PeKOHCTpy^MH MM^0^0^TMHecK0^0 oöpa3a
yTKM (Anas)
(no gaHHMM nucbMeHHux mctohhmkob m ^onbKnopa 6anTM^eB, cnaBXH m gpyrux M-E HapogoB)
Ponandac Kpe^M^uc
The article deals with the reconstruction of the mythopoetical image of a duck (Anas) according to the written sources and folklore data of Baltic, Slavic and the other Indo-European peoples. It also presents an etymological analysis of Russ. dial. amymKa 'devil, demon; Antichrist; hobgoblin, water-sprite, familiar, sylvan; trollop; poor person; pickle; curse'.
nepeg HananoM aHanu3a MM^0^0^TMHecK0^0 o6pa3a yTKM (Anas), Heo6xoguMo ynecTb to o6cToaTenbcTBo, mto TaKaa Mu^onoreMa He BbigenaeTca He TonbKo b cbo-gax no 6anTMMCKoM Mu^onoruu (BRMS; LM; Balys, Biezais 1973), ho m b paöoTax, noc-BH^eHKHX ^TOH TeMaTMKe (cp. Juciewicz 1846, 43-78, 93-135; Biezais 1974, 663 T.g.; 1975, 307 T.g.). npaBga, Mapua ruM6yTeHe (Gimbutiene 1985, 160) yTBep®gaeT, mto cMMBonMKy yTKM cnegyeT cooTHocuTb c 3ooMop^h^im o6hukom 6orMHM cygb6bi hutob-^b HaÜMa-ffann, T.e. oHa gon^Ha BocnpuHuMaTbca KaK Teo^opHbiö MM^onorunecKUM o6pa3 (Gimbutiene 1985, 139).
O TaKoM MM^oHMMe [T.e. aKmueno deücmBymm^eM MufionoaunecKOM nepconaMe] He ynoMMHaeTca u b uccnegoBaHuax u cBogax no cnaBHHCKoö1 MM^onoruu u ^THOKynb-Type (cp. CM 421, 429; CMa 473; Gimbutas 1967, 719 T.g.; Brückner 1918, 1980; Bene^aa 1978; OaMuH^ra 1995; Hugepne 2000; neTpyxuH 2000; Tpy6aqeB 2003, MagneBcKaa 2005), oh oTcyTcTByeT u b c6opHuKax gpeBHepyccKux mu^ob, cKa3aHuö u neTonuceö
B penuKToBbix o6pa3^ax gpeBHepyccKou pe3b6bi yTKu MacTo u3o6pa®aroTca TaHy^uMu HoMHoe conH^, KoTopoe HaxoguTca b nog3eMHbix Bogax (cp. ugeHTu^Hbiu motub yKpauHcKoro npegaHua 'KpacHocBti' (cm. 3aBagcbKa u gp. 2002, 37)) [o^eBugHbiu o6pa3e^ KoHBepreHTHoro npo^cca conapHoro u nyHapHoro Kynb-tob (cm. 1 cxeMy) - 3Ta pe^neKcua o6^euHgoeBponeucKou Tpagu^uu, nocKonbKy xopomo u3BecTHo, mto puMnaHe 6o®ecTBo homhoto cBeTa gyHy (Meca^ MTunu b tom ®e caMoM cBaTunu^e, rge npuHocunu ®ep-tbm ConH^y (Macrob. Sat. III 8, 3 - MC 321)]. Pbi6aKoB (1981, 236) yTBep®gaeT, mto yTKa aBnaeTca cumbo-noM conapHoro KynbTa, xoTa He o6tacHaeT 3Ha^eHua MacTo u3o6pa®aeMou Tpuagbi stux ^TU^ BogaHoro npocTpaHcTBa BoKpyr Kpyrnoro He6ecHoro Tena (cp. Pbi6aKoB 1981, 342, 344), KoTopbiu, no Bceu BuguMoc-tu, cnegyeT ucTonKoBbiBaTb KaK pe^epeHT nyHapHoro KynbTa, nocKonbKy uMeHHo nyHe cBoucTBeHHbi Tpu rnaBHbie ^a3bi (y^ep6Haa nyHa, [HoBonyHue - MacTo conocTaBnaeMaa c y^ep6Hou ^a3ou u3-3a To®gecT-BeHHoM ^opMbi], Bo3pacTaro^aa nyHa, nonHonyHue), cp. Mu^onoru^ecKue aneMeHTbi gpeBHux uHguu^B: MHgpa pacKanwBaeT gyHy-BpuTpy O [u3-3a noxu^eHua cTaga KopoB (RV X 8, 8-9), T.e. HapymeHua Mupo-Boro nopagKa « 3aMeHbi gHa b Ho^b O UM^nuKa^uu 3aTMeHua conH^]. noaBnaeTca BumBapyna (g.uHg. Vifvärüpa) „o6nagaro^uü (npuHuMaro^uu) BceMu ^opMaMu, pa3Hoo6pa3Hbiu (anuTeT BumHy)" [to, mto BumHy mo»ho cpaBHuBaTb c nyHapHbiM 6o®ecTBoM - a He c conapHbiM, KaK sto npuHaTo go cux nop (MC 126) - b nepByro o^epegb nogTBep®gaeT 3HaMeHuTbie TpH mara BnmHy (RV I 154), „KoTopbiMu oh u3Me-pun 3eMHwe c^epbi" (MC t.®.), T.e. Tpu ^a3bi unu unocTacu gyHbi, aBnaro^ueca rnaBHoM tomkom oTc^eTa uc^ucneHua BpeMeHu - ogHoro u3 TauHcTB Bo^ecTBeHHoro nopagKa] = *„ocKonKu // pa3Hbie ^a3w nyHw" $ TpexrnaBbiM geMoH O Tpu rnaBHwe ^a3bi nyHw: C [y^ep6Haa nyHa, HoBonyHue] I O [nonHonyHue] I 3 [Bo3pacTaro^aa nyHa] O nonHonyHue cocTaBnaroT C + 3 (cm. cxeMy Ns 1).
(PbióaKOB 1963; CflnMC). flimb anM3ogMHecKMe ynoMMHaHMa 06 o6pa3ax SToro bo-gaHoro nepHaToro, ux 3HaqeHMax u npMHMHax noaBjeHua npMcy^M gja pa6oT A.H. A^aHacbeBa, B. nponna, B. Pbi6aK0Ba, Baq. Bc. MBaHoBa, B. H. TonopoBa, 3aBagcbKM u gp. [m KynbTyponorMHecKMx cBogoB - (CP 488)] (cm. gajbme).
runoTe3y o npucyTcTBuu KoHBepreHTHoro npo^cca cojapHoro u jyHapHoro KyjbToB mo»ho apryMeHTu-poBaTb u apxeojoruqecKuMu HaxogKaMu Ha 3eMje paguMuqeñ (b boct. qacTu Bepx. nogHenpoBba, no p. Co®y u ee npuToKaM) - b ogHoñ u3 HaxogoK u3o6pa®aeTca kohb c yTMHoro rojoBoñ (!!!) (nogpo6Hee cm. Pbi6aK0B 1981, 236-237; e^e cm. 3aBagcbKa u gp. 2002, 238; uJJK>cTpa^uK> W 1), u gaHHbiMu BocToMHocja-BaHcKoro ^ojbKjopa: b pyccKoñ cKa3Ke [W 283 (A^aHacbeB u gp. 1957)] ynoMuHaeTca, mto Ha j6y ^apeBu-qa 6buo u3o6pa®eHo cojih^, a Ha 3aTbMKe - jiyHa, no 6oKaM - co3Be3gua.
no MHeHuro B. Pbi6aK0Ba (1987, 385), 'yTK0-K0Hu' aBjaroTca «caMbiMu uHTepecHbiMu, Kjro^eBbiMu gja pemeHua MHorux BonpocoB KocMoroHuqecKoro xapaKTepa». K co®ajeHuro, Pbi6aK0B Bce cBoe BHuMaHue cKoH^HTpupoBaj Ha uccjegoBaHuu cojapHoro KyjbTa - ga®e yToK uHTepnpeTupyeT, KaK ocHoBHbie ^Je-MeHTM aTpu6yTuKu ^T0^0 He6ecHoro cBeTuja: «gHeM cojh^ gBu®eTca no He6y Hag 3eMjeñ u ero BjeKyT kohu (uHorga je6egu), a Hombro cojh^ njbiBeT no nog3eMH0My oKeaHy u BjeKyT ero BogonjaBaro^ue nTu-^1.» (Pw6aK0B t.®., e^e cm. 520). O jyHapHoñ KyjbToBoñ Tpagu^uu ^T0T uccjegoBaTejb yMajquBaeT, KaK 6ygTo ee Boo6^e He cy^ecTBoBajo. Bpag ju mo®ho corjacuTca c yTBep®geHuaMu Pbi6aK0Ba o tom, mto cjaBaHe cooTHocuju yTKy c aTpu6yTuKoñ cojh^, nocKojbKy um npegcTaBjeHHbie pejuKTbi MaTepuajb-Hoñ KynbTypw (y®e ynoMaHyTbie KocTaHbie nogBecKu yTKu-KoHu', gepeBaHHbie npajKu c u3o6pa®eHuaMu KoHa u yTKu u gp.) cjegyeT ucTojKoBbiBaTb KaK o6pa3^i oTo6pa®eHua nopagKa MupoBoro ycTpoñcTBa, T.e. jyHa + 3eMja + cojh^, cp. um ®e npegcTaBjeHHyro uJJK>cTpa^uK> c u3o6pa®eHuaMu ^Tux gByx He6ecHbix cBeTuj b o6pa3e 3ooMop^Hbix cumbojob KoHa [= cojh^] u K03ja [= jyHa] (cm. Pbi6aK0B 1987, 243). K ToMy ®e Heo6xoguMo oTMeTuTb, mto Pbi6aK0B urHopupyeT pacxo®geHua mucto ^M^upuMecK0^0 xapaKTepa, T.e. HecooTBeTcTBua u3o6pa®eHuñ cojh^ (cumboj b ^opMe oKpy®HocTu c MHoro^ucjeHHbiMu jyqe-
Mnnmcmpa^x N 1: YmKU-KúHU (o6pa3^i pe3b6u U3 Kocmu - 3aBadcbKa u dp. 2002, 332)
Mnnmcmpa^x N 4: u3o6paMeHue cBacmuKu u3 mo¿UHHUKÜ Ko6aH (Ocemun) (Wilson 1896, 821; OHBC 453)
Mnnmcmpa^x N 5: u3o6paMeHue cBacmuKu u3 mo¿uhhukü KypmoB npumMamaü (MumBa) (mockbuh ^e¿noB 2008, 385)
BbiMM oTBogaMu) m .yHbi (b ^opMe re0MeTpMMecK0M ^Mrypbi Tpëx^.ram^c0MgH0M cTpyKTypbi), mto oTo6pa-®aeT 6ec^a30B0e cocToaHMe co..H^a m Tpn ^a3M BMgoM3MeHeHMa nyHbi. ApryMeHT ^T0^0 Mcc.egoBaTe.a (Pbi6aK0B 1987, 354-355, 520) o tom, aKo6bi 3HaK cBacTMKM Ha rpygM KoHa m.m nTM^i go;raeH M3,bacHaTca KaK cmmbo. co..H^a aB.aeTca Ka3yMcTMMHbiM no npMMMHe goMMHMpoBaHMa ^T0^0 reoMeTpMMecKoro 3HaKa b ^yHepa.bHoñ aTpM6yTMKe 6a.TMM^B, MpaH^B m gp. M-E HapogoB (nogpo6Hee cm. Kregždys 2011; e^ë cm. M.raK>cTpa^MM Ne 4, 5), KoTopaa, HecoMHeHHo, pe^.eKTMpyeT ^yH^M0Ha.bHyro pa3H0BMgH0cTb .yHbi, a He co.H^.
MHTepecHeñmMM KepaMM^ecKMM pe.MKT (14 b. go P.X.), BMgMMo, Ke.bTcKoM KynbTypbi, HañgeH Ha TeppMTopMM HHHemHeâ Cep6MM, npegcTaB.aeT TpexKo.ecHyro ynpa^Ky, 3anpa®ëHHyro yTKaMM. Ynpa^Koñ ynpaB.aeT KaKoe-To 6o®ecTBo (cm. ESC 108).
OcHoBbiBaacb Ha ^TMX gaHHbix, mo®ho ge.aTb ocTopo®Hoe npegno.o^eHMe, mto ^^MTeT BMmBapynbi TpM-mMpac (g.MHg. triçiras) „TpëXraaBbm" 03Ha^aeT TpM .yHHbie ^a3bi, T.e. npegno.araeT peK0HcTpy^MK> og-Horo M3 HaMMeHoBaHMM 6ora nyHbi.
^yHapHWM, a He co.apHbiM Ky.bT0BbiM motmb, cBa3aHHbiM c MM^o.oreMoñ ymKa, npegonpege.ëH m c.aBaH-ckmm o6bmaeM npenogHocMTb b ®epTBy 6oraM ^T0^0 nepHaToro BMecTe c ômkom [m.m ero to.obom] (nog-po6Hee cm. Pbi6aKoB 1981, 508) - a cbs3m .yHapHoro Ky.bTa m MM^o.oreMbi 6uk nogpo6Hee cm. KperagMc 2009, 265, 277, 288, 291; e^ë cp. ^^M3og naTbimcKoñ cKa3KM, rge yTBep^gaeTca, mto XT0HMMecK0e 6o®ecTBo MëpT nMTaeTca 6bMbMM MacoM: Valns llac oka, plsmel pylnuveria uodu yudina, atnas, pllej kotla, ilik galu un vuorej. Izvuorej versi. Cik jau tur apedja kolps, bet valns apad pus verša, llkas un gul (Sods par skaišanos (23. A. 1000. 1049. 1052. 1007. 1115. 1060. 1063. 1084. 1130. A. Gari-Juoneno S. Keibinïka Kokorevas pag. - Bce npu-Mepbi .aTbimcKoro ^o.bKnopa npMBogMTca M3 cama www.ailab.lv)), T.e. Hëpm npbmyn b Konode% Ha6pan nonHbiü 6ypàwK boôu, npuHëc, Bbinen b Komën, nonoMun Maco u Bapun. CBapun 6bma. EampaK yMe Haenca, ho nëpm, cbeB nonoBUHy 6bma, co^Hynca u npunë^, a cBa3b XToHMMecKoro 6o®ecTBa c .yHapHbiM Ky.bT0M He Bbi3biBaeT coMHeHMM, cp. onMcaHMe ®e0KpMT0M (©eÓKpiToc; EíóúWia II 11-14) rpe^ecKoñ 6o™hm reKaTbi, KoTopaa b to ®e caMoe BpeMa 6bi.a m B.agbiMM^M nog3eMe.ba, m nyHbi. KpoMe Toro, Heo6xogMMo o6pa-TMTb BHMMaHMe Ha BecbMa Ba«HHH ^aKT bo3mo®hoto conocTaB.eHMe MM^o.oreMbi ymKa c .yHapHbiM 60®ecTB0M - c.aBaHe BepM.M, mto ^Ta nTM^ MMeeT npaMoe oTHomeHMe k ypo^añHocTM pa3Hwx pacTeHMM (Pbi6aKoB 1981, 516). ^T0T motmb mo^ho cooTHecTM c aHa.orMMHoñ ^yHK^MeM gpeBHeMHgMMcKoro 6ora nyHW Comw, b MëM pacnopa^eHMM HaxogM.acb Bca ^.opa - cm. MC 498). HecoMHeHHbiM nogTBep^geHMeM B3aMMocBa3M .yHapHoro 6o®ecTBa m MM^o.oreMbi ymKa aB.aeTca cBage6Hwe o6w^aM boctomhmx c.aBaH: 1) yKpaMH^M g.a Bbmo.HeHMa ^T0^0 o6paga BwneKanM x.e6, Ha KoTopoM Mo.ogoñ m HeBecTa M3o6pa®a-.ucb b BMge ce.e3Ha m yTKM (cm. ®aMB0p0H0K 2006, 278) [TaKaa ^TH0^pa^MMecKaa oco6eHHocTb npMcy^a m g.a cBage6Horo o6paga pyccKMX (3aBagcbKa m gp. 2002, 336; Typa 1997, 669)]; 2) motmbm ^TMX ^TM^, 0T0®gecTB.aeMwx c Mo.ogwMM, BcTpe^aroTca m b 6e.opyccKMX necHax (MBaHoB, TonopoB 1974, 252 g.; e^ë cm. TonopoB 1993, 192), m b pyccKoM - YmaHKa duKaa, Kaneda, // na 6upeMKy nuKana, Kaneda, // ropôemmKy KnuKana, Kaneda: // «rapôemmKa-cunmeHb, Kaneda, // Tamu ymKy KaMÓaü dem, Kaneda, // A He xonumb KaMÓaü ôeHb, Kaneda, // Tannu ymKy nupm ôeHb, Kaneda!» (P^O 73); noüme, deBKu, npu6aymKu, // Eyàym cene3Hu u ymKu. // YmKa KpunbXMu Maxaem, // Cene3eHb myda nuxaem. (P^O 486) -, m b no.bcKoM, a TaK^e b 6o.rapcK0M ^o.bKnope (3aBagcbKa m gp. 2002, 64, 336). Motmb yTKM-HeBecTbi BcTpe^aeTca m b pyccKMX 6pa^Hbix ragaHMax (TpM^eHKoB 2005, 145), m b cKa3Kax (cm. N^240 [213] - A^aHacbeB m gp. 1957). Mm^ohmm ce.e3Ha KaK cMMBo.MMecKyro MnocTacb .yHbi M3tacHaeT, ocHoBWBaacb Ha gaHHWx pyccKMX cKa-30K, E. Ba.aHgMHcKMM (2008, 92).
Mm^ohbmh 6wKa m yTKM cooTHeceHbi b paccKa3e cKaHguHaBoB o TecTpe, Hamegmero yTKy, cMgeBmyro Ha cBoeM rHe3ge b poraTOM qepene ÔMKa (TaM.op 2000, 26). TaKyro ®e pe^epeHTHyro cBa3b Me^gy 3ooMop-^hhm (6mk) m 0pHMT0M0p^HWM (yTKa) MM^oHMMaMM pe^.eKTMpyeT BocTo^Hoc.aBaHcKMM o6pag cTpo-eHMa goMa, T.e. b ogHMX o6.acTax PycM b ocHoBaHue goMa K.a.M ro.oBy 6wKa, a gpyrax (Hanp., b nepMM) - Kpbino yTKM, mto, y^MTWBaa cTpyKTypHoe cTpoeHMe K0cM0.0rMMecK0M cMcTeMW c.aBaH, BMgMMo, cooT-BeTcTByeT no.o^eHMe nyHw; b np0TMB0n0.0®H0M yr.y K.a.M ro.oBy KoHa (= cmmboü co^H^a), a nocepe-gMHe ca®a.M gepeB^e (= cmmbo. MupoBoro gepeBa) (nogpo6Hee cm. Bañ6ypMH 1993, 160-161). M3BecTHo, mto pMMcKaa ôorHHa nyHM flMaHa, KpoMe ^yHK^MM npegonpege.MTe.a xopomero ypo^aa, Bwno.Hana m mmccmk oneKyHmM 6narono.yMH^ix pogoB [o^eBMgHaa cBa3b c Bogoñ (!) - no noBepbaM boctomhwx c.aBaH (yKpaMH^eB), geTM po^ga.Mcb b BogoëMax (T.e. MX noaB.eHMe BocnpMHMManocb KaK pe3y.bTaT peMHKapHa^MM yMepmMX [no noBepbaM boctomhwx c.aBaH, npoK.aTWM m BoroM He.ro6MM no-komhmk npeBpa^aeTca b yTKy - cm. 3e.eHMH 1995, 80], c gaBHMX BpeMëH xopoHMBmMxca b Boge), noc.e qero MX npMHocM.M yTKM, rycM m.m ne6egM (3aBagcbKa m gp. 2002, 137, 333)] (cp. OpeM3ep 1980, 165), a 6orMHe ypo^aMHocTM, po®eHM^ (m cooTBeTcTBeHHo - pogoB), ceMeMHWX oTHomeHMM m geTeM WH0He, KaK m flMaHe, o6bMHo npMnMcwBa.M m ^yHK^Mro 6o®ecTBa .yHbi (OpeM3ep 1980, 190).
O TaKOM MM^OHMMe yManMMBaeTcfl m b gpyrux paöoTax no öa^THHCKOH u cnaBÄHCKOH (Pisani 1950), repMaHCKOH (Guerber 1895; Rydberg I—III; Munch 1926; Vries 1935, 1937; Cmmhcoh 2005; KoponeB 2007; Harris 2008)2, KenbTCKOH3 (Le Roux 1961; Konnuc 2007; TioHoHBapx, ^epy 2001; KoponeB 2007a; MupoKoBa 2005; Mypago-Ba 2010; BC [npaBga, KenbTbi MHorga c o6pa3oM yTKM acco^MpoBanu öorMHro McroKa peKM CeHbi CeKBeHy (cm. Matson 2010, 10; ^KM 288; Kobielus 2002, 136)]), mhammckom4
noHSTMe nepeMe^eHMS gymu yMepmero b yTKy npucy^e u gna nuToB^B, cp. b cKa3Ke 'CuryTe' paccKa-3WBaeTca o tom, KaK MaMexofi-BegbMofi M3BegeHa nagMepu^ CuryTe 3a«MBo cropaeT, a noToM ee nenen npeBpa^aeTcs b yTKy (cm. EyTpuMac, rupuHMHKac 1985, 149): Bumna nepHax menKü 3a Bopoma, no 3anaxy y3Hana nenen Cmyme u oönmana e^o. Tomnac Bunemena U3 nenna ymKa (K^ 88); npxMo b xMy ysoduna. // Manexa MeHx c^y6una, // Cupomu He nom,aöuna, // nenen Bbßpeöna u3 xmu, // npax moü no Bempy nycmuna! // TenKa nenen moü nu3Hyna, // Tomnac x KpunoM B3MaxHyna, // necmpoü ymKoü b He6o B3Muna. (K^ 89). TyT yMecTHo ynoMSHyTb u runoTe3y B. TeoprueBa o6 ^TMMono^MM Ha3BaHus Hapoga, o KoTopoM roBopuTcs b Tpyge MopgaHa, Antes (Hentes, Antei) - ^TO cnoBo 6onrapcKMM nuHrBucT Bo3BoguT k nuT. äntys „yTKM", nocKonbKy, no MHeHuro TeoprueBa, yTKa 6bina ogHMM M3 ToTeMoB cnaBsH (nogpo6Hee cm. Karaliünas 2005, 391). OMeBugHo, mto TaKoe cy«geHue, BuguMo, ocHoBaHo Ha MeToguKe HapogHoM ^TMMono^MM, nocKonbKy go cux nop hmkto He goKa3an (gaHHbiMM apxeonoruMecKux uccnegoBaHMM unu npuMepaMM MM^onoruMec-kmx motmbob), mto b o6psgoBoM TpagM^MM cnaBsH Korga-Hu6ygb ucnonb3oBancs TaKoM ToTeM. A rnaBHoe -Heo6xoguMo o6tscHMTb cBS3b peKoHcTpyupyeMoro ToTeMa c KynbTypHoM TpagM^MeM 6anToB, cy6cTpaTHoe BnusHue KoTopbix b ^TOM cnyMae npegycMaTpuBaeT reoprueB.
O6o6^as aHanu3 bo3mo«hom peKoHcTpy^uu MM^onoreMW ymKa no gaHHbiM BocToMHocnaBSHcKoM KynbTypHoM TpagM^MM, Heo6xoguMo KoHcTaTupoBaTb ^aKT ee oTcyTcTBMS b nnaHe aKTMBHoro geficTByro^ero nepcoHa«a, T.e. npeo6nagaeT cuMBonuKa MHaKTMBHoro o6teKTa.
2	npaBga, H. ge Opuc (Vries 1937, 153) npuBoguT uHTepecHefimufi ^aKT, mto e^e b HaMane 20 b. ceBepHbie repMaH^i, gaBas KnsTBy unu npu yTBep«geHMM goroBopa, npugep»MBanucb cTapoM TpagM^MM ucnonb3o-BaTb o6rnogaHHwe yTMHbie koctm [nocne nognucaHus cornameHus ux pa36pacbiBanu]: „Merkwürdigerweise ist auch im heutigen Volksbrauch eine ähnliche Sitte bekannt; auf der Watteninsel Terschelling wird beim buulfeest, das im Januar stattfindet, auch mit den abgenagten Resten der verspeisten Enten geworfen". B 6onee paHHMM nepuog BpeMeHM gns ^TMx ^nefi ucnonb3oBanu Tymy Benpa. OcHoBbiBascb Ha ^TMx ^aKTax, mo«-ho peKoHcTpyupoBaTb gpeBHefimyro - HyTpuanbHyro ^yH^uro ^T0^0 nepHaToro BogsHoro npocTpaHcTBa (cm. Roesdahl, Wilson 1992, 141, 249; Togg 2005, 31), KoTopas c TeMeHueM BpeMeHM, M3-3a caKpanM3a^MM Tpane3w (HunbccoH 1998, 102), 6bina cooTHeceHa c 6o«ecTBoM (cp. Roesdahl, Wilson 1992, 386) [yMMTbiBas ^aKT BepoBaHMM gpeBHux cKaHguHaBoB, mto yMepmue To«e nuTaroTcs mscom ^TOM nTM^i (Togg 2005, 63)], BegaBmuM BbmonHeHueM KnsTBbi unu ycnoBMM goroBopa (TaKMM 6o«ecTBoM gns gpeBHux MHgufi^B 6bin BapyHa - 6or MupoBbix Bog u nopsgKa BceneHHoM (MC 116), CoMa - 6or jiyHbi (MC 497); npsMbiM cooT-BeTcTBueM Hag3upaTenbcTBa Hag ucnonHeHueM o6biMaeB, ynopsgoMMBaro^ux «mbothmm m pacTMTenbHbiM Mup u c^epy nrogcKofi gesTenbHocTM, pe^neKTupyeTcs b ^yH^uoHanbHofi pa3HoBugHocTM gpeBHerpeMec-kom 6oruHM JiyHbi ApTeMugbi (MC 64). B nocnegcTBuu ^Ta ^TM^a 6bina cooTHeceHa c ogHMM M3 aTpu6yToB Mupa noTycTopoHHero (cp. Wägner, MacDowall 1884, 238), T.e. nyHa « Boga $ 6o«ecTBo nyHbi (Bogbi) X xToHMMecKas cpega u ee aTpu6yTMKa (^TM^a BogsHoro npocTpaHcTBa; KnbiKM Benpa, BM3yanbHo coothocm-Mbie c ^a3aMM y^ep6Hofi u Bo3pacTaro^efi nyHbi « C + 3).
flns HappaTMBHoM TpagM^MM MM^oneTMMecKoro o6pa3a yTKM ceBepHbix repMaH^B npucy^e, KaK u gns boctomhmx cnaBsH (cm. 1 cHocKy), oTcyTcTBue aKTMBHoro geficTByro^ero nepcoHa«a, cp. mm^ohmm geBM^-ne6egeM, c6pacwBaro^ux nepuHHoe ogesHue u npeBpa^aro^uxcs b npeKpacHwe geBymKM (MacCulloch 1930, 258) [o6 ugeHTMMHbx MM^o^o^TMMecKMx MoTMBax boctomhmx cnaBsH (yKpaMH^eB) cm. 3aBagcbKa u gp. 2002, 300].
3	Ha^e Bcero KenbTW yTKM BocnpuHMManu KaK o6teKT «epTBonpuHomeHMM, cp. Ha re6pugcKux ocTpoBax yTKy, KypM^y, neTyxa unu KomKy Bw6pacwBanu 3a gBepb goMa, mto6w yMonuTb 3eMHwx 6oroB (nogpo6Hee cm. MacGulloch 1911, 244).
4	flpeBHue MHgMM^M, KaK u cnaBsHe (cm. 8 cHocKy), Bepunu, mto yTKM (u rycu) sBnsroTcs cpegcTBoM nepe-Me^eHus, TonbKo nepBwe Bepunu, mto Ha hmx neTsT 6oru (ryceBa 2002, 122). MgeHTMMHas ^yH^us ^T0^0 nepHaToro npocne«MBaeTcs u b gpeBHerpeMecKoM MM^onoruMecKofi cucTeMe - 6oruHs A^MHa, npeBpaTMB-mucb b yTKy-HbipKy [oTcroga ee ^^MTeT 3^us], no yTBep«geHMK> recuxus, nog cbommm KpbinbsMM cnpsTana KeKponca u nepeHecna ero b Merapy (Taxo-rogu, ^oceB 1999, 211-212). TaKoM motmb (T.e. cegnaHue yTKu) BcTpeMaeTcs Ha HeKoTop^ix gpeBHerpeMecKux Ba3ax (nogpo6Hee cm. rupo 1915, 68).
(Cust 1880, Dowson 1888, Monier-Williams 1885, 1891, Oldenberg 1896, Bloomfield 1899, Macdonell 1897, 1900, 1927, Kennep 1986; Ky3bMMHa 1994) [b Purees neKceMa ymKa Boo6^e He ynoTpe6naeTCH (!!!) - cm. Griffith 1896; Geldner I-III; Bloomfield 1906; Enu3apeHKOBa I-III, a b co6paHMM 3aKOHOB MaHy (Manu) yKa3biBaeTca, qTo yTKa - aBa-Tapa qenoBeKa, bo BpeMH npe^Hen ^m3hm BopoBaBmero Bogy, T.e. c^opMynupoBaH neMopaTMBHbiM KoHHoTaT (cm. Monier-Williams 1876, 281)]5, npaHCKOM (Bartholomae 1924; Widengren 1965; Bonc 1994; ^kohuh 1969; nepeBogquKoBa 1994; fynaeb 2005)6, HTanHHCKOH (KflP I-II; PMP; Abbott 1912; Zielinski 1999; CepreeHKo 2000; Mang 2006 [b nucbMeHHHX ucToqHUKax qa^e Bcero ynoMUHaroTca numb Ha3BaHUH hctb, npuro-ToBneHHbx u3 MHca yTKu (cm. PMC 25)]), gpeBHerpenecKOH (Burkert 1977; 3enuHcKun 1993; HunbccoH 1998; rXHC; CKp^uHcKaa 2009 [KaK rn^a BogHHoro npocTpaHcTBa, yTKa b rpeqecKon Mu^onoruqecKon cucTeMe 6bina cooTHeceHa co c^eporo BnuHHuH nocengoHa (BoHHap 1994, 28; Kobielus 2002, 136) - rpeKu BocnpuHuManu ee KaK Mop-
5	TyT Heo6xoguMo noacHuTb, mto gna neKceMbi gp. uHg. cakra-vaka '6ypbm rycb (Anas Casarca)', ynoMu-HaeMoñ b PurBege (RV II 39,3) u uHTepnpeTupyeMoñ KaK mu^ohum (Macdonell, Keith 1912, 252-253) [b nepeBogax ee TpaHcnuTepupyroT, a He nepeBogaT (cp. Griffith 1896, 123; Geldner I 300; Enu3apeHKoBa I 282)], TonbKO b neKcuKorpa^u^ecKux cBogax npuBoguTca ceMeMa 'yTKa öpaxMaHa' (cp. Monier-Williams 1872, 311), no cBoeM cyTu gu^epeHTHa pe^epemy 'yTKa (Anas)' « gp. uHg. cakra-pata't.®.' (cp. MonierWilliams ibd.), T.e. ^Tu cnoBa aBnaroTca acco^uaTUBHbIMu HauMeHOBaHuaMu ®pe^ecKoro cocnoBua (6pax-MaHOB) [T.e. gp. uHg. cakrá 'Koneco; gucK (opy^ne Bhmhh u KpumHbi); MHo®ecTBo; BJiacTb' + gp. uHg. vaká 'roBopa^uñ; u3pe^eHue (^opMyna); Monb6a' // gp. uHg. pata 'nonéT; nageHue; c6pacbiBaHue u gp.'], cp. gp. uHg. hariheti-hüti't.®.' [T.e. gp. uHg. hari-heti 'opy®ue BumHbi' + hüti 'MoneHue, Monb6a']. K ToMy ®e, cpaBHuB gpyrue HauMeHoBaHua yTKu [cp. gp. uHg. karanda 'TaKaa pa3HoBugHocTb yToK'; kala-hansa 'Ta-Kaa pa3HoBugHocTb yToK // rycb'; gp. uHg. kamika 'guKaa yTKa', gp. uHg. karandava 'TaKaa pa3HoBugHocTb yToK'; gp. uHg. tarad't.®., gp. uHg. plava't.®.'; gp. uHg. bhasad 'TaKaa pa3HoBugHocTb yToK; conH^ u gp.'; gp. uHg. marala 'He®Hbiñ; ^naMuHro; rycb; TaKaa pa3HoBugHocTb yToK; KoHb; rpaHaToBaa po^a; o6noKo; Herogañ, ca®a u3 naMnbi'; gp. uHg. maralaka 'TaKaa pa3HoBugHocTb yToK'; gp. uHg. marula't.®.'; gp. uHg. mahapaksa't.®.'; gp. uHg. sahasra-pada 'conH^; TaKaa pa3HoBugHocTb yToK'; gp. uHg. hansa-mala 'TaKaa pa3HoBugHocTb yToK unu ryceñ'], mo®ho genaTb BbiBog oo tom, mto nepe^ucneHHbie 3oo^opHbie uMeHa pe^neKTupyroT cuM6uoHTHoe HuBenupoBaHue, cp. gp. uHg. hansa 'I. rycb « ^naMuHro « yTKa; II. KonecHu-^ BpaxMbi; 6paxMaH - Habano BceneHHoñ' (Monier-Williams 1872, 1163), onpegenaro^yro peKoHcTpy^uro runepoHuMa '^Tu^a BogaHoro npocTpaHcTBa'. Mu^onoru^ecKuñ o6pa3 ^T0^0 nepHaToro To®e cKoHcTpy-upoBaH, npugep®uBaacb ^puH^u^a acco^uaTUBHOCTu, no HecKonbKuM npu^uHaM: 1) ^BeTOBOM oKpacKu (cp. ^BeT ^naMuHro (KpacHoBaTbiñ « ®enToBaTbiñ) « yTKa) O Mu^onoreMa 6o®ecTBo ConH^a; 2) ^opMbi [^ cuMBon cpegcTBa nepegBu®eHua (cygHa « Bocxoga) conH^a] O ConH^ (Mu^onoreMa).
Bcé-TaKu, apxeonoru^ecKue HaxogKu uHgo-nepcugcKoro apeana cBugeTenbcTByroT o tom, mto npu^ucne-Hue yTKu k KynbToBoñ aTpu6yTuKe conapHoro KynbTa, BuguMo, aBnaeTca pe3ynbTaToM y®e ynoMaHyToro KoHBepreHTHoro npo^cca (cm. 1 cHocKy), TaK KaK u3genua gna pa3BecoMHMX noTpe6HocTeñ, u3roToBna-nu uMeHHo b ^opMe yTKu (cm. unnrocTpa^uro N2 3), KoTopaa b upaHcKoñ Tpagu^uu gon®Ha 6bina 6biTb cooTHocuMa uMeHHo c jiyHapHMM 6o®ecTBoM XaÓMa [= gp. uHg. CoMa], aBnaBmeMca no6eguTeneM nxn (Y. 17) (cm. MC 567). ro. A. PanonopT BbigBuHyn runoTe3y o tom, mto paccKa3, npegcTaBneHHbiñ b ABecTe o npucwnKe 3aKoHa Axypbi Ma3gbi Ha 3eMnro nTu^ñ KapmunT (V. II, 42), aBnaeTca goKa3aTenbcTBoM o penuruo3HoM cTaTyce yTKu - nTu^i BogaHoro npocTpaHcTBa (cm. PaeBcKuñ 2006, 81). HeocnopuMWM goKa3aTenbcTBoM, nogTBep®garo^uM npucyTcTBue cMbicnoBoñ cBa3u Me®gy o6pa3oM yTKu u aTpu6yTuKoñ jiyHapHoro KynbTa, aBnaeTca apxeonoru^ecKaa HaxogKa Ha TeppuTopuu M6epcKoro nonyocTpoBa - u6epcKaa npa®Ka b ^opMe yTKu, coeguHeHHoñ c ^onyMeca^eM (cm. Appu6ac 2004, 173).
6	M3BecTHo, mto motub yTKu (u gpyrux BogonnaBaro^ux nTu^ 6wn o^eHb mupoKo pacnpocTpaHeH b cku^ckom ucKyccTBe, mto npuBeno fl. PaeBcKoro (2006, 80-81, 154, 441, 481, 541) k BWBogy o tom, mto «o6pa3 BogonnaBaro^eñ nTu^i 6wn b cku^ckom Mupe ycTomuBbiM penuruo3HWM cuMBonoM», nocKonbKy ucTopuKaMu penuruu ycTaHoBneHa cBa3b o6pa3a ^Tu^w BogaHoro npocTpaHcTBa c mu^om o co3gaHuu BceneHHoñ. no npu^uHe oTcyTcTBua TaKoro gpeBHeuHguñcKoro Mu^onoru^ecKoro cooTBeTcTBua, BwgBuHyTa runoTe3a o ero HeuHgoeBponeñcKoM npoucxo®geHuu (npu^ucnaeTca k KynbTypHoMy BnuaHuro HapogoB MoHronougHoñ pacw) (e^é cm. 7 cHocKy).
CKyro nTu^ (!!!; cm. Mireaux 1980, 103)]; e^e cm. 4 CHOCKy), xeTTCKOM (Campbell 1926; Gurney 1954, 1977 [ynoMuHaeTCH numb HyTpuanbHbiu acneKT - cm. Macqueen 1975, 77], Bohkob, HenoMHH^MM 2004) Mu^onoruu u penuruu u CBogax no STHonoruu u STHor-pa^uu Bcex HapogoB Mupa (cp. Creuzer 1822; Teunop 1897; RKA; Haussig 1973; ®ps3ep 1980 - oh numb KOHCTaTupyeT tot ^aKT, hto uHgeu^i CeBepHou AMepuKu CBH3biBanu yTKy c ypo^aMHOCTbro 6o6oBbix (®ps3ep 1980, 463); AK; ATK; PM; ^nuage, KynuaHO 1997; BeKKep 1995; neTpoB 1997; Hanng 2007; CaMO3BaH^B 2000; West 2007)7.
Mnnrncmpau,ux N 2: ymKu-kohu (mdenux U3 Memanna -3aBadcbKa u dp. 2002, 335)
Ba^HOCTb Mu^onorunecKoro noHHTuH yTKu b ^onbKnope pa3Hbix M-E HapogoB [b tom Hucne 6anTuu^B u cnaBHH], ynoMuHaeTca b CTaTbe B. H. TonopoBa (1973, 29-44) nog Ha3BaHueM M3 ucmopuu danmo-cnaexucKux X3UK06UX cex3eu: amymKa, b KOTopou ot HacTu pa36upaeTCH Mu^onoruHecKuu o6pa3 SToro Hau6onee pacnpocrpaHeHHoro pyccKoro Ha3BaHua HeHucTou cunbi (cm. nuTuHa 2002, 87), KOTopbiu, b cbok> OHepegb, gon^eH pa3rbscHHTbcs KaK acco^aTuBHbiu, nocKonbKy b C0B0KynH0CTu CBoeu pe^-neKTupyeT o6pa3 uHaKTuBHoro nepcoHa^a - MeguaTopa8 [nognepKuBaa CTaTuHHbiu xapaKTep ero geucTBua (cm. 23 CHOCKy)], b npoTuBOBec Mu^OHuMy aKTuBHoro nnaHa, BHnonHHro^ero ^yH^uro fleMuypra b KynbTypHou Tpagu^u ^uhhob u gpyrux, He M-E HapogoB (cm. 7 CHOCKy).
B CTaTbe TonopoBa rnaBHbiM o6pa3OM aHanu3upyeTca npo6neMa 3TuMonoru3a-^u uMeHu MH^OHHMa, KOTopoe b guaneKTax pyccKoro H3biKa MO^eT o6o3HanaTb 1. 'nepT, gbHBon, 6ec; aHTuxpucT' (Open, CuM6upcK, Tyna, Pa3aHb, Tepb, TepuT. peKu floHa, TBepb, neH3a, KypcK, TaM6oB, To6on), [TaK^e BbigenaroTca anbrepHaTuBHbie ceMeMbi Toro ^e caMoro pe^epeHTa] l.a. 'HepTeHOK, 6eceHOK' (CapaTOB, neH3a, Pa3aHb), 1.6.
7	Bonbme CBegeHuu o Mu^onoruHecKOM o6pa3e ^T0^0 nepHaToro npegcTaBneHO b onucsx penuruu HeuHgo-eBponeucKux HapogoB (Hanp., erunTSH, eBpeeB, KuTau^B - cm. Kynep 1995, 343; MHM I 215, 336; Kobielus 2002, 136; uHgeu^B CeBepHOM AMepuKu - cm. Tpecuggep 1999, 386; geBu-Crpoc 2000, 122, 136, 2000a, 176; 2007, 29, 46, 53, 105 u gp.; uHgeu^B w^hou AMepuKu [nneMeHu 6opopo b Bpa3unuu] - cm. geBu-CTpoc 1999, 202; geBu-Crpoc 2000a, 154, 174, 176-178, 352; Taunop 2000, 214; ^HTpanbHOu AMepuKu - cm. MHM I 612; HeH^B u cenbKynoB - cm. Snuage 2002, 17; HapogoB komu - cm. MHM I 522; TropKCKux HapogoB - CM. MHM II 726; anTau^B, mop^B - MHM II 738; ^uhhob (Kapen) - MHM II 762, 926; Pbi6aKOB 1987, 221, 408; MeneTuHCKuu 1998, 28, 347; TaBpunoB, HaroBu^rn 2002, 49-52; MopgBbi - Pbi6aKOB 1987, 407; MOHronbCKux HapogoB u casHO-anTaucKux TropoK - MHM II 909; 6ypsT - MHM II 919), ^HTpanbHO-aBCTpanuucKux nneMeH (MeneTuHCKuu 1998, 71).
8	Cp. motub ^yHepanbHoro o6psga [CaBHyK (2004, 468) noHeMy-TO yTBep^gaeT, hto ^T0T ^THono^uHecKuu motub 3auMCTBOBaH u3 cku^ckoto KynbTypHoro Hacnegus] yKpauH^B, Korga BgoBa npocuT yTKy OTHecTu Ha Hy®6uHe yMepmeMy My®y BecTOHKy o tom, hto OHa CKopo nocnegyeT 3a hum, T.e. yMpeT (3aBagcbKa u gp. 2002, 300), unu geBOHKa-cupoTa nocbinaeT BecTOHKy yMepmeMy o^y (3aBagcbKa u gp. 2002, 332). flpeBHue cnaBSHe TaK^e Bepunu, hto gymu yconmux nepeMe^anucb b Mup noTycTopoHHuu Ha Kpbinbsx yTOK unu ne6egeu (floMHuKOB 2002, 75).
no yTBep^geHuro nnuHua, puMnsHe 6onu b ®uBOTe neHaT TeM, hto ux nepeBogsT u3 Tena 6onbHoro b ^eH-Ka unu yTKy (Taunop 2000, 341), T.e. BbigenseTca ^yH^us MeguaTopa Me^gy MupaMu xubhx u MepTBbix (acc0^uaTUB0M 6onu « 6one3Hu « CMepTu).
j C - y^epÖHaa nyHa i ----
¡J C - uoBonyube ;
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I
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^yHa			O - nonHonyHbe
nyHHbie ^a3bi

; D - B03pacTaro^aa nyHa
CxeMa N 1: nyHHue $a3u; KOH6ep^eH^uoHHUü npo^cc conapHo^o u nyHapHo^o Kynbmoe
'BogaHoñ nëpT (Tepb, TaM6oB), 1.b. 'g0M0B0ñ' (QpëH, TaM6oB), l.r. 'Hemuñ' (Kanyra); 2. 'Hepaxa, rpH3HynH' (KypcK, QpëH, Ps3aHb, Kanyra, QpeHÓypr); 3. '6egHbiñ, HecnacTHbiñ HenoBeK' (KypcK), 4. '6aH0BeHb, 6aH0BHuK (Kanyra), S. ceMeMa yHuw^uTenbHoro 3Ha-qeHua - pyraTenbcTBo (Pa3aHb, Tyna, Tepb, BopoHe^, Tu^HuccKaa ry6epHua) (CPHr I 262-263), T.e. ^T0T 6o^ok mhotohuk (cm. nuTuHa t.^.).
DiaBHbiñ BbBog, k KoTopoMy npuxoguT TonopoB b koh^ aHanu3a gaHHoñ Mu^o-noreMH, coothocum c npo6neMaTuKoñ 6anT0-cnaBHHcKux oTHomeHuñ, KoTopoñ ynë-HbiM nocBeTun 6ónbmyro nacTb cBoeñ Hayraoñ geaTeHbHocTu, T.e. oh BbigBuHyH runo-Te3y 06 ynoTpe6neHuu 6aHTu3Ma Ha TeppuTopuu Poccuu [Ha 0cH0BaHuu ^T0^0 yTBep^-geHua, ycTaHaBnuBaroTca rpaHu^i npo^uBaHua npoTo6aHTuñcKux nneMëH (cm. TonopoB 1973, 38-41)], t. e. oh cooTHëc pycc. guaH. amymKa c hut. guaH. ančiUte, amiùkas 'He6oHbmaa yTKa' (TonopoB 1973, 36). ^Ty runoTe3y oh noBTopuH b Cnoeape npyccKoao H3UKa (TonopoB 1975, 96) u, geHaa Ty ^e caMyro npegnocbiHKy - b MuifionoaunecKOM cnoeape (MC 54), T.e. TonopoB He coMHeBanca b cy^ecTB0BaHuu bo3mo^hom reHeTu-HecKoñ cbh3u Me^gy pycc. guaH. amymKa u neKcunecKuMu cooTBeTcTBuaMu hutobc-Koro H3bKa. flaHHoe npegnono^eHue, npaBga, c HeKoTopoñ ocTopo^HocTbro, noBTo-pseTca u b HoBeñmux uccnegoBaHuax no pyccKoñ Mu^onoruu u ^onbKnopucTuKe (cm. Bhhkob 2000, 18; nuTuHa 2002, 87; BnacoBa 2008, 22-23).
^uHrBucTunecKaa uHTep^peTa^uH gaHHoro cnoBa, K0T0pyro b BHme ynoMHHyToñ cTaTbe npegcraBun TonopoB, aBHaeTcs BecbMa cho^hom u3-3a cBoeñ MHororpaHHocTu u, no Bceñ BuguMocTu, Hy^gaeTca b paguKaHbHoñ Koppe^uu.
B Hakane aHanu3a TonopoB (1973, 34) HacTauBaeT Ha tom, hto pycc. guaH. amymKa npegcraBHaeT co6oñ npou3BogHoe chobo c cy^^. pycc. -ymKa, c K0T0pbM hko6h o6pa3yroTca Ha3BaHua MeHKux «hbothhx (KomKu, Kypu^i u gp.); npu ^T0M ynoMuHaeTca Ba^Has oco6eHHocTb ceMaHTunecKoro nHaHa - no ero MHeHuro, Ta-kum cH0BaM nacro npucy^e yHunu^uTeHbHoe 3HaneHue (i). OcHoBbiBaacb Ha TaKux
Mnnmcmpa^x N 3: 6pomoeaa Mepa eeca u3 nepcenonx (nepcux) (ESC 1175)
cy®geHuax, aBTop runoTe3bi npuxoguT k BbiBogy, hto aHanu3upyeMbiM mm^ohmmom MMeHOBanocb MM^onorMHecKoe cy^ecTBo ManeHbKoro pocTa (TonopoB t.®.). npuxo-guTCs co®aneTb o tom, hto gaHHoe yTBep®geHue He unnrocTpupyeTcfl cooTBeTCTByro-^mmm npMMepaMM pyccKoro S3biKa, noaTOMy cyguTb o KoppeKTHocTM TaKon runoTe3bi BecbMa TpygHo9 - KoHeHHo, goKa3aTenbcTBoM npaBunbHocru TaKoro cy®geHua Morna 6h 6bTb ceMeMa 1.a. 'HepTeHoK' (CapaToB, neH3a, Pa3aHb), T.e. 'ManeHbKMM HepTuK ^ 'HepT, gbSBon, 6ec; aHTuxpucT' (Open, Cmm6mpck m gp.), unu pycc. guan. aHmmKa 'He-6onbmaa pbi6Ka, no6onbme BepmKa' (CPHr I 263), ho mm He CBoHCTBeHHo yHuHu®u-TenbHoe 3HaHeHue10.
OcHoBbBascb Ha neKCM^ecKoM MaTepuane pyccKoro S3bKa, mo®ho c yBepeHHoc-Tbro yTBep®gaTb, hto cy^^. pycc. -yTKa He Bcerga ynoTpe6nfleTca gna Bbipa®eHufl gMMMHyTMBHon ceMaHTMHecKon ^yH^uu, KpoMe Toro c hum o6pa3yroTcfl Ha3BaHus ®ubothhx, cbomm pa3MepoM npeBocxoga^ux u KomKy, u Kypu^, cp. pycc. guan. K03ymKa 'Ko3a' (ncKoB - nOC XIV 329) < pycc. Ko3a + cy^. -ym- u -Ka (ropaHeBa 2007, 39).
KopoTKo npegcTaBuB aHanu3 Mop^onoruHecKon cTpyKTypbi cnoBa, TonopoB (1973 t.®.) nepexoguT k STuMonoruHecKon onucu neKceMbi, yKa3aB, hto ee Heo6xo-guMo HaqaTb c o6cy®geHua neKcuHecKux cooTBeTcTBun, KoTopbie „<...> HecoMHeH-ho, cBS3aHb c amymKa, ho no cpaBHeHuro c amymKa coxpaHaroT e^e oguH aneMeHT (-6an-, -6un-, -6yn- u nog.) <...>". Heo6xoguMo o6paTuTb BHuMaHue Ha to o6cToaTenb-ctbo, hto aBTop runoTe3H (TonopoB t.®.) oco6eHHo nogHepKuBaeT Ba®HocTb TaKoro cpaBHeHua gna ycraHoBneHua ucTuHHoro npoucxo®geHufl aHanu3upyeMoro cnoBa, nocKonbKy oho „<...> KaK pa3 u gaeT Bo3Mo®HocTb gna oKoHHaTenbHoro pemeHua Bonpoca". TaKuMu neKcunecKuMu cooTBeTcTBuaMu, no yTBep®geHuro TonopoBa, sb-naroTca: pycc. guan. amu6an '6onoTHbiM HepT, BogaHon; gbSBon, caTaHa; 6paHHoe cno-bo, 6acypMaH' (TepuT. peKu floHa, OpnoB - CPHr I 262), amu6un't.®.' (TepuT. peKu floHa, OpnoB - CPHr t.®.), aH^i6an, aH^i6yn't.®.' (BnaguMup, KypcK, ncKoB - CPHr I 261-262), aH^6anKa, amu6onum '6paHHoe cnoBo' (TepuT. peKu floHa - CPHr I 262); yKp. aH^6onum, aH^6onomHUK, aH^6onomcbKuu u gp. nepBuHHHM 3HaHeHueM stux cnoB, no MHeHuro TonopoBa, aBnaeTca ceMeMa '6onoTHHM HepT, BogaHon', nocKonbKy TaKyro pe^neKTupyroT HoBoo6pa3oBaHua, o6pa3oBaHHbie no npuH^ny HapogHon STuMonoruu, cp. yKp. aH^-6onom, aH^-6onomHUK - pycc. 6onomHUK, yKp. 6onommuK 'qopT, ®MBy^MM Ha 6onoTe'). npaBga, cBoro runoTe3y TonopoB (1973, 36) cpa3y ®e KaK 6h u onpoBepraeT, KoHcraTupya ^aKT, hto yKp. aH^6onom, aH^6onomHUK „<...> He BHrnagaT KaK cTapbie cnoBa", nocKonbKy 6onee apxaHHHyro Mop^onoruHecKyro cTpyKTypy neKceM pe^neKTupyroT pycc. amu6an, aHU,bi6an, KoTopHe KaK pa3 u sb-
9	TaKue gaHHHe oTcyTcTByroT u b cnoBape BnaguMupa flana (flanb II 182-183; 223-225), u b CnoBape pyccKux uapobuux ^oBopoB (CPHr XV 149-151, 158; XVI 147).
10	ynoTpe6neHue nenopaTuBHoro 3HaHeHua Ha^e Bcero He SBnaeTca Bbipa®eHueM coBoKynHocTu ceMaHTu-HecKon ^yH^uoHanbHocTu BTopuHHoro cy^^uKca -ymKa, nocKonbKy c hum o6pa3oBHBaroTca anTepHaHTH no pogoBoMy npu3HaKy, T.e. TaKon ceMaHTuHecKun oTTeHoK pe^neKTupyeT Mop^onoruHecKoe ceMaHTuHec-Koe cTpoeHue ^opMbi My^cKoro poga, cp. geBep6aTuBH pycc. 3aKum '(neftop.) BcaKoro poga manam, KoHy-pa unu 3eMnaHKa u gp.' (masc.) « 3aKumKa't.®.' (fem.); pycc. cKpym '(neftop.) oguH u3 npocTHx pa36opoB a6noK' (masc.) « cKpymKa't.®.' (fem.) (flanb IV 211) (cm. 3anu3HSK 1980, 185).
TaKaa ®e caMaa cnoBoo6pa3oBaTenbHaa Mogenb npucy^a u gna cMbicnoBbix egMHM^ 6e3 yHuHu®uTenbHoro ceMaHTuHecKoro oTTeHKa c cy^^. -Ka, cp. pycc. pacnan 'pacmupeHbe 3anana, nporap ot nanb6w' (masc.) « pacnanKa't.®.' (fem.) (flanb IV 65).
.hmtch nepBUHHOö ochobom, Ha 6a3e KOTopoö Mor.u BO3HUKHyTb y«e ynoMHHyrae H0B006pa30BaHUH co BTopHM KOMnoHeHTOM K0Mn03UTa, B03B0guMHM k pycc. 6onomo 'Sumpf'.
ycTaHOBUB TaKyro nepegy Mop^onorunecKux U3MeHeHUö, aBTop aHa.U3a npegt-HB.HeT e^ë ogHy runoTe3y - «B TaKOM c.ynae pyccK. amû6an tohho C00TBeTCTByeT .ut. ámiabalis 'yTUHoe 6o.oto' <...>» (TonopoB t.«.), T.e. oho B03B0guM0 k .ut. án-tis 'goMamHHH u.u guKaH nTU^ BogHHoro npocTpaHCTBa (Anas)' J, K, SD79, R, Pn, I, J.Jabl, T.Ivan, V.Krév, Jnšk, Rs, Vlkv, BM 411, Sml, Grž, NS 97, Pn, NS 229, BsP III 30, 106, Dkš, Trgn, B [LKŽe] u .ut. balà '6o.oto'. flaHHoe yTBep«geHueu, k co«a.eHUK>, Hy«-gaeTCH b cy^ecTBeHHoß KoppeKTupoBKe, nocKo.bKy pycc. amû6an '6o.othhm nëpT, BogHHOö' (CPHr I 261-262) u .ut. ámiabalis '6o.oto, b KOTopoM HaxogHTCH yTKu' Vrn, Kb (LKŽe) no CBoeMy npoucxo«geHUK> npegcTaB.HKiT coBepmeHHo pa3Hbie neKCunec-Kue eguHU^i.
BuguMo, g.H ap^yMeHTa^uu CBoeö runoTe3bi o npoucxo«geHUu pycc. gua.. aHHymKa TonopoB no ^puH^u^aM ceMUOTUHecKoro aHa.U3a C03gaëT .UHrBo-MU^o-norunecKyro Moge.b, r.aBHOM nepTOM KOTopoö HB.HeTCH CMbic.OBaH ^nb: 6o«ecTBo BogHHOM cpegbi « ero rugpoHUMHaH ^0Ka^U3a^UH (cm. 11 CHoCKy). OTcyTCTBue aHa-noruHHbix TunonorunecKUx npuMepoB Ha 6a3e gaHHbix .UTOBCKoro H3biKa, KOTopbie nogTBepgu.u 6bi npaBU.bHOCTb TaKoro npegno.o«eHUH, HB.HeTCH BecKOM npuHUHOM g.H nepecMOTpa ^TUM0^0^UU pycc. gua.. amû6an.
TonopoB b Hakane pa36opa gaHHOö npo6.eMbi ynoMUHaeT 06 oneHb Ba«H0ö ce-MaHTunecKOM [ga u aK^HTonorunecKoft] cbh3u Me«gy pycc. gua.. amû6an, amû6un, aHU,ú6án, aHU,ú6yn u gp. '6o.othhm nëpT, BogHHoö u gp.' (CPHr I 261-262) u pycc. aHmûxpucm, pycc. gua.. amûxpucm, aHmûxpucm 'nëpT; no.oBUHa 6eca' (CPHr I 262263). B CBH3U c ^TUM, mo«ho ge.aTb ocTopo«Hoe npegno.o«eHue o tom, hto pycc. gua.. aHHÚ6a. HB.HeTCH K0Mn03UT0M [ru6pugoM U3-3a npucyTCTBUH b CTpyKType C.OBa COCTaBHbX KOMnOHeHTOB pa3HHX H3biKOB], pe^.eKTUpyKl^UM CeMaHTUHeCKUM u OT nacTU Mop^onorunecKUM ^KBUBa.eHT pycc. aHmûxpucm: rpen. àvTÎ- 'npoTUB' + UBp. Baal 'rocnogb (B.agbiKa) (T.e. o6^eynoTpe6uTe.bHoe mmh 6o«ecTBa); B.age.e^ ynpaB.Hro^uñ' (LE II 13; MC 88), T.e. onpege.HeT BOccTaHOB.eHue HauMeHOBaHUH aHTunoga rocnoga // Bora.
npaBU.bHoCTb TaKoro cy«geHUH .erKo goKa3yeMa - oho nogTBep«gaeTCH npo-ucxo«geHueM BToporo KOMnoHeHTa K0Mn03UTa pycc. gua.. anw'iôyn, cooTHocuMoro c UMeHeM ceMUTCKoro 6o«ecTBa Bemeeyn [uBp. Baal Zebub12 B.agbiKa Myx' (cm. RŽ 62, MC 121)], Been3eeyn13 B.acrenuH geMOHOB u 3.bix gyxoB ^u.uctuhhh', T.e. c runoKo-pucTUHecKUM coKpa^eHueM -6yn ot eBp. Zebub « (re.eHU3upoBaHHaH, a noTOM u .a-TUHU3upoBaHHaH ^opMa - cm. 12 CHoCKy) .aT. Zabu(a//o)lus 'gbHBon, nëpT' (Niermeyer
11	nogTBep«geHue bo3mo«hoctm TaKGBG HeopguHapHGro cpaBHeHUH TonopoB (1973, 36) BuguT b geTepMM-HaTMBHOM CMMC.GBGM CBH3M Me«gy (I) .mt. dnčiabalis m (II) pycc. aHHû6an KaK (I) locus « (II) subjectus. CaMblM 6o.bmGM HegGCTaTGK TaKOM MHTep^peTa^MM - C.G«HGCTb eë gGKa3yeMGCTM. fl.H BepM^MKa^MM Ta-KGrG npegno.o«eHMH Heo6xGguMW npuMepbi ageKBaTHGro c.GBGG6pa3GBaTe.bHGrG Tuna, KGTopbie b CTa-Tbe TonopoBa GTcyTCTByroT. Mx aBTop runGTe3bi, HecoMHeHHo, npeg^HBM. 6h, hg no npu^UHe GTcyTCTBMH
TaKGBbx B .MTGBCKGM H3bIKe, 3TG He npegCTaB.HeTCH BG3MG«HHM.
12	M3MeHeHue KGH^a gchgbm gaHHGM ^opMbi -6/b/- b -n- G6yc.GB.eHG rpe^. (no3g. - Bu3aHTMMCKMM nepuog) ZaßoXo^ gbHBG., caTaHa' [h rpe^. öiaßoXo^ K.eBeTHUK, n«enpucH«HWM; (no3g.) gbHBO.'], onpege.MBme-ro BG3HMKHGBeHue .aT. zabölus // zabülus'diabolus' (Lewis, Short 1958, 2018).
13	MBp. Baal « apaM. Beel (LE II 13).
1976, 1138). Ba®HeñmuM ^aKT0M, nogTBep®garo^uM ceMaHTuqecKyro cBa3b Me®-gy pycc. guaj. anu¿bi-6fn 'gbaBoj, caTaHa' u rpeq. (no3g.) Zd^oXoc; 't.®.', jaT. zabolus // zabülus 'diabolus', u cootbctctbchho MBp. Baal Zebub, aBjaeTca paccKa3 aBTopoB HoBoro 3aBeTa, mto sthm hmchcm co6ctbchhmm Rapucen u khh®hhkh Ha3biBaju Mncyca XpMCTa, nocKojbKy qhh yTBep®gajH, mto tot H3roHaeT 6ecoB cujoro 'KHa3a 6ecoB', T.e. Bejb3eByja (MaT^. 10, 25; 12, 24, 27; Mk. 3, 22; ^yK. 11, 15-19 - nogpo6Hee cm. MC t.®.; LE II 14). 3HaquT, BTopoñ KoMnoHeHT K0Mn03uTa pycc. guaj. auu,ú6yn goj®eH u3bacHaTbca hu KaK pe^jeKcua jut. bala '6ojoto', ho KaK coKpa^eHue uMe-hu ceMuTcKoro 6ora Eaan 3e6y6a[-6yna], crpyKTypHo u ceMaHTuqecKu ugeHTuqHoro pycc. anmúxpucm, nocKojbKy 03HaqaeT uMa Toro ®e caMoro 6o®ecTBa.
nocje He coBceM ygaqHoñ nonbiTKu o6beguHuTb b ogHo jeKcuKo-ceMaHTu-qecKoe rHe3go pycc. guaj. amú6an, amú6un, anu,ú6án, anu,ú6yn (u gp.) u pycc. guaj. amymKa, TonopoB (1973, 36) npuBoguT rjaBHbiñ apryMeHT gja nepecMoTpa ero ®e runoTe3H HacqeT STuMojoruu SToro cjoBa - MeToguKy BbigejeHua cTpyKTypHbix eguHu^ cjoBa u ycTaHoBjeHua ux pa3gejuTejbHbix rpaHu^ npe®ge ucTojKoBaHHaa KaK npou3BogHaa ^opMa c cy^. pycc. -ymKa (TonopoB 1973, 34), jeKceMa noqeMy-To 3aH0B0 uHTepnpeTupyeTca KaK KoHTaMuHa^oHHoe cy^uKcajbHoe 06pa30BaHue u3 gByx jeKcuqecKux egurn^ juToBcKoro a3biKa: jut. guaj. anciüté 'yT0HKa' LKG I 282; 'nupo®oK b ^opMe yTKu' Rdm14 (LKZe) u jut. anciükas 'BbiBogoK yTKu' Prn, Kp, Ms, Gs, Ér (LKZe), T.e. cy^^. jut. -üt- + cy^. jut. -uk- > -utk-. K co®ajeHuro, aBTop ru-noTe3H onaTb-TaKu He npuBoguT hu ogHoro npuMepa aHajoruqHoro cTpyKTypHoro 06pa30BaHua juToBcKoro a3biKa (!!!). BuguMo, no npuquHe HenpaBgonogo6HocTu Ta-Koro o6bacHeHua, TonopoB (1973, 37) gejaeT e^e ogHy nonbiTKy ucTojKoBaTb cTpyK-Typy pycc. guaj. amymKa - cjobo TpaKTyeTca KaK TaBTojoruqecKoe 06pa30BaHue, T.e. jut. guaj. anc- 'yTeH0K' (h jut. anciokas 'BbiBogoK yTKu') + pycc. ymKa 'Ente'. TaKoe cy®geHue 6hjo 6h npueMjeMo jumb b cjyqae npuBegeHua coo6pa3HHx npuMepoB, K0T0pbie B TeKcTe cTaTbu 0TcyTcTByroT.
nonHTKa TonopoBa (1973 t.®.) o6ocH0BaTb cBoro runoTe3y 6ajTu3Ma, npuBoga apryMeHTH BHemHero o6juKa 6o®ecTBa - oho poraToe, 6ecnaToe, T.e. TaKoe ®e, KaK u yTKa -, To®e He yBeHqajacb ycnexoM, nocKojbKy caM aBTop npegnojo®eHua npu-3HaeT tot ^aKT, mto Bce stu qepTH de origine cBoñcTBeHHbi qepTy. B pyccKoM ^ojb-Kjope qepT npegcTaBjaeTca TaK®e u KaK cy^ecTBo c rycuHHMu HoraMu (BjacoBa 2008, 533) [npoucxo®geHue SToro MoTuBa mo®ho o6bacHuTb cpegoñ o6uTaHua 6eca: o3epoM, TpacuHoñ, BogoBopoToM u ga®e MopeM (cp. BjacoBa 2008, 533), T.e. tom ®e caMoñ cpegoñ, rge o6hmho u ®uBeT sto nepHaToe]. rjaBHbiñ apryMeHT, Ha KoTopbiñ onupaeTca aBTop runoTe3H, tot, mto onucbiBaeMbiñ Mu^ojoruHecKuñ nepcoHa®, KaK u yTKa, M0®eT jeTaTb, To®e aBjaeTca Ka3yucTuqecKuM no tom ®e npocToñ npuquHe, mto 3Ta oco6eHHocTb cBoñcTBeHHa u qepTy - oh qacTo npegcTaBjajca KaK KpbuaToe 6o®ecTBo (BjacoBa 2008, 533-534), cp. nepm uuoada „nemum 3MeeM" (BjacoBa 2008, 545); M0®eT HecTucb KaK Buxpb uju 6ypHbiñ BeTep (qepT-Buxpb) (BjacoBa 2008, 543).
Bo3Bpa^aacb k npo6jeMaTuKe Mop^ojorunecKoro aHaju3a u 3TuM0j0ru3a^u pycc. guaj. amymKa, Hy®H0 oTMeTuTb BecbMa Ba®Hoe o6cToaTejbcTBo juHrBucTu-qecKoro pa36opa gaHHoro jeKcuKo-ceMaHTuqecKoro rHe3ga - onpegejeHue 6a30B0ñ u
14 OqeHb pegKoe ynoTpe6jeHue gaHHoro cjoBa b guajeKTax juToBcKoro a3HKa [b LKZe yKa3HBaeTca jumb oguH nyHKT ro®HHx ayKmTañToB] aBjaeTca goBojbHo BecKoñ npuquHoñ coMHeBaTbca b npaBujbHocTu TaKoñ goragKu.
npou3BogHon ^opM. BuguMo, aHanu3 ^TOM rpynnbi cnoB Hy^Ho 6bino HanaTb uMeH-ho c 6a3OBOM unu npou3Boga^eM ^opMbi, T.e. c pycc. guan. amym 'nepT (Kanyra -CPHr I 262), a He cy^uKcanbHon npou3BogHon pycc. guan. amymKa [e^é cp. pycc. 6yKa 'MHHMoe nyrano, koum pa3yMHbie BocnuTaTenu cTpa^aroTb gíTen; HenroguMb, MegBígb, HenoBeKb HenpucTynHbin, cypoBbin, yrproMbin' h pycc. 6yKam 'nenoBeK, Ha 6yKy noxo^un; HépT' (flanb I 138; CPHr III 262) h pycc. 6yKÚUKa '^aHTacTunecKoe cy^ecTBO, ^uBy^ee b goMe; goMOBOM; HeaKKypaTHaa «eH^HHa' (CPHr III 262)]. One-BugHO, KOTopaa u3 hux ABn^eTca nepBUHHon, cp. pycc. yeád-b 'yragbiBaHue' h yaaÓKa 't.^.' (flanb IV 465). Hecy^^uKcanbHaa u c00TBeTcTBeHH0 nepBUHHaa ^opMa pycc. guan. amym cBoen gepuBa^u0HH0M MogenbK) coBceM He oraunaeTca ot gpyrux neK-ceM Toro ^e caMoro Tuna, T.e. geBepóaTHBOB pyccKoro A3biKa. MMea b Bugy bo3mo^-Hoe npucyTcTBue ^eHOMeHa Ta6y npu ^opMupoBaHuu Mop^onorunecKon cTpyKTypbi cnoBa [cp. Hepy^aücx na noub, amymKa npucnumcx; AmymuK cadumcx na uoau mouy, Kmo 3a cmonou 6onmaem nozauu eo epeux edu (CPHr I 262; TonopoB 1973, 38-39); e^e cp. Cnoeo nepm npou3nocumb apex, He mo oh npuexMemcx u 6ydem npunummb 3no (Bonorga); Mmaue cnóea nepm He npou3nocKm, 6oxcb nepma, a Ha3ueamm ezo nepHuü, HeMumuK (HoBropog - BnacoBa 2008, 535)], mo^ho cgenaTb ocropo^Hoe npegnono-^eHue o npou3omegmen Mop^OTaKTunecKOM TpaHc^O3u^uu gaHHon ^opMbi - TaKoe cy^geHue mo^ho apryMeHTupoBaTb npucyTcTBueM cooTBeTcTBeHHbix u3MeHeHun b cTpyKType Ha3BaHun gpyrux pyccKux Mu^onorunecKux nepcoHa^en (cm. ganbme): pycc. guan. amym 'nepT < *amyd 't.^.' [Mop^onorunecKafl 3anucb; e^e cp. cnopagu-necKoe u3MeHeHue -d- ^ -m-: pycc. nyóóK'b ^ nymÓK^ 'HeMHO^KO, cKonbKo-Hu6ygb; KocymKa BuHa' (flanb IV 613)] ~ pycc. guan. amumd 't.^.' (TonopoB 1973, 31) [c u3MeHe-HueM -y- b -um- u3-3a no3gHen KOHTaMUHa^uu c pycc. uyda (guan. uwda, cp. cn. Mmda (tacMep II 145; e^e cm. HepKacoB, MocKBuTuHa 2005, 192) 'u3MeHHuK, npegaTenb' (cp. flanb II 68) ~ pycc. Myda „oguH u3 gBeHag^Tu anocTonoB, npegaBmun Mucyca XpucTa"] < pycc. guan. *Hanyd 't.^.' [Mop^oTaKTunecKafl TpaHc^O3u^ufl u3-3a Ta6y, cp. pycc. guan. y^a^áHKa 'BegbMa' (KonbiMa - BnacoBa 2008, 499) < *y^a^aHKa h ra. pycc. yaadueamb 'oT(pa3-)ragaTb, goragaTbca; y3HaTb no TéMHbiM npu3HaKaM u gp.' (flanb IV 464-46515)] h ra. pycc. Hanydúmb (Hanydécumb, Hanydomeópumb) 'HanpoKa3uTb,
15 TyT Heo6xogMMO oTMeTMTb, mto M3bscHeHMe npoMcxo^geHMa aToro cnoBa, npegcTaBneHHoe AneKcaHgpoM Ahmkmhmm (2000: 580), SBnaeTca npuMepoM HapogHoñ ^THM0^0^HH (mho^ctbo TaKux npuMepoB npeg-cTaBneHo b KHure nnaToHa gyKameBMMa (1847)), nocKonbKy npuMucnuB gaHHoe cnoBo k 3auMcTBoBaHMSM M3 aKyT. yd^aH 'maMaHKa, BegbMa, KongyHba', a nocnegHMM M3 MoHr. yd^aH 'maMaHKa', aBTop rMnoTe3w 3a-6bin ycTaHoBMTb: I. McToMHMK 3aMMcTBoBaHM3 (!!!), TaK KaK TropK. *íduk'cBa^éHHWM', no MHeHMro AHMKMHa, aBnaro^MMca cy6cTpaTHon ^opMoñ, Ka3yucTMMHa He TonbKo M3-3a cTaTyca peKoHcTpyupoBaHHoñ ^opMW [cBoé cy^geHMe Ahmkmh apryMeHTMpyeT numb acTepMKcoM (!!!); KcTaTu, TaKoe 3auMcTBoBaHue HeyKa3aH-ho b cBoge TropKM3MoB pyccKoro s3biKa (cm. fflunoBa 1976: 342-343)], ho m HecooTBeTcTBMa Mop^o^oHe-TMMecKoM cTpyKTypbi 3auMcTBoBaHua; II. 3BeHo Mop^onoruMecKux M3MeHeHMM - HeacHo, (a) noMeMy SKyT. yd^aH 'maMaHKa, BegbMa, KongyHba', ceMaHTMMecKM peanu3yeMWM KaK pe^epeHT «eHcKoro poga, b pyc-ckom a3WKe ynoTpe6nseTcs c cy^^. -Ka; (6) ecnu sto cB33aHHo c KOHTaMMHa^MeM pycc. guan. (3auM.) maMaHKa 'pyraTenbcTBo; pyraTenbHoe cnoBo' (OacMep IV 401; Ahmkmh 2000, 688), Torga Bo3HMKaeT Bonpoc, KaK b pyccKoM guaneKTe Cu6upu Morno noaBMTbca 3auMcTBoBaHue, cBoen Mop^onoruMecKoñ cTpyKTypon HecooTBeTcTByro^ee Mop^oTaKTMMecKoñ cTpyKTypw pyccKoro a3WKa, Korga b stom BocToMHocnaBSHcKoM a3WKe u b ero cu6upcKoM guaneKTe mupoKo pacnpocTpaHeHo ynoTpe6neHue gpyroro 3auMcTBoBaHua Toro »e caMoro 3HaMeHHa, cp. pycc. maMám, maMáHKa 'pogb o6Ma^MKoBb, y guKuxb cu6upcKuxb HapogoBb, KoTopwe nogb BugoMb KongoBcTBa o6MaHWBaroTb Hapogb' (CAP 850), maMáH, maMáHKa 'cny^MTenb Kynb-Ta gyxoB, BcTynaro^uñ b puTyanbHoe o6^eHue c hmmm; KongyH, 3Haxapb, cnoco6HWM npuBoguTb ce6a b cocToaHue 3KcTa3a' (BTCPfl 1489), T.e. „runoTe3a" AHMKMHa ucKa^aeT o6^enpuH3Twe TeopeTMMecKMe
HagenaTb manocTeu; guBuTb CTpaHHbiMu pacnopagKaMu u ynpaBneHbeMi16' (flanb II 497), cp. pycc. guan. nacnyx 'cnyx' (OpeH6ypr) (flanb II 471; CPHr XII 172) h rn. pycc. nacnymamb, nacnymueamb 'nocnymuBaTb, nogcTeperaTb yxoMi u gp.' (flanb t.®.).
Bo3MO®eH u gpyrou nyTb o6,bacHeHua o6pa3OBaHua pycc. guan. annym - cno-bo, no Bceu BepoaTHOCTu, pe^neKTupyeT nepecTaHOBKy [o6ycnoBneHHyro ^eHOMeHOM Ta6y] Mop^onorunecKou crpyKTypbi cy6cTaHTuBa co cnopagunecKu ynoTpe6naeMbiM npe^uKCOM na-, T.e. npe^. pycc. na- + cy6cT. pycc. nydo17 'BCSKoe SBneHue, Koe mm He yMi eMi o6tacHuTb, no u3BecTHbiM HaM 3aKOHaM npupogw; guBO, Heo6biHaHHaa Be^b unu HBneHue' (flanb IV 612) ^ (?) 'HepT' (cp. Hydo MopcKoe, dueo nonbcKoe, cmpaxv eodnnou (flanb t.®.)), T.e. mo®ho peKOHCTpyupoBaTb pycc. guan. *uanyd, cp. pycc. guan. nauonodeu, ^ uonodeu, Monogou HenoBeK (npu Be®nuBOM o6pai^eHuu)' (BnaguMup - CPHr XII 40), pycc. guan. nanpaeda ^ npaeda 'Hacroa^aa npaBga' (BnaguMup -CPHr XII 95), pycc. guan. napoeecnuu^a ^ poeecuuu,a 'cBepcrroma' (ApxaHrenbCK -CPHr XII 126), pycc. guan. nacapau ^ capau ceHOBan, HaBec' (nepMb - CPHr XII
ochobm noaBneHua cynepcTaTHou neKcuKu: 3auMcmBoBaHue - ,,o6pa^eHue k neKcuHecKOMy ^OHgy gpyrux s3mkob gna Bbipa®eHua hobmx noHaTUM, ^ajibHenmeM ^u^^epeH^a^u y»e uMero^uxca u o6o3Haqe-Hua Heu3BecTHMX npe^e npe^MeTOB (HepegKO caMu ^Tu noHaTua u npegMeTbi CTaHOBaTca u3BecTHbiMu HOcuTenaM gaHHoro a3biKa numb BcnegcTBue KOHTaKTOB c TeMu HapogaMu, u3 Hbux s3mkob 3auMCTByroT-ca cooTBeTCTByro^ue cnoBa)." (AxMaHOBa 1969, 150-151) // "Adoption of a linguistic expression from one language into another language, usually when no term exists for the new object, concept, or state of affairs." (Bussmann 2006, 139).
Oco6eHHO HacTopa®uBaeT ogHa HepTa ^TUM0n0^uHecK0M onucu cnoB, npegcTaBneHHou Ahukuhmm - non-Hoe OTcyTCTBue cuHxpoHHoro aHanu3a neKcuHecKou eguHu^i. Oh He aHanu3upyeT u He geTanu3upyeT oco6eHHOCTeu u3MeHeHuu CTpyKTypHbix CTpoeHuu neKceM pyccKoro a3biKa, ho cpa3y 6epeTca 3a peKOHC-Tpy^uro npa^opM He M-E s3mkob (KOTopwe, no-BuguMOMy, HuKorga He cy^ecTBOBanu - cm. ganbme), xoTa geBep6aTuBHoe npoucxo®geHue pycc. guan. y^a^dHKa 'BegbMa (pyraTenbHoe cnoBo)' OHeBugHO, k TOMy ®e Heo6xoguMO KOHCTaTupoBaTb npoTuBonono®Hbiu nyTb 3auMCTBOBaHua Bbime yKa3aHHbix neKceM, T.e. SKyT. ydasaH 'maMaHKa, BegbMa, KongyHba', MOHr. ydasaH 'maMaHKa' SBnaroTca cnaBSHCKuMu 3auMCTBO-BaHuaMu, a He Hao6opoT, KaK ^Ty goBonbHO Hecno®Hyro npo6neMy o6,tacHaeT Ahukuh: pycc. guan. ^a^ 'oTragHuK, ^popu^aTenb' OnoHe^Kaa ry6epH. (1846 r.), Bonorga, flpocnaBnb, KocTpoMa, nepMb, 3anagHaa Poccua; 'goragnuBbiu, xopomo yragwBaro^uu HTO-nu6o HenoBeK' flpocnaBnb (1853 r.); '3Haxapb' Bonorga, nepMb (CPHr VI 90), pycc. guan. ^a^& '3Haxapb; Bopo^ea' 3anagHaa Poccua (flanb I 339) h pycc. guan.
*sadaH't.®.' (c anoKonou cy^^. -aH u3-3a K0HTaMUHa^uu c pycc. ^a^ '3Mea' (CPHr VI 89) - TepMuHOM caK-panbHou c^epbi (!!!) [- (ugeHTuHHbie Mogenu Mop^onoruHecKou CTpyKTypbi nomina agentia) pycc. Monnam 'co6aKa, KOTopaa KycaeTi MonHa, u3nogTumKa, 6e3i naro u gp.' [h rn. pycc. Monnamb 'HiimHyTb, 6e3MonBC-TBOBaTb, TuxHyTb u gp.'] (flanb II 343) (6onbme npuMepoB cm. 3anu3HSK 1980, 494-496)] « pycc. ^a^dHKa 'raganKa' Ypan 1963 r. (CPHr VI 90). MrHopupoBaHue CTpyKTypHbix u3MeHeHuu cnoBa npuBeno k TOMy, hto pa3Hbie no CBoeMy npoucxo®geHuro u Mop^onoruHecKOMy CTpoeHuro omo^ohh pycc. ^a^ '3Mea' u pycc. guan. ^a^ 'oTragHuK, ^popu^aTenb u gp.' 6binu cooTHeceHbi b ogHO neKcuKO-ceMaHTuHecKoe rHe3go (CPHr VI 89-90).
OcHOBMBaacb Ha pe3ynbTaTax gaHHoro aHanu3a, mo®ho BbigBuHyTb npegnono®eHue o tom, hto pycc. guan. ydasdHKa 'BegbMa (pyraTenbHoe cnoBo)' gon®Ha pa3iacHSTbca KaK geBep6aTuBHaa pyccKaa neKceMa (cm. Bbime), a He 3auMCTBOBaHue. M, HanpoTuB, b yKa3aHHbix a3uaTCKux S3biKax OHa 6bina 3auMCTBOBaHa gna o6o3HaHeHua pe^epeHTHbix ceMeM 'maMaHKa, BegbMa, KongyHba'. DiaBHbiM apryMeHTOM gna BOccTaHOBne-hus pycc. *ysadaHKa 'BegbMa, acHOBuga^ee' SBnaeTca neKcuKO-ceMaHTuHecKoe cooTBeTCTBue yKpauHCKoro S3WKa, TO®gecTBeHHoe peKOHCTpyupoBaHHou ^opMe u b nnaHe Mop^onoruHecKoro CTpoeHua (T.e. pe^-neKcua Mogenu geBep6aTuBHoro CTpoeHua cnoBa) u b nnaHe ceMaHTuHecKou: yKp. ysadHuk (BsadHuk) 'ac-HOBuge^ « y^a^Hu^a (e^a^Hu^a)'t.®. (®.p.)' h rn. yKp. ysadyBamucx (BsadyBamucx) 'npegBugeTb, npeg-HyBCTBOBaTb, 6wTb cyeBepHbiM; 2. npegyragaTb, yragwBaTb; 3. y3HaTb' [h yKp. ysadHuu,mBo (BsadHuu,mBo) 'yMeHue yragwBaTb'] (cm. CYM 371).
16	O6 yMeHuu HepTa HapogeucTBOBaTb, yragwBaTb 6ygy^ee nogpo6Hee cm. BnacoBa 2008, 538, 540; [oco6eH-ho] 541; 544-545, 546-547.
17	STuMonorua ^T0^0 cnoBa go cux nop ocTaeTca npegMeTOM cnopa (nogpo6Hee cm. OacMep IV 377-378).
151), pycc. guaH. nacmea ^ ocHoea '^yHgaMeHT, Grundlage' (BoHorga - CPHr XII 178), pycc. guaH. naynúmenb ^ ynumenb 'Lehrer' (CM0HeHCK - CPHr XII 252), pycc. guaH. nanúcmKa ^ nucmKa 'nucTKa (noMe^eHua), Putzen' (6acceñH peKU floHa - CPHr XII 289).
OcH0BbiBaacb Ha pe3yHbTaTax Mop^oHoruHecKoro aHaHU3a, mo»ho BbgBUHyTb npegnoHo»eHue, hto pycc. guaH. amymKa npegcTaBHaeT co6oñ 06pa30BaHue U3 Tpëx cTpyKTypHbx K0Mn0HeHT0B: npe^. pycc. Ha- + Kop. pycc. nyb- [c ceKyHgapHbM -m-(^oHeTunecKaa 3anucb) BMecTo ^TUM0H0^UHecK0^0 -Ô-] + cy^. -Ka O *HanyÖKa. Cy^-^UKC -Ka b 06pa30BaHbHX geBep6aTUB0B pyccKoro s3bKa BCTpeHaeTca BecbMa HacTo, cp. pycc. npám-Ka 'cKpbiTue' h th. pycc. npámamb cnpsTaTb, KHacTb b coxpaHHoe Mec-to' (flaHb III 534), pycc. npxö-Ka 'BbiTSHyTas U3b KygeHU u cKpyneHHaa HUTb' h th. pycc. npxdámb KpyTUTb HUTb U3b B0H0K0Hb, TSHyTb U3b Hero U CyHUTb HUTKy' (flaHb III 533), pycc. 6apa6óm-Ka '6e3T0HK0Bbñ, cyeTHUBbiñ, 6e3nopHgoHHbñ HeH0BeK' h rH. pycc. 6apa6ómumb '6yTopa»UTb, cyMaTomuTb u gp.' (flaHb I 47), pycc. Haxód-Ka 'Fund' h rH. pycc. Haxodúmb HaTaHKUBaTbca, HaTbKaTbcs' (flaHb II 491-492), pycc. Hauóne-Ka 'HaroBop, o6BUHeHue, HaBíTb' (flaHb II 440; CPHr XII 40) h th. pycc. Hauóneumb, Hauonenámb 'HacKa3biBaTb, HaroBopuTb, KHeBeTaTb' (flaHb t.».) u gp.
MMea b Bugy HeñTpaHbHbñ ceMaHTUHecKuñ 0TTeH0K ^TUX gepuBaT0B, mo»-Ho c yBepeHHocTbro yTBep»gaTb, hto c cy^. pycc. -Ka o6pa3yroTca He T0HbK0 gu-MUHyTUBb [cp. gucTpu6yTUBH0 BTopuHHyro ceMeMy pycc. guaH. amymKa 'nepTëHoK, 6ecëH0K' (CapaT0B, neH3a, Pa3aHb - CPHr I 262)] mhm neñopaTUBbi (no yTBep»geHuro TonopoBa), ho um TaK»e Bbpa»aeTCH gonoHHUTeHbHaa Mop^oHorunecKaa gucTpu-6y^UH cy6cTaHTHBH3a^HH, cp. pycc. yaád-b ^ yaaÖKa 'goragKa' (flaHb IV 465), pycc. npxöb ^ npHÖKa 'BbiTSHyTaa U3b KygeHU u cKpyneHHaa HUTb' (flaHb III 533), pycc. 6apa6óma ^ 6apa6ómKa '6e3T0HK0Bbñ, cyeTHUBbiñ, 6e3nopHgoHHbñ HeHoBeK' (flaHb I 47), pycc. Haxód'b ^ HaxódKa 'Fund' (flaHb II 492) u gp. - 3HaneHHH gaHHMX npuMepoB To^gecTBeHHM (iii). Onupaacb Ha ^TU gaHHbie, mo»ho BbgBUHyTb npegnoHo»eHue o Tom, HT0 pycc. guaH. amym 'nëpT' ^ pycc. guaH. amymKa t.».' hbhsmtch geBep6aTU-BaMU [uhu cy6cTaHTUBHbiMU gepuBaTaMu] pyccKoro s3bKa, 03Hanaro^UMU mu^oho-ruHecKue cy^ecTBa, BbTBoparo^ue Heo6bHañHbe Be^u uhu sBHeHUs, T.e. HepTeñ18.
O6bacHeHue noHUceMUu pycc. guaH. amymKa 'nëpT, gbSB0H, 6ec; aHTUxpucT; HepTëHoK, 6ecëH0K; BogaHoñ HëpT; goMoBoñ; Hemuñ; Hepaxa, rpa3HyHa; 6egHbñ, He-cHacTHbñ HeHoBeK; 6aH0BeHb, 6aH0BHUK; ceMeMa yHUHU»UTeHbHoro 3HaHeHua - py-raTeHbCTBo' He npegcTaBHaeTca npo6HeMaTUHHbM, n0CK0HbKy Bce nepenucHeHHbie 3HaHeHua cBoñcTBeHHb umu Bbipa»aeM0My pe^eperny - HëpTy, b co3HaHUu Hrogeñ UMeBmeMy aHTponoMop^HMH o6^hk poraToro, nopocmero HëpHoro mKypoñ cy^ec-TBa c KonbTaMU u xboctom (nogpo6Hee cm. MC 595; BHacoBa 2008, 533), K0T0p0My cBoñcTBeHHo 6bH0 3HUTbcs (BHacoBa 2008, 536), MCTUTb (BHacoBa 2008, 533), npuHU-HSTb Bpeg (BHacoBa 2008, 540-541), myTUTb u pe3BUTbca, a TaK »e 6bTb HeonpsTHbM u HeaKKypaTHbM, HeyKHK>»UM (BHacoBa 2008, 534-543, 546). B03HUKH0BeHue ceMeMb yHUHU»UTeHbHoro 3HaHeHua - pyraTeHbCTBa, BuguMo Hy»H0 cBS3bBaTb c npuBbHKoñ HëpTa nosBHSTbcs npu npou3HeceHUu ero UMeHU (cm. Bbme), hto 6bH0 He»eHaTeHbH0. 3HaHeHue '6egHbñ, HecHacTHbñ HeHoBeK' M0»eT UHTepnpeTupoBaTbca gB0HK0: 1) KaK
18 Cp. «aHHyTKa, b gpeBHepyccKoñ s3biqecKoñ mm^ohofmm 3hom gyx, »MBy^uñ b B03gyxe m b Boge, nocHe npuHSTua xpMCTuaHCKoñ Bepb — ogHo m3 Ha3BaHMñ MepTa. B Hapoge ero MMeHoBaHU «6ecnaTbñ» (CP 48).
o6o3HaHeHue xuTpe^ - 3Ta HepTa xapaKTepa oco6eHHo Hacro npunucHBaeTcs 6ecy; noaTOMy oh 30BeTcH nyKaBHM (cm. BnacoBa 2008, 534) -, T.e. HenoBeKa, KOTopbin nyreM o6MaHa [npegcTaBHHHCb 6egHHK0M u 3aHMMaacb no6upaTenbcTB0M] xoHeT Ha^MTbca 3a ch£t gpyrux; 2) o6pa3e^ ceMaHTMHecKoro M3MeHeHMS, Korga pe^epeHT 3aMeHseTCs ogHUM M3 ero KOHOTaTOB (nogpo6Hee cm. Kregzdys 2010, 24-26), b stom cnyHae, npu-Hagne^HoCTbro gbHBony, T.e. npuo6peTaeT 3HaHeHue 3nonony%Huü nenoBeK (anKoronuK [no gaHHHM pyccKoro ^onbKnopa, Bce ^bHHM^bI HaxogHTcH bo BnacTM 6eca - BnacoBa 2008, 542-543, 547], noBecuBmuncH unu bchkoto poga caMoy6u^a (cm. BnacoBa 2008, 543), Hapogen, yMepmun HacunbcTBeHHon cMepTbro (BnacoBa 2008, 545), yMepmun unu y6uTbiM HeKpe^eHbin MnageHe^ (BnacoBa 2008, 544) u gp.) - Bce Te, Hbu gymu npuHagne^aT gbHBony. ^Ta neHuTeHTHas 3aBucuMocTb noHuManacb BecbMa 3aHSTHo: Bce BHme nepeHucneHHbie, KpoMe geTen [ohu b nog3eMenbe oxpaHHnu cKap6 HepTen (BnacoBa 2008, 544)], no pyccKuM noBepbHM, cny^unu 6ecaM cpegcTBOM nepeMe^e-huh, T.e. Ha hux HepTu e3gunu BepxoM - stux ropeMHK ga®e nogKOBHBanu KaK noma-gen (cm. BnacoBa 2008, 543).
OcHOBbiBascb Ha BHme u3no®eHHHx apryMeHTax no npoucxo^geHuro mu^ohu-Ma, mo®ho yTBep^gaTb, hto HeT HuKaKux npuHuH pycc. guan. amymKa cpaBHuBaTb c Ha3BaHuHMu ^TM^ BogHHoro npocTpaHcTBa u TeM 6onee o6^HcHHTb ero KaK 6anTu3M - c^obo ÄB^aeTca ucKOHHO pyccKMM (!!!). B Bugy SToro, ycTaHOBneHue bo3mo®hhx rpaHuii npo^uBaHuH npoTo6anTuMcKux nneMeH Ha TeppuTopuu Poccuu, ocHOBHBa-Hcb Ha apeanbHOM pacnpocTpaHeHuu gaHHon neKceMH, He HBnseTcs bo3mo®hhm.
Omu6oHHoe cooTHeceHue o6pa3a yTKu c mu^ohumob nenopaTuBHoro 3HaHe-huh pycc. guan. amymKa 'gbHBon', noBnusno Ha noHBneHue BecbMa coMHuTenbHHx BHBogoB no ycTaHOBneHuro apxeTunHoro 3HaHeHus SToro nepHaToro BogHHoro npocTpaHcTBa b Tpygax gpyrux uccnegoBaTenen, b KOTopHx yTBep^gaeTca, hko6h «yTKa ... cBH3aHa c HeHucTon cunon» (rypa 1997, 668).
OcHOBHBascb Ha Ka3yucTuHHOM STuMonoruHecKOM aHanu3e gaHHoro 6o®Ka, bo BTopon HacTu cBoen cTaTbu TonopoB (1973, 42-43), k co^aneHuro, npuBoguT numb BecbMa ManoHucneHHHe ^aKTH nuTOBcKoro ^onbKnopa, b KOTopHx ynoMuHaeTcs mu-^onoreMa ymKa. no stom npuHuHe BHBogH aBTopa runoTe3H o geMOHuHecKon npupo-ge SToro nepHaToro [cp. „<...> napannenu3M nepKyHaca u HepTa (> yTKa) <...>" (TonopoB 1973, 43)] u cooTBeTcTBeHHo ero npuHagne^Hocrb k xTOHuHecKon c^epe gon®HH 6bTb nogBeprHyTH T^aTenbHon npoBepKe.
HeKOTopHe BHBogH, npegcTaBneHHHe b cTaTbe TonopoBa, numb ot HacTu coot-BeTcTByroT gaHHHM ^onbKnopa BocTOHHo-6anTuMcKux HapogoB19:
I. TonopoB (1973, 42) yraep^gaeT, hto oco6o uHTepecHHM ^aKTOM nuTOBcKo-ro ^onbKnopa HBnseTcs npeBpa^eHue HepTa b yTKy: Griausmas musa kok} necystq.
19 flaHHbix o 3HaHuMocTu ^T0M rnu^i BogHHoro npocTpaHcTBa b o6pagoBon TpagM^MM 3anagHbix 6anT0B noHTu He coxpaHunocb, KpoMe ynoMuHaHuH npeTopuH (MP III 467), hto bo BpeMH npa3gHuKa ypo®aa, npoBoguBmerocH b koh^ okth6ph, „KOToporo no-pyccKu Ha3HBanu oiinek, T.e. y6op ypo®aa", 6ory 3eMe-HueKy unu 3ueMHuHueKy npuHocunu b ®epTBy ytky unu cene3ha.
npaBga, Bcro MH^opMa^MK>, npegcTaBneHHyro b Tpyge npeTopuH Deliciae Prussicae, oder preussische Schaubühne (II-aH nonoBuHa 17-oro BeKa) Heo6xoguMo paccMaTpuBaTb BecbMa KpuTuHecKu, nocKonbKy ^T0My aBTopy cBoncTBeHHH npeyBenuHeHuH, a TaK®e Hy®Ho uMeTb b Bugy u to 06cT0HTenbcTB0, hto b um onu-cHBaeM^ix o6pagax u noBepbHx npyccoB BecbMa 3HaHuTenbHyro HacTb 3aHuMaeT B0CT0HH0-6anTMMCKMe KynbTypHHe ^neMeHTH, nocKonbKy u3BecTHo, hto ^MM^pa^MH npegcTaBuTenen npoTonuTOBcKux nneMeH Ha TeppuTopuro npyccuu HaHanacb b 6 B.H.e. (PEZ IV 47) (nogpo6Hee cm. Kper^guc 2009, 297).
Vienq kartq eina medziotojas ir mato - koks antinas galvq ¡kisgs vandenin ir gaudo zuvis. Medziotojas sové vienq kartq, kitq - ir vis nenusauna. Pamislijo, kad gali büti velnias, sukramté nusimovgs sidabrin¡ ziedq,prisimusé sautuvq, kaip sové ir nusové... Ten büta veln-io (LTA 1081/227), T.e. Monnux ydapxem no uenucmoü cune. KaK-mo udém oxomnuK u Budum - ceneseub, oKynyB aonoBy b Body, noBum puóy. Oduu pa3 Bucmpenun oxomnuK, u dpyaoü - Bcé nycmo. nodyuan, nmo ^mo uoMem 6umb népm, pa3MeBan cnxmoe c nanb^ cepe6pmoe Konb^, 3apxdun pyMbé u KaK Bucmpenun - nonan... ^mo 6un népm; Uzéjo lietus, eidamas namo, medziotojas pamaté ezere ant¡. Sové keliskart, bet po kiekvieno süvio antis rodé zmogui uodegq ir vél sau plauké. Supratgs, kad velnias, sové sidabriniu pinigu. Istraukgs is vandens, pamaté, kad tai ne antis, bet katé (Mitt. IV H. 20 173), T.e. Hanancx dowdb, no dopoae bouoü oxomnuK yBuden na o3epe ymKy. Bucmpenun necKonbKo pa3, no nocne Kaxboü nonumKu ymKa Bcé noKa3UBana nenoBeKy cboü xBocm u danbme nnaBana. nonxB, nmo ^mo népm, Bucmpenun cepe6pmoü uonemoü. Bumaw,uB u3 Bodu, yBuden, nmo ^mo He ymKa, a KomKa. OcHoBbiBaacb Ha ^TUx gaHHbix, genaeTca npegnocbinKa o geMOHHqecKOH cymhoctu ^T0^0 npegcTaBUTena nepHaTbix BogaHoro npocTpaHcTBa u o6pa3a ero gencTBUH.
PaccMaTpuBaa gaHHoe yTBep^geHue, Heo6xoguMo KoHcraTMpoBaTb ^aKT cy^ec-TBoBaHUH TaKoro opHMToMop^Horo npegcTaBneHUH gbHBona b hmtobckom ^onbKnope, ho Hago uMeTb b Bugy u to Ba^Hoe o6cToHTenbcTBo, hto ^TO xToHUHecKoe cy^ecTBo Mo^eT npeBpa^aTbCH He TonbKo b yTKy - u ^TO BecbMa Ba^Hoe ero cbomctbo nepeBon-no^eHUH. Bonee UHTepecHbin npuMep u3 nuToBcKoro ^onbKnopa, KoTopbin c nepBoro B3rnaga nogTBep^gaeT goragKy TonopoBa o nenopaTUBHon ^yH^uoHanbHocra mh^o-noreMbi ymKa, npuBoguT MoHac Banuc (JBR III 38): b aHUManucTunecKux cKa3Kax yTKa oguH pa3 npegcTaBneHa KaK nyTemecTBeHHUK, y6uBaro^UM xo3HUHa goMa, y KoToporo oHa ocTanacb Ha Honner (LTA 544(334)). ^TOT motub HaBepHHKa Hy^Ho cBH3biBaTb c ogHon U3 ^^u^aHUHecKUx unocracen gbHBona.
Bcé-TaKU, BugeTb b ^TOM cro^eTe nogTBep^geHue XToHunecKoro npoo6pa3a yTKu Henb3H no oneHb npocron npunuHe - Hanunuu cnynaMHoro unu BTopuHHoro o6pa3a nepTa, nocKonbKy no gaHHHM Toro ^e caMoro Tuna cKa3oK, xo3HUHa goMa y6uBaeT He TonbKo yTKa, ho u neTyx, Kypu^, muno u urna (LTA 544(334)). Oco6oe BHUMaHue He-o6xoguMo o6paTUTb Ha tot ^aKT, hto neTyxa cooTHocuTb co c^eporo gencTBUH gbHBona hu b KoeM cnynae Henb3H - oh BcanecKU npenHTcTByeT Bonno^eHuro 3nogencTB HépTa (JBR III 326 [256]), pa3roHHeT qepTen (JBR II 133 [70], 149 [78], 167 [87]). AHTaro-HucTunecKoe gencTBue neTyxa no oTHomeHuro k 3noBpegHbiM cunaM npoaBnaeTca u b naramcKux npegaHUHx (JBR I 195 [9]), TaK^e u b pyccKoM ^onbKnope (nogpo6Hee cm. BnacoBa 2008, 542). ^Ta rn^a nacTo HBnaeTca cuMBonoM 3apu20 (no gaHHHM ^onb-Knopa nuTOB^B - JBR I 87 [1096], JBR III 348 [363], BTB VII 394 [36], 418 [49, 50]; nuBQB - JBR 188 [2]; mBegoB - JBR I 225). OcHoBbiBaacb Ha ^TUx gaHHbix, mo^ho genaTb ocTopo^Hoe npegnono^eHue o cnynaMHoM Bbi6ope yKa3aHHbix ^ubothhx gnH Bon-no^eHUH o6pa3a gbHBona [TyT Heo6xoguMo ynoMHHyTb o6pa3 nuToBcKoro neTynero
20 3to caMoe cuMBonu^ecKoe 3Ha^eHue gaHHon nTU^i npucy^e u Mu^onoruu gpeBHux rpeKoB: chh Ah-gpoMegbi u nepcea, cnyra Apeca, SneKTpuoH (rp. áXeKTpuóv „neTyx") gon®eH 6bin oxpaHHTb ot qy®ux rna3 He6pa^Hoe no®e Apeca u A^poguTH. EMy 6wno yKa3aHHo 6yguTb Bnro6néHH^ix no yTpaM, ho KaK-To pa3 oh B3an ga u npocnan. npenro6ogeeB 3acTan renuoc. no stom npu^MHe SneKTpuoH 6wn npeBpa^éH b neTyxa (nogpo6Hee cm. MC 34, 615) - stot paccKa3 cBH3aH c rpe^ecKon TeoroHuen, cp. ^BeT nepbeB neTyxa u anuTeT 6oruHU yTpeHHen 3apu 3oc poSoSaKTuXo^ „po3onepcTaa" (Hom. Il. I 477) (cp. MC 618).
gyxa aMTBapac, npegcTaBaBmero b C03HaHHM Hrogeft to oraeHHbiM 3MeeM, to gpaK0H0M, to neTyxoM, M3Bepraro^MM 3epHO (cm. CM 30) - nocHegHMM motmb sbho BTopuHeH, nocKonbKy coothocmm c cmmbohmkom coHapHoro 6o^ecTBa, b HbeM pacnopa^eHMM, no npegcraBHeHuro 6aHTMMcKux nneMeH, HaxoguHca pocT 3epH0Bbix u ux ypo^aMHocTb (cp. ^yH^uu HTm. touuca - nogpo6Hee cm. Kper^guc 2009, 261 T.g.); no gaHHHM hm-ToBCKoro ^onbKnopa xToHMHecKoe 6o^ecTBo nuTaeTca ucKHroHMTeHbHo mohokom (pe-hmkth gpeBHeftmero MM^oHoruHecKoro nnacTa), a xHe6oM npeHe6peraeT (nogpo6Hee cm. Kper^guc yK.coH. 290)], kotophm no cyTM gena Mo^eT npeBpa^aTbca b Koro yrog-ho - ga^e b KceHg3a (JBR III 374 [419-422]). nogo6Hbift MCKnrowrenbHo pa3Hoo6pa3-HbM MeTaMop^o3 xapaKTepeH u gna pyccKoro 6eca - „oh Mo^eT o6pa^aTbca b Mbimb, 3Mero, HarymKy, pbi6y, copoKy, cBMHbro, K03HMKa, 6apaHa, oBeHKy, Homagb, 3aft^, 6eHKy, B0HKa; a TaK^e b KHy6oK hmtok, Bopox ceHa, KaMeHb <...> a TaK^e oh o6opaHMBaeTca MoHaxoM, cba^hhmkom; CTpaHHMKoM, coHgaToM" (BnacoBa 2008, 534).
K ToMy ^e mo^ho BbigBMHyTb npegnono^eHue o btopmhhom m, cooTBeTCTBeH-ho, no3gHeM Bo3HMKHoBeHMM opHMT0Mop^Horo o6pa3a [b gaHHoM cnynae b Buge yTKu] gbHBona no tom npocroft npuHMHe, hto b hmtobckmx STuoHoruHecKux CKa3aHuax ge-STeHbHocTb u c^epbi ynpaBHeHua 6oroB aHTaroHucTMHecKoro xapaKTepa pa3HMHaroTca BecbMa onpegeneHHo - cnynau HMBeHupoBaHua cmmbohmkm ypaHMCTunecKoro u xto-HunecKoro nnacTa oHeHb pegKM. flueBac co3gaeT ^mbothhx ypaHucTMHecK0M c^epbi: HacToneK, roHy6a (JBR III 300), HeTaro^ux HaceKoMbix (JBR III 301), ^eraoB (JBR III 321), aucTa (JBR III 322 tt.), KyKymKy (JBR III 325), ^aBopoHKa (JBR III 327), KyponaToK (JBR III 327 [261])21. HepT, 3axoTeB co3gaTb m^y, coTBopuH ^a6y (JBR III 300), T.e. oh He Mo^eT co3gaTb ^mbothoto ypaHucTMHecK0M c^epbi (!!!), nogBHacraoft flueBacy, xots b ogHoM cKa3aHuu ynoMMHaeTca o coTBopeHuu gbaB0H0M Bopo6ba, hto6h tot yHMHTo^an ypo^aft, B3pa^eHHbift HeH0BeK0M (JBR III 300), a b gpyroM - ^aBopoHKa (JBR III 327 [259]), xots ocHoBHBaacb Ha co6paHHoM ^oHbKHopHoM MaTepuane Banuca (JBR III 327 [258]), ero noaBHeHue Ha cBeT cBS3aHHo c geftcTBueM flueBaca. 3HaHMT, gBa nocnegHux reHepaTMBHbix MoTMBa goH^Hbi 6biTb o6^acHHeMH KaK ceKyHgapHbie, B03-HMKmue b 6onee no3gHee BpeMa.
Bce-TaKM HeHb3S urHopupoBaTb u tot ^aKT, hto opHMToMop^HHM o6pa3 xto-HMHecKoro 6o^ecTBa [gpaKoH, 3MeM, aMTBapac] cbommm KopHSMM yxoguT b ray6oKyro cTapuHy u npegcTaBHaeT co6om BecbMa apxauHHbift MM^oHoruHecKuft motmb 6opb6bi ypaHucTMHecKoro u xToHMHecKoro 6o^ecTB, cocTaBHaro^eft cMbicH0B0e agpo raaBHoro MM^a MHgoeBponeftcKux nneMeH [o6 stom ynoMMHaeTca u b uccnegoBaHuu TonopoBa (1973, 39 T.g.) - stot noeguHoK gByx aHTaroHucTMHecKux 6o^ecTB pe^neKTupyeT ^op-MupoBaHue onno3M^oHHbix cTpyKTyp HyHapHoro u coHapHoro KyHbToB (cm. 1, 5, 24 chockm)].
II. flpyroft apryMeHT, Ha kotophm ccHHaeTca TonopoB, peKoHcTpyupya cmmbohm-HecKyro napannenb nepm = ymKa, motmb npeBpa^eHua b yTKy nrogeft, kotophm oh He aHaHM3upyeT, a numb KoHcTaTupyeT ^aKT TaKoro MeTaMop^o3a: no gaHHHM hmtobckofo ^onbKHopa b Hee npeBpa^aeTca geBymKa, Ha KoTopyro oxotmtcs bhhm M0H0ge^ [oxot-hmk]. TaKoft MM^oHoruHecKMM motmb, 6e3ycH0BH0, cy^ecTByeT, ho Bpag hm ero cnegyeT HanpaMyro cBH3HBaTb c geftcTBueM gbaB0Ha, u TeM 6oHee oTo^gecTBHHTb HepTa u yTKy.
21 YpaHMcTMHecKoe 6o®ecTBo onpegeHMHo m MecTo npo^MBaHMa nepHaTHx, cp. Ko^^a Had 3Bepamu u nmu^-mu em,e BnacmBOBan nepKyHac, mo^^a oh u Mecma, ^^e um Mumb, onpedenun: aucmy - Ha bucokom depeBe, ymne, ^ycw, HupKy - b Bode (Kg 402).
B HapogHbix necHax hutob^b Monogaa geBymKa qacro cpaBHuBaeTca c yTKoö (JBR II 79). OHa Mo®eT npeBparaTbca b ^Ty m^y (JBR II 80). B cene3Heö MoryT 6biTb npeBpa^eHbi öpaTbH geBymKu (JBR II 94). B ^Tux MOTUBax mo®ho ycMOTpeTb pe^neK-cmm TpaH^eHgeHTHoro (noTycTopoHHero) Mupa unu gencreun cy^ecTB XTOHM^ecKO-ro Mupa unu nrogeö, Haxoga^uxca bo BnacTu nocnegHux (KongyHbi, BegbMbi). TaKue cMHcnoBHe npuMepbi npucy^u u HMToBCKoMy, u naramcKoMy ^onbKnopy: (cKa3Ku) BedbMa npeBpam^aem b ymKy npuH^ccy (Ape karaliünus ir ragan^' - JBTB VIII 61); Manexa npeBpam,aem b ymKy naönepu^: Nogajis upmala. Pile izpeldejusi mala. Keninš nokeris pili, lai nu stastitu, ko isti gribot; bet pile kenina rokas palikusi par vina sievu un nu nemusies smalki, jo smalki izstastit, ko pamate izdarijusi (Balta un melna ligava. B. - 1. A. 403 B. Žiema Mežotne. LP, IV, 56, 2), T.e. namen k 6epeay peKu. YmKa 6una BunnuBrnu na 6epez. Koponb cxBamun ymKy, nmo6u cKa3ana, neao no npaBde xonem, ho ymKa Ha pyKax Koponx npeBpamunacb b deBuyy u Hanana eMy paccKa3UBamb moHKuM zonocoM, nmo Manexa HamBopuna; b ymKy MoMem 6umb npeBpam^eH u npocmo dypanoK: Bet pile pašavusies apakš üdens un snapu izkampusi keninam no kabatas tas tris akmena bumbinas! Tai paša bridipile palikusi par mulkiti. (Blediga sieva - 2. A. 566. R. Bergmanis, Kükeniekos. LP. IV, 68 (13, 4)), T.e. Ho ymKa HupHyna nod Body u KnmBoM Bumaw,una u3 KapMaHa Koponx ^mu mpu mapuKa! B mom Me MoMeHm ymKa npeBpamunacb b dyponKa.; b ymKy MoMem 6umb npeBpam^eH u HuneM He omnunamw,uücx MyMnuHa: Tadpile pacelas sparnos, aizskrien uz krastu un paliek par cilveku (Blediga sieva - 3. A. 566. Skolnieks V. Juonins, Eglüna)), T.e. Toaöa ymKa pacKpuna Kpunbx, Bb6eMana Ha 6epez u npeBpamunacb b nenobeKa.
MHTepecHo, hto npunuHy TaKoro npeBpa^eHua mo®ho BbMBuTb, numb ochobh-Baacb Ha gaHHbix naTbimcKux cKa3oK. B ogHoö u3 hux Meklešana pec nepazistama (3. A. 465. A. V. Vidneris Skrunda, LP, V, 323 (142, 2)) paccKa3biBaeTca, hto b yroK npeBpa^a-roTcfl geBymKu guBHoö Kpacora: Vecos laikos dzivoja keninš; tam bija teicams medinieks. Reiz medinieks, jürmala medidams, ierauga tris savadas piles. Vinš tülin grib saut, bet doma: „Ne, lai nometas!". Piles nometas paša üdena mala, un kas nu par brinumiem! Pilu sparni atkrit no rumpjiem un šis paliek par dailam dailam meitam, T.e. ffaBHUM daBHo Mun 6un Koponb; y Heao 6un oxomHuK. KaK-mo oxomHuK, oxomxcb Ha no6epeMbe Mopx, yBuden mpex cmpaHHux ymoK. Oh yM xonem cmpenxmb, ho nodyMan: „Hem, nycmb cxdym!". YmKu ycenucb y caMoao no6epeMbx, u nmo 3a nydo! Kpunbx ymoK omdenunucb om mynoBum,, a nocnedHue npeBpamunucb b npeKpacHue deBymKu. B gpyroM BapuaHTe ^T0M ®e cKa3Ku u3no®eHbi npunuHbi, no kotophm npoucxoguT TaKaa nepeMeHa BHemHocTu: ohu, TonbKo hto po^geHHbie u e^e He Kpe^eHHbie, 6bmu öpomeHbi b o3epo, T.e. yöuTbi. ^0^T0My ohu nonanu bo BnacTb gbHBona [oneBugHbiM uHH0Ba^u0HHbIM ^onbKnopHbiö ^^eMeHT, Hacbi^eHHbiö gomaranecKuMu xpucTuaHcKuMu Bo33peHuHMu]: Tas tris piles bijušas nomocitas, noslicinätas mazas meitinas. Toreiz ka dzimušas, vinas nekristitas iemestas tai paša ezera, un ta vinam tad bijis jamazgajas parpilem, kamer mirstamais laiks bütu bijis atnacis, jeb kamerperkons bütu nosperis. <...> Tikai viens glabinš nabagapilem atlicies, ja gribejušas atkal par cilvekiem cilveku starpa klüt, tad vajadzejis kadam cilvekam apnemties vinas no velna nagiem izpestit (Meklešanapec nepazistama - 14. A. 465. A. 761. A. Lerchis-Puškaitis Džükste. LP VI, 1045 (154 1)), T.e. ^mu mpuymKu 6unu 3aMyneHHue, ymonneHHue ManeHbKue deBonKu. B mom Me MoMeHm, Koaöapodunucb, ohu HeKpem^eHue 6unu 6pomeHu b mo Me caMoe o3epo, ade ohu donMHu 6unu nnaBamb, do moao BpeMeHu, noKa npudem ux nac cMepmu, unu b hux nonadem MonHux. <...> TonbKo oöho cnaceHbe
dna ymoK, ecnu onu 3axomenu 6u euoeb cmamb nmdbMu, KaKoü-nu6ydb nenoeeK donMen pemumbca oceoóodumb ux u3 uoameü öbaeona.
E^ë b gpyroM BapuaHTe stom »e cKa3Ku yTBep»gaeTca, mto b yTOK geBymKM npeBpa^aroTca caMu22, ogHa u3 hmx - goMb MopcKoro [no gpyroM Bepcuu, 3aMopcKoro] ^pa. ^.b ux npe6biBaHua Ha MopcKOM no6epe»be - »e.aHue no3HaTb o6pa3 »m3hm nrogeft, npe6biBaro^Mx b Mupe 3eMHOM, T.e. Ha gpyroM 6epery Mopa [oMeBugHoe npoTu-BonocTaB.eHue gByx pa3Hbix c^ep - xTOHMMecKOM (nog3eMHOM) m 3eMHOM (npocTpaHc-TBO o6uTaHua Me.OBeKa), Haxoga^enca nog B.acTbro ypaHMCTUMecKux 6o»ecTB]: Un tä nu gar jüras malu staigädami, piepeži ieraudzîjusi divi pîles no jüras puses atlaižamies. Sîs nolaidušas mala, atskrüvejusas spärnus - kas ir? - nav vairs pîles bijušas - palikušas par meitäm un bridušas jürä mazgäties. Bet kenina dels meitäm spärnus nozadzis un neatdevis äträk, kamer pateikšot, no kurienes tädas esot. Tad tä jaunäkä teikusi: vina esot kenina meita, bet ta otra vinas draudzene (Meklešana pec nepazîstama - 17. A. 465. A. 3Q2. M. Šilina Vïkselniekos, A. Bïlensteina kr. LP, VI. 1Q62 (8)), T.e. M npoxaMueaacb no uopcKouy noóepeMbw, ene3anno yeuàenu àeyx ymoK, cnycKamw,uxca co cmoponu Mopa. Onu cnycmunucb na óepez, cópocunu Kpunba - u nmo? - yMe ne ymKu, a àeeu^i b Mope udym Kynambca. Ho cun Kopona Kpunba ymaw,un u do mex nop ne omdan, noKa ne euacnun, omKyda onu noaeunucb. Toada ma, Komopaa no MonoMe, cKa3ana, nmo ona donb Kopona, a ma àpyaaa - eë noèpyaa.
Bcë-TaKM raaBHbiM ^aKTop, onpegenaro^uM npeBpa^eHue b m^y BogaHoro npocTpaHcTBa, - conpMKocHOBeHMe c Bogon, T.e. nepexog u3 ogHOM (3eMHoM) c^epbi b gpyryro (noTycTopoHHroro - nog3eMHyro), He nog.e»MT coMHeHuro, cp. cro»eT OgHOM
22 McKnroMMTenbHOM MepTOM TaKux cKa3OK aB.aeTca motmb npuo6peTeHua raaBHbiM repoeM unu geMCTByro-^mm nepcoHa»eM opHMTOMop^Horo unu aHTponoMop^Horo o6nMKa no cBoeMy »e.aHuro [npu ^TOM He MeHbmeM Ba»HOcTM gna gaHHoro M3MeHeHua aB.aeTca motmb BG^me6HGM oge»gbi - cBa3MBaro^HM 3Be-HOM noTycTopoHHero u 3eMHoro MupoB]: Vecîtis sacîja:„Labi, ka man neslepi! Nakoša meža tu atradîsi ezeru; paslepies pie ta, jo tur naks septinas pîles peldeties; kad tas büs izpeldejušas un aizgajušas, tad näks vel viena, tai megini drebes nozagt. Nozadzis drebes, gaidi, lai pîle näk atprasît; bet nu ievero, ja pîle saka: „Mîlais tevs!" tad neatdodi: ja saka: „Mîlais brali!" tad atdodi." Labi. Dels aizgäja uz ezeru un paslepäs. Drîzi naca septinas pîles, izpeldejas, apgerbas, aizgaja. Tad naca viena pati, nogerbas, iegaja ezera. Dels pielîda klusam un panema drebes. Pîle iznaca no ezera, apskatîjas bedîga un sacîja: „Mîlais brali, atdodi manas drebes!". Dels tüdal atdeva. Nu vina apgerbas, palika par cilveku un gaja uz savu büdinu, bet dels gaja lîdz un palika lîdz vakaram meitenes büdina (Magiska begšana ar aizliegto kastîti - 6. A. 313 S un C. M. Ärons Bërzaunë, Brïvzemnieka kr. LP, 119, 1. AŠ, III, 4p), T.e. CmapunoK paccKa3an: „Hy, xopomo, 3aneM MHe cKpuBamb! B 6nuMaümeM necy mu naûdëmb o3epo, cnpanbca maM, nocKonbKy myda nnaBamb npunemam ceMb ymoK; Ko¿da onu ucKynammca u ynemam, mo¿da npunemum odna, y moü nonpo6yü ymam^umb oôeMÔy. yKpaB oöeMÖy, MÖu, noKa ymKa ne nannëm mpe6oBamb eë omdamb; no uMeü b Budy, ecnu ymKa cKaMem: „ffoposoü omeu,!" ne omdaBaü, a ecnu cKaMem: „ffoposoü 6pameu,!" mo¿da omdaü. TaK u 6uno. Monodeu, nomën k o3epy u cnpamanca. BcKope npunemeno ceMepo ymoK, ucKynanucb, odenucb, ynemenu. To¿da npunemena odna eduncmBennaa, pa3Öenacb, nonnuna. Knoma nod6eMamb muxonbKo u B3an oôeMÔy. ymKa Bumna na 6epe¿, o¿nanynacb nenanbnaa u MonBuna: „ffoposoü 6pame% Bepnu Mom odeMdy!". Monoöeu, momnac omdan. Ona odenacb, npeBpamunacb b nenoBeKa u nomna b cBom u36ymKy, no napenb mën padoM u do Benepa ocmanca b doMe deBymKu; Ezera mala nolaižas trîs pîles, nomet savus pîlu svarkus un nu paradas trîs skaistas jaunavas, kas aiziet ezera peldet. Kunga dels panem vienus pîles svärkus un paslepjas ezermalas krümos. Drîz vien jaunavas atkal iznäk no ezera un apvelk savus pîlu svarkus, bet jaunaka paliek beša. Vina pamana kunga delu, lüdzas, Lai šis atdodot vinai svarkus, un stasta: „Es jau zinu, ka tu gribi näktpie mana teva." (Magiska begšana un aizmirstä lîgava - 3. A. 313 C. A. Vaivods Värkavä, B. Spüla kräjumä), T.e. Ha 6epe¿ o3epa cnycmunucb mpu ymKu, c6pocunu cbou ymanbu w6ku u noa-Bunucb mpu npeKpacnue deBymKu, Komopue 6pocunucb b o3epo nnaBamb. rocnodcKuü cun B3an odny ymanbm m6Ky u cnpaman b Kycmax y 6epe¿a. BcKope deBymKu Bumnu na 6epe¿ u nadenu cbou ymanbu w6ku, ho caMaa mnaa ocmanacb ¿onoü. Ona 3aMemuna ¿ocnodcKo¿o cuna u npoca e¿o, nmo6 mom omdan eü m6Ky, MonBuna: „SMe3Ham, nmo mu xonemb noümu kMoeMy omu,y.".
naramcKoft CKa3Ku - HeygagHuK (nagKyH) CHuMaeT mTaHH u ugeT B6pog; oh npeBpa-MaeTCH b yTKy: Kerninš nometa bikses, uzlika turpat uz ezera malu un brida. Gabalinu pabridušam, spurgt! pile celas gaisa un snapt! tas bikses ciet, kur tie paši vecie uguns riki atradas. Pile pacelas ar biksem gaisa un pie tas labas jumpravas pili iekša, sacidama: „Iznemi nu, mila meitin, tas škiltavas no biksem škili par manu galvu un saki: lai dzivo dumjais!". Labi. Tikko meitene to bija darijusi, te parvertas pile par dumjo delu (Mežonigais virs - 9. A. 502. 562. 1880. Kruminš Peterupe, A. Bilenšteina kr. LP, VI, 775, 127, 2), T.e. Kucnxu cnxn mmanu, ocmaBun y 6epeza 03epa u cman udmu b 6pod. Hymb nymb npoudx Bneped, mnup! - ymKa nodrnnacb b B03dyx u xan! - 6pmK yMe nem b moM Mecme, ade 6unu dpyaue Bew,u. ymKa nodrnnacb b Bo3dyx BMecme c 6pmKaMu u nanpaBunacb k 3aMKy 6nazonecmuBou deBymKe, aoBopx: „Bo3bMu u3 mmanoB, KpacaBuw, ozhubo cnepedu Mem u zoBopu: ffa 3dpaBcmByem anyne^". TaK u 6uno. TonbKo deBuua cdenana, nmo BeneHa, ymKa npeBpamunacb b cuna znyn^.
MTaK, npoaHanu3upoBaB BHme npuBegeHHbie npuMepbi ^onbKnopa boctoh-Ho-6anTMMCKMX HapogoB, mo®ho onpegenuTb ochobhoM CMbicnoBoft o6pa3 yTKu KaK Meduamopa, T.e. HBnHro^erocH cuMBonoM gByx (gacro ^TOMy nepHaToMy npunucHBa-roT Tpu c^epbi, oTgenbHo BbigenHH BogHoe, Bo3gymHoe u 3eMHoe npocTpaHCTBo (cm. 3aBagcbKa u gp. 2002, 331)) npoTuBonono®Hbix MupoB ^to nepHaToe npo®uBaeT u b Boge, u Ha cyme (!)], KoToporo HanpHMyro oTo®gecTBnHTb c ypaHucTugecKuM unu xto-HugeCKuM 6o®eCTBoM HeT HuKaKoft bo3mo®hoctu.
He ygenHH gepecgyp MHoro BHuMaHuH cuMBonugecKoft 3HaguMocru o6cy®gae-Moro nepHaToro, gnH pa3pemeHuH npo6neMH bo3mo®hoctu unu npaBunbHee - HeBo3-mo®hoctu cooTHeceHuH o6pa3oB yTKu u xToHugecKoro 6o®ecTBa KaK anTepHaTuBHHX aKTuBHo geftcTByro^ux nepcoHa®eft, HBnHeTCH tot ^aKT, hto ^Ta nTu^, no gaHHHM ^onbKnopa BocrogHo-6anTuftcKux HapogoB, ogeHb gacro cuMBonu3upyeT aHTunog gbHBona u BcanecKOH HeHHCTOH ch^m: 1) nepcoHa® aKTuBHoro nnaHa, T.e. cuna, npo-TuBQCTQHmaH 3ny: a) yTKu noMoraroT TpeTbeMy 6paTy BHnonHuTb 3agaHHyro eMy gbH-BonoM pa6oTy, T.e. pacnyTHBaeT ko3hu HegucToft cunH (JBTB VIII 95 - Ape tris mel-nyko sunus ir užkeiktq karalystg; (e^e cm. CKa3Ky) Ape tris brolius JBTB VIII 321-322), b) b yTKy npeBpaTuBmaHCH geBymKa cxBaTHBaeT KnroBoM BegbMy u TonuT ee b o3epe (JBTB VIII 303 g. - Ape Rastinf ir Alenq, XI 372 T.g.; Apie vienq strielty ir jo dukterf (e^e cp. JBR III 44)), c) nono®uTenbHbift repoft Monac (= pycc. MBan) npeBpa^aeTCH b yTKy u no6e®gaeT 3noro KoponH (Jaunikaitis Jonas - DSP 323); 2) nepcoHa® uHaK-TuBHoro nnaHa, T.e. o6pa3 yTKu HBnHeTCH KaK 6h 3amuTHHM mutom ot Bo3geftcTBuH HegucToft cunH, npu ^TOM ero npegcraBneHHbift repoft aKTuBHo He geftcrayeT: a) b yTKy npeBpaTuBmaHCH Onyme (= pycc. AnnymKa) u36eraeT pacnpaBH co CTopoHH BegbMH (JBTB VIII 309-310 - Ape raganq; e^e cp. JBR III 52), cupoTa Cuayme, nonaBmaH b noBymKy, ycTpoeHHyro Magexoft, cropaeT u npeBpaTuBmucb b yTKy, yneTaeT (JBR III 54) ^tot motub HeKoTopHMu uccnegoBaTenHMu CBH3HBaeTCH c norpe6anbHHMu o6pHgaMu 6anToB [KpeMa^ueft] u KOH^e^^ueft MeTeMncuxo3a, cp. ByTpuMac, rupuHuHKac 1990, 149)], 6) b Bogy BegbMoro 6pomeHHaH naggepu^ npeBpa^aeTCH b yTKy u TaKuM o6pa-3om ocTaeTCH b ®ubhx (JBTB VIII 414 T.g. - Balti karveliai skiria dalf), b) b naTHmcKux CKa3Kax yTBep®gaeTCH, hto gacTHM Tena yTKu cboMctbeHHH gygecHHe CBoftcrea; cbeB ux, rnaBHHM repoft CTaHoBuTCH KoponeM [TaKoft motub BcpegaeTCH u BocTogHocnaBHH-ckux CKa3Kax, cp. motub pyccKoft CKa3Ku «E®enu kto Ty yTogKy cbecT, tot ^pb 6ygeT» (N^196 [92] - A^aHacbeB u gp. 1957)] unu u3 CBoero pTa BHHuMaeT 3onoTHe KycogKu:
Reiz vinam paradijas, ka upe peld divas piles. Kas vinas nosaus un apedis vinu sirdis, tas splaus zeltu, bet kas apedis galvas, tas paliks par keninu (Burvju putns - 4. A. 567. Skolnieks A. Pilans, Eglüna. N. Rancana kr.), T.e. KaK-mo odHOMy nenoseKy noMepew,unocb, nmo b peKe nnasamm dseymKU. Kmo ux 3acmpenum u c^ecm ux cepd^, mom cmaHem 6o^a^oM, a Kmo c^ecm ^onoBu, mom 6ydem KoponéM; No rita pile izdejusi dimanta olu, meza sargs to aiznesa uz pilsetu un dabüja tris simti rublu. Otra rita pile atkal izdejusi otru olu, to tapat aiznesa uz pilsetu un dabüja vel tris simti rublu. Uz vienu reizi virsnieks ieraudzija, ka uz tas piles galvas bija rakstits: „Kas to galvu aped, tas ir gudrs, un kas tos sparnus aped, tas splauj dukatus" (Burvju putns - 9. A. 567. 566 J. Hennins no K. Freiberga, 1882. g., Sasmaka), T.e. ympoM ymKa cHecna anMa3Hoe xüup, e^epb omHéc e^o b ^opo^ u npodan 3a mpucma py6neü. Ha cnedymm^ee ympo ymKa cHecna ^py^oe xtyo, Komopoe onxmb omHéc b ^opo^ u nonynun mpucma py6neü. OÓHaMÓu BoeHHUü ysuden, nmo Ha BepxHeü nacmu ymKU 6uno HanucaHo: „Kmo cbecm ^onoBy, mom 6ydem yMHbü, a Kmo cKymaem Kpunbx, mom cmaHem 6o^a^oM".
Motmb npeBpa^eHua b yTKy KaK cnoco6 yK.OHeHua ot cMepTu [BecbMa crpaH-Hyro MHTepnpeTa^ro stoto npc^ecca, KaK cumbo. ^u3HeHHoro Kpyra, npeg'baB.aeT rupMHMHKac (Girininkas 1994, 230)] npucy^ u g.a ^onbKnopa cnaBHHCKHX HapogoB (nogpo6Hee cm. ^BbaH 1994, 190). C. fl0MHUK0B (2002, 76) BbigBUHy. npegnono^eHue o tom, hto uMeHHO MecTO npo^uBaHua, a He geMOHuqecKaa cy^HocTb (KaK yTBep^gaeT A. rypa (1997, 668)) yTKu npegonpegenuno noaB.eHue yHUBepca.bHbix KanecTB o6o-poTHMHecTBa (T.e. npeBpa^eHMe He.OBeKa b yTKy): 06opomuna Bacunuca npeMydpax KoHeü o3epoM, MsaHa^apeBuna cene3HeM, a caMa cdenanacb ymKom. npucKaKan ^pb MopcKoü k o3epy, momnac ^o^a^ancx, Kmo maKoBb ymKa u cene3eHb; ydapuncx o cupy 3eMnm u o6epHyncx opnoM. (cm. cKa3Ky Ns222 [179] - Á^aHacbeB u gp. 1957).
^Ty runoTe3y mo^ho apryMeHTupoBaTb u npucyTcTBueM ^yH^uoHanbHoro ot-TeHKa MeguaTopa (!!!)23, T.e. gyma yMepmero, npuHaB o6.uk yTKu, MO^eT ocTaBaTbca b Mupe ^ubhx, cp. (cKa3Ky N^265 - Á^aHacbeB u gp. 1957) nomonuna Hac b 6ucmpoü peneHbKe, // 06pamuna Hac b 6enux ymoneK, cp. ugeHTmHbie motmbh yKpauHcKux cKa-3ok (3aBagcbKa u gp. 2002, 300).
Bbime oroBopeHHaa ^yH^ua uHaKTuBHoro nepcoHa^a (MeguaTopa) ^o.bK.o-pa 6a.TUM^B npucy^a u g.a yKpauHcKoro cnoBecHoro Hac.egua, rge yTKa aB.aeTca cmmbo.om oceg.ocTu, HenogBu^HocTu; uHorga ce.e3HeM Ha3biBa.ca 0Te^ (BuguMO, no aHa.oruu c yKp. KÚneHKa '^eHa' - cm. 1 cHocKy); TaK^e cuMB0.u3up0Bana npogyKT nu-TaHua (^aHB0p0H0K 2006, 277-278).
HyTpua.bHaa ^yH^ua, BuguMO, caMaa gpeBHaa [c.aBaHe c gpeBHenmux BpeMéH b goMy Bbipa^uBa.u Kyp, yTOK u rycen (CegoB 1995, 21; ^ypaB.éB 1996, 125; e^é cm.
23 OyH^Mro MeguaTopa pe^.eKTupyeT m motmb cKa3Ku N2195 [90] (Á^aHacbeB u gp. 1957): Bumam^un oh Kyemun, pa3Óun Ha 6epe¿y, u sumen ommyda Heeedomwü monodeu, u cna3an: «Ecmb 3eneHuü ny¿, Ha mom nyzy 6epe3a, y moü 6epe3u nod KopeHbXMU ymKa; oópyóu y 6epe3u KúpeHbx u eo3bMU ymKy doMoü; oHa cmaHem Hecmu me6e xuhku — oduH deHb 3onomoe, dpy¿oü deHb cepe6pxHoe», T.e. KaK ^TM^a, MMero^aa cBa3b c ypaHucTM^ecKOM c^eporo, OHa BocnpuHMMaeTca KaK cmmboü co^H^a [HecéT 30^0Twe a^a], a KaK nepHa-Toe BogaHoro npocTpaHcTBa - KaK cmmboh nyHbi [HecéT cepe6paHwe aM^a]. B cBoeñ c0B0KynH0cTM yTKa, KaK HHaKTHBHMH pe^epeHT, cooTHocuMa c gByMa rnaBHWMM nnacTaMM KocMonorMMecKoñ cucTeMW, T.e. KocMM^ecKMMM ocaMM - co.aH^eM m nyHOM O ero 3aMeHaeTca MupoBoe gpeBO, KOTopoe aB^aeTca coegMHa-ro^MM 3BeH0M ^TMX gByx He6ecHwx cBeTM. [BuguMO, ^0^T0My m bo3hmk pe^epeHT ymKa-ocHosaHue (3eM-.a), BcTpe^aro^Mñca b pyccKOM ^o.bKnope (cm. 31 cHocKy)]. TaKoe o6tacHeHMe npoTMBope^MT runoTe3e Pw6aK0Ba (1987, 354) o tom, mto yTKa aB.aeTca cmmbo.om aKTMBHoro nepeMe^eHMa HO^Horo nyTM co^H^a (e^é cm. 4, 8 chockm).
BorarapeB 2007, 137, 140, 201)] b pyccKOM ^onbKnope npegcTaBneHa BecbMa mhotohuc-neHHHMH npMMepaMM, oTpa^aro^uMu peanuu caMoro gpeBHero cTpoa npo®uBaHufl CnaBHHCKMX nneMéH - KOHeBOH-OXOTHMHMM, cp. MOTMB CKa3KM N^167[779] (A^aHaCbeB u gp. 1957): fypu u ^peeunu, Koponu u Koponeeunu cMompxm Ha deopety Ha cadu u dueymmcx: maKoao 6oaamcmea uuade He eudauo, a 6onbme ecezo noKasanucb um ymKU u cene3enb — 3a odHy ymKy momho non^pcmea damb!; N^201 [105]: Bom KaK-mo e3dyMan MeaH^apeeun noexamb na oxomy; nonpomancx c cecmpu^m, cen Ha kohh u noexan e nec;y6un zycx, y6unymKy da noÜMan Mueoao eonnoHKa u npuee3 doMoü.; N^254 [242]: Pa3 mu ^nuü deHb oxomunucb u y6unu mpu ymKu; k eenepy npumnu e nec, pa3eenu oaorn, omunanuymoK u cmanu eapumb ux kyMuHy; ceapunu uycenucb 6uno 3a mpane3y.; N^422 [265]: npunemena ymKa, HaHecna e HeM xuneK u eueena demoK. 3axeamun x ece 3He3Óo; nepen Ha ce6x Haden, a nmu^ 3aMapun da noen (e^é cm. cKa3Ku N^389 [177], ^422 [265], Ne142[662], Na155[722]; A^aHacbeB II 478).
npucyTCTBue cnaBHHCKOM y3yanbHOH ceMeMbi 'yTKa - npogyKT nuTaHua' HBnaeT-ch oó^eHHgoeBponencKOH [^ 't.®.' b KenbrcKux cKa3Kax (CBK 158)], cp. cMbicnoByro egHHH^y nuTOBcKoro ^onbKnopa 'yTKa - npuMaHKa b oxoTHMHbeM npoMbicne gna no-mmkm nucbi' (cm. Kfl 18-19).
TaKaH ®e ^yH^ua ^To^o nepHaToro, KOTopyro mo®ho Ha3BaTb goMMHMpy-ro^en, cb omctbeHHa u gna BocTOHHoóanTMMcKoro ^onbKnopa, hto nogTBep®gaeT aHTHcaKpanbHyro cy^Hocrb ^To^o pe^epeHTa, cp. oóbraan hutob^b npoBepATb ray-ÓMHy u npoxoguMocTb Hopb, nycKaH b Heé yTKy, T.e. eé ucnonb3oBanu KaK npegMeT ÓMTOBoro oÓHXoga, cm. npegaHue 'Urvai griezlés piliakalnyje' (ED 88). TaKoro ®e o6bi-HaH npugep®MBanucb u naTHrnu: (cKa3Ka) Reiz uz pilskalna stavejusi pils, kas esot nog-rimusi. Iedobums vel tagad redzams. Ja dobuma pa caurumu ielaista pile, tad ta izpeldejusi Lielupe [Bauskas aprinkis] (Mezotne. A. Laus no 60 g. v. sievietes Mezotne)), T.e. KaK mo e ¿opodume cmoxn 3aMoK, Komopuü npoeanuncx nod 3eMnm. BudHa 6una numb enaduHa. Ecnu e omeepcmue enanocmu nycmumb ymKy, mo oHa eunnuna 6u e Huenyne [TaKaa naTbimcKaa peKa - P.K.].
no noBegeHuro yTKu Ha Boge yragbiBanu norogy: (noBepbfl) 24186. Ja piles mazgajas, tad büs lietus (K. Corbiks, Livberze), T.e. Ecnu ymKu Kynammcx, mo ^mo k óomów (e^é cm. 24187 - 24201, 24203 - 24207). no BbimuHe eé nonéTa onpegenaroT, KaKaH 6ygeT 3uMa u oceHb: 24208. Ja piles rudeni projam laizoties lido augstu, büs driza ziema; Ja zemu, büs ilgs un silts rudens (J.A. Jansons, Pinki) (e^é cm. 24209), T.e. Ecnu ymKu ocemm e doMdnueym noaody bucoko nemxm, 6ydem KopomKax 3uMa, ecnu 6nu3 3eMnu, doman u mennax oceHb.
npucyTcTBue numb y3yanbHon ceMeMbi npocne^uBaeTca b HeKoTopbix naram-ckux cKa3Kax, cBugeTenbcTByro^en o npucyTcTBuu npeHe6pe®uTenbHoro oTHome-huh k ^TOMy nepHaToMy BogHHoro npocTpaHcTBa: Talaku vini nonaca pie ezera un saka pargalvigi svaiditpiles ar akmeniem (Pateicigie kustoni 3. A. 554. Ernsts Birznieks no Billes Freibergas. Dzirciema, Jkr. III, 57, 21. LP, VII, II, 22, 3, 3), T.e. nomoM ohu nomnu k o3epy u Hananu noeecHunamb u meupxmb KaMHu e ymoK; Diki pa to laikupeldpiles un Peteritis sviez pilem maizi. Maize nogrimst diki un iekrit rinku vidü. Piles, noiedamas pec maizes, uzmauc rinkus uz deguniem. Peteritis nosit piles un panem rinkus (Pateicigie kustoni 5. A 554. Skolnieks A. Ignats Nica, K. Lielozola kr.), T.e. B mo epeMx ymKu nnaeanu no npydy u nempyma 6pocun ymKaM xne6. Xne6 nomoHyn e npyde u ocen eHympu Koneu,. ymKu, eo epeMx noedaHux xne6a cyHynu Knmeu e Konb^. nempyma y6un ymoK u e3xn Konb^a.
TaKOM BbiBog mo^ho genaTb, ocHoBbiBaacb m Ha pe3ynbraTax uccnegoBaHun ap-xeonoruqecKux HaxogoK, Ha KoTopbix o6Hapy^eHbi M3o6pa:®eHMfl ^TM^ BogaHoro npo-CTpaHCTBa. Apxeonor P. PuMaHTeHe (Rimantiené 1977, 9) yTBep^gaeT, hto Ha Teppu-TopMM ^mtbh o6Hapy^eHbi koboh, Ha pyKo^TKax KoTopbix M3o6pa:®eHbi ronoBbi yToK (e^ë cm. Gimbutiené 1985, 31), rycen [no yTBep^geHuro H. Benroca (Vélius 1977, 176), ocHoBaHHoM Ha uccnegoBaHuax nuToBcKoro ^onbKnopa, MMeHHo rycu 6binu 6onee 3Ha-hmmh gna SToro Hapoga], ne6egen (Habano HeonuTa). PuMaHTeHe BbigBMHyna npegno-no^eHue, hto TaKue M3o6pa:®eHMfl MoryT pe^neKTupoBaTb KynbT Bogbi, npoucxo^ge-Hue KoToporo, b cBoro onepegb, cnegyeT cooTHocuTb c ygoBneTBopeHueM nu^eBbix noT-pe6HocreM (Rimantiené 1977, 10). fl. M^bmh (Juciewicz 1846, 144) TaK^e a^eHTupyeT Ba^HocTb co6npaHHH HH^ guKux ^TM^ KaK ogHo u3 rnaBHHX mctohhmkob nu^M nrogen goucropunecKoro nepuoga. flMT0B^b guKux yToK noBunu ygo^KaMM (Dunduliené 1982, 96) unu ceTHMM (Dunduliené 1991, 84), b gpeBHocTM TaK^e crpenanu M3 nyKa - stot STHorpa^MHecKMM motmb 3a^MKcupoBaH b ogHon M3 KaneHgapHbix neceH: Monoge^ nnbiBa no Mopro, go6biBaeT yToK crpenaMM (Laurinkiené 1990, 46); ogoMamHeHHbix pa3-Bogunu b ucKyccTBeHHbix BogoëMax (Dunduliené 1991, 90).
Motmb yTKM, Bonno^aro^uñ noHHTue ygoBneTBopeHua nu^eBbix noTpe6Hoc-Ten [cBH3aHHHM c eë AM^HocHocrbro, BHpa^MBaHueM yTHT m gp. (nogpo6Hee cm. JBTB XII 195, 269, 287, 375, 485, 589, 614)], npegcTaBneH bo MHorux npuMepax nuToBcKoro ^onbKnopa (cp. JBR III 144; (cKa3Ku) JBTB VIII 95 'Apé tris melnyko sünus ir uzkeikt^ karalystç', 129-130; 'Apé tris brolius'; JBTB III 410 'Apé kunig^ ir jo varganist^'; e^ë cp. 'Ménesis dangaus ir jauno znokai nuo Palmono gadynés' (DSP 204); (noBepba): Jeigu mo-teris kisa ¡ antj bulkas, tai krütys uzaugs kaip bulkos (Veliuona, LTA 746/65 - JBR V 56 [889]), T.e. Ecnu MeHW,uHa 3anuxueaem e ymKy 6ynKu, mo y Heë ^py^u 6ydym KaK 6ynKu.
y3yanbHbiM motmb BecbMa nacro BcTpenaeTca u b naramcKMX cKa3Kax - yTKa npo-rnaTbiBaeT 3onoToe Konb^o, KoTopoe gocTaroT, eë 3ape3aB: Tiklîdzpile to izteica, tad kalps to sagraba un nokava. Vins iznema to gredzenu un nonesa kenina meitai (Baltâ cüska - 5. A. 673. Skolniece K. Jaunzeme Nicâ. K. Lielozola kr.) - K0T0pbiM ABn^eTca goBonbHo BecKMM apryMeHToM gna onpoBep^eHua bo3mo^hom peKoHcTpy^uu Mu^oHMMa c caK-panbHHM M MM^onorUHecKMM cMbicnoBblM 0TTeHK0M.
npogoBonbcTBeHHaa y3eMa nacro coothocmtch c npoMbicnoBbiM ceMaHTunec-kmm nnacToM, T.e. c ToproBnen [TaKon motmb npucy^ gna Bonme6Hbix cKa30K]: Gai-lis, krasns cauruma to dzirdedams, aizteceja pie pîles un sacîja: „Bedz uz mezu, tevi rîtu pardos!" (Mâjas lopi cel ëku - 2. A. 130A. Kalnins Cenas muizâ, A. Bïlensteina krâjumâ, H. Bïlensteina 'Tiermarchen' 27. LP, VI, 36, 9. AS, II, 51k.), T.e. nemyx, ycnumae ^mo nepe3 neHHym mpy6y, npu6eMan k ymKe u ^o6opum: „Ee^u e nec, me6xympoM npodadym!". y3e-Ma 'yTKa' ^ 'T0Bap' cBoncTBeHHa u nuT0BcK0My ^onbKnopy, cm. 36 cKa3Ky M3 ^Kna Apie raganas ir raganius' (JBTB V 205).
B cBoge naTHmcKux noBepun yTBep^gaeTca, hto yTMHoe Maco MMeeT 6naronpu-aTHoe BnuaHue Ha 3gopoBbe nenoBeKa: [ero coBeTyroT npuHMMaTb b nu^y 6epeMeHHbiM ^eH^MHaM] 6630. Matei pec dzemdîbam jagul maja sesas nedelas. Tanî laika nakot pie vinas raugulotajas un tas nesot calus, pîles, karasas un citus gardumus. Pec noguleta laika jaiet baznîca skîstîties (G. Pols, Vecgulbene), T.e. Mamepu do podoe HadneMum neMamb rnecmb Hedenb. B mo epeMX 3a Heü npucMampuearnw,ue npumcxm ^mnxm, ymoK, 6enuü xne6 u ^py^ue naKoMcmea. nocne ^mo^o He6xoduMo noümu e Kocmën npunucmumbcx; e^ë cp. (nocnoBM^) Cepta pîle mute nekrît 1627 1693 // 1627 717, T.e. MapeHHax ymKa
U30 pma He nadaem; Gaidi vien kad cepta pile mute skries 280 1069, T.e. Mdemb nmoó monbKü MapeHHax ymKa e pom enemena; (cKa3Ka) Virin, citi slimnieki kauj piles, pakauj sad un tad calus, zosis - mes nekad! Es labprat veletas nokaut tris cetrus calus un ritu tev brokasti izvarit (Neuzticama sieva - 3. A. 1380. J. Birgelis Mezotne. LP, VI, 908, 135, 2), T.e. MyMUHOK, HeKomopue óonbHue peMym ymoK, UHoada ^innxm, ayceü - mu HUKoada! M npednonumam 3ape3amb mpex UnU nemupex ^mnxm u ympoM ceapumb meóe Ha 3aempaK.
ynoTpeóneHMe yTATuHbi b nu^y [u c Hen cBA3aHHbiM oxothmhmm motmb] oneHb Hacro ynoMMHaeTCfl b naTbimcKux cKa3Kax: Tresa diena brinuma dels, piles medidams, satiek lielu viru, kas lüdzas nosautas piles. Vins iedod vienu pili; bet tas nebija atraki miera, kamer atdeva visas piles. Lielais virs panem piles un aped, bet delam tas davina par to labumu mazu spiekiti, sacidams: „Tas tev sava laika deres!" (Brinuma deli - 2. A. 707. A. Lerchis - Puskaitis, Dzükste - Pienava, LP, I, 74, 42), T.e. B mpemuü deHb cKa3onHuü aepoü, oxomxcb Ha ymoK, ecmpenaem eenuKaHa, Komopuü npocum yaocmumb ymKaMU, doóumuMU Ha oxome. Oh omdan odHy ymKy, ho ^mo^o He xeamuno, noKa oh He omdan ece ymKU. BenuKaH &3xn ymKU, da u cben, a ¿epom 3a ezo doópodymue nodapun ManeHbKym nanonKy, npu ^moM npuaoeapueax: „OHa meóe e HyMHym nopy caodumcx"; Aizgaja uz mezu piles saut: kuru nosauj, to turpat atstaj; kura dziva paliek, to uz maju atnes (Gudras atbildes - 3. A. 921. Krümina Janis Nitaurenos. Etn. III, 1893. LP, VII, II, 30, 2, 5b), T.e. nomen e nec ymoK cmpenbHymb: Komopym yóun, maM u ocmaeun, a Komopym paHun, óomoü omHec; Kad jauna keniniene apmetusies pili, tad pavelejusi pavaram izcept tris piles. Kad piles bijusas izceptas, tad keniniene viena pati apedusi divas piles, jo vairak dienas ta bijusi badojusies (Sikstais kungs - 4. A. 1407. H. Skujina, Andrs Ziemelis, Aumeisterapag), T.e. Koada Koponeea cmana Mumb e hobom 3aMKe, moada noeenena noeapaM nodwapumb mpu ymKU. Koada ymoK 3aMapunu, caMa Koponeea cKymana dee ymKU, nocKonbKy óonbme óhh eo pmy Hunezo He UMena.
C TeneHueM BpeMeHu goMamHHfl m^a yTKa crana BocnpuHuMaTbca KaK Mu^ono-ru3upoBaHHbiM oó^eKT (cm. Hobuk 1975, 223). DiaBHaa TpygHocTb, c kütüpüm cTanKuBa-roTCA uccnegoBaTenu ^T0^0 opHUTOMop^Horo Mu^OHUMa, cnegyeT cwraTb onpegeneHue ero cnoco6a geMCTBufl, T.e. BbigeneHue cyócTpaTHOM Mu^onoreMbi uHaKTUBHoro unu aK-TUBHoro nepcoHa^a. B nocnegHee BpeMA HeKoTopbiMu uccnegoBaTenAMu cnaBflHcKoro ^onbKnopa 6bmu npegnpuHATbi nonbiTKu BbigenuTb aKTUBHo geMcTByro^uM nepcoHa^ yTKy, npucBauBaa eMy npoo6pa3 fleMuypra, T.e. co3gaTenfl Mupa. no yTBep^geHuro fl. rpoMoBa, A. BbiHKOBa (2005, 137-138), «b MHoroHucneHHbix cnaBHHcKux gyanucTunec-kmx nereHgax o coTBopeHuu Mupa gBa 6ora-TBop^ nacTO npegcTaBnflroTcfl KaK Bogo-nnaBaro^ue nTu^i (yTKu, roronu, rycu u gp.). Bo MHorux BapuaHTax gaHHoro cro^eTa BogonnaBaro^aa nTu^ He acco^uupyeTCH c Tbop^mu, ho HBnaeTcH ux tomo^hu^m, ucnonHuTenbHu^M geMuyprunecKoro geMCTBufl: oHa HHpaeT Ha gHo oKeaHa u gocTaeT oTTyga HeMHoro 3eMnu, u3 KoTopon Bor u TBopuT cymy». ABTopH gaHHoro yTBep^geHua ynoMuHaroT u o bo3mo^hom 3auMcTBoBaHuu ^T0^0 cro^eTa u3 ^uHHo-yropcKon mu^ü-noruu (e^e cm. 3aBagcbKa u gp. 2002, 331), ogHaKO gaHHaa runoTe3a, no ux MHeHuro, «ManoBepoHTHa BBugy mupüKüH pacnpocTpaHeHHocTu cro^eTa b cnaBHHcKux 3eMnax u 6HTOBaHuu ero ganeKO 3a npegenaMu 3ühh KOHTaKTupoBaHua c ^uHHO-yropcKuMu nneMeHaMu» (e^e cm. 3aBagcbKa u gp. 2002, 332; Bhhküb 2000, 10, 53).
CornacuTbca c runüTe3üH o cnaBHHcKOM npoucxo^geHuu nTu^i-fleMuypra, kü-TopoM npugep^uBaeTca Bhhküb, TpygHO, nocKonbKy b yKpauHcKOM HoeoaoÓHeü necHe,
Ha cro^eTe kotopoM ocHOBbiBaeTca TaKoe npegnoHO^eHue, ynoMHHyTH roHy6u, a He yTKM (cm. Cpe3HeBCKMM 1843, raBpunoB, HaroBu^m 2002, 50-51), hto, no BceM Bepo-
HTHOCTM, ABHfleTCfl HOBmeCTBOM, T.e. pe^neKCMeM XpMCTMaHCKOrO yneHMH 06 OgHOM M3
06pa30B flyxa Dccnoga Bora b unocTacu rony6a [uhu MepycanuMa (cm. Barton 1918, 238-239) ^ uBp. yonah (Pardee 2002, 268)], oxpaHaro^ero pog HeHOBeHecKuM (TaKas ^yH^ufl, no MHeHuro HeK0T0pbix ceMuTOHoroB, y^e OTpa^eHa b KOHHOTa^u HeKOTO-pbix anuTeTOB yrapuTcKux 6oroB (nogpo6Hee cm. Rahmouni 2008, 189).
BuguMO, npuxoguTCA coraacuTbcfl c yTBep^geHueM B. Pbi6aK0Ba (1987, 230) 0 npucyTcTBuu Mu^onoaTuHecKoro 3auMcTB0BaHua u3 ^uhckoto KyHbTypHoro Hacne-gus (cm. 7 cHocKy), nocKOHbKy ^uKca^a aKTuBHoro nepcoHa^a-fleMuypra, TaK uhu uHane, cBS3aHHa c MecTaMu npo^uBaHua uhu KyHbTypHoro bhuhhuh SToro Hapoga, cp. ceBep0-B0cT0K BenuKononbmu [B03M0^H0e mBegcKoe KyHbTypHoe BHusHue - cBeoHb y^e b 10 b. 3aBoeBanu Bce ro^Hoe no6epe^be BaHTuMcKoro Mops (cm. LE XXX 132)], ApxaHrenbcKafl o6nacTb (rypa 1997, 667-668), rge npo^uBanu cupsHe - npegcTaBuTe-hu ^uhckom HapogHocTu (cm. LE XXII 315).
CBoro runoTe3y Pbi6aK0B (1987, 407) 0cH0BbBaeT Ha BbBogax apxeoHoruHecKux uccnegoBaHuM HaxogoK u3 Boh^ckom BoHrapuu, T.e. bucohhhx KOHe^ Ha K0T0pbix u3o6pa^eHa yTKa c 3ohothm mapuKOM b KHroBe. ^T0T motub, no MHeHuro Pbi6aK0Ba, OTpa^aeT «KocMoroHuHecKyro HereHgy, b kotopoM Mup coTBopeH yTKOM, nHaBaBmeM no MupoBOMy OKeaHy». ^T0T 3ohotom mapuK - KOMOHeK 3eMHu, KOToporo mo^ho co-OTHOcuTb He TOHbKO c KOcMOrOHuHecKuM cuMBOHOM, «HO u mecTbro 30H0TbMu SM^aMM, ynoMSHyTbMu b KaneBane: Tpu sM^BugHbix 6ycuHH Hagera Ha KOHb^, a Tpu nogBe-meHH Ha OTgeHbHbix ^noHKax.», K0T0pbie, bo3mo^ho, 03HaHaroT npoucxo^geHue Mupa u3 HM^ (cm. A^aHacbeB I 535-536.).
^TM ^aKTH urHopupyeT A. rypa (1997, 667-668), kotophm, ocHOBbiBascb Ha bh-Bogax pa6oTH TonopoBa 0 Mu^OHuMe amymKa, yTBep^gaeT, hto yTKa «cBS3aHHa c He-huctom cuhom». yTBep^geHua TonopoBa 0 geMOHunecKOM cumbohuku yTKu npoTuBO-penaT gaHHHM pyccKoro ^0HbKH0pa, TaK KaK uMeHHO repoM ho3utubhom KOHHOTa^u cKa30K MO^eT npeBpaTuTbcs b He6egs [uhu b gpyryro Hexu^Hyro m^y]; 300M0p^Haa unocTacb npoTuBHuKa no3uTuBHoro repoH b o6pa3e yTKu He ^uKcupyeTca (!!!) (HreT-HeBa 1978, 391, 394). flaHHoe onpegeHeHue ugeHTuHHO Bbime oroBopeHHoM ^yH^uu yTKu (ceHe3Hfl), KaK aHTunoga gbHBona u BcanecKOH HequcTOM cunbi b 6aHTuMcKoM cHOBecHOM TpagM^MM, cp. o6pa3 yTKu b unocTacu rpoMOBep:^a, T.e. 0nn03u^0HH0M cuHe BHacTeHuHa nog3eMeHbH: [pyccKas Heo6psgoBaH necHH Ne 1941] Dopodou h mna 3apem, // Ko 6opy npumna mynem, // Ydapuna b Bopoma 6ypem, // nycmuna no dBopy cunbHuu dowdb, // Caua h nonnuna ymKow, // Ha Kpunb^ h B3omna naBom, // Bo HoBue Bopoma ne6edKom, // Bo bucok mepeu deBymKou. (Pbi6aK0Ba 1984, 81); [3aragKa] KpHKHynaymKa Ha Becb CBem nymKo! KypcK [= 'rpoM']) (A^aHacbeB I 269) T.e. yTKa cum-B0Hu3upyeT rpoM // MonHuro24.
24 npcucxc^geHue TaKoro MM^0^0^TMHecK0^0 o6pa3a mohhuu mo^ho c^tscHuTb y®e ynoMSHyToM KOHBep-^eH^MeM HyHapHcrc u ccHspHcrc KyHbTCB (cm. 1, 5 chccku u 1 cxeMy), c HeM cBugeTeHbcTByeT cccTHcme-Hue gByx npcTuBcncHc^HHX nHacTOB b KccMcrcHuHecKux cKa3aHuax bcctchhhx cHaBSH, T.e. «BeceHHee ccHH^e, cMHBmucb b gc^geBHX noTOKax rpo3CB^ix TyH, ncKa3HBaHccb cHaM cMepTHHX — npccBeTHeHHce, spKc 6necTa^ee, u 6hhc yncgc6HseMc 6eHccHe®H0My He6egro, Kynaro^eMycs b Bcgax, uhu gpyruM Bogs-hhm ^TM^aM: yTKe u rycro» (A^aHacbeB I 261); «nc gpeBHeMy ^c^TMHecKCMy npegcTaBHeHuro, Bccxcga^ee ncyTpy cohh^ pc^gaHccb u3 tgmhhx Hegp hohu, a ccHH^e BeceHHee — u3 Hegp rpo3CBHX TyH. CcrHacHc c
no3UTUBHyro KOHHOTa^uro pe^.eKTupyeT He To.bKo npucyTcTBue ^onbK.opHo-ro BonmeÖHoro noMo^HUKa - KaK u 6a.TußcKux CKa3Kax (cm. BHme) - b o6pa3e yTKu (nponn 1986, 33), ho u Hacroe cooTHeceHue aHTponoHUMa c yTKoß, cp. [npuMep u3 Be.uKopyccKux cwra.oK] ymKa npacKymKa (TonopoB 2004, 269) « (runoKopucTUK) npacKOBbH.
C^epa npo^uBaHua yTKu - BogaHoe npocTpaHcTBo, KaK u 6a.TußcKoß, TaK u b c.aBaHcKoß Ky.bTypHoß Tpagu^uu u3gaBHa 6b.a cooTHocuMa c noTycTopoHHuM MupoM yconmux25 (cm. 1, 8 chocku) - eë npuHaTo cooTHocuTb c MecToM npe6bBaHua gymoß yMepmero (3aBagcbKa u gp. 2002, 333) [KaK u b .utobckom ^onbK.ope - KH 88-89; cm. 1 cHocKy] -, hto npuBe.o k noaB.eHuro BTopuHHbix Mu^oHUMunecKux co-oTHomeHuß yTKu c Mu^onorunecKUMu xTOHunecKUMu cy^ecTBaMu26, cp. yreep^geHua B. nponna (1986, 169) o opHUTOMop^HOM o6pa3e 6a6bi aru, KOTopaa «oneHb nacTo aB.aeTca cTapyxoß u ogHoBpeMeHHo ®ubothhm» u.u 3aMenaHua Ä^aHacbeBa (II 87), hto «yTKu Bce .eTo ®uByT Ha peKax, o3epax u npygax, nog Hag3opoM u oxpaHoro ge-gymKu BogaHoro» (e^ë cm. rypa 1997, 668). no ^Toß ®e npunuHe ^To nepHaToe cra.u BocnpuHuMaTb KaK cumbo. cMepTu (cm. nponn 1986, 422), cp. [3aragKy] Cudum ymKa na nnomy, // XBanumcx Ka3aKy: // HuKmo MeHx He npoüdem. (oTBeT - 'cMepTb') (MBa-hob, TonopoB 1965, 78). 3HanuT, mo®ho BbigBUHyTb npegno.o^eHue, hto npoucxo^ge-Hue ^Toß ceMaHTeMb, BuguMo, c.egyeT o6,bacHaTb KaK MeTOHUMUHecKyro pe^.eKcuro (6.u3Kyro cuHeKgoxe), T.e. nepeHoc ceMaHTunecKoß KOHHOTa^uu o6^eKTa BogaHoro npocTpaHcTBa (runepoHuMa) Ha ogHoro u3 ero runoHuMoB - BogaHoro nepHaToro, ®u-By^ero b cpege, pa3genaro^eß Mup «mbhx u MëpTBbx (Cfl I 386-387), hto b noc.egc-tbuu onpege.u.o npuHuc.eHue ^Toß nTu^i k xTOHuneKoß c^epe - cp. yTUHbß o6pa3 12 gonepeß MopcKoro ^pa u gp. (cm. MBaHOB, TonopoB 1965, 151, 190)].
no yTBep^geHuro O. Xpucro^opoBoß (2010, 252) pyccKue Ko.gyHbu b o6pa3e ^Tu^ (b tom nucne, u yTOK) u ®uBOTHbix npoHUKaroT b goM u Ha gBop. Ohu u3 neno-BeKa BbcacbBaroT KpoBb, T.e. HaBogaT c.a6ocTb, 6o.e3Hb. no ^Toß ®e npunuHe BO3-hukhobeHua BTopuHHoß neßopaTUBHoß KOHHOTa^uu cTa.a ynoTpe6.aTca runoHUMu-necKaa ceMeMa '6o.e3eHb27 («• KorunoHuM VyMa')' - no yTBep^geHuro Ä^aHacbeBa (I 267-268), «B HeKOTopbx MecTHocTax Poccuu npocroß Hapog npegcTaB.aeT xo.epy b o6pa3e orpoMHoß nepHoß nTu^i, neTaro^eß no HonaM: Hag HbUM goMOM MameT oHa
3TMM, 3o.aoToe cojHeMHoe aM^o Hec.a MepHaa nTM^-HOTb m.m nTM^ — McraHMeHocHaa Ty^a: mu^, no npe-MMy^ecTBy coeguHaeMbrä c neTyxoM, KaK nTM^ro, b o6pa3e KOTopoM paBHo otm^TBopanMcb m yTpeHHMM paccBeT, m n.aMa rpo3b» (Ä^aHacbeB I 268-269).
MMea BBugy to c6cTcaTe¡IbCTBc, mto .yHa no BepoBaHMaM M-E HapogoB (b ccc6eHHcCTM, gpeBHMx MHgufi^B m upaH^B) c gpeBHefimux BpeMëH MMe.a npaMoe oTHomeHue co c^eporo Bogb, BogaHoro npocTpaHcTBa m, b MacTHocTM, c comom - cy^HocTbro ®M3HeHHoro Havana, mto onpegenM.ro noaB.eHMe ^yH^MM noKpoBMTe.a go^ga, nacT6u^ m BogoëMOB (Yt. X 61) (cm. Macdonell 1927: 32; Vajracharya 1997: 5-8; Murthy 2003: 7; e^ë cm. Kperaguc 2009: 267), cooTHomeHMe pe^epeHTOB 'rpo3a // Mo.HMa' « 'yTKa' c.egyeT npu^ucnuTb k accc^MaTMBHbM HOBoo6pa3OBaHMaM, T.e. conpuKocHOBeHMe cc^H^a c Ty^aMM npegonpegenuno noaB.eHMe aTpu6yTMKM cc^H^a KOHBepreHTHoro xapaKTepa: ymKa - nepeunHuü cumeon nyHU h BmopunHbiü cumeon con^a.
25	Cp. (pyccKyro npu6ayTKy) YmKa mox, cene3Hwxa mox, He nemaü 3a peKy, He Knmü necKy, He mynu HocKy! (garyTMHa 2009, 12).
26	Cp.(pyccKyro cKa3Ky) Tym ymKa KpxKHyna, 6epe^a 3BXKHynu, Mope 63Öonmanocb, Mope ecKonuxanocb — ne3em nyöo-möa, MocanbcKax ^y6a: 3Meü mecmmnaeuü (Ns 136[632] - Ä^aHacbeB m gp. 1957).
27	no noBepbaM yKpaMH^B, ec.M yTKa HaMgëT Bo.ocb ^e.oBeKa m M3 hmx cBeeT rHe3go, y aToro Me.oBeKa 6ygeT 6o.eTb ronoBa (3aBagcbKa m gp. 2002, 297).
cboumu KpwnbSMu — Tyga u SBnaeTca 6one3Hb. TaK®e u HyMy CHuTaroT neTaro^ero yTKoro, y KOTopou xboct u ronoBa 3MeuHwe, t. e. o6pa3 nra^i cnuBaroT b ogHO npeg-CTaBneHue c o6pa3OM Mu^uHecKoro 3Mea». npuxoguTca co®aneTb o tom, hto Typa (1997 t.®.) Bbime ynoMSHyTwe BTopuHHbie neuopaTuBHwe KOHHOTaTuBw u3iacHaeT KaK apxuceMeMw.
Oco6biu Mu^onoruHecKuu o6pa3 nTu^i-xpaHuTenbHu^i npucy^ boctoh-hocnaBSHCKuM CKa3KaM o Ko^ee BeccMepTHOM, cp. «rde Me y me6x cuepmb, Kom Eeccuepmnuu?» - «y uenx cuepmb, - ¿oeopum oh, - e makoM-mo Mecme: maM cmoum dy6, nod dy6oM hw,uk, e xw,uke 3axu,, e 3auu,e ymka, e ymke xuu,o, e xuu,e moh cMepmb». (N156[723] - A^aHacbeB u gp. 1957; e^e cm. CKa3Ku N157[730], N 162[757], N 269 [275]). flaHHwu CKa3OHHbiu motub ynoMuHaeTca MHoruMu uccnegoBaTenaMu cnaBHHC-Koro KynbTypHoro Hacnegua (nogpo6Hee cm. A^aHacbeB II 210-211; Pw6aKOB 1987, 220, 236; MBaHOB, TonopoB 1965, 77; HeKnrogoB 1975, 67; Hobuk 1975, 225; MHM I 481, 742; floMHuKOB 2002, 149); TaBpunoB, HaroBu^m 2002, 98-99; HepegoBaHue 300M0p^H0M u3MeHHuBOCTu npocne®uBaeTca u b rorocnaBCKux CKa3Kax (nogpo6Hee cm. CHW 18). npaBga, ga ceu nopw HuKOMy TaK u He yganocb o6iacHuTb CMwcn Hepegw 3OOMop-^hhx mu^ohumob. no MHeHuro Pw6aKOBa (1987, 221), «MecTOHaxo®geHue KO^eeBOM CMepTu cooTHeceHO b CKa3Ke c Mogenbro BceneHHOM - hm^m. HegapoM oxpaHuTenaMu SToro coKpoBu^a HBnaroTca npegcTaBuTenu Bcex pa3genoB Mupa: Boga (oKeaH), 3eMna (ocTpoB), pacTeHua (gy6), 3Bepu (3aa^), nTu^i (yTKa).». W. CMupHOB (1997, 30, 97) u3iacHaeT 3Ty Hepegy nocpegcTBOM cucTeMw norpe6anbHoro o6paga, T.e. cnoBa Ka^ea BeccMepTHoro «CMepTb moh b urne28, urna b hm^, hm^ b yTKe, yTKa b 3au^, 3aa^ b cyHgyKe, cyHgyK nog gy6oM...», no ero MHeHuro, O3HaHaroT Teno b rpo6y, rpo6 b capKO-^are, capKO^ar b CKnene, CKnen b KypraHe u T.n. CMupHOB yTBep®gaeT, hto nogo6Hoe gy6nupoBaHue u3BecTHO co BpeMeH HeonuTa, Korga Teno yMepmero 3aBopaHuBanocb b mKypy, mKypa b ny6aHOM ^CTy, ^cra Knanacb b HMy u T.n.). TaKyro ®e runoTe3y paHb-me BbiCKa3ana E. CaBOCTuHa (1990, 241) u gp. floMHuKOB (2002, 148-149) b stom nepe-HucneHuu 3OOMop^Horo 3BeHa, KOTopwu oh uMeHyeT TepMuHOM «Be^b b Be^u», BuguT pe^neKcuro CTpyKTypupoBaHua Mupa (T.e. Mup npegcTaBnaeTca KaK D^enoe). Pw6aKOB (1987, 230)29 BbigBuHyn runoTe3y o cynepcTaTHOM npoucxo®geHuu SToro MOTuBa, T.e. oh SBnaeTca ^uHHO-yropcKuM cy6cTpaTOM, «TaK KaK o6^eu3BecTHbi KOCMonoruHecKue nereHgw o6 yTKe u hm^, uMero^ueca b KapenbCKOM 'KaneBane' u b MopgoBCKux Hapog-HWX Mu^ax».
K co®aneHuro, b yKa3aHHwx Tpygax OTcyTCTByeT o6iacHeHue nog6opa pe^epeHTHwx o6ieKTOB, KOTopwe b 3oomop^hom 3BeHe «Be^b b Be^u», BuguMO,
28	flna pyccKoro ^onbKnopa TaK®e npucy^a cro®eTHaa K0HTaMUHa^ua: pe^epeHT usonka nogBepraeTca 3a-MeHe Ha au%o, a ero ciegaHue u3iacHaeTca KaK cnoco6 npuo6peTeHua nro6Bu co CTopoHw geBu^i, T.e. noegaHue cuMBona nnogoBuTOCTu cooTHOcuTca c kohhuhom 3noro HaHano - BuguMO, ^T0 no3gHuu motub]: [cKa3Ku] Ha mou cmopone okeana-uopH cmoum dy6, na dy6y cyndyk, e cyndyke 3aH% e 3auu,e ymka, e ymke au%o, a e auu,e nw6oeb %apb-deeu%u! (N232 [202]); Mean-%apeeun ¿oeopum: «Mw,y nmymky, Meny ceow». Cmapymka ¿oeopum: «Ou, Mean-%apeeun, ona me6a xonem rneecmb; h ee uamb. nodu Me mu, Mean-%ape-eun, 3d uope; mau neMum kauenb, e ^moM kaune cudum ymka, e ^mou ymke huhko; eo3buu ^mo huhko u npunecu ko une» (N268 [270] - A^aHacbeB u gp. 1957).
29	ABTop runoTe3w yKa3WBaeT (1987, 345), hto b ogHoU cucTeMe B0CT0HH0cnaBaHCK0r0 3aKnuHaTenbHoro y3opa Hag OKHaMu yKa3aHHa ogHa 6oruHa, OKpy®eHHaa 3BepaMu [HacTO u3o6pa®anucb u nTu^i: neTyxu, rycu, yTKu], KOTopaa «pacnpocTpaHeHa TaM, rge b X-XII bb. npo®uBanu MepaHCKue [^uHHO-yropcKue -P.K.] nneMeHa, TBop^i oco6oro 300M0p^H0r0 CTuna yKpameHuu».
03HanaroT kocmu^ckum opueHTup - nyTb gymaM yMepmux b noTycropoHHuft Mup, T.e. nog ^TUMU uMeHaMu 3Bepeft u Bereft30 cKpbiTbi Ha3BaHua co3Be3guft, hto nogTBep^gaeT npaBunbHocTb runoTe3bi o B3auMocBA3u gaHHoro cKa3oHHoro MOTUBa c ^yHepanbHbiM o6pagoM (o M-E KynbTypHbix cooTBeTcTBuax gpeBHeftmero nepuoga nogpo6Hee cm. Kregždys 2011).
O CBA3M ^T0^0 ^UKna cKa3oK c KocMuHecKuM motubom yKa3HBaroT u boctoh-Ho6anTuftcKue ^onbKnopHbie cooTBeTcTBua, cp. y^e ynoMAHyTbift cro^eT nyHapHoro KynbTa o Mu^onorunecKoft cba3u Me^gy 6hkom u yTKoft (cm. 1 cHocKy) - b naramcKux cKa3Kax paccKa3biBaeTca o tom, hto cMepTb gpaKoHa (3Mea, goMoBoro) cnpaTaHa b or-poMHoM 6biKe, b HeM yTKa, a b yTKe - aft^: „Varu ar tev teikt, jo tu manu beznaves speku tikpat nespeji roka dabut. Redzi simtu judžu taluma ir otrs tads pats klints kalns ka šis. Tam klintl ir pils, pill ir briesmlgs versis. Šis versis ir mans beznaves speks. Tomer ja versi art nonavetu, ir tad tu manu speku roka nedabutu: nonavetais versis parverstos par plli gaisa. Un ja tu arlplli spetu nokert un nonavet ir tad tu manu speku roka nedabutu: nonaveta pile parverstos par olu un iekristu juras dzilumos" (Zveri par svainiem - 2. A. 552. 570. 302. A. Lerchis-Puškaitis Džukste - Pienava. LP. II, 28. AŠ. II, I00 - m), T.e. [gpaKoH] „Mo^y meče CKa3amb, nomouy nmo mu He cyMeemb ne^Ko dočumb mow čeccMepmHocmb. Budumb, cmo Munb omcwda Haxodumcx maKax Me cKanucmax ^opa KaK u 3decb. Ha mou ^ope cmoum 3aMOK, b 3aMKe MUBem yMacHuu čuk. ^mom čuk u ecmb mox čeccMepmHocmb. Ecnu mu ^mo^o čuKa yčun ču, u mo^^a mu He dočun ču mow čeccMepmHocmb: yčumuu čuk npeBpamuncx ču b nemxmyw ymKy. M ecnu ču mu cyMen nouMamb u yčumb ymKy, u mo^^a ne^Ko He dočun ču mow čeccMepmHocmb: yčumax ymKa npeBpamunacb ču b xu^, a mom ynan ču b MopcKux ^nyčuH".
OcHoBbiBaacb Ha pe3ynbTaTax Bbime npuBegeHHoro aHanu3a, mo^ho genaTb bh-Bog o tom, hto o6pa3 uHaKTuBHoro ^onbKnopHoro nepcoHa^a, cuMBonunecKaa ^yHK-^ufl MeguaTopa u cnynaftHoe cooTHeceHue nepHaToro BogaHoro31 npocTpaHcTBa c no-KanbHbiMu 6o^ecTBaMu XToHunecKoft c^epbi [a uHorga u ypaHucTunecKoft] He aBnaroT-ca BecKuMu npunuHaMu gna ycraHoBneHua M-E Mu^onoreMbi ymKa, KoTopaa gon^Ha oTnunaTbca coBoKynHbiM u uHguBugyanu3upyro^uM cMbicnoBbiM nnacToM. B cbh3u c oTcyTcTBueM TaKoBoro, MHorue ^onbKnopHbie ^^U3ogH, b kotophx ynoMuHaeTca ^Ta nra^, Mo^eT 6biTb o6,bacHaeMbi KaK pe^neKcuu BTopuHHoft cuMBonuKu, T.e. acco^u-aTuBH.
30	Cp. yTBep^geHue A^aHacbeBa (I 270), mto «He ogHo co.m^ ynogo6¡ianocb 30^0T0My a^y; Ta ®e MeTa^o-pa npu.rara.racb u k 6¡iecTS^MM Ha He6e 3Be3gaM», «Co3Be3gue Krceag (neXeidc; — guKMM ro;iy6b), M3BecT-Hoe y HapogoB eBponeñcKux nog MMeHeM HacegKM c ^mnsTaMM, y Hamux KpecTbaH Ha3biBaeTca nTUMbUM M^M ytmhmm rHe3goM».
31	MHorga b pyccKOM ^oübKnope ucno;ib3yeTca MeToHMMu^ecKaa nepecTaHOBKa pe^epeHTa, T.e. 'BogaHoe npocTpaHCTBo' « 'yTKa (^TM^a BogaHoro npocTpaHcTBa)': Men a He nymeM, He ^opo^oü; nodne hukúb ^opu dpan; yBuden Ha ymKe 03ep0, monop b ee mu6 - Hedomuó, ^py^uM mu6 - nepemuó, mpembUM mu6 - nonano, da mumo; ymKa-mo cKyny6anacb, o3epo-mo ynemeno (N2426 [271] - A^aHacbeB u gp. 1957), cp. nomen a Ha nuKD ^opy dpamb;yBudan, HaymKax 03ep0 nnaBaem. S cpo6un mpu nanKu: obny enoByw, ^py^yw 6epe3oByw, mpembw pa6uHoByw; 6pocun enoByw - He do6pocun, 6pocun 6epe3oByw - nepe6pocun; 6pocun pa6uHoBym -y^o^un; 03ep0 ecnopxHyno, nonemeno, a ymKU ocmanucb (garyTMHa 2009, 15), mto nogTBep^gaeT npucyTc-TBue ranepohmmm^ecKoM m ranohmmhoñ bcs3m Me^gy pe^epeHTaMM 'Boga' í 'yTKa', a ^To, b cbok> o^epegb, SBnaeTca goBoübHo BecKMM apryMeHToM gna onpegeneHua MHaKTUBHoro xapaKTepa Mu^oHMMa 'yTKa'.
BblBOgbl:
^uH^Bucmu^ecKo^o aHanu3a
1)	Pycc. guan. amymKa npegcraBnaeT co6om geBep6aTuB, o6pa3OBaHHbiö u3 Tpëx CTpyKTypHbx K0Mn0HeHT0B: npe^. pycc. Ha- + Kop. pycc. nyb- [c ceKyHgapHbiM -m- ((^OHeTMHecKaa 3anucb) BMecTO STuMonorunecKoro -Ô-] + cy^. -Ka O *HanyÖKa;
1a.) ^opMa *HanyÖKa nogBeprnacb Mop^OTaKTunecKOM nepecTaHOBKu u3-3a ^e-HOMeHa Ta6y: *Hanyà-Ka 'nëpT' > *amyà-Ka 't.®.' [Mop^onorunecKaa 3anucb] > pycc. guan. amym-Ka 't.®.' [^OHeTunecKaa 3anucb];
16.) pycc. guan. amymKa flBnaeTca mckohho pyccKMM cnoBOM, a He 6anTM3MOM;
2)	pycc. guan. aHU,û6yn flBnaeTca ru6pugHbiM KOMnO3MTOM u3 gByx KOMnoHeH-TOB: rpeH. àvTÎ- 'npOTuB' + uBp. -6yn (coKpa^eHue [runOKOpucTuK] uMeHu ceMuTcKOrO 6Ora Eaan 3e6y6a[-6yna]).
3)	nonuceMus pycc. guan. amymKa npegOnpegeneHa MHOrOO6pa3ueM um Bbipa-®aeMoro pe^epeHTa - HëpTa.
^mHono^u^ecKo^o aHanu3a
1)	CuMBOnuKa xTOHunecKoro 6o®ecTBa b O6pa3e yTKu flBnaeTca BTopuHHOM, BO3-HuKmaa KaK pe3ynbTaT npo^cca KOHBepreHTHOcTu conspHoro u nyHapHOrO KynbTOB;
2)	nO cBOeM ^yH^uoHanbHocTu mu^ohum 'yTKa' coothocum c aHTunOgOM gbs-BOna u BcsHecKOM HenucTOM cunbi;
3)	Hau6onee apxauHHas ^yHK^MOHanbHas pa3HOBugHocTb Mu^OHuMa 'yTKa' -^pyMeHTanbHaa, pe^neKTupyeMaa He TonbKO cnaBSHcKuMu u 6anTuMcKuMu ^onbKnop-HbiMu MOTuBaMu, ho u KynbTypHbiM HacnegueM gpyrux M-E HapogoB;
4)	^onbKnopHbiM o6pa3 uHaKTuBHoro nepcoHa®a 'yTKa' npegonpegenseT peKOHCTpy^uro ^yH^uu MeguaTopa.
^htepatypa u mctohhmkm
AK - AHmuHHax Kynbmypa. Humepamypa, meamp, ucKyccmBO, <fiunoco<fiux, HayKa:
CnoBapb-cnpaBOHHUK. nog peg. B. H. #pxo. MocKBa: Bbicmaa mKona, 1995. ATK - AHmuHHoemb KaK mun Kynbmypu. A. ^oceB, H. A.HucrflKOBa, T. M.Bopogaö
u gp. MocKBa: HayKa, 1988. A^aHacbeB I-III - A^aHacbeB A. H. ^o^mu^ecKue B033peHux cnaBXH Ha npupody: Onum cpaBHumenbHo^o u3yneHux cnaBmcKux npedaHuü u BepoBaHuü b cbh3u c MutfiunecKUMu cKa3aHuxuu ^py^ux podcmBeHHux HapodoB (1-3). - MocKBa: Cob-peMeHHbiM nucaTenb, 1995. BTCP.3 - Eonbrnoü monKOBuü cnoBapb pyccKo^o x3UKa. Peg. C. A. Ky3He^B. CaHKT-neTep6ypr, 2000.
BC - Bonme6Hue cym^ecmBa: ^H^uKnone^ux. CaHKT neTep6ypr: A36yKa-KnaccuKa, 2005.
rXHC - rpe^x: xpaMu, Ha^^po6ux u WKpoBuw,a. MocKBa: Terra, 1997.
flanb I-IV - BnaguMup flanb. Tohkobuü cnoBapb MUBo^o BenuKopyccKo^o x3UKa, 1-4.
MocKBa: PyccKuM h3hk, 1989-1991. Enu3apeHKOBa I-III - Enu3apeHKOBa T. PmBeàa (1-3). MocKBa: HayKa, 1999. KflP I-II - Kynbmypa ^peBHe^o PuMa (t. 1-2). Otb. peg. E. C. Tony6^6a. MocKBa: HayKa,1985.
KH - KoponeBa Heöeöb: HumoBCKue napadnue ckü3ku. Coct. A. HeöuTe. BunbHroc: Bu-Typuc, 1987.
MHM I-II - Mu$u uapodoB Mupa. ^H^uKnone^ux b ÖByx mouax (1 [a-K; 1987]; 2 [k-a; 1988]). MocKBa: CoBeTcKaa ^H^MKno^egMfl.
MC - MufionozunecKuü cnoBapb. MocKBa: CoBeTcKaa ^H^MKno^egMfl, 1990.
nOC - ncKobckuü oónacmHoü cnoBapb c ucmopunecKuMu daHHUMu, t. 14. HeHuHrpag, 1989.
PMP - Muifibi u neaeHÖu HapodoB Mupa. PaHHxx Mmanux u Pum. Atb. peg. A. M. HeMu-poBCKMM. MocKBa: Mup KHuru, 2004.
PMC - ^H^uKnone^ux «Mcne3HyBmue ^Bunu3a^u». Pum: ^xo uMnepcKoü cnaBu. MocKBa: Terra, 1997.
PM - Penuauu Mupa. MocKBa: Ben^aKc, 1994.
P^® - PyccKuü ^pomu^ecKuü 0onbKnop. necHM, oópagbi u oöpagoBbiM ^onbKnop, Ha-pogHbiM TeaTp, 3aroBopbi, 3aragKM, nacTymKu. CocTaBneHue u Hayraoe pegaK-TupoBaHue A. TonopKoBa. MocKBa: HayHHo-u3gaTenbcKuM ^HTp «HagoMup», 1995.
CAP - CnoBapb AKadeMiu PocciücKoü, t. 6. CaHKTneTepöyprb: MMnepaTopcKaa AKa-geMÍH HayKb, 1794.
CBK - CKBo3b BonmeÓHoe Konbup. EpumaHcKue neaeHÖu u cKa3Ku. nepeBog u cocTaBne-Hue H. B. fflepemeBcKoö. MocKBa: npaBga, 1988.
Cfl I-V - CnaBXHcKue dpeBHocmu. ^THonMH^BMCTMHecKMM cnoBapb nog pega^ueñ H. M. Toncroro. MocKBa: Me^gyHapogHbie oTHomeHua, 1995-2010.
CflnMC - Cboö öpeBHeümux nucbMeHHux u3Becmuü o cnaBXHax. Otb. peg. H. A. Tuh-guH, r. r. HuTaBpuH. MocKBa: BocroHHaa nuTepaTypa, 1994.
CM - CnoBeHcKa Mumonoauja. EH^KnonedujcKu penHuK. Peg. C.M. ToncToj, PageHKoBuh, Beograd: Zepter book world, 2001.
CM - CnaBXHcKax Mutfionoaux. ^H^uKnone^u^ecKuü cnoBapb. MocKBa: „Me^gyHapog-Hbie oTHomeHua", 2002.
CHM - CKa3Ku HapodoB föaocnaBuu (coct. roneHu^eB-KyTy3oB M. H.). MocKBa: Xygo-^ecTBeHHaa nuTepaTypa, 1984.
CP - CBxmax Pycb. ^H^uKnone^u^ecKuü cnoBapb pyccKoü ^Bunma^u. CocTaBuTenb O. A. nnaToHoB. MocKBa: npaBocnaBHoe u3gaTenbcTBo «^H^MKno^egMfl pyccKoñ ^MBMnM3a^MM», 2000.
CPHr I-XLIII - CnoBapb pyccKux HapodHux aoBopoB. HeHuHrpag (CaHKT-neTepóypr), 1965-2009...
CyM - CnoBHuK yKpaiHcbKo'imobu, T. 10. KUIB, 1979.
^acMep I-IV - MaKc ^acMep. ^muMono^u^ecKuü cnoBapb pyccKoao x3UKa, t. 1-4. MocKBa, 1986-1987.
®HBC - 0uHHo-yapu u óanmu b ^noxy cpedHeBeKoBbx. MocKBa: HayKa.
^KM - ^H^uKnone^ux: KenbmcKax Mufionoaux. MocKBa: ^KCMo, 2002.
BRMŠ I-IV - Balty religijos ir mitologijos šaltiniai. Sudaré Norbertas Vélius. Vilnius: Mo-kslo ir enciklopedij^ leidykla (t. 1-2), Mokslo ir enciklopedij^ leidybos institutas (t. 3-4), 1996-2005.
DSP - Davainis-Silvestraitis M. Pasakos, sakmés, oracijos. Vilnius: Vaga, 1973.
ED - Ežeras ant milžino delno. Lietuviy liaudies padavimai. Sudaré Norbertas Vélius. Vilnius: Mintis, 1995.
ESC - Encyclopedia of Ancient World Society and Culture (vol. 1). Peter Bogucki, Editor in Chief. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2008.
Geldner I-III - Geldner K. F. Der Rig-Veda. Aus dem Sanskrit ins Deutsche übersetzt (Harvard Oriental Series, 33-36, Bd. 1-3). Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951.
Y. - Yasna
JBR I-V - Balys J. Raštai (1-5). Parenge R. Repšiene. Vilnius: Lietuvi^ literatüros ir tauto-sakos institutas, 1998-2004.
JBTB I-XV - Jono Basanavičiaus tautosakos biblioteka (1-15). Vilnius: Vaga; Lietuvi^ literatüros ir tautosakos institutas, 1993 -2003.
Yt. - Yašt
LE I-XXXVII - Lietuviy enciklopedija, t. 1-37. Bostonas, 1953-1985.
LKŽe - Lietuvkalbos žodynas (1-20). Vilnius, 1956-1999; gocTyn b MHTepHeTe: www. lkz.lt.
LM I-III - Lietuvmitologija (1-3). Vilnius: Mintis, 1995-2003.
MP I-III - Pretorijus M., Prüsijos jdomybes, arba Prüsijos regykla, 1-3. Parenge Inge Lukšaite. Vilnius: Pradai (1 - 1999), Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla (2 - 2004, 3 - 2006).
PEŽ I-IV -Mažiulis, V. Prüs^ kalbos etimologijos žodynas (1-4). Vilnius: Mokslas (t. 1), Mokslo ir enciklopedij^ leidykla (t. 2, 3), Mokslo ir enciklopedij^ leidybos institutas (t. 4), 1988-1997.
Rydberg I-III - Rydberg V. Teutonic Mythology. Gods and Goddesses of the Northland. London & New York: Norrrena Society, 1907.
RKA - Friedrich Lübkers Reallexikon des klassischen Altertums. Herausg. von J. Geffcken und E. Ziebarth. Leipzig & Berlin: Verlag von B. G. Teubner, 1914.
RŽ - Religijotyros žodynas. Vilnius, 1991.
RV - RgvedaSamhitä.
V. - Videvdät
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CoKpa^eHua
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UBp. - UBpUT (eBpeñCKUñ H3Hk) no3g. - no3gHero nepuoga cp. - cpaBHUTe
[gpyrue coKpa^eHUH KaK b LKŽe (cm. www.lkz.lt/dzl.php?11)]
Reconstruction of the mythopoetical image of a duck (Anas)
(according to the written sources and folklore data of Baltic, Slavic and the other I-E peoples)
Rolandas Kregzdys
The article deals with the reconstruction of the mythopoetical image of a duck (Anas), which is not subsumed - not only in digests on the Baltic mythology, but also in the works assigned to this subject - save for Maria Gimbutas' proposition, that the symbolics of a duck can be correlated with the zoomorphic shape of the Lithuanians' goddess of destiny Laima or Dalia, i.e. she should be perceived as a theophoric mythological image.
Such a mythonym, i.e. a mythological character with an active personage connotation, is not mentioned either in researches and compendiums on Slavic mythology and ethnoculture, or in the collections of Old Russian myths, legends and annals. No evidence of its subsistence was presented in the researches on German, Celtic, Indian, Iranian, Italic, Ancient Greek, Hittite mythology and religion. Also it is elided in the ethnological and ethnographical works of all nations of the world.
The importance of the mythological concept of a duck in relation to folklore data of the different I-E peoples, including Balts and Slavs, was mentioned in V. N. Toporov's article under the name From the history of Baltic and Slavic language connections: amymKa, which partly deals with the mythological image reconstruction due to its position as the most widespread Russian name of an evil spirit.
In accordance with the analysis made, it has been stated that the mythonym 'duck' terrestrial deity symbolics might be interpreted as an innovation of secondary origin owing to the convergency process of Solar and Lunar cults; on the functionality it correlates to an antipode of a devil and all-evil spirit; its most archaic alimentary function is characteristic not only for the Slavic and Baltic folklore motifs, but also for the cultural heritage of the other Indo-European peoples; the folklore image of an inactive character predetermines reconstruction of the mediator function.
The article also deals with the etymological analysis of Russ. dial. amymKa 'devil, demon; Antichrist; hobgoblin, water-sprite, familiar, sylvan; trollop; poor person; pickle; curse'. The precondition is made that it reflects the multipartite derivative: prefix Russ. Ha-+ radix Russ. nyb- [with secondary -m- (phonetic recording) instead of etymological-d-] + suff. -Ka O *HanydKa.
Being based on the lexeme analysis, Russ. dial. amymKa is explained as a primordi-ally Russian word, which contrary to V. N. Toporov's hypothesis by no means might be compared with the water space birds' names. Due to such decision it can not be explained as Baltism either. As to determination of the Protobaltic tribes' presumptive borders of their residing territory in Russia, according to the areal distribution of the word, this is not possible.
By virtue of the investigation results the inference was drawn, that the mythonym 'duck' (Anas) should be explained as an associative image of inactive character - mediator, emphasizing the static character of its action, because of the counterbalance of the active plan mythonym which could be characterised by the demiurge function, presented in the cultural tradition of the Finns and other, non-Indo-European peoples.