + . . + . + + + . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 . . . .
Teucrium chamaedrys L. 1 1 + . . . . . . + 1 + . . + . . . 2b . . . . . . 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . + + + . 1 + . 27 1 . . .
Corylus avellana L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b . . . . . . 4 + 1 . . . . + 2b 2b . + . + + + . . 2b + + . . + . . . 50 + . . .
Geranium sanguineum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . r . . . r . . . . r . . . + + + + + + + + + 46 1 . . .
Ajuga reptans L. . . . + + + + + + . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 1 32 . . . . + . . . . . + . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . .
Thesium bavarum Schrank + + 1 1 1 + + 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 12 . . . .
Dianthus petraeus Waldst. et Kit. subsp. 
petraeus 1 2b + . 1 + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 8 . . . .
Origanum vulgare L. 1 1 1 . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . + + + . . + 19 . . . 1
Chamaecytisus austriacus (L.) Link. 1 1 + . + + + + + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Rubus saxatilis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . 4 . . . . . + + + + + . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 31 . . . 1
Campanula glomerata L. subsp. glomerata 1 1 1 . 1 + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Jurinea mollis (L.) Rchb. subsp. anatolica 
(Boiss.) Stoj. 1 1 + + 1 + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . + + + + + + . . r 35 . . . .
Seseli rigidum Waldst. et Kit. var. rigidum 2b 2b + + 1 + + 1 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Solidago virgaurea L. . . . + + + 1 + + . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 28 . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . .
Coronilla varia L. + + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . 1 + . . + 19 . . . .
Dorycnium herbaceum Vill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + + + + + + 31 . . . .
Galium verum L. . . . + 1 + 1 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2b . 1 .
Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + . . + + + . . . 31 . . . .
Polypodium vulgare L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + + + . + + + + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . .
Campanula rotundifolia L. + + 1 . 1 + . + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Bryophyta sp. indent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + 2m 2m . 2b . + . . 2m + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 . . . .
Rubus idaeus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . + . . + . + . . . . . . . . . + . . 19 . 1 . 1
Tussilago farfara L. . . . . + + 1 + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Asplenium trichomanes L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + + . . + + . + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . .
Astragalus monspessulanum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . + + + 23 . . . .
Chamaecytisus ciliatus (Wahlenb.) Rothm. 1 1 1 . . . 1 . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Gentiana asclepiadea L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . + + r . . . + + . . . + . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . .
Geranium macrorrhizum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + 2b + . . 2b . . . . . . + . . . . . r . . . . . . . 23 . . . .
Sedum ochroleucum Chaix . . . + 1 + + 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Vicia sepium L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . + r + . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . .
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
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R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releve 55 57 56 67 68 69 72 73 74 59 58 75 76 78 77 66 70 71 79 60 63 61 62 65 64 % 17 18 22 21 19 29 20 27 28 25 23 24 26 30 31 41 42 32 35 36 37 33 34 38 39 40 % 43 44 46 45
Viola odorata L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . 4 . . . . . . . . + + + + . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 19 . . . .
Campanula cervicaria L. . . . . 1 + 1 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Campanula moesiaca Velen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + r . . . . . . + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . .
Carlina vulgaris L. 1 1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . + 8 . . . .
Clematis vitalba L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . r . . . . + . . + + + . . . . . . . 19 . . . .
Euphorbia cyparissias L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . + + + + 19 . . . .
Galium sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . + + + . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . .
Lapsana communis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r + 1 1 1 . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Silene alba (Mill.) E. Krause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . + . . + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 19 . . . .
Festuca dalmatica (Hack.) K. Rich. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b . . . . + + 1 . 15 . . . .
Rhamnus catharticus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . . . 15 . . . .
Saxifraga rotundifolia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + + . . . + . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . .
Scabiosa trinifolia Friv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + . 15 . . . .
Thymus callieri Borbas ex Velen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . + . + + . 15 . . . .
Asperula cynanchica L. subsp. cynanchica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + . 12 . . . .
Aster amellus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2b + 12 . . . .
Carex divulsa Stokes 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Hypericum perforatum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . r . . r + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . .
Juniperus sibirica Burgsd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . . 1 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Peucedanum austriacum (Jacq.) Koch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b 2b + 12 . . . .
Scorzonera hispanica L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . + . 12 . . . .
Senecio doria L. subsp. umbrosus (Waldst. & 
Kit.) Soó + + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Tanacetum vulgare L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . + . . . 12 . . . .
Teucrium montanum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + . 12 . . . .
Veronica chamaedrys L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . .
Achillea ageratifolia (Sm.) Boiss. 2b 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Asplenium adianthum-nigrum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . 8 . . . .
Asplenium viride Huds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 4 . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Carlina acanthifolia All. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . + . 8 . . . .
Carum graecum Boiss.& Heldr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 . .
Chondrilla urumoffii Degen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 8 . . . .
Dicranum scoparium Hedw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 8 . . . .
Evonymus europaeus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Geum urbanum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 1 . . .
Heracleum ternatum Velen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . .
Hieracium villosum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 . .
Hypericum maculatum Crantz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . 1
Inula britannica L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . 8 . . . .
Laserpitium latifolium L. var. latifolia . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Linum hirsutum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 8 . . . .
Orobanche sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . . 8 . . . .
Ranunculus montanus Willd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 1 1
Rosa obtusifolia Desv. (R. dumetorum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . 4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Sedum hispanicum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . 8 . . . .
Sesleria coerulans Friv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 . .
Stachys recta L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . 8 . . . .
Thalictrum minus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . 8 . . . .
Trachelium rumelianum Hampe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . + . . . . 8 . . .
Trifolium alpestre L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 1 . . .
Achillea clypeolata Sm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . 4 . . . .
Achillea grandifolia Friv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
157
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releve 55 57 56 67 68 69 72 73 74 59 58 75 76 78 77 66 70 71 79 60 63 61 62 65 64 % 17 18 22 21 19 29 20 27 28 25 23 24 26 30 31 41 42 32 35 36 37 33 34 38 39 40 % 43 44 46 45
Viola odorata L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . 4 . . . . . . . . + + + + . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 19 . . . .
Campanula cervicaria L. . . . . 1 + 1 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Campanula moesiaca Velen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + r . . . . . . + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . .
Carlina vulgaris L. 1 1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . + 8 . . . .
Clematis vitalba L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . r . . . . + . . + + + . . . . . . . 19 . . . .
Euphorbia cyparissias L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . + + + + 19 . . . .
Galium sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . + + + . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . .
Lapsana communis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r + 1 1 1 . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Silene alba (Mill.) E. Krause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . + . . + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 19 . . . .
Festuca dalmatica (Hack.) K. Rich. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b . . . . + + 1 . 15 . . . .
Rhamnus catharticus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . . . 15 . . . .
Saxifraga rotundifolia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + + . . . + . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . .
Scabiosa trinifolia Friv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + . 15 . . . .
Thymus callieri Borbas ex Velen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . + . + + . 15 . . . .
Asperula cynanchica L. subsp. cynanchica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + . 12 . . . .
Aster amellus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2b + 12 . . . .
Carex divulsa Stokes 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Hypericum perforatum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . r . . r + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . .
Juniperus sibirica Burgsd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . . 1 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Peucedanum austriacum (Jacq.) Koch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b 2b + 12 . . . .
Scorzonera hispanica L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . + . 12 . . . .
Senecio doria L. subsp. umbrosus (Waldst. & 
Kit.) Soó + + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Tanacetum vulgare L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . + . . . 12 . . . .
Teucrium montanum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + . 12 . . . .
Veronica chamaedrys L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . .
Achillea ageratifolia (Sm.) Boiss. 2b 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Asplenium adianthum-nigrum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . 8 . . . .
Asplenium viride Huds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 4 . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Carlina acanthifolia All. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . + . 8 . . . .
Carum graecum Boiss.& Heldr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 . .
Chondrilla urumoffii Degen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 8 . . . .
Dicranum scoparium Hedw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 8 . . . .
Evonymus europaeus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Geum urbanum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 1 . . .
Heracleum ternatum Velen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . .
Hieracium villosum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 . .
Hypericum maculatum Crantz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . 1
Inula britannica L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . 8 . . . .
Laserpitium latifolium L. var. latifolia . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Linum hirsutum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 8 . . . .
Orobanche sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . . 8 . . . .
Ranunculus montanus Willd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 1 1
Rosa obtusifolia Desv. (R. dumetorum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . 4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Sedum hispanicum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . 8 . . . .
Sesleria coerulans Friv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 . .
Stachys recta L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . 8 . . . .
Thalictrum minus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . 8 . . . .
Trachelium rumelianum Hampe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . + . . . . 8 . . .
Trifolium alpestre L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 1 . . .
Achillea clypeolata Sm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . 4 . . . .
Achillea grandifolia Friv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
158
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releve 55 57 56 67 68 69 72 73 74 59 58 75 76 78 77 66 70 71 79 60 63 61 62 65 64 % 17 18 22 21 19 29 20 27 28 25 23 24 26 30 31 41 42 32 35 36 37 33 34 38 39 40 % 43 44 46 45
Acinos sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Aegopodium podagraria L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Allium flavum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 4 . . . .
Anthemis tinctoria L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . 4 . . . .
Anthericum liliago L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + + 12 . . . .
Astragalus sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Briza maxima L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 1
Briza media L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 4 . . . .
Bromus tectorum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 4 . . . .
Centaurea stoebe L. gr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 . . . .
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Dianthus armeria L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . 4 . . . .
Epilobium angustifolium L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Erophylla verna (L.) Chevall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Euphorbia myrsinites L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . 4 . . . .
Euphrasia rostkoviana Hayne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . 4 . . . .
Festuca nigrescens Lam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 1 .
Festuca valesiaca Schleich. ex Gaudin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Filipendula vulgaris Moench. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 1 .
Fragaria viridis Duchense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2b . . .
Galium album Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 1 .
Galium aparine L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Genista tinctoria L. . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Gentiana cruciata L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . 4 . . . .
Geranium sylvaticum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Hieracium hoppeanum Schult. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Hieracium lachenalli Suter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 4 . . . .
Inula aschersoniana Janka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 . . . .
Lathyrus sylvestris L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Linum uninerve (Rochel) Borbas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Lobaria pulmonaria L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Lotus corniculatus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 1 .
Lysimachia punctata L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Melica ciliata L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 4 . . . .
Micromeria frivaldszkyana (Degen) Velen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 4 . . . .
Micromeria cristata (Hampe) Griseb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 . . . .
Minuartia rhodopaea (Degen) Kozuharov et 
Kuzmanov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 . . . .
Moehringia pendula (Waldst. et Kit.) Fenzl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Morus alba L. . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Pastinaca sativa L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 . . . .
Pimpinella peregrina L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 4 . . . .
Pimpinella saxifraga L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Plantago lanceolata L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Pleurozium shreberi (Michx.) Trevis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Poa pratensis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 1 .
Polygala major Jacq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 4 . . . .
Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Prunella vulgaris L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Ranunculus sprunerianum Boiss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (Brid.) Mitt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2b 4 . . . .
Ribes alpinum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
159
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releve 55 57 56 67 68 69 72 73 74 59 58 75 76 78 77 66 70 71 79 60 63 61 62 65 64 % 17 18 22 21 19 29 20 27 28 25 23 24 26 30 31 41 42 32 35 36 37 33 34 38 39 40 % 43 44 46 45
Acinos sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Aegopodium podagraria L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Allium flavum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 4 . . . .
Anthemis tinctoria L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . 4 . . . .
Anthericum liliago L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + + 12 . . . .
Astragalus sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Briza maxima L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 1
Briza media L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 4 . . . .
Bromus tectorum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 4 . . . .
Centaurea stoebe L. gr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 . . . .
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Dianthus armeria L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . 4 . . . .
Epilobium angustifolium L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Erophylla verna (L.) Chevall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Euphorbia myrsinites L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . 4 . . . .
Euphrasia rostkoviana Hayne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . 4 . . . .
Festuca nigrescens Lam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 1 .
Festuca valesiaca Schleich. ex Gaudin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Filipendula vulgaris Moench. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 1 .
Fragaria viridis Duchense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2b . . .
Galium album Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 1 .
Galium aparine L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Genista tinctoria L. . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Gentiana cruciata L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . 4 . . . .
Geranium sylvaticum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Hieracium hoppeanum Schult. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Hieracium lachenalli Suter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 4 . . . .
Inula aschersoniana Janka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 . . . .
Lathyrus sylvestris L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Linum uninerve (Rochel) Borbas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Lobaria pulmonaria L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Lotus corniculatus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 1 .
Lysimachia punctata L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Melica ciliata L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 4 . . . .
Micromeria frivaldszkyana (Degen) Velen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 4 . . . .
Micromeria cristata (Hampe) Griseb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 . . . .
Minuartia rhodopaea (Degen) Kozuharov et 
Kuzmanov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 . . . .
Moehringia pendula (Waldst. et Kit.) Fenzl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Morus alba L. . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Pastinaca sativa L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 . . . .
Pimpinella peregrina L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 4 . . . .
Pimpinella saxifraga L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Plantago lanceolata L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Pleurozium shreberi (Michx.) Trevis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Poa pratensis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 1 .
Polygala major Jacq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 4 . . . .
Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Prunella vulgaris L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Ranunculus sprunerianum Boiss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (Brid.) Mitt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2b 4 . . . .
Ribes alpinum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
160
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releve 55 57 56 67 68 69 72 73 74 59 58 75 76 78 77 66 70 71 79 60 63 61 62 65 64 % 17 18 22 21 19 29 20 27 28 25 23 24 26 30 31 41 42 32 35 36 37 33 34 38 39 40 % 43 44 46 45
Rosa pimpineifolia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Rubus caesius L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Rubus serpens Weihe ex Lej. et Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Sagina procumbens L. . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Salix caprea L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 4 . . . .
Sanguisorba minor Scop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . 4 . . . .
Saxifraga strybrnyi (Velen.) Podp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 . . . .
Sedum maximum (L.) Suter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 4 . . . .
Selaginella helvetica (L.) Spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Senecio sylvaticus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Seseli rhodopaeum Velen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 4 . . . .
Silene vulgaris (Moench.) Garke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . 4 . . . .
Stellaria graminea L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . 4 . . . .
Thalictrum simplex L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Thymus jankae Celak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Thymus striatus Vahl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Trifolium montanum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Urtica dioica L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Valleriana officinalis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Veronica hederifolia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Viburnum opulus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Vicia cassubica L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 1
Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 . . . .
Viola dacica Borbas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 1 . .
17/2 • 2018, 125–161
161
R. Tzonev, M. Dimitrov, Ch. Gussev, V. Vulchev, & I. Nikolov 
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra 
subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria 
Number of releve 55 57 56 67 68 69 72 73 74 59 58 75 76 78 77 66 70 71 79 60 63 61 62 65 64 % 17 18 22 21 19 29 20 27 28 25 23 24 26 30 31 41 42 32 35 36 37 33 34 38 39 40 % 43 44 46 45
Rosa pimpineifolia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Rubus caesius L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Rubus serpens Weihe ex Lej. et Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Sagina procumbens L. . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Salix caprea L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 4 . . . .
Sanguisorba minor Scop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . 4 . . . .
Saxifraga strybrnyi (Velen.) Podp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 . . . .
Sedum maximum (L.) Suter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 4 . . . .
Selaginella helvetica (L.) Spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Senecio sylvaticus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Seseli rhodopaeum Velen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 4 . . . .
Silene vulgaris (Moench.) Garke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . 4 . . . .
Stellaria graminea L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . 4 . . . .
Thalictrum simplex L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Thymus jankae Celak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . .
Thymus striatus Vahl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Trifolium montanum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Urtica dioica L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Valleriana officinalis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Veronica hederifolia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
Viburnum opulus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . .
Vicia cassubica L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 1
Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 4 . . . .
Viola dacica Borbas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 1 . .