Peter Pavel Klasinc1
ARCHIVAL SCIENCE - TODAY
Abstract:
In this paper the author is convinced that today is the time when archival science can be defined in de-
tail or even redefined. In professional archival literature we can find many definitions of archival sci-
ence, which we can accept or take knowledge of without problems. If we analyze these definitions, 
we will, as a result, determine whether these definitions are still really appropriate for present time.
The new definition of archival science was primarily referred to by the results of the preparation of 
materials for the accreditation of study programs in archival science (Ist degree - Bachelor’s degree), 
archival science and records management (2nd degree - master of archival science and documentol-
ogy) and archival science (3rd degree-doctor of archival science) at Alma Mater Europaea - European 
Center Maribor.
The author in this paper is trying to redefine the basic definition of archival science. Therefore, the 
author makes the following statement: “Archival science is an independent, academic, multidiscipli-
nary and interdisciplinary science”.
Keywords: archival science, definition, redefinition, relations, archival studies
1 INTRODUCTION
What does »scientific« mean? It is considered that by the word “science” we can define all 
those activities which satisfy the following research criteria:
1. knowledge of the subject of research,
2. the causes of research and
3. methods of research. (Duranti, 2000: 242)
It is indisputable that in the effort to apply archival science as an academic science, the 
same criteria are taken into account that are used in the application of other sciences. The 
historical past of archival science may be based on one of the oldest documents dealing 
with archival theory and practice and is present in the “office management manual” (if so 
called) that was created in 1571. (Weidling, 2013: 270-271)
From the viewpoint of what constitutes archival science activities today, we can say that it 
“deals with archival and current records”. (Posner, 1997: 17-62). Recently, archival science 
can be traced in the light of the existence and organization of e-commerce, in the creation 
of electronic documents. (Duranti, 1996: 46-67)
First it is right to present an indicative overview of definitions of archival science and there 
are many of them. We will start this task, which is more personal in character, with Dr. 
Wolfgang Leesch, whose research traces the methods, the breakdown and the impor-
tance of archival science. (Leesch, 1956: 13). He asserts that “everyone knows archives 
as guardians of important written sources, but they do not know anything about archival 
science”. For this reason, in the context of this finding, the question arises whether archival 
science is a science at all, especially if we see that there is nothing or very little written 
down about archival science. (Klasinc, 2011)
1 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Peter Pavel Klasinc, Archival Councilor  
Director of International Institute for Archival Science Trieste/Maribor, Trieste, Italy 
Dean od Archives and Records Management Studies at Alma Mater Europaea - European Center Maribor
10 ARCHIVAL SCIENCE - TODAY Peter Pavel Klasinc
In this overview of the definitions of archival science we should briefly get acquainted 
with Dr. Willy Flachom’s standpoint, who places archival science within the discipline of 
archival professional work, especially those elements that serve “protecting, preparing 
and transmitting historical sources.” (Flach, 1953:42) This definition does not convince us 
of the sufficiency of justification based on archival professional work.
Increased interest in definitions of archival science brings us to Dr. Adolf Brennecker, who 
formally introduced the principles of the developmental principle of archival science in 
1897 in the Prussian Secret State Archives. The result of the scientific justification of ar-
chival science by the Dutch archivists puts in front of us the fact of a “logically constructed 
system” and thus places archival science in the same position with other sciences.
In addition to this established definition of archival science, we should add the theory of 
Dutch archivists, who, among other things, determined that “the an archive is a whole 
that can not be arbitrarily shaped”.
This position is and should be the basis for the professional work of each archivist, who 
“must not take out records and treat them individually”. Archivists always and everywhere 
follow their affiliation. Such instructions can be found in the Glossary of Archival Terminol-
ogy. (Pearce – Moses, 2005). 
There has been an extensive list of professional literature published over the last forty 
years, which contains a number of definitions of archival science. These definitions de-
pend on the activities of the authors of contributions. It is not our intention to disagree 
with these definitions, since we can be sure that many of them form certain foundations, 
programs, definitions, descriptions and other elements of presentations of archival sci-
ence. Our task is to set the definition of archival science with plenty of professional tol-
erance and mutual professional cooperation. That way, a more favorable outcome re-
garding the definition of archival science will be achieved in many environments. The 
integration of archival science into archival theory and practice will be enhanced in the 
environment where archives operate. (Burke, 1981; Katelaar, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2008, 
2014; Katelaar-Thomassen, 1999; Cook, 2013:116)
It is indisputable that archivists always and everywhere follow the affiliation of archival 
principles; therefore, archival science has no intention of investigating a particular docu-
ment but rather explores it:
• the structure of the entire archive and the structure of the funds,
• the history of the archives and the history of funds,
• documents that are the basis of each fund,
• the dependence of archival science on archival theory and practice, and vice versa
• the methods and principles under which an archive or fund was formed,
• the origin, existence and operation of each archive or fund.
The fact is that archival science cannot comprise researches that focus solely on archival 
records; however, the content od archival records cannot be the matter of archival sci-
ence either.
We must be invariably aware of the conceptual differences between acts, convolutes, 
documents and records from certain peculiarities, such as, for example, birth records, 
records of married and deceased, and other documents generated in office operations. 
These conceptual differences raise interest among historians and many other users of 
archival records. For archivists, these conceptual differences, by themselves, do not pose 
problems with regard to the editing of archival records.
11ARCHIVAL SCIENCE - TODAY Peter Pavel Klasinc
During the era of producing large quantities of documents, written on various sources, 
the large amounts of information contained in the archival records indicate that archi-
vists will not need to deal with auxiliary historical sciences in the future; sphragistics, 
paleography, diplomacy, geneology, heraldry, vectics, archeography, chronology, record 
management, and the like. However, we can say that all of the afore mentioned knowl-
edge cannot be seriously scrutinised without the use of archival records and profession-
al help from archivists. (Leesh, 1985:17)
2 ARCHIVAL SCIENCE 
Archival science has been developing in conditions taking into account the development 
of general science, the development of technology, the formation of countries, the for-
mation of national states, the functions of the state’s operations, the functions of office 
operations, the formation of premises for the preservation and protection of archives, the 
care of materials, the collection of archival records, the processing of archival records, the 
access and use of archival records, definitions of archival records, publications and use, ex-
hibitions and publications, presentations of archival records, inventories, legislation, the 
purpose of archival records, digitization of archival records (formerly microfilming) and 
training of professionals working with archival records. (Klasinc, 2018)
Consciously, recently we have been deciding on a new definition of archival science, espe-
cially after we began with the study of the second degree – Archival Science and Records 
Management - at Alma Mater Europaea, the European Center Maribor, and set up a new 
paradigm: “Archival science is an independent, academic, multidisciplinary and interdis-
ciplinary science.” We justify this by interpreting it as: independent - in terms of peda-
gogical, scholar and scientific research work; academic, because it is included in the study 
process at the university or faculty (Faculty of Archival Science.); multidisciplinary, due to 
various and general contents and information on archival records and data derived from 
archival records; interdisciplinary, because it contains in-depth views and approaches to 
uniform systems of a particular profession. 
For the science, however, it is necessary to know the subject, causes, methods and limita-
tions of research; in this case, all that it is necessary in the field of archival science. (Škoro 
Babić, 2017) 
We can divide archival science into the following elements:
• scholarly research work
• and professional theory and practice.
Taking into account the results of research published in the book of dr. Jože Žontar, “The 
Archives of the 20th Century”, and after a review of professional literature relating to ar-
chival theory and practice and to archival science as a whole, we will look through a few 
selected definitions of archival science, which were found on various websites pertaining 
to the works of various authors (google, wikipedia and some social networks).
These definitions have been developed in the past and in many areas today still actual. 
In any case, however, the definitions are closely related to the development of archival 
science (that is, archival science in general).
* Archival science is the science by which we mark some knowledge that deals with theo-
retical and practical solutions in the field of management of current and archival records.
* Archivalism is a new science that deals with appraisal, transferring archival records to 
archives, editing, description, long-term preservation, use and ensuring the credibility of 
archival records.
12 ARCHIVAL SCIENCE - TODAY Peter Pavel Klasinc
* Archival science covers the study of the knowledge needed for records and archival re-
cords management from its creation, for their arranging, evaluation, acceptance, descrip-
tion, long-term preservation, archiving and also subsequent use, regardless of whether 
the records are written in classical (paper) or electronic form.
* Archival science is a scientific discipline that must deal with all areas of archival theory 
and practice without compromise.
* Archival science is a science whose goal is not to research individual documents but to 
research the structure of all archival records (investigating its history, the origin and ap-
pearance of individual documents, the causes of the origin, and the causes and ways of 
appraisal - recognizing archival records among other current records).
* Archival science is a science that deals with archival theory and practice.
* Archival science is a science that deals with the establishing/formation of the fond.
* Archival science is a science that deals with archival and current records and documents.
* Archival science is a science that deals with the completed units, the files and ways of 
depositing of records.
* Archival science is a science that deals with the arrangement of current and archival re-
cords for the purpose of accessibility.
* Archival science is a science that addresses the legal issues of archives, the functioning of 
archives and standards.
* Archival science is a science that takes care of organizing work in archives.
* Archival science is a science that creates knowledge and methods that will justify the 
functioning and existence of archives.
* Archival science is a science that researches the existence, regulation, management, 
preservation, maintenance and the significance of archival records for the proving of 
some rights of the state or citizens, and to define a written cultural heritage.
* Archival science is a science that explores archival theory and practice, archival tech-
niques, archival legislation, history of archives and the rest.
In the above definitions, the most commonly used word is: science. In the analysis of 
definitions we find descriptions of archival professional work, appraisal, acceptance, 
editing, listing, preservation and access. In some definitions we can notice the finding 
that the archival records are kept in electronic form. Often we can find a recommenda-
tion on the compromise treatment of all areas of archival theory and practice and on the 
research of archival records for the purposes of historical research in the broadest sense 
of the word. Often, archival science is associated with activities that deal with archival 
theory and practice, the formation of a fond, archival and current records and in particu-
lar with documents, files or ways of depositing files. Archival science is also attached 
to legal questions about the functioning of archives, archival laws and by-laws, regu-
lations, and national and international standards. The international term for archival 
science is also the archivology. 2
Example 1. From the web pages of the Faculty of Arts in Zagreb, Croatia (Internet 1):
“Archival science is a set of knowledge about the nature and features of archival records 
and archives activities. Archival science is a relatively young science, it has developed over 
the past hundred years and today we can say that it has shaped its theory, methodology 
and practice. Archival theory is a collection of archival ideas about what archival records 
2 On the meaning of the word wrote Ass. Prof. Dr. Miroslav Novak in working material fort he acreditation of 
Master study of ARchival Science and Records Management. Maribor, 2012.
13ARCHIVAL SCIENCE - TODAY Peter Pavel Klasinc
are; archival methodology is a collection of archival ideas about how to handle these re-
cords; archival practice is the application of theoretical and methodological ideas in cer-
tain situations“3
Example 2. Wikipedia (Slovene) (Internet 2)
 »Archival science is an auxiliary science of history, which works in the field of archival 
material protection. With the help of archivists, we investigate archives as an institution, 
archival records and the theory of archiving«. 
Example 3. Archival Science (Internet 3)
Archival Science promotes the development of archival science as an autonomous scien-
tific discipline. The journal covers all aspects of archival science theory, methodology, and 
practice. Moreover, it investigates different ...
Example 4. Springer (Internet 4)
 »Archival science, or archival studies, is the study and theory of building and curating ar-
chives, which are collections of recordings and data storage devices. To build and curate 
an archive, one must acquire and evaluate recorded materials, and be able to access them 
later. To this end, archival science seeks to improve ...«
* The selected examples do not conflict with the above-mentioned definitions of archival 
science.
3 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF ARCHIVAL SCIENCE 
The claim that archival science is young as a science is not entirely true (paintings in under-
ground caves in Altamira and elsewhere). If we consider and interpret archival science in the 
broadest sense of the word, then we must take into account its historical development and 
closely associate it, at least in a certain period, with the emergence of individual national 
states. At the time of their establishment, these countries often took care of the creation and 
operation of their archives, employing people who worked and took care of archival records.
Looking back at the history of ancient Greece and its cities, we see that they had built spe-
cial spaces called “arheion” inside their centers, where they kept archival records, regard-
less of the basis on which it was written (clay tiles, later papyrus etc.).
History leads us to the realization that in the time of the Roman Empire they even had 
state officials, known as “tabularius” (or archivists). It is known that the Roman Empire 
was operating in an organizational manner in which special premises for the preservation 
of archives were being set up in major centers outside Rome. This claim can be justified 
by the appearance of the word “tabularius”, which is mostly interpreted with the activity 
of the archivist’s profession, and with the fact that two monuments - tombstones located 
in Ptuj and Ljubljana - have been kept in today’s territory of Slovenia, which preserved 
information on “Tabularius”.
It is also known that Karl the Great in the city of Achen, i.e., the center of his new country, 
organized a special space for the archives and employed individuals for taking care of pre-
serving archival records already in the 10th century.
Furthermore, we could add several other examples to the historcal overview. Perhaps we 
should draw attention to the Qumran manuscripts (Israel, the ruins of the former Khirbet 
3 Original text: »Arhivistika je skup znanja o naravi i značajkama arhivskoga gradiva i djelatnosti arhiva. Arhi-
vistika je razmjerno mlada znanost, razvila se posljednjih sto godina i danas možemo reći da je oblikovala 
svoju teoriju, metodologiju i praksu. Arhivska teorija je skup arhivističkih ideja o tome što je arhivsko gradi-
vo; arhivska metodologija je skup arhivističkih ideja o tome kako postupati s tim gradivom; arhivska praksa 
je primjena teoretskih i metodoloških ideja u određenim situacijama„.
14 ARCHIVAL SCIENCE - TODAY Peter Pavel Klasinc
Qumran settlement) belonging to a very old period, or perhaps to the new ones – the so 
called historical “capsules” that were discovered in the tower of the National House in Mar-
ibor or those found in Grammar School in Kranj. (Kne, 2017)
With all of the arguments presented above, we have tired to prove briefly that archival 
science is not really a young science; it is true, however, that data or records were not 
preserved for all historical periods, which could prove or that could directly justify the ex-
istence of archival science in the broadest sense of the word outside of the desrcibed ex-
amples and perhaps some others.
Modern archival theory and practice can be set in the 16th century, and this is associated with 
the emergence and the formation of national states; we can argue that when national states 
were created, individual state institutions were formed as well, and the development of na-
tional archives is indisputably connected with them. (Smole, 1976:83-85)
We can easily be convinced that archival science has been actually defined as a science over 
a long period of time and has its own development, which is closely connected to and in a 
certain interdependence of: 
a) Profesional technical development, the formation of archival spaces (architectural is-
sues, archival location issues, internal layout of premises), the relevance of equipment 
for archival records, archival boxes (manufacture, material, use) and among others
also climatic, safety and other conditions of professional technical protection;
b) Independent professional development (all questions of professional processing of
records, especially editing, describing, classification, etc.).
It is not clear where archival science will be placed in the future, in terms of the develop-
ment of information technologies and the principles of the functioning of the information 
society, with the separation of the creation of the document, information and archiving 
them. In the light of the findings from the historical presentation of the origins of archival 
science, we will discuss information technologies in the future as part of the development 
of archival theory and practice – so, also about archival science. Many areas and ways of 
data media, various documents created in digital form, including digitization of records, 
will be constantly changing according to the basic principles of archival theory and prac-
tice and archival science. However, the basic roots of this profession will not change, but 
will only be upgraded. (Hajtnik, 2010)
This development of archival science, which will not be finished in short notice, shows 
that in archival theory and practice we encounter many questions and expert issues, es-
pecially when we are talking about:
• the appraisal and selection of archival records from current records;
• collecting, storing and protecting archival records (as a proof of the operation of the state, 
state institutions, proof of the rights of the state or individual, sources for research);
• publicity and use of archival records;
• digitization of records;
• archival legislation (the first archival law in Slovenia in 1966);
• the application of archival records (appraisal and determination of archival records at
record creators);
• trainings for those who work with records;
• study programs of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree of the archival science, and obtaining the
title of a graduated archivist, a master of archival science and records management, and 
a doctor of archival science.
15ARCHIVAL SCIENCE - TODAY Peter Pavel Klasinc
From the brief history of archival activity we learn primarily about the fact that archival sci-
ence has actually been exercised over a long period of time. Following the development of 
the “Historia magistra vitae”, the follow-up of this development can lead us to the future 
development of archival science. The implementation of scientific research projects arising 
from archival theory and practice is therefore very extensive. They will not run out of re-
search in the future. Archival science will confirm the claim in the new definition that it is 
multidisciplinary to develop in parallel with the treatment of research topics related to ar-
chival records in classic formats stored in professional archival institutions around the world. 
At this moment, those records represent almost 100% of all archival records, but in the future 
this percentage will be reduced due to new information media and the development of 
public electronic archives, perhaps not as departments, but as independent institutions. Of 
course, we must draw attention to the fact that describing records from linear meters will be 
changed to the description of records in the databases (archival records in electronic form). 
In the future, the archives will carry out their basic mission, which is the appraisal, acquiring, 
professionally processing, preserving, maintaining, use of archival records as the written 
cultural heritage of the nation, of the state and of other areas where archives are created 
and archives operate as professional institutions. However, we do not give up the vision that 
the electronic archives will actually implement all of the above, and this will be focused on 
an activity that will allow public archival stakeholders and public in general to access the 
electronic archives..(Larin, 2017; Popovici, 2017; Rybakou, 2017)
4 CONCLUSION
It is indisputable that there are still many open questions regarding the views on archival 
science today. In any case, an in-depth analysis of the efforts of individuals, which have 
been pointed out in recent years in the desire to define archival science as an independent, 
academic, multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary science, would be needed. Many sought 
to find ways of joint co-existence with information sciences, social sciences, humanities, 
librarianship, historiography and the like. This fragmentation is reflected in some of the 
solutions related to the operation of archival services, which can be combined with librar-
ianship, museum, information sciences and the like, which is shown to be poor. We cannot 
claim that archival science is directly compatible with other sciences, but it is necessary to 
emerge always and everywhere from the roots of the development of archival science as 
a science, bearing in mind the Latin saying: “Per aspera ad astra”; we must be aware that 
these roots go a long way back to the past.
It is always unpleasantly surprising that we cannot decide in any way whether archival 
science is placed in the field of humanities or social sciences. Archival science must be in-
stalled in both areas. Due to the integrity and multidisciplinarity, which is reflected in the 
archival records, archival science is actually ranked in the field of social sciences.
Applying the new definition that “Archival science is an independent, academic, multidisci-
plinary and interdisciplinary science” is not only the desire of individuals who want to trans-
late such interpretations, but above of all those who are aware that many of the scientific and 
scholarly researches depend on the preservation and accessibility of archival records study, 
whether we talk about history, historical auxiliary sciences, historical geography, art history, 
history of literature, research on international relations and politics in general and the like.
In particular, we must link archival science to the complexity of archival records in some 
institutions, which also collect archival records. These are mainly libraries, museums, gal-
leries, information centers and the like, which is commonly referred to as the preservation 
of archival records in non-archival institutions. In these institutions archive records can be 
stored because of their basic activity.
16 ARCHIVAL SCIENCE - TODAY Peter Pavel Klasinc
There are also special archives that carry out elements of archival science and archival the-
ories and practices in special fields covered, for example, archives of architecture, librari-
anship, museums, economics, medicine, construction, mechanical engineering, law and 
many fields of creativity. 
Without archives and archival records, and taking into account information about archival 
fonds and information on archival records and data derived from archival records, multi-
disciplinary or interdisciplinary research will simply not be possible!
The fact is that archival science is a targeted science, and in a form of scientific and research 
activity deals with issues of creation, processing, protection and use of archival records 
and the like.
Archival science leads to a scientifically arranged archives, archival fonds and archival col-
lections, and according to the actual arrangement reflects the original order (provenance) 
at all levels, as well as the working methods of the creators.
This order will enable scientists, researchers, users of archives to have direct access to re-
sources - data that are fundamental to their research.
The national states and some other creators of archival records as cultural heritage, the 
memory of the nations, establish state and other archives, which are prescribed by law, 
provide buildings, equipment, wages for employees and financial resources for individual 
actions, while forgetting the necessity of training archival professionals, who will only be 
able to deal adequately with all the issues they face in their work if appropriately educat-
ed. We must be aware that there are significant differences between the environments 
where the archival institutions operate.
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18 ARCHIVAL SCIENCE - TODAY Peter Pavel Klasinc