Global Transition to the Subscription
Economy: Literature Review on Business Model
Changes in the Media Landscape
Alenka Lena Klopčič
Montel Energetika.net, Slovenia
alenka-lena.klopcic@energetika.net

Štefan Bojnec
University of Primorska, Slovenia
stefan.bojnec@fm-kp.si

Jana Hojnik
University of Primorska, Slovenia
jana.hojnik@fm-kp.si

Drago Papler
University of Primorska, Slovenia
drago.papler@guest.arnes.si

The business models of media corporations and organisations have undergone a pronounced transition that has resulted in significant change
in the last decade, shifting from a model based on advertising revenue
and printed copy circulation to a subscription-based model. As this article shows, legacy media is currently experimenting with ‘various mixes
of paywalls.’ Among the models that media companies are switching to is
the subscription economy model, i.e. the practice of charging audiences
for access to online content which, until recently, was unlocked and/or
freely available. Incidentally, the collapse of the ‘advertiser model,’ together
with the consequences of the global recession, has brought about significant economic uncertainty for traditional media, pushing it to seek new
business strategies for sustainable journalism, while also triggering a reflection on the overall future of media. The aim of this article is to delineate and present the actual changes in the media landscape in relation to
subscription economy based on a literature review. Thus, we conducted a
systematic literature review including terms as follows: ‘subscription economy,’ ‘digital media,’ ‘theory of decision’ and ‘motivation theory,’ which
yielded 145 results of relevant scientific and research articles published in
the last 15 years. The main findings revealed that the media landscape is
changing rapidly, in particular in terms of the new digital tools being developed and implemented, and accordingly there is rapid growth in the
‘non-conventional’ competition to the conventional media, new generations’ needs and their behaviour, and the urgent need for various new business models.
Key Words: subscription economy, digital media, theory of decision,
motivational theory
jel Classification: l82, l86
https://doi.org/10.26493/1854-6935.18.323-348

Managing Global Transitions 18 (4): 323–348

324 Alenka Lena Klopčič, Jana Hojnik, Štefan Bojnec, and Drago Papler

Introduction
The business models of media corporations and organisations have undergone significant change in the last decade – due also to increasing digitalisation, which drives companies to digitalise and consequently internationalise their processes (Ojala, Evers, and Rialp 2018) – shifting from
a model based on advertising revenue and printed copy circulation to a
subscription-based model.
Subscription economy, which Ritter and Schanz (2019) consider to be
a part of the sharing economy (a crucial part of the transition to sustainability), refers mainly to the practice of charging audiences for access to
online content, which, until recently, was unlocked/freely available (Kammer et al. 2015), transforming readers into users. This could be connected
to the finding of some scholars, specifically Kim, Jeong, and Ghani (2014),
who in their work prove to some extent that relevant news is closely related to stock price movements in the market (Besimi et al. 2019), which
could be understood as meaning that new-age readers use news to follow
the economic information needed for their work.
The collapse of the ‘advertiser model,’ along with the consequences of
the global recession, has brought about significant economic uncertainty
for traditional media, pushing it to seek out new business strategies for
sustainable journalism, while also triggering a reflection on the future of
media (Franklin 2014).
Since no business model seems to be able to generate reliable revenue
streams for online news services, many publishers turn to the subscription model as a last resort for survival (Chyi 2009). This raises the question posed in Alexander Manu’s Transforming Organizations for the Subscription Economy: Starting from Scratch (2017): ‘If you were designing
your organization today, how would you design it? In other words, how
would you create the future from the ingredients of the present alone?’
Furthermore, there are two modes of thought according to Kahneman
(2012): system 1, which is fast, instinctive and emotional, and system 2,
which is slower, more deliberate and more logical. Kahneman argues that
our decisions, be it everyday decisions or more demanding cognitive processes, such as long-term planning of important home or work strategies,
come from the intertwining of these to modes of thought.
According to Thaler (2019), behavioural economics begin with simple observation and continue with data gathering, so in this article, we
present an overview of previous research in the field of subscription econManaging Global Transitions

Global Transition to the Subscription Economy 325

omy, digital media, theory of decision and motivational theory, in order to
illustrate the changes in the media landscape in relation to subscription
economy, which is recognised as a fundamental business model for future
specialised digital media.
The emerging present is a rapidly changing context for existing organizations, especially in segments of the market where online behavior is
replacing physical proximity, and users engage with digital platforms to
acquire products and services. These platforms allow users to behave, to
leave a mark and to participate in the community of others, which are the
values that the people are looking for now (Manu 2017).
This brings us to our main research question, which is as follows: How
and what changes have occurred in the media landscape and how have
these changes affected business models? The aim of this article is to offer a
systematic literature review that will offer answers to the above questions.
Additionally, it aims to present the actual changes in the media landscape
due to the subscription economy.
Methodology
For the purpose of this article, we conducted a systematic literature review. In order to find relevant scientific articles, we used the Science
Direct database (https://www.sciencedirect.com), which widely supports
the subject. Using the keyword ‘theory of decision’ produced 615,194 hits,
using the keyword ‘digital media’ produced 180,290 hits, and using the
keyword ‘subscription economy’ produced 10,151 hits (the searches were
conducted between 9 and 24 November 2020). When we entered ‘subscription economy’ and ‘digital media’ and ‘theory of decision’ into the
search bar, there were 808 results.
In order to solidify the previous research on the subject, we added
the keyword ‘motivation theory,’ resulting in the search term: ‘subscription economy’ and ‘digital media’ and ‘theory of decision’ and ‘motivation theory.’ This search produced 145 results of relevant scientific and
research articles. Our aim was to gain the most up-to-date and relevant
insight into the field, which we examined in detail, focusing on the papers whose date of publication did not precede 2004, so those published
in the last 15 years. We thus focused on the period between 2004 and the
time of our searches (9–24 November 2020).
We present the research in the same order as given in the Science Direct
database. We observed that the largest number of publications was found
in the Journal of Cleaner Production (7) and Information & Management
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326 Alenka Lena Klopčič, Jana Hojnik, Štefan Bojnec, and Drago Papler

(7), followed by the International Journal of Research in Marketing (3),
the Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services (3), Futures (3) and the
International Journal of Research in Marketing (3), whereas the rest of the
journals each feature one article from the selection of our results (see table
1 in the appendix).
Results and Discussion
Subscription economy and subscription services, two elements of the
sharing economy which is a crucial part of the transition to sustainability (Ritter and Schanz 2019), are at the heart of some of the key findings of this review of previous research. As noted by Kumar, Lahiri, and
Dogan (2019), ‘sharing economy services are mostly adopted by Generation Y, whereas other generations are still in the early phase of adoption,’ so it would make sense to invest in the ‘relationship between sharing economy firms (service enablers) and customers.’ Additionally, Liu et
al. (2019) argue that ‘entering the third decade of the new millennium,’
the millennial generation, which is ‘in substantive ways unlike all earlier
generations,’ is entering its most productive stage of life, so the authors
‘urge researchers to explore the unique characteristics of millennial entrepreneurs, their influence on entrepreneurial motivation, orientation,
opportunity discovery and exploitation process and the global ambition
of their entrepreneurial ventures.’
Additionally, in our review, we often come upon the concepts of circular economy and digital intermediation – also in relation to branding
(Gielens and Steenkamp 2019) – as well as information economy, where
personal data is the most valuable asset (Spiekermann and Novotny 2015).
According to Rhue and Sundararajan (2014), different digital technologies have varying effects on individual freedom while affecting its diffusion via different political networks, and that the related changes in civil
liberties can be affected by both media freedom and internal political institutions. This provides a basis for further exploration of the changes in
the media landscape in relation to subscription economy.
While Venkatesh and Chatterjee (2006) argue that online content effectively complements printed content and that the wider the product
line, the higher the prices of individual offers, Hong, Nam, and Kim
(2018) note that once an online portal becomes a platform for the distribution of news to users, a conflict arises between the portal and newspaper companies regarding the value of the content provided by one and
the other.
Furthermore, as Chyi (2009) found in her empirical study on the viaManaging Global Transitions

Global Transition to the Subscription Economy 327

bility of the subscription model and willingness to pay for online news,
since ‘no business models seem to generate reliable revenue streams for
online news services, many publishers see the subscription model as a
last resort for survival although little evidence suggests users are ready to
pay for online news at this moment.’ The author discovered, on the basis
of a random-sample telephone survey of 853 Hong Kong residents, that
‘very few users actually responded to paid content and most had no intent
to pay in the future.’ Moreover, regression analysis also revealed that age
and newspaper use are related to paying intent, while income is not. Chyi
(2009) therefore urges publishers to consider the economic implications
before adopting the subscription model.
However, let us allow for the possibility that the social mindset, that
is, the current mentality and stance of online users will change over the
years, driven by the increasing popularisation of digital culture. After all,
digital culture empowers people to deliver results faster, whereas companies risk transformation failure by ignoring it (Hemerling et al. 2018).
Additionally, according to Lokuge et al. (2019), the emergence and proliferation of digital technologies could increase the innovation potential
of most organizations.
As noted by Kammer et al. (2015) in their research article, ‘after more
than a decade of giving online news away for free, legacy newspaper organisations in many Western countries have recently begun charging audiences for access to online journalistic content.’ Focusing empirically on
the case of Denmark, the article uses one survey (n = 1054) and two focus groups to examine the audiences’ attitudes toward paying for online
news. The analysis shows that the audiences’ general principles regarding paying for online news have a greater effect on their willingness to pay
than the size of the subscription fee. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that
younger audiences’ willingness to pay increases if they can combine content from different news providers, thus individualising their news products. According to the researchers, this can have practical implications
– either by offering a way forward for economically challenged legacy
newspaper organisations, or by compromising the democratic ideals of
journalism (Kammer et al. 2015). This has also been observed by Pickard
and Williams (2014), who say that paywalls or the subscription model can
contribute to a ‘democratic deficit’ by using ‘the ability to pay to gatekeep
exclusion from quality news.’
A problem also arises when there is no discernible improvement
(‘no added value’) in the quality or uniqueness of the published – and
paid for – news stories compared to those that are freely available elseVolume 18 · Number 4 · 2020

328 Alenka Lena Klopčič, Jana Hojnik, Štefan Bojnec, and Drago Papler

where online, making the rationale for ‘paying for news’ inexplicable, as
noted by Frankin (2014) in ‘The Future of Journalism.’ Franklin (2014)
also finds that there is no real agreement within the journalism industry or the academy about the appropriateness of particular alternatives to the advertiser model, as legacy media experiment with various
mixes of pay walls (Myllylahti 2013; Pickard and Williams 2014), advertising on mobile devices (Nel and Westlund 2012; Reynolds 2014),
selling newspaper apps (Franklin 2014), crowdfunding, crowdsourcing and co-creation (Aitamurto 2013), hyperlocal business models (van
Kerkhoven and Bakker 2014), not-for-profit models which secure funding for journalistic projects from international non-governmental organizations (ngos), private foundations and think-tanks (Requejo-Alemán
and Lugo-Ocando 2014), using a mix of public funding, sales and subscription to finance minority language journalism (Zabaleta et al. 2014),
efforts to monetise hyperlinks (Doherty 2014) and even the expansive
provision of machine- or robot-written news (Clerwall 2014).
However, according to Franklin (2014), Picard (2014) remains optimistic, celebrating the diversity of business models and revenue streams.
He concludes (Franklin 2014, 484):
What is clear is that news providers are becoming less dependent on
any one form of funding than they have been for about 150 years.
Multiple revenue streams from readers and advertisers, from events
and e-commerce, from foundations and sponsors, and from related
commercial services, such as web hosting and advertising services
are all contributing income. It is too early to assess fully the efficacy
and sustainability of these sources, but they provide reason to believe
that workable new business models are appearing in news provision.
Additionally, Peekhaus and Proferes (2016) find that open-access scholarly publishing has grown steadily in academia in the past few decades
as an alternative to traditional, subscription-based journal publishing,
whereas Boissy et al. (2012), while examining whether publishing as a
‘big deal’ is dying, found that most participants (of their survey) believe
that it is not dead yet, whereas some think it may never die completely.
Conclusion
In our literature review, we focused on conducted research on subscription economy, the theory of decision and digital media. The aim of this
paper was to search and present what research in the field of the subscripManaging Global Transitions

Global Transition to the Subscription Economy 329

tion economy, digital media, the theory of decision and motivational theory
has revealed so far. When conducting further research, however, it might
be useful to expand our thinking and relate it to Kuzmanić (2019), who
states: ‘The problem of our time in the sense that our current problems
and crises are not at all possible to seriously grasp in economic terms, but
primarily in the chrematistic categories and the possibilities of that new
paradigm of thinking.’
Based on the conducted literature review, we reviewed in more detail
145 papers that focus on the subscription economy and users’ behaviour
in terms of digital media. The main findings revealed that the media
landscape is changing rapidly, in particular in terms of the new digital
tools being developed and implemented, and accordingly there is rapid
growth in the ‘non-conventional’ competition to the conventional media, new generations’ needs and their behaviour, and the urgent need for
various new business models. In addition, we also learned that search
engines, such as Google and Yahoo! Search, are more than just portals
and information tools. They are – and probably will be for a while more
– the agents of transformation in the changing media landscape, which
actually make the business environment more transparent and competitive (Rangaswamy, Giles, and Seres 2009), with blogs also playing a part
(Wohlmann 2012).
With all this in mind, as well as the findings of the literature review,
including behavioural patterns and new generations, as mentioned by
some researchers (Kumar, Lahiri, and Dogan 2019; Liu et al. 2019), even
bloggers (Wohlmann 2012), we conclude by quoting the well-influenced
thinker and author Rifkin (2007) who once wrote: ‘Science explores, technology executes, man conforms,’ and so the fundamental conclusion of
this paper, in which we examined the findings of previous research in the
field of the subscription economy, digital media, the theory of decision
and the motivational theory, is that the age of media transformation is
already well ongoing.
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342 Alenka Lena Klopčič, Jana Hojnik, Štefan Bojnec, and Drago Papler
table 1 Review of Scientific Publications Based on the Keywords ‘Subscription
Economy’ and ‘Digital Media’ and ‘Theory of Decision’ and ‘Motivation
Theory’ (2004–2019)
Authors (year)

Indicators/models/subjects

Bischof, Boettger and Rudolph
(2020)

Subscriptions, curation, decision-making, risk,
interval

Netter, Pedersen and
Lüdeke-Freund (2019)

Sharing economy, collaborative consumption,
conceptual boundaries business model

Ritter and Schanz (2019)

Business model, sharing economy, business model
innovation, value creation

Martinez Dy (2019)

Digital enterprise, entrepreneurship,
cyberfeminism, social embeddedness

Rossi et al. (2019)

Indicators, metrics, business model, sustainability,
circular economy

Gielens and Steenkamp (2019)

Branding, digital intermediation

Saavedra and González (2015)

Willingness to pay (wtp), newspaper, subscription
plans, consumer decision-making

Kumar, Lahir, and Dogan (2019) Sharing economy, customer development,
multigenerational marketing
Perryer et al. (2016)

Pedagogy, motivation, game-based learning, gaming

Ojala, Evers, and Rialp (2018)

Digitalisation, digital platforms,
internationalisation, bottlenecks

Lokuge et al. (2019)

it portfolio management, digital innovation,
readiness, case study, survey, cio

Phang et al. (2019)

Consumer behaviour, China, data analytics, digital
economy, e-commerce, emerging markets,
empirical research, machine learning

Phillips et al. (2019)

Economic landscape, agricultural systems, digital
agriculture, interoperability, data

Goldfarb and Tucker (2019)

Internet marketing, digitalisation, digital economy,
online promotion, digital distribution

Chipidza and Leidner (2019)

ict projects (information and communication
technology), literature, development, developing
countries

Li et al. (2019)

Virtual acculturation, social media, social contact,
social learning

Park and Armstrong (2019)

Consumer motivations, online shopping

Liu et al. (2019)

Millennials, entrepreneur, international
entrepreneurship
Continued on the next page

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Global Transition to the Subscription Economy 343
table 1 Continued from the previous page
Authors (year)

Indicators/models/subjects

Kannan and Hongshuang (2019) Digital marketing, internet/mobile (users), search
engine
Galloway (2017)

Attention, attention span, visual communication,
mobile pr

Brown, Woodhouse, and
Sioshansi (2019)

Digitalisation, electricity, innovation, disruption,
new business strategies

Nakano and Kondo (2018)

Multichannel shopping behaviour, purchase stages,
behavioural data

Shukla and Drennan (2018)

Virtual consumption, multiplayer online
role-playing games, social network theory, online
communities

Spencer, Butalis, and Moital
(2012)

Technology adoption, decision-making, leadership

Pick, Sarkar, and Johnson (2015) Technology utilisation, spatial, socio-economic
factors, policy
Tan et al (2018)

Mobile social media advertising, tourism products
and services, social media, mobile commerce

Holsapple, Hsiao, and Pakath
(2018)

Business social media analytics

DeVoss and Porter (2006)

Ethics, Filesharing, Napster, Plagiarism

Browder, Aldrich, and Bradley
(2019)

Innovation, learning, expertise, collaboration, 3d
printing, prototype, design

Nishida, Pick, and Sarkar (2014) Japan, digital divide, ict, ict use factors,
regression
Calvo-Porral, Faí?a-Medín, and
Nieto-Mengotti (2017)

Digital technologies, satisfaction, engagement,
interaction

Aleem, Faí?a-Medín, and
Nieto-Mengotti (2016)

Software game, video game, online game, empirical
investigation

Rhue and Sundararajan (2014)

Democracy, internet, social media, influence

Laurent et al. (2015)

Centralised model, identity and web 2.0,
socio-technical processes, user-centric model

Alderete (2019)

Internet use, internet access, digital divide, ict,
poor populations

Howard et al. (2006)

Automotive e-hubs, barriers, interaction

Bartikowski et al. (2018)

Digital divide, majority and minority consumers,
mobile internet, wellbeing

Aguiar and Martens (2016)

Digital music, copyright, downloading, streaming
Continued on the next page

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344 Alenka Lena Klopčič, Jana Hojnik, Štefan Bojnec, and Drago Papler
table 1 Continued from the previous page
Authors (year)

Indicators/models/subjects

Beltagui, Kunz, and Gold (2019) Additive manufacturing, 3d printing, open source
innovation, social sustainability
Salehan, Kim, and Lee (2018)

ict, national culture, globalisation, technology
adoption, technological innovation

Das and Drine (2020)

Catching-up, efficiency, stochastic frontier, human
capital

Drachen et al. (2014)

Game analytics, auction house, business
intelligence, game economy, player behaviour

Scheaf et al. (2018)

Signals, media coverage, interaction

Bartolini, Santons, and Ulrich
(2018)

Property, intellectual property, copyright, trade
secret, patents, dispute resolution, data protection

Kabbiri et al. (2018)

Extended technology adoption model, smart phone
use

Hong et al. (2018)

Value of online news contents, internet portal,
newspaper companies, revenue sharing

Jansen (2020)

Software ecosystem governance, focus area maturity
models

Ding (2019)

Appraisal theory, information system continuance
models, innovativeness

Hutchins (2016)

Mobile television, mobile media, copyright, football
leagues, Australia

Carbonell, Sánchez-Esguevillas,
and Carro (2015)

Emerging issues, weak signals

Mäntymäki and Salo (2015)

Virtual worlds, customer value, virtual purchasing,
virtual items

Marchand and Hennig-Thurau
(2013)

Video games, entertainment industry, digital
distribution, social media

MacKay et al. (2018)

Fisheries management, non-compliance,
behavioural insights

Alpar, Engler, and Schulz (2015)

Influence processes, reuse, social software

Sim et al. (2014)

Artificial neural networks, multilayer perception,
perceived credibility

Ruotsalainen et al. (2017)

Renewable energy, social transformation

Benlian and Hess (2011)

Cloud computing, technology adoption, theory of
reasoned action

Von Krogh and Spaeth (2007)

Open source software, interdisciplinary research,
innovation
Continued on the next page

Managing Global Transitions

Global Transition to the Subscription Economy 345
table 1 Continued from the previous page
Authors (year)

Indicators/models/subjects

Mabon (2020)

Climate information services, Japan, risk
governance, social dimensions of climate change

Ivaturi and Chua (2019)

Online communities, norms, beliefs

Tyce (2020)

Political settlement, innovation, mobile money,
Kenya

Osman et al. (2019)

Analytics, behavioural or, data envelopment
analysis

Panda and Jain (2018)

Personality theory, emotional ill-being,
personalities, physical ill-being, India

Hinson (2010)

E-business, value chain, exports, internet, Ghana

Lyons, Hammond, and Mackay
(2019)

MaaS, user perspective, travel behaviour, integration

Turner (2012)

Regulation, broadcasting, professional sport

Peekhaus and Proferes (2016)

Faculty experience, Library and Information
Studies, open access

Hsiaofen Chen and Fu (2018)

Hedonic value, mobile value, sociability value,
willingness-to-pay

Mahmood and Sismeiro (2017)

News, social influence, latent space approach

Bagwell (2007)

Survey, theory, empirical analysis

Konietzny, Caruana, and Cassar Online gambling, enjoyment
(2018)
Lee et al. (2019)

Positive computing, mobile and wearable
technologies, IoT

Schröder et al. (2019)

Sustainable production, sustainable consumption,
emissions, research

Funk (2017)

Sport, consumer, design, user, experience,
technology

Tomiyama et al. (2019)

Product development, design

Li et al. (2016)

Cloud computing, cloud spot pricing

Ferranti et al. (2019)

European Union, Natura 2000, implementation
experience

Zhang et al. (2019)

Manufacturing system, mass customisation,
personalised customisation, model innovation

Meade and Islam (2015)

Diffusion models, mobile telephony, internet

Guo and Bouwman (2016)

Mobile payment, merchants, adoption, analytical
framework
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346 Alenka Lena Klopčič, Jana Hojnik, Štefan Bojnec, and Drago Papler
table 1 Continued from the previous page
Authors (year)

Indicators/models/subjects

Mohr (2007)

Motion pictures, marketing, promotion

Zhang and Liang (2012)

Green ict, innovation system, green innovation,
environmental sustainability

Wiener, Hoßbach, and Saunders Dual business models, synergies and tensions,
(2018)
business model integration
Shin (2007)

Information policy, telecommunication policy,
South Korea

Shin and Jung (2012)

Socio-technical systems theory, South Korea

Grajek and Kretschmer (2009)

Usage intensity, consumer heterogeneity,
fixed-mobile substitution

Mesak et al. (2011)

Marketing, advertising, new subscriber services,
optimal control theory, service costs

Al-Debei and Al-Lozi (2014)

Value dimensions, value-based approach, Jordan

Abu Bakar and Bidin (2014)

Mobile advertising, marketing, movie advertising

Shin and Kweon (2011)

Broadband ecology, South Korea, socio-technical
perspective, structural equation model

Boissy et al. (2012)

Publishing, business, interviews

Binder (2016)

Fisher effect, gold standard, hyperinflation, great
depression, debt deflation

Fedorowicz et al. (2014)

Digital government, public safety networks

Suddaby, Viale, and Gendron
(2016)

Institutions, organisational fields, social position,
social skill

Arena, Azzone, and Mapelli
(2018)

Drivers for evolution, energy sector, institutional
logics

Belleflamme, Omrani, and Peitz Platform markets, network effects, asymmetric
(2015)
information, p2p lending
Wohlmann (2012)

Blogs, entrepreneur of the self, life writing, age
awareness

Aczel, Peake, and Hardy (2008)

ict for development, learning communities,
pedagogical issues

Yue Zhang (2016)

Technological transition, 3g mobile networks,
China

Rymaszewska, Helo, and
Gunasekaran (2017)

IoT, servitization, manufacturing, creation

Currie (2012)

tempest, technology, stakeholders

Keller, Lyoyd, and Bell (2015)

Gender, culture, feminism, productivism, symbolic
boundaries
Continued on the next page

Managing Global Transitions

Global Transition to the Subscription Economy 347
table 1 Continued from the previous page
Authors (year)

Indicators/models/subjects

Ojo, Janowski, and Awotwi
(2013)

Mobile services, development, structuration theory,
vulnerable groups

Rangaswamy, Giles, and Seres
(2009)

Search engines, business impact

Stocker and Whalley (2018)

Internet access, broadband, consumer experience,
Ofcom

Gupta, Seetharaman, and Raj
(2013)

Cloud computing, Software-as-a-Service,
Platform-as-a-Service, smes

Harris, Wang, and Wang (2015)

Multimodal transport, ict, technological trends,
cloud computing, Internet of Things

Borés, Saurina, and Torres (2003) Technological uncertainty, strategy, ict
Majumdar (2008)

ict, public policy, us telecommunications
industry, wage structure

Liburd (2012)

Tourism research, epistemology, web 2.0, paradigm

Spiekermann and Novotny (2015) Personal data market, economics of personal
information, privacy regulation
Messinger et al. (2009)

Virtual worlds, gaming, avatars

Jang et al. (2015)

Demand response, critical peak pricing, response
index, heterogeneity

Tallberg et al. (2007)

Service adoption, regulation, competition

Chik (2011)

Google video search engine, internet intermediaries
regulation, safe harbour, fair use

Ooi et al. (2011)

Broadband, Malaysia, adoption, consumer
behaviour, structural equation modeling,
developing countries

Sandvig (2004)

Innovation, popularisation, internet infrastructure

Otto et al. (2013)

Interoperability service utilities, business model,
reference model

Godoe and Hansen (2009)

Innovation regimes, technological regimes,
entrepreneurship, communications

Van Gorp, Maitland, and
Hanekop (2006)

Internet, technology, firm, market, competition

Aapaoja et al. (2017)

its platform, business models, service concepts,
e-marketplace

Palvia, Baqir, and Nemati (2018) Socio-economic development, impacts
Clemons (2009)

Advertising, monetising the internet, online
revenue without advertising, social networks
Continued on the next page

Volume 18 · Number 4 · 2020

348 Alenka Lena Klopčič, Jana Hojnik, Štefan Bojnec, and Drago Papler
table 1 Continued from the previous page
Authors (year)

Indicators/models/subjects

Baron (2004)

Computers, culture, email address, integrational
linguistics technology, writing

Shaffer and Arkes (2009)

Preference reversals, incentives

Kirs and Bagchi (2012)

Trust, ict related phenomenon

Turner and Shilbury (2005)

Sports, broadcasting, Australia

Wang (2015)

Technology excellence, Service experience, mobile
services

Kang and Downing (2015)

wimax, 3g, two-sided markets, market entry,
indirect network effect

Singh, Payal, and Bharti (2019)

Cyber physical system, cloud computing, Internet of
Things (IoT)

Green and Peloza (2015)

Social responsibility, corporations, recession,
advertising

Reed et al. (2012)

Identity, consumer behaviour

Servia-Rodríguez et al. (2014)

Social Web, data mining, tie strength, social spheres

Venkatesh and Chatterjee (2006) Online content, print, offer
Sorescu et al. (2011)

Retailing, innovations, value creation

Acheson and Maule (2006)

International trade, cultural goods

Yang et al. (2018)

China, health, cities

Zoderer et al. (2016)

Ecosystem service mapping, Ecosystem service
potential

Johnson (2005)

Libraries, Iraq, war

Purtova (2009)

Data protection, property in personal data

Brydon and Vining (2006)

Knowledge management, public good

Menell and Scotchmer (2007)

Innovation, patent, copyright, trade secret

Saha (2005)

Pervasive computing

McClellan, Low, and Tan (2004) ict, technological issues
Boccaletti et al. (2014)

Networks, processes, dynamics

Managing Global Transitions