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lambito le formazioni fasciste e non avrebbe avuto al-cuna realizzazione pratica. Il quadro generale disegnato da Oliva e cosi quello di "titini" per i quali antidemoc-raticita e ferocia sarebbero elementi innati e caratteriz-zanti, mentre nel caso degli anglo-americani e dei "de-mocratici" italiani si tratterebbe di singoli episodi, che non ne inficiano l'essenza democratica.
Traspare pero anche un altro stereotipo, quello dei "titini", ovvero dei partigiani di Tito, stranieri a Trieste, estranei che avrebbero infranto e offeso la civilta della citta italiana. E dimentica che tra i "titini" e gli "jugo-slavi" che avrebbero "occupato" Trieste erano molti i tri -estini, tanto di nazionalita slovena che italiana. Evidentemente per Oliva non basta essere nati e cresciuti a Trieste per essere considerati triestini. Come non e suffi-ciente, se si e scelto di combattere nelle formazioni "titine", essere di madrelingua italiana ed essere nati in qualche localita dell'Italia meridionale per poter essere considerati italiani. Tanto piu poi se si e anche stati sostenitori dell'annessione di Trieste alla Jugoslavia.
A quanto pare anche Oliva e stato colpito dalla malattia tanto diffusa tra la piccola borghesia ed i ceti intellettuali italiani di Trieste: la convinzione che la citta si identifichi con loro e con i loro valori e che tutto cio che si discosta da tali valori e dal loro tipo di civilta e barbaro ed estraneo alla citta. Come mi pare evidente che anche Oliva, come tanti altri storici italiani, ha grosse difficolta a definire gli italiani. Diventa ormai in-dispensabile che lui ed i suoi colleghi ci spieghino una volta per tutte quali siano le caratteristiche che deve possedere il singolo per poter essere incluso tra gli ita-liani, o tra coloro che questi storici amano definire "di sentimenti italiani".
Visto il tipo di impostazione non sorprendono al-cune perle presenti nel libro. La prima riguarda la quan-tificazione del fenomeno delle esecuzioni. Dopo aver affermato che non e possibile giungere a dati certi, l'Oliva pone sullo stesso piano le cifre sostenute dagli ambienti delle organizzazioni dei profughi e del col-laborazionismo istriano e quella di circa 5.000 persone uccise, che egli stesso afferma essere la cifra ritenuta piu attendibile tanto dagli storici sloveni che da quelli italiani. Nonostante questa affermazione egli non la fa propria, ma afferma del tutto arbitrariamente che la cifra piu probabile e quella di circa 10.000 vittime. Egual-mente arbitrarie sono anche le affermazioni di Oliva riguardo all'esodo dall'Istria e dalla Dalmazia. In base a cosa afferma che si e trattato di una espulsione? Su quali dati basa l'affermazione che i profughi furono circa 300.000? E da dove gli deriva la certezza che si trattasse esclusivamente di italiani?
Anche la ripetuta affermazione che gli jugoslavi avrebbero arrestato ed eliminato anche antifascisti e ad-dirittura comunisti italiani non e sostenuta da nessun dato quantitativo del fenomeno. Oliva si limita a utiliz-zare espressioni generiche come "molti" e "un numero
non indifferente", che non dicono nulla di preciso, la-sciano pero intendere molto, anche che la gran parte delle persone scomparse appartenessero a queste due categorie particolari. In questi casi l'Oliva ha semplice-mente attribuito carattere di scientificita alle tesi e ai dati sostenuti dagli ambienti delle organizzazioni dei profughi, e li ha fatti propri per inserirli nel quadro della costruzione della nuova storia nazionale italiana.
Un simile approccio puo indubbiamente essere utile alla fondazione di storie nazionali e al rafforzamento del mito dell'Occidente portatore esclusivo di civilta e liberta. Ma l'ottica degli interessi nazionali (e del nazio-nalismo) non e pero sufficiente per una comprensione piena della storia, perché non puo spiegare p. es. il fatto che sloveni, italiani e croati si trovarono a combattere nelle fila di tutte la parti in lotta, tanto dalla parte dei nazifascisti che dei "titini" e degli Alleati. Come l'at-tribuire all'Occidente il monopolio esclusivo della de-mocraticita e della bonta di propositi non consente di chiarire perché fu proprio questo stesso Occidente ad essere la culla di fascismo e nazismo.
Sandi Volk
Matjaž Klemencic - Milica Trebše-Stolfa (eds):
SLOVENSKO IZSELJENSTVO - ZBORNIK OB 50.
LETNICI SLOVENSKE IZSELJENSKE MATICE (Slovene Emigration - the booklet published at the 50th anniversary of the Slovene Emigration Society).
Ljubljana, Združenje Slovenska izseljenska matica, 2001, pp. 375
The "Slovene Emigration" booklet was published at the 50th anniversary of the Slovene Emigration Society towards the end of 2001. It was edited by Milica Trebše Stolfa MSc (as chief editor) and Matjaž Klemenčič PhD (as executive editor). The booklet covers 375 pages and was published with the aid of the Slovene Ministry of Culture. The prefatory part of the booklet consists, apart from the accompanying text contributed by Milan Kučan, President of the Republic of Slovenia, of the introductory thoughts by Milica Trebše Stolfa, President of the Slovene Emigration Society, and the Editorial, in which the booklet's contents are presented. Namely, on the occasion of the Society's important anniversary the booklet depicts, in detail, not only the work carried out so far and the institutions taking part, but the entire Slovene emigration in general, i.e. the attitude of Slovene emigrants towards their original homeland, the specificity of their linguistic expression, and their creations in the field of culture. Apart from it, the numerous experts for the emigration issues attempt to estimate the number of Slovene communities in the world and to present, in
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some greater detail, individual Slovene entities on separate continents, from North and South Americas to Australia, from Western Europe to the countries in the territory of the former Yugoslavia. It is interesting that not only Slovene experts participate in the booklet with their contributions, but the emigrants themselves, with a number of contributed texts. In the first, general part, the booklet consists of ten contributions, while in the second part, in which Slovenes across the entire world are presented in detail, we can read another thirteen texts by various authors. The booklet concludes with a documentational part, in which a selected bibliography of the Slovene emigrants is presented.
Part 1 of the booklet embraces the texts contributed by Janez Rogelj (Petdeset let slovenske izseljenske matice / Fifty Years of the Slovene Emigration Society), Matjaž Klemenčič (Odnos slovenskih izseljencev do stare domovine / Attitude of the Slovene Imigrants Towards Their Original Homeland), Nada Sabec (Jezik slovenskih izseljencev / The Language of Slovene Emigrants), Janja Žitnik (Književnost slovenskih izseljencev / The Literature of Slovene Emigrants), Irene Mislej (Pregled slovenskih izseljenih likovnih ustvarjalcev / An
Overview of the Slovene Emigrated Fine Artists), Milica Trebše Stolfa (Arhivsko gradivo je narodov spomin / Archival Material is a Nation's Memory), Jože Prešeren (Slovenske sledi v svetu / Slovene Tracks Left in the World), Bogdan Kolar (Mesto Cerkve med Slovenci po svetu in njen prispevek za ohranjanje narodnosti / Position of the Church Amongst the Slovenes across the World and its Contribution Towards the Preservation of their National Identity), Mihael Kuzmič (Slovenski protestanti in izseljenstvo / Slovene Protestants and Emigration) and Aleksej Kalc (Izseljevanje z zahodnega roba slovenskega etničnega prostora / Emigration From the Western Edge of the Slovene Ethnic Territory).
Part 2 of the booklet is arranged regionally: 6 texts deal with the issues concerning the Slovenes in North America, two with the emigrants in South America, three with those in Australia, two with the Slovenes in Western Europe, and four with the Slovenes living in the successor-states of the former Yugoslavia. In greater detail, the following topics are dealt with in this part of the booklet: migration of the Slovenes to North America (Marjan Drnovšek), Slovene communities and organised forms of emigration in the States (Matjaž Klemenčič), Slovene national homes in the States (Joseph Valenčič), social-cultural creations by the Slovene emigrants to Canada (Mirko Jurak), Slovene compatriots and their organisations in Canada (Milica Trebše Stolfa), emigration as an economic factor: the case of the Canadian Slovenes (Cvetka Kocjančič), emigrants to South America (Irene Mislej), Slovene political emigration in Argentina (Zvone Žigon), Slovene settlers in Australia (Breda Če-bulj Sajko), Slovene national homes (Jože Prešeren), literary creations by the Australian Slovenes (Igor Maver), Slovene emigrants to Western Europe before the end of World War II (Marjan Drnovšek), Slovene emigrants to Western Europe after World War II (Jernej Zupančič), Slovenes in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Marija Dolinšek Divčic), Slovenes in Croatia (Darko Sonc), Slovenes in Serbia (Franc Cevc) and Slovenes in Macedonia (Amalija Jovanovic).
In view of the high number of authors, their different places of residence, their standpoints and attitudes towards the dealt with issues, the structure of separate contributions is fairly diverse which, however, presents no serious problems to the reader. We could even say that the heterogeneousness of the booklet as far as its contents and style are concerned is sooner a quality than a deficiency, for in this way it gives us an insight into an exceptional complexity of views on the emigration issues. Apart from this, the two editors made sure that all the articles were equipped with bibliography, with the aid of which a researcher or all those interested in the dealt with subjects can further improve their knowledge. Namely, one of the great advantage of the booklet lies in the fact that in one place it gathered numerous pieces of information on the emigration issues
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and that at the same time it presents the results gained so far in a clear manner, which makes them accessible even to a wider circle of readers, e.g. students or journalists as well as to the lay public facing the complexities of the Slovene emigration or the Slovenes in the world in general for the first time. Great aids in this respect are numerous photographs, index of authors, and especially the concluding documentational part with the stated basic bibliographies, periodicals and more important publications. In the very selected bibliography, however, it would be advisable to do away with certain deficiencies, which derive from the fact that only those works were taken into consideration in the booklet, which had been published in the form of books or monographs. Some minor faults can also be detected in the texts themselves, such as the one in the table on p. 122 in which the estimates of the total number of Slovene emigrants are gathered (for Argentina, the number 1550 is stated, which is of course not in line with the actual situation and is altering the total number of Slovenes across the world). In the same table, we also cannot find a datum for the number of estimated emigrants in Italy, which is otherwise stated elsewhere in the booklet.
As a whole, the booklet no doubt deserves high marks, for it has filled the gap in the Slovene journalism covering this complex issue. It has not merely enumerated the many interesting facts associated with the Slovenes across the world but has called our attention to the numerous open questions concerning the Slovene emigration and further perspectives of the Slovene communities outside the Republic of Slovenia. Here the Slovene researchers, as well as the Slovene state itself, will have to devote, in contrast to the past when mostly emotional relations prevailed in relations with emigrants, much greater attention to the emigrants'situation, social status, linguistic practices, the rate of integration with the majority society, relationship with the original environment and, last but not least, to the additional opportunities of the Slovene state to suitably promote, through its very emigrants, its culture and at the same time to associate more closely, socially and economically, with the countries in which these communities are active. Within this framework we are convinced that the Slovene Emigration Society will continue to play an important part in retaining close relations between Slovene emigrants and their native soil.
Milan Bufon
Rada Cossutta: NAREČNA PODOBA KRIŽA PRI TRSTU
(Dialectal Profile of Križ near Trieste). Knjižnica Annales, 25. Koper, Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko - Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Republike Slovenije Koper, 2001, pp. 127
Rada Košuta (Cossutta), a Trieste Slovene, is a researcher of Slavic studies at the School of Modern Languages for Interpreters and Translators in Trieste. She has been co-operating with SRC Koper in the field of dialectology for several years. After obtaining the high school certificate of classical lyceum in Trieste, she continued her studies at the Faculty of Arts, where she graduated from classical philology. She completed her master's and doctoral theses, dealing with Slovene dialectology, at the Faculty of Arts in Ljubljana under the mentorship of Professor Tine Logar. These provided an excellent starting point for dialectological research in linguistically diverse territories such as Slovene Istria and bordering areas. Within the framework of dialectological research her main interest lies in so-called specialised terminologies (e.g. viticulture, agriculture, animal husbandry, microto-ponyms, oleoculture, etc.). For the oldest linguistic layers they usually hide, these are of undisputed importance for linguistics. She is also a researcher of Romance and Germanic loan words in Slovene vernaculars in the light
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