360
Documenta Praehistorica XLIV (2017)
Introduction
Ayanlar Höyük
1 1
was first discovered during surface
surveys conducted in 2013 (Güler, Çelik 2015.83–
84, Res. 11–13; Çelik 2014a.19; 2014b.318). Ayan-
lar Höyük is the largest mound from Neolithic pe-
riod known in the region and is located west of San-
lıurfa (Map 1). As a result of the research conducted
in the south-eastern part of Ayanlar Höyük, 6 settle-
ments with characteristics that can be dated to the
Neolithic Period were determined at distances rang-
ing from 2 to 7km (Çelik 2014a.19; 2014b.317–318;
A new Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in Southeastern Turkey>
Ayanlar Höyük (Gre Hut)
Bahattin Çelik
Department of Archeology, University of Ardahan, Ardahan, TR
bahattincelik@ardahan.edu.tr
ABSTRACT – Ayanlar Höyük (Gre Hut), located 30km west of Sanlıurfa, was discovered during sur-
face surveys conducted in 2013. Ayanlar Höyük dated to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Period, is a large-
scale mound like Göbekli Tepe and Karahan Tepe, covering an overall surface area of 14 hectares.
It was learned recently that three artefacts dated to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period which are held
by Sanlıurfa Museum were brought from Ayanlar Höyük. The artefacts in Sanlıurfa Museum and
the finds recovered from Ayanlar Höyük during a surface survey have been identified as having
characteristics similar to those from Körtik Tepe, Göbekli Tepe, Nevali Çori and Karahan Tepe. Con-
sequently, Ayanlar Höyük should be dated between the early Pre-Pottery Neolithic Period B (EPPNB)
and the mid-Pre-Pottery Neolithic Period B (MPPNB).
IZVLE∞EK – Najdi∏≠e Ayanlar Höyük (Gre Hut), ki je bilo odkrito med terenskimi pregledi leta 2013,
se nahaja ok. 30km zahodno od Sanlıurfe. Ayanlar Höyük je veliko ve≠slojno (tell) naselje, podobno
najdi∏≠ema Göbekli Tepe in Karahan Tepe,ki se razteza na skupni povr∏ini 14 hektarjev in jo datira-
mo v obdobje predkerami≠nega neolitika. Nedavno je bilo ugotovljeno, da so bili trije predmeti, ki
datirajo v ≠as predkerami≠nega neolitika in se zdaj nahajajo v muzeju v Sanlıurfi, dejansko izvira-
jo iz najdi∏≠a Ayanlar Höyük. Ti predmeti kot tudi najdbe, ki smo jih pridobili pri na∏em terenskem
pregledu, imajo podobne zna≠ilnosti kot najdbe iz najdi∏≠ Körtik Tepe, Göbekli Tepe, Nevali Çori in
Karahan Tepe. Na podlagi teh zbirov sklepamo, da lahko Ayanlar Höyük datiramo v ≠as med zgod-
njim predkerami≠nim neolitikom B (EPPNB) in srednjim predkerami≠nim neolitikom B (MPPNB).
KEY WORDS – Göbekli Tepe; Karahan Tepe; animal sculpture; decorative stone vessel; Pre-Pottery Neo-
lithic Period
KLJU∞NE BESEDE – Göbekli Tepe; Karahan Tepe; ∫ivalske skulpture; okra∏ene kamnite posode; predke-
rami≠ni neolitik
Novo najdi[;e predkerami;nega neolitika na jugovzhodu Tur;ije>
Ayanlar Höyük (Gre Hut)
1 Ayanlar Höyük is called as ‘Gre Hut’ by the local community.
DOI> 10.4312\dp.44.22

A new Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in Southeastern Turkey> Ayanlar Höyük (Gre Hut)
361
of these hillocks contains a small burial ground
thought to be in use recently and during the Byzan-
tine period (Çelik 2015a.448). The mound is covered
with cultivated soil approx. 10m above the bedrock.
Pistachio orchards cover the land over the mound,
as arable land is scarce in the region. A north-south
road cuts through the centre of the mound, and an
asphalt road runs on the southern part of the
mound (Fig. 2).
The geological structure of the region comprises en-
tirely calcareous stratigraphy. However, there is a
high plateau 2km east of the mound with massive
outcrops of basalt (Güler, Çelik 2015.84; Çelik
2015b.357). This region is in the form of a basalt-co-
vered plateau known as Mt. Kasmer, with an eleva-
tion of approx. 910 metres a.s.l. Flintstone deposits
are not encountered in the vicinity of the settlement
site. Therefore, it is thought that the inhabitants ob-
tained their flint from another region.
Slightly inclined calcareous plateaus extend to the
south, west and north of Ayanlar Höyük. An investi-
gation of the geographical location of the mound
shows that the surrounding area has generally
2015a.446–447; 2015b.356–357;
Güler, Çelik 2015.82–83).
2 2
These
are mostly small-scale settlements.
It is estimated that the mound of
Ayanlar – the eastern, western
and northern sections of which
have yet to be investigated – was
a big centre in its region. During
the studies conducted in the re-
gion in 2015, it was understood
that the three artefacts (Ercan,
Çelik 2013.Res. 1–3, Fig. 1–2)
brought to the Sanlıurfa Museum
in 2013 and dated to the Pre-Pot-
tery Neolithic Period were un-
earthed from Ayanlar Höyük
3 3
.
Ayanlar Höyük is the third larg-
est mound dated to the Pre-Pot-
tery Neolithic Period after the pre-
viously known Göbeklitepe and Karahan Tepe in the
region. With the discovery of Ayanlar Höyük, which
stands out with its area of approx. 14ha (Güler, Çe-
lik 2015.Fig. 13; Çelik 2015a.447; 2014b.318; 2014a.
19; 2015b.357)
4 4
, the number of large-scale settle-
ments dating to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Period of
the region now stands at three. This discovery de-
monstrates once again that multiple large-scale set-
tlements existed in the region during the Neolithic
Period.
Location
The settlement is located partially underneath the
northern part of Ayanlar Mahallesi, which is located
within the boundaries of Karaköprü county, about
30km west of Sanlıurfa (Çelik 2015a.447)
5 5
by the
motorway route (Fig. 1). The settlement was first
discovered during a surface survey conducted in
2013 (Güler, Çelik 2015.83–84; Çelik 2015a. 447–
448; 2014a.19).
Ayanlar Höyük’s lies 733 metres a.s.l.. The mound is
250 x 300m and presents a broad and shallow struc-
ture which contains six small hillocks (Fig. 2). One
2 Five Neolithic settlements were identified in the previous publications. Thereafter, one more Neolithic settlement is added to such
settlements based on the analyses on the finds, increasing the total number of Neolithic settlements to six.
3 No settlement from the Neolithic period has been found at I ˙ nlice village, the site where three artefacts are thought to have been
discovered during surveys carried out in 2015. Interviews with I ˙ nlice villagers revealed that villagers were employed at Ayanlar
village and that such artefacts might have been brought to the village from there (private interview with Mehmet Kaçmaz,
14.01.2015).
4 In previous publications, the surface area of the settlement was estimated at 17ha by including the pool groups carved into the
bedrock around the mound. In the other publications, however, such pool groups are not included, and only the area of soil cov-
ering land on the mound is calculated.
5 Inadvertently specified as 27km in one of the publications on Ayanlar Höyük.
Map 1. Ayanlar Höyük and other Neolithic centres located in the re-
gion (created by O. Aras).

Bahattin Çelik
362
turned into barren and rocky terrain due to soil ero-
sion, with very scarce arable land. In addition, it is
also reasonable to mention that the Ayanlar site was
founded close to water springs. As a matter of fact,
the existence of a cave carved some 30m into the
bedrock during early or middle Byzantine period to
obtain water has been discovered in a valley south
of the settlement (Çelik 2014b.318, Res. 14). This
valley is also the origin of a stream bed through
which seasonal rainwater flows down to the Harran
Plain (Map 1).
Thus far, only the south-eastern section of Ayanlar
Höyük has been investigated. Approx. seven sites
were identified in this area (Çelik 2015a.446–447;
2014b.317–318)
6 6
; six are dated to the Neolithic pe-
riod. Four settlements – Hasan Sırtı (Çelik 2015b.35,
Pl. 4.i–l), Ömer Altundag Tarlası (Çelik 2015b.357,
Pl. 4.e–h), Çillo Mevkii 1 (Çelik 2015a.446; 2015b.
356, Pl. 3.a–k) and Çillo Mevkii 2 (Çelik 2015a.446;
2015b.356, Pl. 3.l–t) – are characterised as hillside
settlements. The remaining two settlements, Domuz-
curnu Tepesi (Çelik 2015a.447, Fig. 17) and Nebi
Tarlası (Çelik 2015a.447), on the other hand, were
founded on slightly higher hills. Out of these six
Neolithic settlements, only Domuzcurnu Tepesi is
reliably dated to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period
(Çelik 2015b.356, Pl. 3.u–z). Although several finds
from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic were recovered from
other settlements, such sites tend to present the cha-
racteristics of the Pottery Neolithic.
A similar fact concerning the Neolithic sites located
south of Ayanlar Höyük also applies to Sefer Tepe
and the surrounding area (Güler et al. 2013.297,
Map. 1). This suggests that Ayanlar Höyük might
also be a site that should be characterised as a large-
scale centre like Sefer Tepe (Atakuman 2014.9, 26;
Benz, Bauer 2014.15, 18).
Ayanlar Höyük is another settlement founded on
bedrock, just like the Pre-Pottery Neolithic sites in
the region, such as Karahan Tepe, Nevali Çori, Gö-
bekli Tepe, Sanlıurfa-Yeni Mahalle, Harbetsuvan Te-
pesi, Kurt Tepesi, Taslı Tepe, Sefer Tepe and Ham-
zan Tepe (Çelik 2014a.22). The settlement is half a
day’s walk to several Pre-Pottery Neolithic sites in
the region. The settlement is some 45km from Gö-
bekli Tepe, 25km from Nevali Çori, 30km from San-
lıurfa-Yeni Mahalle and 35km from Hamzan Tepe
(Map 1).
Ayanlar Höyük finds
The surface surveys conducted in Ayanlar Höyük led
to the identification of two periods, the Pre-Pottery
Neolithic period and Byzantine period. The early
and middle Byzantine period is rather confined to
a small area below and around the village (Fig. 2.6).
The ceramic finds from this period tend to be con-
centrated around the village. Headstones and a vil-
lage cemetery dating to the early Byzantine period
were discovered on hill 1 of the mound (Fig. 2.1).
Flint and obsidian tools, top and bottom grindstones,
pestles and stone axes were discovered in all other
areas of the mound.
Architectural finds
A harvested stone from Pre-Pottery Neolithic period
was discovered in the village cemetery on hill 1 of
Ayanlar Höyük (Figs. 2.1 and 3). Stones similar to
this one were also discovered at Göbekli Tepe
(Schmidt 2010.Fig. 21) and Karahan Tepe (Fig. 4).
This is a shaped stone that could be used as a win-
dow or door. This stone is believed to be a porthole
observed inside cult buildings (Schmidt 2010.250).
A harvested stone cube used in the village was also
identified (Fig. 5). In terms of dimensions, this cube
is similar to the cubes from the Göbekli Tepe Layer
II, which are thought to have been used mainly in
feasting ceremonies (Dietrich et al. 2012.687, Fig.
11).
Small finds
Most of the small finds recovered from Ayanlar Hö-
yük consists of flint cores, chips, blades and debitage
(Fig. 6.a–i). No Neolithic ceramics were found. A very
small number of obsidian finds was recovered from
the settlement in the form of chips and debitage.
Moreover, Byblos- and Nemrik-type arrowheads, a
stone chisel, end-scraper and hammer were disco-
vered amongst the flint finds (Fig. 6.j–n). If we con-
sider the flint tools as a whole, we observe types of
tools peculiar to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period
from topological aspect. In particular, Byblos-type
and Nemrik-type flint arrowheads were also found
in the region at Göbekli Tepe (Beile-Bohn et al. 1998.
Abb. 23.3; Schmidt 1988. Fig. 8; 2001.52, Fig. 10/3,
11/5), Sanlıurfa-Yeni Mahalle (Çelik 2000.Fig. 5.1;
2007.Fig. 20/6; 2011a.Fig. 20), Hamzan Tepe (Çelik
6 The studies conducted at the Yogunburç Oççik Mevkii site, which had previously been dated to the Neolithic, revealed that the
ceramics are actually from the Chalcolithic and Byzantine periods.

A new Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in Southeastern Turkey> Ayanlar Höyük (Gre Hut)
363
2010.Fig. 9.5,7,10,17,18) and Karahan Tepe (Çelik
2011b. Fig. 18 type I–1).
The other stone finds recovered from the site are
top and bottom grindstones (Fig. 7), pestles (Fig. 6.
r–u), a hatchet made of pebble (Fig. 6o), stone dish-
es (Figs. 8 and 6.p), a decorated stone vessel frag-
ment (Fig. 9.a–b), a stone cube (Fig. 8) and a piece
of a sculpture thought to be the head of a leopard
(Fig. 10.a–d).
A decorated stone vessel (Fig. 9.a–b), (Ercan, Çelik
2013.Pic. 1a–d, Çiz. 1a–d) and a stone dish (Fig. 8),
(Ercan, Çelik 2013.Pic 2, Çiz. 2) discovered at Ayan-
lar Höyük and currently on display at Sanlıurfa Mu-
seum of Archeology present great similarities with
the finds recovered from Körtik Tepe site (Özkaya,
San 2007.21–36). Moreover, a fragment of a sculp-
ture of dimensions thought to be a leopard on dis-
play at the same museum was also recovered from
Ayanlar Höyük (Fig. 10.a–d). All the aforementioned
artefacts were considered to be recovered from I
˙
n-
lice (Kurtharabesi) village, located approx. 10km
south of Ayanlar Höyük. However, the surface sur-
vey carried out at this village revealed no signs of
settlement. It was later ascertained that such finds
had been transported to I
˙
nlice village from Ayanlar
Höyük by a villager.
7 7
Groups of hollows carved into the bedrock were en-
countered on the rocky terrain located south of the
mound (Fig. 11). Similar groups, thought to be a
technique employed for constructing pools, are re-
cognised and known in the region from Göbekli Te-
pe (Schmidt 2007.Fig. 5), Karahan Tepe (Çelik
2011b.Fig. 5; 2015.Fig. 27) and Hamzan Tepe (Gü-
ler, Çelik 2015.Res. 15; Çelik 2015.Fig. 23). Another
interesting find discovered in the graveyard on
Ayanlar Höyük is a stone fragment considered to be
an entrance gate or window to cult areas, maybe a
porthole (Fig. 3). A similar find was also recovered
from the surface of Karahan Tepe (Fig. 4). Moreover,
identical finds were also encountered at Göbekli Te-
pe (Schmidt 2010.250– 252, Fig. 21, 23–24). Such
stone finds were usually recovered from settlements
where cult buildings are present (Schmidt 2010.
250, Fig. 23). Thus far, no ‘T’-shaped pillars have
been discovered at Ayanlar Höyük; however, the
discovery of pillar pedestals at the settlement in-
creases the probability of finding ‘T’-shaped pillars
here. Another artefact that supports this fact is the
sculpture fragment thought to depict the head of a
leopard (Ercan, Çelik 2013.21, 35–36, Pic. 3a–d).
This fragment is very similar to finds recovered from
Göbekli Tepe (Schmidt 2007.Fig. 23) and Nevali Ço-
ri (Hauptmann 2007.Fig. 20). Moreover, such sculp-
tures are generally found in cult buildings (Schmidt
2010. 251, Fig. 23).
Conclusion
The stream that flows from the basin area of Mount
Kasmer, located east of Ayanlar Höyük, featuring a
basaltic structure is known as Karakoyun Stream
(Çelik 2007.15, Fig. 3; 2011a.139, Fig. 3)
8 8
. In the
Neolithic, this stream, the course of which was al-
tered in the Byzantine period, flowed just upstream
from the Sanlıurfa-Yeni Mahalle (Balıklıgöl Höyügü)
settlement (Çelik 2007.165–178; 2011a. 139–164).
Therefore, the valley through which the Karakoyun
Stream flows probably acted as a linking route be-
tween Sanlıurfa-Yeni Mahalle Höyük and Ayanlar
Höyük.
The three artefacts (Ercan, Çelik 2013.13–24) iden-
tified as from Ayanlar Höyük before being delivered
to Sanlıurfa Museum are important, as such artefacts
demonstrate the possibility for the presence of cult
buildings at this settlement. In particular, the sculp-
ture fragment depicting the head of a lion/leopard
among such artefacts greatly resembles the alto re-
lievo lion located in Building C at Göbekli Tepe
(Schmidt 2011.48, Fig. 28). Furthermore, the sculp-
ture also has characteristics similar to those of the
lion reliefs in the Lion Building (Schmidt 1998.30–
31, Abb. 9–10).
The recovery of the decorated stone vessel from
Ayanlar Höyük, which is currently on display at San-
lıurfa Museum, is also important because this is an
indication that the burial traditions practiced at
Ayanlar Höyük had characteristics similar to those
at Körtik Tepe. In addition, although only four or
five decorated stone vessel fragments have been re-
covered from the excavations at Göbekli Tepe, an
almost intact stone vessel was recovered from Ayan-
lar Höyük. The presence of all these finds suggests
that Ayanlar Höyük might be a large-scale settlement
that will yield substantial finds.
So far, the finds recovered from Ayanlar Höyük in-
dicate that the settlement has characteristics iden-
7 Private interview with Abdulkadir Kaçmaz on 16.01.2015, who delivered 3 artefacts to Sanlıurfa Museum.
8 This stream is also called as the Skirtos or Daisan stream.

Bahattin Çelik
364
tical with Layer II of Göbekli Tepe. However, taking
into consideration the 10m of cultivated soil cover-
ing the settlement, it is highly possible that similar
finds from Layer III of Göbekli Tepe will be found.
In conclusion, the abundance and high-quality of the
finds from Ayanlar Höyük resembling the finds from
Göbekli Tepe and Karahan Tepe indicates that this
settlement was an extensive Neolithic centre. More-
over, the surface area of the settlement, some 14ha,
and the presence of small hills thereon, as at Göbek-
li Tepe and Karahan Tepe, shows that Ayanlar Hö-
yük was an extensive settlement during the Neoli-
thic period, like Göbekli Tepe and Karahan Tepe.
Ayanlar Höyük should be dated between the early
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period (EPPNB) and mid-Pre-
Pottery Neolithic period (MPPNB) in the light of the
finds recovered there.
We would like to express our gratitude to the Turkish
Historical Society, to Ahmet Esref Fakıbaba, the for-
mer Mayor of Sanlıurfa, and to Mehmet Ekinci, Ma-
yor of Sanlıurfa Eyyübiye Borough for their support.
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Fig. 3. A porthole stone fragment from Ayan-
lar Höyük (photo by B. Çelik).
Fig. 1. View of Ayanlar Höyük from the North (photo by B.
Çelik).
Fig. 2. Ayanlar Höyük and the hillocks located on it (created by O. Aras).

Bahattin Çelik
366
Fig. 4. A porthole stone fragment from Karahan
Tepe (photo by B. Çelik).
Fig. 5. Stone cube from Ayanlar Höyük (photo by
B. Çelik).
Fig. 6. Ayanlar Höyük small finds (photo by B. Çelik).

A new Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in Southeastern Turkey> Ayanlar Höyük (Gre Hut)
367
Fig. 7. Top and bottom grindstones from Ayanlar
Höyük (photo by B. Çelik).
Fig. 8. Stone dish from Ayanlar Höyük (photo and
drawing by B. Çelik).
Fig. 9.a–b. Decorated stone vessel from Ayanlar Höyük (photo and
drawing by B. Çelik).
Fig. 10.a–d. Fragment of sculpture
depicting the head of a leopard from
Ayanlar Höyük (photo by B. Çelik).
Fig. 11. Groups of hollows carved into the bedrock at Ayanlar Hö-
yük (photo by B. Çelik).