HACQUETIA 4/1 • 2005, 61–89 FORESTS OF VALUABLE BROAD-LEAVED TREES ON NON-CARBONATE BEDROCK IN SLOVENIA (DRYOPTERIDO AFFINI-ACERETUM PSEUDOPLATANI ASS. NOVA HOC LOCO) Petra KOŠIR* Izvleček Na silikatni matični podlagi na območju Pohorja in okolice Litije, v alpskem in predalpskem območju Slovenije, smo preučili gozdove plemenitih listavcev. Opisali smo novo asociacijo Dryopterido affini-Aceretum ass. nova hoc loco. Sestoji asociacije poraščajo strma koluvialna pobočja, vznožja pobočij, pogosto v ozkih dolinah nad vodotoki ter pobočja hudourniških jarkov. Na rastiščih te gozdne združbe prevladujejo koluvialna distrična rjava tla, pojavljajo se tudi ranker in nerazvita koluvialno-deluvialna distrična tla. Asociacijo ločujejo vrste, ki označujejo njen šibki acidofilni značaj. Asociacijo smo členili na dve geografski varianti: D.-A. var. geogr. typica (Litija) in D.-A. var. geogr. Dentaria trifolia (Pohorje). Ekološko pa smo asociacijo členili v tri subasociacije: D.-A. scopolietosum carniolicae, D.-A. polystichetosum setiferi, D.-A. leucojetosum vernae. V okviru subasociacij D.-A. polystichetosum setiferi in D.-A. leucojetosum vernae smo ločili tipično varianto in varianto z vrsto Fraxinus excelsior. V okviru subasociacije D.-A. leucojetosum smo izločili še varianto z vrsto Saxifraga rotundifolia. Asociacijo smo uvrstili v zvezo ilirskih gozdov plemenitih listavcev Fraxino-Acerion Fukarek 1969. Sestoje nove asocijacije smo primerjali s sestoji drugih ilirskih javorjevih združb in sorodnih srednjeevropskih združb plemenitih listavcev. Abstract On the non-carbonate bedrock on the mountain range of Pohorje and in the vicinity of Litija, in the pre- Alpine and Alpine region of Slovenia, the forests of valuable broad-leaved trees were studied. A new association Dryopterido affini-Aceretum ass. nova hoc loco was described. The stands of this association thrive on steep colluvial slopes and their foothills, often in narrow valleys above streams and on slopes of torrential ditches. The colluvial dystric brown soil prevails on the sites of this forest community, but dystric leptosol and colluvial-delluvial dystric soil occur as well. The association is differentiated by the species which characterize its weak acidophilous character. It has been divided into two geographical races: D.-A. var. geogr. typica (Litija) and D.-A. var. geogr. Dentaria trifolia (Pohorje). Ecologically, it has been divided into three subassociations: D.-A. scopolietosum carniolicae, D.-A. polystichetosum setiferi, D.-A. leucojetosum vernae. Within the subassociation D.-A. polystichetosum setiferi and the subassociation D.-A. leucojetosum vernae we defined the typical variant and the variant with the species Fraxinus excelsior. Within the subassociation D.-A. leucojetosum we defined also the variant with the species Saxifraga rotundifolia. The new association was classified into the alliance Fraxino- Acerion Fukarek 1969. The stands of the new association have been compared with other Illyrian maple associations and related Central-European maple associations. Ključne besede: Dryopterido affini-Aceretum, ilirska florna provinca, Slovenija, gozd plemenitih listavcev, sinsistematika, gozdna vegetacija, Fraxino-Acerion, nekarbonatna matična podlaga Key words: Dryopterido affini-Aceretum, Illyrian floral province, Slovenia, forests of valuable broad-leaved trees, synsystematics, forest vegetation, Fraxino-Acerion, non-carbonate bedrock * Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Novi trg 2, p. b. 306, SI-1001 Ljubljana, petrako@zrc-sazu.si 61 HACQUETIA 4/1 • 2005 1. INTRODUCTION In Central Europe, forests of valuable broad – leaved trees of the submontane and montane belt on non-carbonate bedrock are mostly classified into the association Lunario-Aceretum Grüneberg et Schlüter 1957 (Wallnöfer & al. 1993, Clot 1990), within the Central-European alliance of forests of valuable broad-leaved trees Tilio-Acerion Klika 1955. Müller (1992), however, classifies the forests of valuable broad-leaved trees on silicate slopes within the alliance Tilio-Acerion into an independent sub- alliance Deschampsio flexuosae-Acerenion Müller 1992, and treats the maple stands on silicate as the community Deschampsia flexuosa-Acer pseudoplatanus Klauck 1987. Forests of valuable broad-leaved trees on non- carbonate bedrock in Slovenia and other parts of the Illyrian floral province have not yet been studied in detail. Since in Slovenia and other parts of the Illyrian floral province carbonate bedrock prevails, so far forests of valuable broad-leaved trees in this area have been described above all on carbonate bedrock. In Slovenia there is only one silicate mountain range-Pohorje. On the Pohorje mountain range on non-carbonate bedrock, these forests were first mentioned by M. Wraber, first as the association Acereto-Ulmetum (Wraber 1953), and later as the association Sorbo aucupariae-Aceretum (Wraber 1960), but his findings were published without the relevé material. Based on his descriptions of the association Sorbo aucupariae-Aceretum thriving in the altimontane belt, Clot (1990) in his synoptic survey of European maple stands classified the community into the Central-European association of forests of valuable broad-leaved trees of the altimontane and subalpine belt Ulmo-Aceretum. In the pre-Alpine-Alpine region of the Illyrian floral province the forests of valuable broad-leaved trees on non- carbonate bedrock are mentioned also by Marinček (1994), who proposed the name Dryopterido tavelli- Fraxinetum. In his work on the vegetation of the Šumik virgin forest (Marinček 1995b) he described the forests of valuable broad-leaved trees with two relevés and provisionally named them the community Acer pseudoplatanus-Ulmus glabra. Most communities of valuable broad-leaved trees described in the territory of Slovenia and the wider region of the Illyrian floral province are classified into the Illyrian alliance of forests of valuable broad-leaved trees Fraxino-Acerion Fukarek 1969 (P. Košir 2004). On account of its neutrophilous-basophilous character, Illyrian vegetation is bound above all on carbonate bedrock. This raises the question of whether the communities of valuable broad-leaved trees on non-carbonate bedrock in the region of the Illyrian floral province, where fewer Illyrian species are expected, are classified into the Central-European alliance of forests of valuable broad-leaved trees Tilio-Acerion or rather into the Illyrian alliance Fraxino-Acerion. In this study we shall describe and present with an analytic table a new maple association Dryopterido affini-Aceretum ass. nova hoc loco, which occurs in the region of the Illyrian floral province on non- carbonate bedrock. By means of a comparative table of Illyrian maple and Central-European maple forest stands we shall define also their synsystematic classification. 2. METHODS The relevés were made by applying the standard Central-European method (Braun-Blanquet 1964). Vegetation relevés were made in late spring (May, June), when the vegetation is in its optimal phase and the species of both spring and summer aspect appear. Some of the plots were visited several times, so that the early spring aspect, as well as the summer aspect, were recorded. The species which were not developed at the time of the relevé were noted with +. The size of the sample plots was 200 to 400 m2. The collected vegetation relevés were organised together with the already published relevé material from the territory of the Illyrian floral province, partly also from Central Europe, in the TURBOVEG database (Hennekens in Schaminée 2001). To process and analyse the phytosociological relevés and their syntaxonomic classification we used the principal coordinate analysis ordination method (PCoA) from the computer package SYNTAX 2000 (Podani 2001). The dissimilarity coefficient was the similarity ratio. When processing the vegetation relevés we used also the JUICE 6.1.10 (Tichý 2001) computer program to arrange the large phytosociological tables. When determining the diagnostic species we applied the measure of fidelity, which has become a frequently used method (Chytrý & al. 2002). The coefficient . was used in the JUICE (Tichý 2001) program as it allows for a comparison of species fidelity in datasets of different size. The species with the highest fidelity values were treated as diagnostic. 62 PETRA KOŠIR: FORESTS OF VALUABLE BROAD-LEAVED TREES ON NON-CARBONATE BEDROCK IN SLOVENIA … In the table, the plant species were arranged according to the syntaxonomical groups, following the Central-European (Oberdorfer 1994, Clot 1990, Wallnöfer & al. 1993) and southeast-European authors (Horvat & al. 1974, Zupančič 1999, Marinček & al. 1993, Marinček & Čarni 2000). Mosses are mentioned separately. The description of the association includes the chorological spectrum. The classification of species (with exception of mosses, which were not considered here) into a certain chorological group follows Poldini (1991) and partly Pignatti (1982). Species which occur only once in the table and with a small cover value were excluded from the table and are mentioned in Appendix. The names of vascular plants follow the Liste der Gefässpflanzen Mitteleuropas (Ehrendorfer 1973). When discussing the genera Stellaria and Helleborus we considered the new proposals from the Mala flora Slovenije-Ključ za določanje praprotnic in semenk (Martinčič & al. 1999). When looking for the names of ferns we followed the Illustrierte flora von Mitteleuropa-Pteridophyta (Kramer 1984), especially for the names of hybrids which are missing from the other lists of plants. For the names of mosses we used the Seznam listnatih mahov (Bryopsida) Slovenije (Martinčič 2003). The newly described syntaxa were named according to the Code of phytosociological nomenclature (Weber & al. 2000). The Code does not treat the syntaxa of the ranks such as geographical race, variant and subvariant, which means that there are no current rules for their denomination. The association was subdivided into lower syntaxonomical units applying the principle of multidimensional division of vegetation units (W. & A. Matuszkiewicz 1981). The results of the horizontal division (geographical axis) of vegetation units are geographically-macro-climatically conditioned subunits of the association (geographical races, geographical subraces). The vertical division into altitudinal forms is illustrated with the altitudinal axis. The expression of the site diversity in a smaller area, shown on the so called site axis, are the ecological (edaphically-microclimatically) conditioned subunits (subassociations, variants, subvariants). According to Matuszkiewicz (1981: 132), the three systematic categories mentioned are independent. Widely distributed associations are first divided into regional and vertical units, and then into subassociations. This means that a certain site subunit (subassociation) can occur in several or even all geographical subunits. On the other hand, howev er, there are also subassociations which are bound to a certain geographical subunit. The soil conditions were studied with the representative soil profiles. The soil profiles were described by Tomaž Prus, M. Sc., and the chemical analyses were conducted in the laboratories of the Pedology and Environment Protection Centre of the Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana. The methods and conceptions used in the descriptions of the soil profiles follow Zupan & al. (1998). 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3a. Ecological circumstances and the study area Figure 1: Study areas of the association Dryopterido affini- Aceretum in Slovenia Slika 1: Območja raziskovanja asociacije Dryopterido affini- Aceretum v Sloveniji In Slovenia, the stands of this association were found in the pre-Alpine and Alpine region, in the vicinity of Litija and on the non-carbonate Pohorje massif (Fig. 1), where they grow on steep colluvial slopes and their foothills, the slopes of narrow valleys (gorges and ravines), often above streams, and on slopes of torrential ditches. The contact community of the stands of valuable broad-leaved trees in the vicinity of Litija is Blechno-Fagetum I. Horvat ex Marinček 1970, but on Pohorje the stands of valuable broad-leaved trees occur in the wider distribution area of the zonal forest community Cardamino savensi-Fagetum Ž. Košir 1962 var. Abies alba Ž. Košir 1979 (var. silicicolum). On cold aspects on non-carbonate bedrock this community can grow 63 HACQUETIA 4/1 • 2005 as low as at 400 m a. s. l. The community on Pohorje is in contact also with the stands of the association Galio rotundifolii-Abietetum M. Wraber (1955) 1959, which covers large surfaces on the Pohorje mountain range. The larger part of Slovenia, as well as the study area of Litija and its vicinity, is part of the Illyrian floral province (Zupančič & al. 1987, Marinček 1994). Regarding Pohorje area, there are different opinions. Zupančič & al. (1987) exclude it from the Illyrian floral province and classify it within the Euro-Siberian-North-American region into the Central-European province, whereas Marinček (1994), despite the silicate bedrock, includes Pohorje into the region of the Illyrian floral province. The association Dryopterido affini-Aceretum most often overgrows the northeastern and eastern aspects; more rarely, in narrow ravines, it occurs also on warmer aspects (SW, S to NW). It grows at altitudes between 300 and 800 m (more rarely also higher, between 900 and 1200 m). It is mostly found on steep slopes (from 30° to 45°, and even 60°), rarely on moderately steep slopes (5° to 25°). The range of surface stoniness is 0 to 40 % (even 60 and 80 %), but in the largest part there is either no stoniness or it is insignificant (up to 20 %). There is mostly non-calcereous rubble, and in the stands along the torrential ditches also larger rocks or rock blocks. Geological bedrock of the Pohorje mountains consists mostly of tonalites (the top and the eastern part of Pohorje). The main ingredient of the Pohorje tonalites are plagioclases. Their basicity is high (33 %), which is why the Pohorje tonalites are classified on the border between the acidic and neutral, and among neutral silicates (Ž. Košir 1979). On the margins of this tonalite mass the tonalites are followed by gneiss, mica schist, amphibolite, eclogite, serpentinite, clorite-amphibolite slate and marble. Andesite and dacite, as well as flint-sericitic filit and filitoid slates with diabase are present in the lower parts of the western Pohorje (Slovenia-Geološka karta 1 : 500 000, 1993). In the region of Litija, however, the geological bedrock consists of Permian-carboniferous slaty claystones and flint sandstones (Slovenia-Geološka karta 1 : 500 000, 1993). Colluvial dystric brown soil prevails on the sites of this forest community, but also dystric Leptosol and colluvial-delluvial dystric soil occur (Fig. 5). The soil profiles made in the stands of this association (Table 1, 2, 3 and 4) show that in general the soil has relatively high values of cation exchange capacity (T), but compared to the soil on carbonate bedrock they have a lower content of base- forming cations in the soil (S), which results in a lower V value (portion of base-forming cations). C/N proportions are less favourable, which is the result of the lower pH values. The soil under the stands of valuable broad-leaved trees is colluvial. It is frequently refreshed on account of regular deposits of material and water, which contributes to a relatively fast mineralization (despite the lower pH values) and a continuous biological circulation of material. Litija is situated in the region of the moderately continental climate of central Slovenia. Characteristic for it is a mean annual temperature of the coldest month (January) between 0 and –3°C, and a mean annual temperature of the warmest month (July) between 15 and 20°C. Another characteristic is the subcontinental rainfall regime with 1000 to 1300 mm yearly. The most rainfall comes down in summer, the least in winter. The Pohorje mountain range lies in northern Slovenia within the region of the climate of the lower montane world and the valleys between (Ogrin 1996). The common characteristic of the montane climate in Slovenia is that the mean temperatures of the coldest month are below –3°C and above 10 °C in the warmest month. The Pohorje rainfall regime is continental, which means that it gets between 1100 and 1700 mm of rainfall yearly. 3b. Structural and floristic composition The upper tree layer covers between 60 and 90 % of the surface, the lower up to 60 %. Either Fraxinus excelsior or Acer pseudoplatanus prevail in the tree layer, but Ulmus glabra and Picea abies occur as well. Carpinus betulus is found in the stands of the association at lower altitudes, and Fagus sylvatica at higher altitudes. On the most humid sites in the stands two other species can be noticed – Alnus incana or Alnus glutinosa. Abies alba, however, occurs only within the geographical race Dentaria trifolia on Pohorje. Corylus avellana, and more rarely Sambucus nigra, are also common shrub species in the lower tree layer. For the most part, the shrub layer is poorly developed and most often covers only 5 – 10 % of the surface, occasionally also up to 30 % or more (40, 60 %). The most common species are Rubus fructicosus agg., Sambucus nigra and Corylus avellana. The 64 PETRA KOŠIR: FORESTS OF VALUABLE BROAD-LEAVED TREES ON NON-CARBONATE BEDROCK IN SLOVENIA … most common among the tree species in the shrub layer are Ulmus glabra, Acer pseudoplatanus, Picea abies and Fraxinus excelsior. The herb layer is well developed and covers between 80 and 100 % of the surface, except for the rockier sites, where these values are lower (60, 70 %). Well represented are the species of the alliance Fraxino-Acerion. Stellaria montana, Adoxa moschatellina, Urtica dioica, Doronicum austriacum and Geranium robertianum have the highest constancy and coverage. The species Lunaria rediviva appears with a lower constancy, but reaches high cover values in the stands. It is the same with the species Scopolia carniolica, Lamium orvala and Polystichum setiferum. Species of the order Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawł. in Pawł. et al. 1928 are the most common; among them, Petasites albus stands out with its constancy and coverage. Other species with high constancy and large coverage are also Symphytum tuberosum, Lamiastrum flavidum, Mercurialis perennis and Asarum europaeum. Other well represented species are those of the alliance Alno-Ulmion Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943 and class Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939. Within the alliance Alno-Ulmion the species Impatiens noli-tangere and Chrysosplenium alternifolium stand out for their coverage and constancy, as do Oxalis acetosella, Dryopteris affinis, Gentiana asclepiadea, Dryopteris dilatata, Luzula luzuloides and Phegopteris connectilis among the species of the class Vaccinio-Piceetea. The last three species are also the differential species of the association. Other syntaxonomical groups are more poorly represented. Also to be mentioned here are the species Anemone nemorosa (Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. et Vlieg. in Vlieg. 1937), Athyrium filix-femina and Senecio fuchsii (Adenostyletalia G. et J. Br.-Bl. 1931). For the most part, the moss layer covers only a small surface (5–10 %) or none at all. Only rarely does it cover up to 20 or 30 % of the surface, exceptionally even more. Non-carbonate rocks are often bare or only slightly covered with mosses. The most common and with the highest cover values is Plagiomnium undulatum, followed by Plagiothecium nemorale, Brachythecium rutabulum, Hypnum cupressiforme and Eurhynchium angustirete. The most common among the differential species of the silicate communities (acidophilous species) are those of the order Plagiothecium (the already mentioned P. nemorale and P. denticulatum) and of the orders Polytrichum (P. formosum and P. comune), as well as the species Atrichum undulatum. Diversity of the species is substantial – we determined as many as 41 different moss species. ....... . ......... . ............. . ........... . ........... . .. . .... .... ... .... ... ... ...... ............ . .................... . ................. . ....... . ..... . ................ . ..................... . .......... . Figure 2: Syntaxonomical spectrum of the association Dryopterido affini-Aceretum Slika 2: Sintaksonomski spekter asociacije Dryopterido affini-Aceretum Figure 2 presents the species composition of the community in view of the syntaxonomical classification with the syntaxa. On account of their substantial diversity, mosses represent the highest proportion (18 %) in the picture, although the moss layer is generally poorly developed. The highest proportion (18 %) goes also to the species of the order Fagetalia sylvaticae, which is in accordance with the synsystematic classification of the stands. They are followed by the species of the alliance Fraxino-Acerion (13 %) and Alno-Ulmion (11 %). A relatively high proportion of the species of the alliance Alno-Ulmion indicates the hygrophilous character of the association; the sites of these communities are extremely well saturated because of the bedrock with low capacity for water permeation. Water often trickles along the slopes, and the stands thrive on the slopes along mountain streams. A relatively high proportion goes also to the species of the class Vaccinio-Piceetea (10 %), which indicates a moderately acidophilous character of the community of valuable broad-leaved trees on non- carbonate bedrock. Other groups are not as well represented. The composition of floral elements is presented in Figure 3. The European floral element prevails in this association (24 %) and is followed by the same proportion of circumboreal and Eurasian (19 %) floral element. The studied association is differentiated from other Central-European communities by the Mediterranean-montane (8 %), southeast-European (5 %) and Illyrian (1 %) floral element. Other floral elements are not so representative. 65 HACQUETIA 4/1 • 2005 .............. . ................... . ............. . .............. . .......... . ................ . .............. . ....................... .. . .. . .... . ...... ... . .. . Figure 3: Geoelemental spectrum of the association Dryopterido affini-Aceretum Slika 3: Geoelementni spekter asociacije Dryopterido affini- Aceretum The holotype of the association Dryopterido affini-Aceretum is relevé No. 26 in Table 5 hoc loco. 3c. Diagnostic species As the associations of forests of valuable broad- leaved trees are often without character species or even without specific differential species, Clot (1990) establishes the associations of the Central- European maple forests on the basis of a combination of ecological groups of species. Wallnöfer & al. (1993) also described the associations of Central- European alliance of valuable broad-leaved trees Tilio-Acerion in Austria based on such a diagnostic combination of species where a group of character species is often missing. This article, too, determines a new association which is floristically sufficiently different from the related maple communities above all on the basis of differential species. The differential species of the association Dryopterido affini-Aceretum are: Dryopteris affinis, Luzula luzuloides, Dryopteris dilatata, Phegopteris connectilis and Gymnocarpium dryopteris. All of the species are classified into the class Vaccinio-Piceetea. The listed species reach their optimal growth on non-carbonate rocks and thus indicate the moderately acidophilous character of the association. The association was named after the species Dryopteris affinis, which is the most common among the species listed above and reaches the highest cover values. It thrives on humid soil rich in nutrients and poor in limestone, on sites with high air humidity (Kramer 1984). It is found in humid and shady montane beech and fir forests, mostly on sites of silicate bedrock (Oberdorfer 1994). Poldini (1991) discusses it within the group of the European floral element. Ž. Košir (1994) studied thoroughly the species Dryopteris affinis in Slovenia in connection with the communities of Abies alba on silicate. He found that the species occurs with a high constancy and coverage on acidic sites, i.e. in the environment where the species Dryopteris filixmas occurs with a substantially lower vitality. He also mentioned the hybrid Dryopteris X tavelii (a hybrid between Dryopteris filix-mas and Dryopteris affinis), which is supposed to be the most common species on deep, rather unstable silicate colluvial soil with an expressive hillside water influence and »aceretal« character. Marinček (1994), who provisionally named the forests of valuable broad-leaved trees on non-carbonate bedrock after this hybrid, is of a similar opinion. However, Kramer (1984) establishes that on sites with both parental species the hybrid occurs only individually and never forms entire populations. It does not reproduce by spores. Dryopteris X tavelii should therefore be treated as a hybrid and not as a species, so it was not specifically dealt with in our relevés. According to Kramer (1984), the publications which mention the whole populations of this hybrid confused it with the subspecies Dryopteris affinis subsp. robusta, which is very similar to the hybrid. 4d. Division of the association into lower syntaxonomical units Within the association we distinguish two geographical races: • D.-A. var. geogr. typica var. geogr. nova hoc loco (the vicinity of Litija) and • D.-A. var. geogr. Dentaria trifolia var. geogr. nova hoc loco (Pohorje). The differential species of D.-A. var. geogr. Dentaria trifolia are: Dentaria trifolia, Hieracium transsylvanicum and Abies alba. They characterize the thriving of these stands in the wider distribution area of the community Cardamino savensi-Fagetum var. Abies alba. The stands of the typical race were found in the pre-Alpine region of Slovenia. The race is characterized by the species Scopolia carniolica, which grows abundantly in these stands. Ecologically, the association was subdivided into three subassociations: 66 PETRA KOŠIR: FORESTS OF VALUABLE BROAD-LEAVED TREES ON NON-CARBONATE BEDROCK IN SLOVENIA … • D.-A. scopolietosum carniolicae subass. nova hoc cates that the contact community of the stands of loco this association is the community Blechno-Fagetum. • D.-A. polystichetosum setiferi subass. nova hoc loco Other species indicate very moist soil on the bed • D.-A. leucojetosum vernae subass. nova hoc loco rock which has low capacity for water permeation. Also indicative of moist sites is Carex brizoides, which Subassociation D.-A. scopolietosim carniolicae is very common in the stands. Carpinus betulus, subass. nova hoc loco (Table 5/1–7) Stands of this which is indicative of the stands in the submonsubassociation grow on steep, very moist slopes tane belt, is relatively well represented mostly in and their foothills in narrow valleys with a small the lower tree layer. The stands of this subassociastream, in the submontane belt. The differential tion overgrow the most humid and the most acidic species of the subassociation are: Scopolia carnioli-sites within the association, as is demonstrated also ca, Blechnum spicant, Alnus glutinosa, Cardamine am-in the analysis of the soil profile. Dystric Cambisols ara and Equisetum pratense. Blechnum spicant indi-prevail (Table 1). Table 1: Soil profile description (profile 1) Tabela 1: Opis pedološkega profila (profil 1) Profile 1 Locality: Litija, ravine under Špik, relevé No. 7 (Table 5), the foot of the slope without surface rockiness and stoniness Bedrock: Permcarbonian slate claystone and sandstone Soil type: Dystric Cambisol Profile description: Ol: 4 (2) – 0 cm; maple, durmast oak, hornbeam and beech foliage A: 0–14 cm; silty loam, subangular blocky structure, very humose; medium distinct peds – relatively unstable; consistence is loose and friable; dark brown in colour, 7,5 YR 3/2; moist and with a common abundance of fine and medium roots; 15 % of the skeleton consisting of sharp-edged particles up to 1 cm in size; wide C/N proportion – moder BvC: 14 – 43 cm; angular blocky structure, of medium stability and medium distinct peds, clayey texture; consistence is friable to firm; medium humose on account of organic substance distributed in the passages of withered roots; the colour is yellowish brown, 10 YR 5/4; as wet as the upper horizon, with only individual roots; 30 % of the skeleton, sharp-edged, up to 5 cm in size; gradual transition into the next horizon CBv: 43 – 85+ cm; of the same structure as the upper – angular blocky structure, medium distinct peds with medium stability, clayey texture; its consistency is crumbly; contains small amounts of humus on account of organic matter distributed in the passages of withered roots; the colour is yellowish brown, 10 YR 5/4; as wet as the upper two horizons, also with only individual roots; 60 % of skeleton, sharp-edged up to 10 cm in size; gradual transition into the next horizon pH P2O5 K2O org. C CN N sand silt silt silt clay text. AL AL matter prop. toget. coarse fine toget. class HORIZON depth CaCl2 ---mg/100g---% % % % % % % % A 0-14 cm 4.4 2.7 21.6 12.7 7.4 22.4 0.33 BvC 14-43 cm 4.1 0.2 13.7 2.4 1.4 8.8 0.16 41.6 9.9 34.1 44.0 14.4 L CBv 43-85 cm 4.2 1.9 1.1 9.2 0.12 48.5 10.0 22.3 32.3 19.2 L AMMONACETATE extraction Ca MgK Na HSTVCaMgKNa H HORIZON depth ------------- mmol C/ 100g sample -------------% % % % % % + A 0-14 cm 3.09 0.89 0.55 0.01 20.85 4.5 25.4 17.7 12.2 3.5 2.2 82.1 BvC 14-43 cm 0.52 0.25 0.32 0.01 17.45 1.1 18.6 5.9 2.8 1.3 1.7 0.1 93.8 CBv 43-85 cm 1.85 0.39 0.28 0.01 14.00 2.5 16.5 15.2 11.2 2.4 1.7 0.1 84.8 NOTE: Moder of BvC as well as of CBv horizon contains a large amount of highly mouldering brown claystones, up to 5 mm in size. Larger pieces are sandstones. The wide C/N proportion is somewhat surprising; it could be the consequence of the colder aspect. The soil is very acidic and very badly saturated with base-forming cations. 67 HACQUETIA 4/1 • 2005 Holotype of the subassociation Dryopterido affini-pecially characteristic is the abundant growth of Aceretum scopolietosum carniolicae is relevé No. 3 in the fern Polystichum setiferi and its hybrid Polystichum Table 5 hoc loco. x bicknelli (=P. aculeatum x P. setiferum). The differential species indicate the growth of the stands at Subassociation D.-A. polystichetosum setiferi sub-lower altitudes and on warmer sites that are well ass. nova hoc loco (Table 5/ 8–19, Fig. 6) supplied with water. Also indicative of the wet soil The stands of this subassociation grow on steep are the species Carex brizoides and Festuca gigantea, colluvial slopes and foothills, alluvial fans and con-which are well represented in the stands. Another cavities, in valleys with permanent running water of indicator which proves that the stands thrive above the submontane and partly also montane belt. In all in the submontane belt is the presence of the comparison with D.-A. leucojetosum vernae the subas-species Carpinus betulus. Sporadic occurence of the sociation D.-A. polystichetosum setiferi thrives at lower species Castanea sativa in the stands of this subasaltitudes, and compared to D.-A. scopolietosum car-sociation indicates that the stands on warmer asniolicae, which also thrives at lower altitudes, the pects are in contact with the community Castaneo stands of the studied subassociation occur on sativae-Fagetum (M. Wraber 1955) Marinček et warmer sites. The differential species of the subas-Zupančič 1995. sociation are: Polystichum setiferum, Polystichum x Various soil types occur, among them Dystric bicknelli, Polystichum x wirtgenii, Aegopodium podagrar-Leptosol (Table 2) and colluvial-delluvial dystric ia, Brachypodium sylvaticum and Glechoma hirsuta. Es-soil (Hyperskeletic Dystric Leptosol, Table 3). Table 2: Soil profile description (profile 2) Tabela 2: Opis pedološkega profila (profil 3) Profile 2 Locality: Pohorje, Ruše in the direction of Lobnica, relevé No. 11 (Table 5), stream valley, numerous lateral springs, steep and landslide slopes Bedrock: Slate Soil type: DYSTRIC LEPTOSOL Profile description: Ol: mosaically scattered, in places bare surface; beech, chestnut, hornbeam, maple and ash tree foliage, spruce needles A: 0-15(20) cm; silty loam of subangular blocky structure, humose; medium distinct peds with medium stability; consistence is loose and friable; the colour is black 10YR 2,5/1; fresh, abundant roots ; singular skeleton, sharp-edged and platy, up to 4 cm in size; C/N proportion is characteristic for moder mull. Sharp transition into C. C: 15(20)+ cm HORIZON depth pH CaCl2 P2O5 K2O org. AL AL matter ---mg/100g--% C % CN N prop. toget. % A 0-15 cm 4.9 6.5 6.5 6.2 3.6 18.0 0.20 AMMONACETATE extraction Ca MgK Na HSTVCaMgKNa H HORIZON depth ------------- mmol C/ 100g sample -------------% % % % % % + A 0-15 cm 6.91 1.37 0.13 0.01 13.30 8.4 21.7 38.7 31.8 6.3 0.6 61.3 NOTE: Colluviation is visibile in the surface shifting (and depositing) of stone gravel mixed with organic matter in practically the entire soil profile. For this reason even Bv horizon comprises relatively large amounts of organic matter. Shifting processes resulting from leaching are less important due to the considerable incline, but are probably also present. 68 PETRA KOŠIR: FORESTS OF VALUABLE BROAD-LEAVED TREES ON NON-CARBONATE BEDROCK IN SLOVENIA … Table 3: Soil profile description (profile 3) Tabela 3: Opis pedološkega profila (profil 3) Profile 3 Locality: Pohorje, the Lobnica valley, relevé No. 18 (Table 5), the bottom slope or the foothills of a smaller valley, non- rocky Bedrock: slate Soil type: HYPERSKELETIC DYSTRIC LEPTOSOL Profile description: Ol: mosaically scattered, in places bare surface; beech, ash, rarely also maple foliage (A): 0–11 cm; subangular to angular blocky sandy loam, humose; medium distinct peds – unstable; consistence is friable and fine; the colour is dark reddish brown, 5YR 4/2; fresh, roots abundance is common; 40 % of skeleton, sharp-edged up to 5 cm in size; C/N proportion is still characteristic for mull. I: 11–32 cm; sandy loam of fine angular blocky structure, with small amounts of humus; medium distinct peds – unstable; consistence is fine; the colour is reddish brown, 5YR 4/4; fresh, roots abundance is common; 60 % of skeleton composed of sharp-edged particles up to 10 cm; C/N proportion is characteristic for mull to already moder mull. II: 32–97 cm; fine angular blocky sandy loam, poorly humose to mineral; weakly distinct peds – unstable; consistence is fine; the colour is dark brown to brown 7,5YR 4/4; fresh, roots abundance is common; 80 % of skeleton composed of sharp-edged particles up to 5 cm in size; C/N proportion is characteristic for mull. III: 97+ cm; very thick stones and rocks bigger than 20 cm pH P2O5 K2O org. C CN N AL AL matter prop. toget. HORIZON depth CaCl2 ---mg/100g---% % % (A) 0-11 cm 4.8 1.7 17.5 6.3 3.6 13.8 0.26 I 11-32 cm 4.5 1.5 0.9 15.0 0.06 II 32-97 cm 4.9 1.1 0.6 12.0 0.05 AMMONACETATE extraction Ca MgK Na HSTVCaMgKNa H HORIZON depth ------------- mmol C/ 100g sample -------------% % % % % % + (A) 0-11 cm 5.11 1.26 0.42 0.01 15.80 6.8 22.6 30.1 22.6 5.6 1.9 69.9 I 11-32 cm 13.00 II 32-97 cm 9.75 NOTE: Up to 0.5 cm of dark humus on the surface above (A) horizon, mostly brown alluvium. We distinguish two variants within the subasso-titudes and on less moist soils. Differential species ciation; the variant typica, whose tree layer is domi-of the subassociation, which indicate above all the nated by the species Acer pseudoplatanus and the thriving of these stands in the montane belt, are: variant with the species Fraxinus excelsior, whose Leucojum vernum, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Polygodominant tree species is Fraxinus excelsior. natum verticillatum, Dentaria bulbifera, Paris quadrifo- Holotype of the subassociation Dryopterido affini-lia and Festuca altissima. Calamagrostis arundinacea Aceretum polystichetosum setiferi is relevé No. 8 in Ta-indicates the thriving of the stands on moderately ble 5 hoc loco. acidic sites and more considerable inclines. In the stands of this association also the species Sorbus au- Subassociation D.-A. leucojetosum vernae subass. cuparia occurs occasionally in the tree layer, alnova hoc loco (Table 5/ 20–37) occurs in the mon-though it was not found at lower altitudes of these tane and partly also in the altimontane belt of the stands. Pohorje massif, where it overgrows steep colluvial Three variants were distinguished within the slopes (not necessarily above streams) and slopes subassociation leucojetosum vernae: the variant typiof torrential ditches. Compared to the stands of ca, where the tree layer is dominated by the species the other two subassociations it grows at higher al-Acer pseudoplatanus, the variant with the species 69 HACQUETIA 4/1 • 2005 Fraxinus excelsior (as the most initial within this su-platanus-Ulmus glabra (nom. prov.) are included in bassociation), where the tree layer is dominated by Table 5 as relevés no. 31 and no. 35. Fraxinus excelsior, and at highest altitudes the vari-The soil profile was made within the variant ant with the species Saxifraga rotundifolia (altimon-with the species Fraxinus excelsior. Colluvial dystric tane belt) with Saxifraga rotundifolia, Cicerbita alpi-brown soil (Cumuli Dystric Cambisol) occure na, Ribes petraeum and Viola biflora as differential (Table 4). species. Within the syntaxon D.-A. leucojetosum vernae Holotype of the subassociation Dryopterido affinivar. typica two previously published relevés are also Aceretum leucojetosum vernae is relevé No. 26 in Table included, namely the two relevés published by 5 hoc loco. Marinček (1995b, Table 3/1–2) named Acer pseudo- Table 4: Soil profile description (profile 4) Tabela 4: Opis pedološkega profila (profil 4) Profile 4 Locality: Pohorje, Fram-Ranče, relevé No. 24 (Table5), the middle of the slope, non- rocky, northern exposition Bedrock: metamorphic slates Soil type: Dystric brown soil,colluvial (CUMULI DYSTRIC CAMBISOL) Profile description: Ol: 1–0; evenly covers Oh; maple, beech and ash foliage, herb remains Oh: 0–2 cm; cloddy structure, mostly organic matter; weakly distinct peds – unstable; of loose and friable consistence; the colour is dark brown, 7,5YR 3/2; dry to fresh, many fine and medium roots; skeleton is singular, sharp-edged up to 2 cm in size; C/N proportion is still characteristic for mull A: 2–25 cm; silty loam of cloddy structure, humose; weakly distinct peds – unstable; of loose and fine consistence; the colour is brown to dark brown, 7,5YR 4/4; fresh, abundant roots; 30 % of skeleton composed of sharp-edged particles up to 5 cm in size; C/N proportion is characteristic for moder Ab: 25–51 cm; subangular blocky loam, very humose; weakly distinct peds – rather unstable; of loose and friable consistence; the colour is dark reddish brown, 5YR 3/2,5; fresh, abundant roots; 30 % of skeleton composed of sharp-edged particles up to 5 cm in size; C/N proportion is characteristic for moder. Note: buried horizon-former surface horizon. Bv: 5 –120+ cm; small angular blocky loam, medium humose; weakly distinct peds – rather unstable; of loose and friable consistence; the colour is brown to dark brown, 7,5YR 4/4; fresh, roots abundance is common; 40 % of skeleton composed of sharp-edged particles up to 5 cm in size; C/N proportion is characteristic for mull. pH P2O5 K2O org. C CN N sand silt silt silt clay text. AL AL matter prop. coarse fine toget. class HORIZON depth CaCl2 ---mg/100g---% % % % % % % % Oh 0-2 cm 4.3 37.1 21.5 14.9 1.44 A 2- 25 cm 4.2 1.3 8.4 8.3 4.8 21.8 0.22 53.0 13.9 19.2 33.1 12.9 SL Ab 25- 51 cm 4.3 0.5 5.0 10.7 6.2 23.8 0.26 39.2 15.6 22.2 37.8 23.0 L Bv 51–120 cm 4.6 3.9 2.3 14.4 0.16 40.5 17.8 21.2 38.8 20.7 L AMMONACETATE extraction Ca MgK Na HSTVCaMgKNaH HORIZON depth ------------- mmol C/ 100g sample -------------% % % % % % + Oh 0-2 cm A 2- 25 cm 0.37 0.21 0.17 0.01 27.00 0.8 27.8 2.9 1.3 0.8 0.6 97.1 Ab 25- 51 cm 0.20 0.15 0.11 0.01 33.70 0.5 34.2 1.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 98.5 Bv 51–120 cm 0.24 0.10 0.10 0.02 26.30 0.5 26.8 1.9 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.1 98.1 70 PETRA KOŠIR: FORESTS OF VALUABLE BROAD-LEAVED TREES ON NON-CARBONATE BEDROCK IN SLOVENIA … Figure 4: Ordination of the relevés of the association Dryopterido affini-Aceretum after the analytic table (Table 5). Legend: – D.-A. scopolietosum carniolicae, – D.-A. polystichetosum setiferi (var. typica: relevés 8–10, var. Fraxinus excelsior: relevés 11–20), – D.-A. leucojetosum vernae (var. Fraxinus excelsior: relevés 21–25, var. typica: relevés 26–35, var. Saxifraga rotundifolia: relevés 36–37). Slika 4: Ordinacija popisov asociacije Dryopterido affini-Aceretum po analitični tabeli (Tabela 5). Legenda: – D.-A.scopolietosum carniolicae, – D.-A. polystichetosum setiferi (var. typica: popisi 8–10, var. Fraxinus excelsior: popisi 11–20), – D.-A. leucojetosum vernae (var. Fraxinus excelsior: popisi 21–25, var. typica: popisi 26–35, var. Saxifraga rotundifolia: popisi 36–37). Ordination of the relevés of the association carniolicae and D.-A. polystichetosum setiferi overgrow Dryopterido affini-Aceretum is presented in Figure 4. the lower sites and the stands of the subassociation The stands of the two geographical races clearly D.-A. leucojetosum, the stands at higher altitudes. separate along axis 1, as do within the geographical race D.-A. var. geogr. Dentaria trifolia also the maple stands (from the syntaxa D.-A. polystichetosum setiferi 3.e The syntaxonomical classification of var. typica and D.-A. leucojetosum vernae var. typica the association (Synoptic Table 6): and var. Saxifraga rotundifolia), which separate from the stands with european ash tree (from the syntaxa For a long time, the synsystematic classification of D.-A. polystichetosum setiferi var. Fraxinus excelsior and forests of valuable broad-leaved trees in the region D.-A. leucojetosum vernae var. Fraxinus excelsior). The of the Illyrian floral province was unclear. The folrelevés along axis 2 were arranged with regard to lowing opinions prevailed regarding the synsystemaltitude. In accordance with the previous findings atic classification: 1. classification into the alliance the stands of the subassociations D.-A. scopolietosum Aremonio-Fagion (Horvat 1938, 1962, Glavać 1958), 71 HACQUETIA 4/1 • 2005 and further either into an independent suballiance of Illyrian forests of valuable broad-leaved trees Polysticho setiferi-Acerenion Borhidi & Kevey 1996 (or Lamio orvalae-Acerenion Marinček 1990) (Borhidi & Kevey 1996, Kevey 1997, Kevey & Borhidi 1998, Borhidi 2003, Poldini & Nardini 1993, Marinček 1990, 1995, P. Košir & Marinček 1999, Dakskobler 1999, P. Košir 2000, 2002) or within the suballiance of montane beech forests Lamio orvalae-Fagenion (Accetto 1991, Vukelić & Rauš 1998); 2. classification within the Central-European alliance Tilio-Acerion, but as a specific geographical race of Central- European associations (Zupančič 1996, Zupančič & Žagar 1999) or 3. classification into an independent alliance of forests of valuable broad-leaved trees of the Illyrian floral province Fraxino-Acerion (Fukarek 1969, Jovanović & al. 1986, Stefanović 1986). The latest research (P. Košir 2004) has shown that the forests of valuable broad-leaved trees of the Illyrian floral province can be classified into an independent alliance Fraxino-Acerion within the order Fagetalia sylvaticae. The results of the latest research (P. Košir 2004) were considered in this article too. The synoptic table (Table 6) gives a comparison of the studied syntaxon with certain syntaxa of the Illyrian forests of valuable broad-leaved trees, and a comparison with the similar syntaxa on silicate bedrock from Central Europe. The table demonstrates the presence of the differential species of the association Dryopterido affini-Aceretum, character species of the alliance of Illyrian forests of valuable broad-leaved trees, regional character species of the alliance Fraxino-Acerion and the species of Illyrian alliances within the order Fagetalia sylvaticae, Aremonio-Fagion and Erythronio-Carpinion, which occur in the region of the Illyrian floral province also in the forests of valuable broad-leaved trees of the alliance Fraxino-Acerion. Regionally characteristic species (Dierschke 1994) are those which are at the same time characteristic for the alliance of Illyrian forests of valuable broad-leaved trees in the Illyrian floral province and differential (species) towards the alliance Aremonio-Fagion, as well as being characteristic for Central-European forests of valuable broad-leaved trees of the alliance Tilio-Acerion in the region of the Central-European province. As is evident in the synoptic table, they occur in Illyrian and Central-European forests of valuable broad- leaved trees. The diagnostic species of the alliance Fraxino-Acerion are well represented in the described association; the species of the alliance Aremonio-Fagion also occur. This unquestionably places the association among the Illyrian forests of valuable broad-leaved trees and differentiates it from the similar stands of the alliance Tilio-Acerion in Central-Europe. The community described was synsystematically classified as follows: Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937 Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawłowski in Pawłowski et al. 1928 Fraxino-Acerion Fukarek 1969 Dryopterido affini-Aceretum ass. nova hoc loco As an example of Central-European stands we selected two syntaxa on silicate bedrock (Tab. 6/ 13, 14) which were described in Central Europe and are most similar to this association regarding the presence of the differential species of the association Dryopterido affini-Aceretum. Syntaxon (Tab. 6/13) comprises the stands described in southwestern Styria in Austria (Sturm 1978), i.e. in the borderline region of the Illyrian floral province, which gives the stands a transitional character. There is also a small proportion of species from the alliances Fraxino-Acerion and Aremonio-Fagion in this region. This is completely unlike the syntaxon (Tab 6/14) from Germany (Büker 1942), where all of the character species from the alliances Fraxino-Acerion and Aremonio-Fagion are missing. 4. CONCLUSION Forests of valuable broad-leaved trees on silicate bedrock in the submontane and montane belt have been extensively researched in Slovenia. A new association Dryopterido affini-Aceretum has been described, classified into the alliance of Illyrian forests of valuable broad-leaved trees Fraxino-Acerion. In the future it will be necessary to conduct a more thorough research of the stands of valuable broad- leaved trees on silicate bedrock also in the altimontane belt. In this study, these stands were presented with only two relevés and classified temporarily in the frame of association Dryopterido affini-Aceretum as variant with species Saxifraga rotundifolia. Further investigations will reveal whether classification of these stands is suitable, or whether they should be classified into the frame of association Lamio orvalae-Aceretum P. Košir et Marinček 1999, which is Illyrian forest of valuable broad-leaved trees of the altimontane belt, so far described only on carbonate bedrock (P. Košir 2004). 72 PETRA KOŠIR: FORESTS OF VALUABLE BROAD-LEAVED TREES ON NON-CARBONATE BEDROCK IN SLOVENIA … 5. POVZETEK Gozdovi plemenitih listavcev na nekarbonatni podlagi (Dryopterido affini-Aceretum ass. nova hoc loco) v Sloveniji Na nekarbonatni podlagi smo na območju ilirske florne province opisali novo asociacijo Dryopterido affini-Aceretum. Sestoje asociacije smo našli v submontanskem in montanskem (deloma altimontanskem) pasu na območju Pohorja in Litije v predalpskem in alpskem območju Slovenije. Na Pohorju se sestoji plemenitih listavcev pojavljajo v širšem območju razširjenosti asociacije Cardamine savensi- Fagetum var. Abies alba, kontaktna združba sestojev z območja Litije pa je Blechno-Fagetum. Popisovali smo po standardni srednjeevropski metodi (Braun-Blanquet 1964), talne razmere pa smo proučili s pomočjo reprezentančnih talnih profilov. Pri obdelavi in analizi fitocenoloških popisov in njihovi sintaksonomski uvrstitvi smo si pomagali tudi z ordinacijsko metodo glavnih koordinat (PcoA) iz računalniškega paketa SYN-TAX 2000 (Podani 2001). Mera različnosti je bila komplement koeficienta »similarity ratio«. Asociacijo smo členili na nižje sintaksonomske enote po načelu večrazsežne členitve vegetacijskih enot (W. & A. Matuszkiewicz 1981). Sestoji asociacije poraščajo strma koluvialna pobočja, vznožja pobočij, pobočja ozkih dolin pogosto nad vodotoki ter pobočja hudourniških jarkov. Prevladujejo koluvialna distrična tla, pojavljajo se tudi ranker in koluvialno-deluvialna distrična rjava tla. Tla imajo relativno visoke vrednosti kationske izmenjevalne kapacitete, v primerjavi s tlemi na karbonatni matični podlagi pa imajo manjšo vsebnost bazičnih kationov. C/N-razmerja so zaradi nižjih pH-vrednosti v splošnem manj ugodna in pomenijo biološko manj aktivna tla. Neprekinjeno biološko kroženje snovi je zagotovljeno s koluvialnostjo tal in s tem s stalnim donosom organskih snovi in vode, ki omogočajo, da mineralizacija kljub nižjim pH vrednostim poteka relativno hitro. Razlikovalne vrste asociacije Dryopterido affini- Aceretum so Dryopteris affinis, Luzula luzuloides, Dryopteris dilatata, Phegopteris connectilis in Gymnocarpium dryopteris. Naštete vrste, ki optimalno uspevajo na kislih nekarbonatnih kamninah, označujejo zmerno acidofilni značaj asociacije in jih uvrščamo v razred Vaccinio-Piceetea. Vrsta Dryopteris affinis, po kateri ima združba ime, se v sestojih pojavlja najpogosteje in z velikimi pokrovnimi vrednostmi. Asociacijo smo členili na dve geografski varian ti: D.-A. var. geogr. typica (Litija) in D.-A. var. geogr. Dentaria trifolia (Pohorje). Ekološko pa smo asociacijo členili v tri subasociacije: D.-A. scopolietosum carniolicae v submontanskem pasu na najbolj kislih in najbolj vlažnih rastiščih, D.-A. polystichetosum setiferi v submontanskem pasu na vlažnih in najtoplejših rastiščih in subasociacijo D.-A. leucojetosum vernae na večjih nadmorskih višinah (montanski in delno altimontanski pas) in na manj vlažnih tleh. V okviru subasociacije D.-A. polystichetosum setiferi in subasociacije D.-A. leucojetosum vernae smo ločili tipično varianto, kjer v sestojih prevladuje Acer pseudoplatanus, in varianto z vrsto Fraxinus excelsior, kjer v drevesni plasti prevladuje Fraxinus excelsior. V okviru subasociacije D.-A. leucojetosum smo izločili še varianto z vrsto Saxifraga rotundifolia, ki se pojavlja v altimontanskem pasu. Obravnavane sestoje smo v sinoptični tabeli primerjali z drugimi ilirskimi javorjevimi sestoji in sorodnimi srednjeevropskimi javorjevimi gozdovi na silikatu. Asociacijo smo uvrstili v samostojno zvezo ilirskih gozdov plemenitih listavcev Fraxino Acerion Fukarek 1969. 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This article is part of a doctorial dissertation which comprises research on forests of valuable broad- leaved trees of the wider region of the Illyrian floral province. I would like to thank my supervisors prof. dr. Joso Vukelić, dr. Andraž Čarni, and dr. Lojze Marinček, for their valuable advices and help in developing of the thesis. I would also like to thank Milan Kosi, B. Eng., who helped with the field work. The soil profiles were described by Tomaž Prus, M. Sc., to whom I am most grateful. The chemical analyses were made in the laboratories of the Pedology and Environment Protection Centre at the Biotechnical Faculty. 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Razprave IV razreda SAZU, 40 (9): 315–361. 75 HACQUETIA 4/1 • 2005 Figure 5: Soil profiles in the association Dryopterido affini-Aceretum (from left to right: dystric brown soil-colluvial, dystrict leptosol, colluvial-delluvial dystric soil) . Slika 5: Tla v asociaciji Dryopterido affini-Aceretum (od leve proti desni: koluvialna distrična rjava tla, ranker, koluvialno deluvialna distrična tla) . Figure 6: Dryopterido affini-Aceretum polystichetosum setiferi v začetku junija Slika 6: Dryopterido affini-Aceretum polystichetosum setiferi v začetku junija 76 PETRA KOŠIR: FORESTS OF VALUABLE BROAD-LEAVED TREES ON NON-CARBONATE BEDROCK IN SLOVENIA … 8. APPENDIX Appendix to table 5: Relevé locations: 1. Litija, ravine under Špik, 2. Litija, Breg near Litija, 3. Litija, Breg near Litija, 4. Litija, ravine under Špik 5. Litija, ravine under Špik, 6. Litija, ravine under Špik, 7. Litija, ravine under Špik, 8. Pohorje, along the stream Lobničica above Ruše, 9. Pohorje, along the stream Lobničica above Ruše, 10. Pohorje, valley of Lobnica, 11. Pohorje, along the stream Lobničica above Ruše, 12. Pohorje, valley of Lobnica, 13. Pohorje, from Ruška koča towards Ruše, 14. Pohorje, valley of Lobnica, 15. Pohorje, valley of Lobnica, 16. Pohorje, from Ruška koča towards Ruše, 17. Pohorje, valley of Lobnica, 18. Pohorje, valley of Lobnica, 19. Pohorje, valley of Lobnica, 20. Pohorje, along the stream Lobničica above Ruše, 21. Pohorje, Fram Ranče, 22. Pohorje, Fram Ranče, 23. Pohorje, Fram Ranče, 24. Pohorje, Fram Ranče, 25. Pohorje, Fram Ranče, 26. Pohorje, above Bistrica ob Dravi, 27. Pohorje, from Ribnica on Pohorje towards Rogla, 28. Pohorje, Šumik virgin forest, 29. Pohorje, Šumik virgin forest, 30. Pohorje, from Ribnica on Pohorje towards Rogla 31. Marinček (1995b), Acer pseudoplatanus-Ulmus glabra (nom. prov.), table 3, relevé no. 1, Šumik, 32. Pohorje, Šumik virgin forest, 33. Pohorje, Šumik virgin forest, 34. Pohorje, Šumik virgin forest, 35. Marinček (1995b), Acer pseudoplatanus-Ulmus glabra (nom. prov.), table 3, relevé no. 2, Šumik, 36. Pohorje, Ribnica on Pohorje, 37. Pohorje, Ribnica on Pohorje. The species occurring only once in the Table (rare species): FA; Tilia platyphyllos Ia 23 (+), Phyllitis scolopendrium III 33 (+), F; Pulmonaria stiriaca III 1 (+), Prunus avium Ia 15 (+), Euphorbia amygdaloides III 27 (+), Galium schultesii III 30 (+), Epipactis helleborine III 36 (+), QF; Hypericum montanum III 10 (+), Hepatica nobilis III 17 (+), Melica nutans III 17 (+), Betonica officinalis III 33 (+), Polygonatum odoratum III 36 (+), AU; Myosotis scorpioides III 1 (+), Carex pendula III 4 (+), Caltha palustris III 14 (+), Equisetum arvense III 16 (+), Lysimachia nemorum III 16 (+), Crepis paludosa III 19 (+), Cardamine impatiens III 22 (+), Geranium phaeum III 23 (+), Listera ovata III 36 (+), VP; Galium rotundifolium III 29 (+), Avenella flexuosa III 32 (+), Hieracium lachenalii III 32 (+), Lonicera nigra II 37 (+), Lonicera nigra III 37 (+), A; Aconytum vulparia III 36 (+), O; Eupathorium cannabinum III 1 (r), Pseudotsuga menziensii Ia 5 (1), Prunella vulgaris III 10 (r), Carex divulsa III 12 (+), Cirsium erisithales III 12 (+), Pteridium aquilinum III 13 (+), Poa trivialis III 15 (+), Galium aparine III 23 (+), Betula pendula Ib 32 (+), Fragaria vesca III 32 (+), M; Polytrichum commune IV 1 (+), Mnium hornum IV 2 (+), Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans IV 4 (+), Plagiothecium laetum IV 5 (+), Bazzania trilobata IV 7 (+), Brachythecium campestre IV 13 (+), Eurhynchium striatum IV 14 (+), Rhynchostegium rotundifolium IV 16 (+), Brachythecium velutinum IV 21 (+), Fissidens taxifolius IV 21 (+), Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus IV 26 (+), Apometzgeria pubescens IV 30 (+), Hypnum cupressiforme var. filiforme IV 30 (+), Isothecium myosuroides IV 30 (+), Eurhynchium schleicheri IV 31 (+), Bartramia halleriana IV 35 (+), Ptilium crista-castrensis IV 35 (+), Brachythecium reflexum IV 36 (+). Recieved 19. 11. 2004 Revision recieved 27. 12. 2004 Accepted 20. 1. 2005 77 HACQUETIA 4/1 • 2005 Table 5: Analytic table of the association Dryopterido affini-Aceretum ass. nova hoc loco Tabela 5: Analitična tabela asociacije Dryopterido affini-Aceretum ass. nova hoc loco Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718 Date: day 15 24 24 5 5 5 5 11 11 22 11 3 22 3 3 22 22 22 month 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 5 6 6 5 6 6 5 5 5 year 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 Relevé area (m2) 200 300 400 200 300 200 400 400 400 300 400 200 200 300 200 200 400 400 Altitude (m) 435 275 280 330 350 310 320 400 410 690 400 410 780 430 435 730 610 480 Aspect NE E E E SW NE NE E E E W S EES EES S SE E E Slope (degrees) 30 30 25 25 30 5 30 30 45 30 40 35 15 5 40 25 40 40 Cover bare rock (%) 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 10 5 20 0 0 20 5 0 5 30 5 Cover of separate layers (%): Upper tree layer Ia 60 80 60 70 80 60 80 80 85 70 70 80 75 90 80 90 70 70 Lower tree layer Ib 5 5 20 30 50 10 20 40 20 10 40 50 40 40 50 50 50 20 Shrub layer II 5 30 20 5 20 5 5 40 40 5 10 30 10 60 20 10 25 20 Herb layer III 90 90 100 80 80 100 100 100 90 100 90 80 80 90 60 80 100 100 Moss layer IV 5 10 5 5 5 0 20 5 5 10 10 0 10 60 0 5 20 0 var. geogr.typica scopolietosum carniolicae (a) polystichetosum setiferi (b) var. typica var. Fraxinus excelsior DIFFERENTIAL SPECIES OF THE ASSOCIATION VP Dryopteris affinis III 1 1 1 1 2 + 1 + 1 2 3 1 + + + 1 1 2 VP Dryopteris dilatata III + + . + + + + . . . . . . + . . + . VP Luzula luzuloides III . . + + + + + . . . . + . . + . + + VP Phegopteris connectilis III + + . + . . + . . . + . . . . . + . VP Gymnocarpium dryopteris III . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . DIFFERENTIAL SPECIES OF GEOGRAPHICAL RACE AF Dentaria trifolia III . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . . 1 + . + . VP Abies alba Ia . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . 1 . . . . VP Abies alba Ib . . . . . . . . + . . . . . + . . + VP Abies alba II . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . VP Abies alba III . . . . . . . + + + 1 . + . . + + + VP Hieracium transsylvanicum III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . DIFFERENTIAL SPECIES OF SUBASS. AND. VAR. FA Scopolia carniolica III 3 3 3 3 1 3 4 . . . . . . . . . . . VP Blechnum spicant III r + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU Alnus glutinosa Ia 2 1 . 1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU Alnus glutinosa Ib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU Alnus glutinosa II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU Cardamine amara III 1 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU Equisetum pratense III . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . FA Polystichum setiferum III . . . . . . . 2 1 + 1 2 + + 3 + 1 1 FA Polystichum x bicknellii III . . . . . . . 1 2 . 2 . + . . . + + FA Polystichum x wirtgenii III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . QF Aegopodium podagraria III . . . . . . . 1 + + 2 3 2 1 + 2 . . QF Brachypodium sylvaticum III . . . . . . . + + . + 1 1 + + + . . FA Glechoma hirsuta III . . . . . . . + . 1 + 1 . + . . . . 78 PETRA KOŠIR: FORESTS OF VALUABLE BROAD-LEAVED TREES ON NON-CARBONATE BEDROCK IN SLOVENIA … 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 3 1129292929291114212114 212121 1414 665555576556 555 66 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2003 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 400 200 400 400 200 400 200 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 200 400 400 400 405 780 800 690 790 800 910 890 950 950 850 890 980 830 755 850 1160 1210 NEEENNE NE NE NE NENNWN NWNW E ENNWNW NE E NENNE 35103030 5 3535253515203520603030202020 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 5 2010401580 5 10301060 70 70 80 60 90 75 75 90 90 90 70 90 70 40 70 70 70 70 60 60601020204020103010 5 20 0 20 0 10 0 3020 15302030106030 5 10 5 5 10 2 10 5 1050 5 5 70 75 901001009010080 90 80 90 70 60 3010090 60 90 70 205 0 0 0 1 0 5 51053057020510520 var. geogr. Dentaria trifolia leucojetosum vernae (c) var. Fraxinus exc. var. typica var. Sax. Rot. presencefrequencypresence (a) frequency (a) presence (b) frequency (b) presence (c) frequency (c) 2+1111112. .1. .21. . .3081710013100 1059 . . . .+. . .+++++++.++219516862151165 +.++.++. . . . . .1. . .++1746571538741 ++. . .++. . . .+1++.+.21643457431847 1+++.1. .+.+.+1. . . .+1130..323847 .21121111++11 . .+++2 2157 . . 6 461588 +. . . .+. . . . . .++.+.+. 822 . . 323529 .1.+. .++. . .+. . . . . . . 822 . . 431424 .++. .+. . . . .+.+. . . . . 616 . . 215424 . . . . . . .+++.+++. . . . . 1438 . . 862635 +. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25. .215. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. +2 .. .. .. +. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 19 7 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 14 5 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 11 4 57 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 . . . . 1 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 3 . . . . 1 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8 3 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 2 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 35 . . 13 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 16 . . 6 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 . . 1 8 . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 27 . . 9 69 1 6 . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . 10 27 . . 9 69 1 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 14 . . 5 38 . . 79 HACQUETIA 4/1 • 2005 Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718 F Paris quadrifolia III. . . . . . . . . . F Leucojum vernum III. . . . . . . . . . VP Calamagrostis arundinacea III. . . . . . . . . . A Polygonatum verticillatum III. . . . . . . . . . F Dentaria bulbifera III. . . . . . . . .+ F Festuca altissima III. . . . . . . . . . FA Fraxinus excelsior Ia . . . . . . . . . . FA Fraxinus excelsior Ib . . . . . . .1. . FA Fraxinus excelsior II. . . . . . .12. FA Fraxinus excelsior III. . . . . . .+.+ A Saxifraga rotundifolia III. . . . . . . . . . A Cicerbita alpina III. . . . . . . . . . A Ribes petraeum III. . . . . . . . . . A Viola biflora III. . . . . . . . . . FA FRAXINO-ACERION Acer pseudoplatanus Ia 2 4 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 4 Acer pseudoplatanus Ib .+. .++++++ Acer pseudoplatanus II++++ . ++ . + . Acer pseudoplatanus III+. .++.+111 Stellaria montana III+1 1 1+2 1+1+ Urtica dioica III+++ . ++++11 Adoxa moschatellina III. .+. . .++++ Ulmus glabra Ia . . . . . . . . . . Ulmus glabra Ib . . . . . . .21+ Ulmus glabra II.+. . . . .21+ Ulmus glabra III. . . . . . .++. Sambucus nigra Ib . . . . . . .+.+ Sambucus nigra II+++ . . +++++ Sambucus nigra IIIr. .+. . . .+. Doronicum austriacum III+1++.++. . . Geranium robertianum III+. . . . . .++. Circaea lutetiana III++. .++.11+ Actaea spicata III.+. . . . . .+. Aruncus dioicus III. .+. . . .++. Polystichum braunii III.1.+. .1+1+ Lunaria rediviva III. . . . . . .334 Polystichum aculeatum III. . . . . . . .+. Lamium orvala III.++.31 .32 . Isopyrum thalictroides III. . . . . . . . . . Geum urbanum III. . . . . . . . .+ Circaea alpina III. . . . . . . . . . Circaea x intermedia III. . . .+. . . .+ Polystichum x luerssenii III. . . . . . . . .+ F FAGETALIA SYLVATICAE Petasites albus III3++11 .+223 Symphytum tuberosum III.1.+++1. .+ Dryopteris filix-mas III.++.+. . . .+ Mercurialis perennis III. . . . . . . . .1 Asarum europaeum III. .++.+.1++ Carex sylvatica III+ .++++ . 1++ Fagus sylvatica Ia . . . . . . . . . . Fagus sylvatica Ib . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . .+. . . . . . . . . .++ . .+. . . . . ........ ........ 34455444 1 1 1 1+++1 . .+1+.+1 +.1+. . . . ....... . ....... . ....... . ....... . +1++ . 2+ . +. .+13. . +. .1. . .+ . +++++ . . 1+1++21 . +1 1++1 2 1 1+ . 1+ . ++ . . . . . . .1 . . .2. .+1 +1+1++++ +. . .+. . . .+.+. . . . +. .+.++1 +.+. .++. . . .+. .+. +++ . ++++ 12+ .+++1 +.+.+.+. .+.+. . .1 +. .+. .+. +. .2. . .5 +. . .+. .1 . . .1. . . . . . .+. . . . .1. . . . . . ........ ........ ........ 3+23+13+ . .++.++. .+2 .11 .+ +.+2. .+. + .++ .+++ 1++12++ . ........ ........ 80 PETRA KOŠIR: FORESTS OF VALUABLE BROAD-LEAVED TREES ON NON-CARBONATE BEDROCK IN SLOVENIA … 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 .. + . ++++++++++ . + . . + 1335. . . .1376 .. +++r.+.1+. . .1. .+2 1130 . . 1 81059 .. ++. .+. . . .1+. . .++1 1027 . . 215847 .. +++++++. . . . . . . .++ 1027. . 18953 .. .+. . .++++. . . . . .+. 719. . 18635 . . . . . . . + + . . . . + . . . + . 4 11 . . . . 4 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 41 . . 10 77 5 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 32 . . 11 85 1 6 . . . . . . . + . . . . 12 32 . . 9 69 3 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 30 . . 7 54 4 24 . . . . . . . . . . + 1 2 5 . . . . 2 12 . . . . . . . . . . + . 2 5 . . . . 2 12 . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 3 . . . . 1 6 . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 3 . . . . 1 6 5 5 3 3 4 3 2 3 3 1 4 3 32 86 7 100 10 77 15 88 + + + + + . + . + . 2 + 26 70 4 57 9 69 13 76 . . . . . 1 . . . . + . 13 35 6 86 5 38 2 12 + + + + 1 . + + . + + + 27 73 4 57 10 77 13 76 + 2 + + 1 + + 1 . 1 1 . 34 92 7 100 12 92 15 88 1 1 2 3 + 1 2 3 2 3 . + 29 78 6 86 12 92 11 65 + + + + + 1 + 1 . 3 + 1 28 76 2 29 10 77 16 94 . . . + + + . . 1 2 . . 7 19 . . 2 15 5 29 . 2 . . . . . . . . . . 9 24 . . 7 54 2 12 . + . . + . + + + . . . 20 54 1 14 13 100 6 35 + + . + + . . . . . . . 10 27 . . 5 38 5 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 11 . . 4 31 . . . + + . . + . . + + . . 20 54 5 71 9 69 6 35 + . . . + . . . . . . . 11 30 2 29 6 46 3 18 + . . . + + + . . + + + 21 57 6 86 3 23 12 71 + + + + + + + 1 + + . . 20 54 1 14 9 69 10 59 . . . + + . . 1 . . . . 19 51 4 57 12 92 3 18 + + . . . . + . + . 1 + 19 51 1 14 7 54 11 65 . + . . + + . . . + + . 17 46 1 14 6 46 10 59 . . . . 1 . 1 . 1 . + + 16 43 3 43 7 54 6 35 . 3 . . + . . . + . 2 . 12 32 . . 8 62 4 24 + + . . 2 + . 1 + . + . 12 32 . . 5 38 7 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 22 4 57 4 31 . . . . 1 + . . + . . . . . 5 14 . . 1 8 4 24 . . . . . . . . + . . . 4 11 . . 2 15 2 12 . . . . . + + . . + . . 3 8 . . . . 3 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 1 14 1 8 . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . 2 5 . . 1 8 1 6 2 3 . 1 2 3 + 3 3 + 4 3 35 95 6 86 13 100 16 94 1 + . + + + . 1 + + 1 + 27 73 5 71 7 54 15 88 2 3 . + 1 + + . . . 2 + 22 59 3 43 6 46 13 76 2 + + + 2 + . + . 1 2 . 20 54 . . 6 46 14 82 . . . . . + . + + . . . 20 54 3 43 11 85 6 35 . . . . + . . . + . . . 19 51 5 71 12 92 2 12 + . 2 + . 1 . 1 . . . . 6 16 . . 1 8 5 29 + . + . 1 . . . + . . . 5 14 . . . . 5 29 4 3 4 3 5 4 3 3 1 . + . . . 1 2 1 + . . . + 1 + + . 1 + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 . . 2 1 2 . 3 2 . . . . . + . . + + + 2 1 2 1 . . . . . + + 1 + 1 . . . . . . . + . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + . . + 1 + 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . + 1 + 1 1 + + + + + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 + 2 + + + 1 + + 1 1 + 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 . + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 1 . + + + + + . + . 2 + . + . + 1 . 1 . . + . . + 2 . . . + 1 + + + . + . 2 4 2 . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 + + . . 2 . 2 1 + + . + . . 81 HACQUETIA 4/1 • 2005 Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Fagus sylvatica II . + + . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . Fagus sylvatica III . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . + Galium odoratum III . . . . . . . + + + 1 + 2 . 1 + + 2 Carpinus betulus Ia + . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . Carpinus betulus Ib + + 1 2 2 + + . + . 1 2 . + 3 . . . Carpinus betulus II . . . . 1 . . . . . . + . . + . . . Carpinus betulus III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lamiastrum flavidum III . . . . . . . . . + . . + + . + + . Salvia glutinosa III . . . . . + . . . + 2 + 2 . + + + + Mycelis muralis III . . . . . . . . + r + . + . + + . . Corydalis solida III . . . . . . . + + r + . + + . . . . Viola reichenbachiana III . . . + . + . . . r + + + + + + + + Sanicula europaea III . . + . . . . . + + + . + . + + . + Prenanthes purpurea III . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . Pulmonaria officinalis III . . + + + . . . . + + . . . . . + . Epilobium montanum III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . Lamiastrum montanum III 1 + + + 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . Scrophularia nodosa III . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Daphne mezereum II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Daphne mezereum III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poa nemoralis III . . . . . . . . . r . . + . . . . + Phyteuma spicatum III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Milium effusum III . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . 1 . Heracleum sphondylium III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . Corydalis cava III . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . Ranunculus lanuginosus III . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + + Campanula trachelium III . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + . 2 . . . Polygonatum multiflorum III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lilium martagon III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QF QUERCO-FAGETEA Anemone nemorosa III . + 1 + . + + + r + . . . 1 . + + . Corylus avellana Ib . . . . . . . . . + . + 1 . . . 2 . Corylus avellana II . 1 1 + . . + . . + + 1 + + + . . . Corylus avellana III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castanea sativa Ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castanea sativa Ib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . Castanea sativa II . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . Castanea sativa III . . . . . . . . . . . + r . + + . . Moehringia trinervia III . . . . + . . . . + . 1 . . + . . + Hedera helix III r . . . . . . . . . + + . . + . . . Carex digitata III . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . Campanula persicifolia III . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . . + Clematis vitalba III + . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . Lathraea squamaria III . . . . . . . . . . . r . r . . . . Cruciata glabra III . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . Cardaminopsis halleri III . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . + . . Ranunculus ficaria III . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . Digitalis grandiflora III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . Veronica officinalis III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Quercus petraea III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AF AREMONIO-FAGION s. lat. Cardamine trifolia III 1 2 1 1 . 1 1 + . + + . . 2 . . . . Knautia drymeia III . . . . . . . . + . . . . . + + . . Euphorbia carniolica III . . + + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 82 PETRA KOŠIR: FORESTS OF VALUABLE BROAD-LEAVED TREES ON NON-CARBONATE BEDROCK IN SLOVENIA … 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 16 2 29 2 15 2 12 . . . . . . . + . + + + + + . . . + . 9 24 . . 2 15 7 41 . 1 2 1 . 2 2 2 . + 2 . . . . 3 . . . 19 51 . . 11 85 8 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 2 29 . . . . 1 1 . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 41 7 100 7 54 1 6 + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 16 1 14 4 31 1 6 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 . . . . 1 6 + . + . + . . + + . + + . + . + . 1 + 16 43 . . 6 46 10 59 . . . . . . . . + 1 1 + . 1 + + . . . 16 43 1 14 8 62 7 41 . + . + . . + . + + . + . + . . . + + 15 41 . . 7 54 8 47 + + + . + + r . . + 1 . . . . . . . . 14 38 . . 8 62 6 35 . . . . . . . . . + + + . . . . . . . 14 38 2 29 9 69 3 18 + 1 . . . + . . . . . . . . . + . . . 12 32 1 14 9 69 2 12 . + + 1 . 1 + + + . . + . . . . . + . 10 27 . . 2 15 8 47 . . . . + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 8 22 3 43 3 23 2 12 . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . . + + + 8 22 . . 2 15 6 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 8 22 7 100 . . 1 6 + . . + . . . . + . . + . . . . . + . 7 19 1 14 2 15 4 24 . . . . . . . . + . . . + . 1 + + . + 6 16 . . . . 6 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 3 . . . . 1 6 . . + . . . + . . . . . . 1 . . . . . 6 16 . . 3 23 3 18 . . + + + + + r . . . . . . . . . . . 6 16 . . . . 6 35 . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 14 . . 3 23 2 12 . . + . . + + . . . . . . . . . . + . 5 14 . . 1 8 4 24 . . . . . . . . . 2 1 . . + 3 . . . . 5 14 . . 1 8 4 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 4 11 . . 3 23 1 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8 . . 3 23 . . . . . + . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8 . . . . 3 18 . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . + . 2 5 . . . . 2 12 + + + + + + + + . + . . + . + + + + . 25 68 5 71 8 62 12 71 . 2 . + . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 22 . . 5 38 3 18 + + 1 1 . 3 1 . + . . . . . . . . . . 17 46 4 57 8 62 5 29 . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 . . . . 2 12 . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 . . 1 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 . . 1 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 1 14 1 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 11 . . 4 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 14 1 14 4 31 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 14 1 14 4 31 . . + . . . . . . . + . . . . + . . . . . 4 11 . . 2 15 2 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8 . . 3 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 1 14 1 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 . . 2 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 . . 2 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 . . 2 15 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 . . 1 8 1 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 2 5 . . 1 8 1 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 2 5 . . 1 8 1 6 . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 . . . . 2 12 + . . . . . . . 2 + . 2 + 2 . + . 2 + 19 51 6 86 5 38 8 47 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . + . 5 14 . . 3 23 2 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8 3 43 . . . . 83 HACQUETIA 4/1 • 2005 Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Cyclamen purpurascens III . . . + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . Dentaria enneaphyllos III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU ALNO-ULMION Impatiens noli-tangere III . + + + + + . 1 . 3 3 + + + . 1 2 2 Chrysosplenium alternifolium III + . + + . + . + + 1 1 . . . . + 1 + Deschampsia cespitosa III . . . . . + . . + + . + . . 1 1 . . Carex brizoides III 2 + . + + + . . . 1 . . . + . . + . Chaerophyllum hirsutum III . . . . . + . + . + . . . 1 . + . . Stachys sylvatica III . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . + . + Alnus incana Ia . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . + . . . . Alnus incana Ib . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . + 1 + Alnus incana II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . Festuca gigantea III . . . . . + . + + . . . . . . r . . Dryopteris carthusiana III . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Angelica sylvestris III . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . Stellaria nemorum III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matteuccia struthiopteris III . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . + . Thalictrum aquilegiifolium III . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . VP VACCINIO-PICEETEA Oxalis acetosella III + + 1 1 1 1 1 + + 1 2 . + 1 . + 2 . Picea abies Ia . + . . 1 . . + . . + + + . . . . . Picea abies Ib . . . . + . . . . . . . 2 + . 1 . . Picea abies II + . + . . . . + . + + + + . + + . + Picea abies III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gentiana asclepiadea III . . + . . . . + + + + . + + . . + + Luzula pilosa III + + . + . . . . . . + . . . . . . . Hieracium sylvaticum III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . Veronica urticifolia III . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . Solidago virgaurea III . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 . . . Huperzia selago III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Luzula sylvatica III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A ADENOSTYLETALIA Athyrium filix-femina III 2 1 + 2 2 2 2 + 1 1 1 2 . + + 1 + + Senecio fuchsii III . . + + + + + . . . + . + + . + . + Myosotis sylvatica III . . + . . + . + + . + . + . + . . + Anthriscus nitidus III . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . + . . . Senecio nemorensis III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . Silene dioica III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Veratrum album III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASPLENIETEA AT TRICHOMANIS Cystopteris fragilis III . . . . . . . + + + + . . + + . + . Polystichum x illyricum III . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . + + Polypodium vulgare III . + . + . . . . . . . . . + . . . . Asplenium trichomanes III . . . . . . . . + . . . . + + . . + Asplenium viride III . . . . . . . + + . + . . . . . . . Cardaminopsis arenosa III . . . + . + . . . . . . . . + . . . O OTHER SPECIES Rubus fructicosus agg. II . + + + 1 + + + + . . + . 3 . + 2 + Rubus fructicosus agg. III + . . . . . . 1 2 + 1 1 + 1 + . . 1 Galeopsis speciosa III . . + + . . . . . r 1 . . . + + + + 84 PETRA KOŠIR: FORESTS OF VALUABLE BROAD-LEAVED TREES ON NON-CARBONATE BEDROCK IN SLOVENIA … 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8 1 14 2 15 . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . 2 5 . . . . 2 12 . . . . + . . 2 + + + + + . 1 2 1 + 1 26 70 5 71 9 69 12 71 . + . . . . . 1 + + 1 + 1 + 1 1 . . + 22 59 4 57 8 62 10 59 . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . . . + + 12 32 1 14 5 38 6 35 . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 24 5 71 4 31 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . + 7 19 1 14 4 31 2 12 . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . + 6 16 . . 4 31 2 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 . . 2 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 11 . . 4 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 . . 1 8 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 14 1 14 4 31 . . + . . . + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 4 11 1 14 1 8 2 12 . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . 3 8 . . 1 8 2 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + 2 3 8 . . . . 3 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 1 14 1 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 2 5 . . 1 8 1 6 + + 1 + + + + 1 + + + 1 1 1 1 1 + + 2 34 92 7 100 10 77 17 100 . . + . . . . . . . . 1 + . . + + + 3 13 35 2 29 4 31 7 41 + . . . . . . . 1 . . . . + . . . 1 + 9 24 1 14 4 31 4 24 . . 1 + + + 1 + . . + 1 + + . . + . . 21 57 2 29 8 62 11 65 . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . . . . + 3 8 . . . . 3 18 1 + 1 + + + 1 + + . + + + 1 + + + + + 27 73 1 14 10 77 16 94 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 14 3 43 2 15 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + . . . . + 4 11 . . 1 8 3 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . . 3 8 . . 1 8 2 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 . . 2 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . 2 5 . . . . 2 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . r 2 5 . . . . 2 12 + + 1 2 + 1 1 1 + + 1 + + + + + + 1 1 36 97 7 100 12 92 17 100 . . + + . + + 1 + . . + + + . . . + 1 21 57 5 71 5 38 11 65 . + . + . . . . + . . + . . . + . . . 13 35 2 29 7 54 4 24 . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 4 11 . . 2 15 2 12 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + 3 8 . . 1 8 2 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 3 8 . . 1 8 2 12 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . + . 2 5 . . . . 2 12 + + . . . . . . r . + + + + . . . . r 15 41 . . 9 69 6 35 + . . . . . . r . . . + . . . + . + . 9 24 . . 5 38 4 24 . . . . . . . + . . . + . + . . . . + 7 19 2 29 1 8 4 24 . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . + . . . 7 19 . . 4 31 3 18 . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 11 . . 4 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8 2 29 1 8 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . + . + . 16 43 6 86 7 54 3 18 + 2 + + . . + . + . . + . . . . . + . 17 46 1 14 11 85 6 35 . + . . . . . r + . + . . + + + . + + 17 46 2 29 7 54 8 47 85 HACQUETIA 4/1 • 2005 Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Cardamine flexuosa III . . . . . + . . . + + . . . + + + . Sorbus aucuparia Ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sorbus aucuparia Ib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sorbus aucuparia II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sorbus aucuparia III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hypericum hirsutum III . . . . . . . + + r + . . . . . . . Rubus idaeus III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salix caprea Ib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ajuga reptans III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . Alliaria petiolata III . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . Chaerophyllum aureum III . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Sambucus racemosa II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sambucus racemosa III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M MOSSES Plagiomnium undulatum IV + + + + . . . + + 1 + . . 4 . . 1 . Plagiothecium nemorale IV + . . + + . + . + . 2 . . . . . . . Brachythecium rutabulum IV + . . + . . . + + + . . . + . . 1 . Hypnum cupressiforme IV . . + . . . + . . 1 + . + . . . + . Eurinchium angustirete IV + . . . . . + 1 + + + . . . . . + . Ctenidium molluscum IV . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . Plagiochila asplenioides IV . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atrichum undulatum IV . 1 + . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . Brachythecium populeum IV . . . . . . . + . + . . 1 . . + + . Plagiomnium affine IV . . . . . . . . . + 1 . . + . . + . Isotechyum alopecuroides IV . + . . . . + . . + . . + . . . . . Plagiothecium denticulatum IV . . + + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . Polytrichum formosum IV . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eurhynchium praelongum IV . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . Schistidium apocarpum IV . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . Thuidium tamariscinum IV . . + . . . + . . . . . . + . . . . Herzogiella seligeri IV . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dicranum scoparium IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhizomnium punctatum IV + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marchantia polymorpha IV . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bryum species IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiomnium cuspidatum IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hylocomium splendens IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brachythecium plumosum IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 PETRA KOŠIR: FORESTS OF VALUABLE BROAD-LEAVED TREES ON NON-CARBONATE BEDROCK IN SLOVENIA … 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + + . . 11 30 1 14 5 38 5 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . 1 3 . . . . 1 6 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . 1 2 5 . . . . 2 12 + . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8 . . 1 8 2 12 . . + . . . . . . . + . . + . . . + + 5 14 . . . . 5 29 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 14 . . 5 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + + 3 8 . . . . 3 18 . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . . . 2 5 . . . . 2 12 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 . . 1 8 1 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 . . 2 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 1 14 1 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . + 2 5 . . . . 2 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + 2 5 . . . . 2 12 + . + . . . . + 1 . . 1 . + . + + . + 19 51 4 57 7 54 8 47 + + . . . + . . . . + 1 . . . + . + 1 14 38 4 57 4 31 6 35 1 + . . . + . . + . + + . + . . . . . 14 38 2 29 7 54 5 29 . . . . . . . + . 2 + + + 4 . . + . 1 14 38 2 29 4 31 8 47 2 1 . . . . . . + . . 2 . + . . . . . 12 32 2 29 7 54 3 18 1 . . . . . . . . . + + . + . + . + + 9 24 . . 3 23 6 35 + + . . . . . . . . + 1 . . . . + . + 8 22 2 29 2 15 4 24 . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . 1 . + 7 19 2 29 1 8 4 24 1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 7 19 . . 6 46 1 6 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 7 19 . . 6 46 1 6 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . + 6 16 2 29 2 15 2 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . + . + 6 16 3 43 . . 3 18 + . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 . . + . + 6 16 1 14 1 8 4 24 . + + . . + . . + . . . . . . + . . . 6 16 . . 2 15 4 24 . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . + + 6 16 . . 2 15 4 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 . . 5 14 2 29 1 8 2 12 . + . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . + 5 14 1 14 1 8 3 18 . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 3 . . + . + 5 14 . . . . 5 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . + . + 4 11 1 14 . . 3 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 2 29 . . . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 . . . . 2 12 . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . 2 5 . . . . 2 12 . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . 2 5 . . . . 2 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2 5 . . . . 2 12 87 HACQUETIA 4/1 • 2005 Table 6: Synoptic table of Illyrian maple forests and comparison to Central-european maple forests on the silicate bedrock Tabela 6: Sinoptična tabela ilirskih javorjevih gozdov in primerjava s srednjeevropskimi javorjevimi gozdovi na silikatni matični podlagi Number of syntaxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 Number of relevés 22 51 7 5 15 15 18 18 9 7 25 37 76 Fraxino-Acerion Tilio- Acerion DIFFERENTIAL SPECIES OF ASSOCIATION Dryopterido affini-Aceretum Dryopteris affinis III 9 7 202822 29 81 100 Dryopteris dilatata III186 6 298 51 71 67 Luzula luzuloides III 20776 46 43 33 Phegopteris connectilis III14 137 6 611 4 43 33 Gymnocarpium dryopteris III9 7 30 33 CHARACTER SPECIES OF ALLIANCE Fraxino-Acerion Lamium orvala III 32 75 86 8010093 78 50 5610072 22 Stellaria montana III 7347100 1353395033 40 92 Doronicum austriacum III 32 2210060 7 7 33 11 52 57 Polystichum setiferum et xbicknellii III 1461 3317 11 35 Isopyrum thalictroides III 53 71 10060 39 14 Scopolia carniolica III 455343 17 19 Polystichum braunii et xluerssenii III 50 4722 43 57 Tanacetum macrophyllum III 100 REGIONAL CHARACTER SPECIES OF ALLIANCE Fraxino-Acerion (differential species towards Aremonio-Fagion) Acer pseudoplatanus I Acer pseudoplatanus II Acer pseudoplatanus III Actaea spicata III Fraxinus excelsior I Fraxinus excelsior II Fraxinus excelsior III Sambucus nigra I Sambucus nigra II Sambucus nigra III Urtica dioica III Lunaria rediviva III Ulmus glabra I Ulmus glabra II Ulmus glabra III Circaea lutetiana III Geranium robertianum agg. III Aruncus dioicus III Arum maculatum III Phyllitis scolopendrium III Polystichum aculeatum III Adoxa moschatellina III Tilia platyphyllos I 100 100 86 80 80 67 94 94 78 100 100 95 57 100 36 53 71 40 67 53 61 83 67 43 32 35 14 83 77 75 29 40 47 73 78 6 57 76 73 14 73 49 14 100 27 60 56 89 56 86 80 51 14 33 5 14 100 100 100 100 100 94 100 100 4 43 29 17 10 86 40 60 73 61 83 100 57 4 32 5 4 29 100 33 78 39 14 30 14 2 14 11 14 86 96 100 100 7 47 78 67 89 71 12 54 14 2 30 57 82 92 100 100 20 53 39 56 44 86 100 78 67 14 75 100 100 13 47 22 17 11 100 36 32 67 41 53 57 40 13 50 56 22 12 38 71 50 45 49 29 60 20 60 61 22 12 57 29 50 9 2 40 6 12 27 29 50 61 57 100 7 47 22 39 11 12 51 17 73 51 14 100 27 11 72 67 100 80 54 100 8 43 20 20 20 67 50 22 29 4 46 57 86 88 100 40 67 80 72 33 22 8 33 68 63 29 40 28 61 44 71 36 3 17 50 16 20 39 39 11 57 64 32 100 50 73 71 100 73 73 39 33 71 96 76 27 8 22 11 3 88 PETRA KOŠIR: FORESTS OF VALUABLE BROAD-LEAVED TREES ON NON-CARBONATE BEDROCK IN SLOVENIA … Number of syntaxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Number of relevés 22 51 7 5 15 15 18 18 9 7 25 37 7 6 Tilia platyphyllos II 5 8 13 22 11 33 Tilia platyphyllos III 5 13 6 Glechoma hederacea agg. III 51 86 100 27 13 28 22 44 14 Geum urbanum III 57 100 47 33 6 39 22 12 11 Acer platanoides I 29 40 13 11 6 Acer platanoides II 16 14 40 40 27 28 Acer platanoides III 4 20 27 6 Euonymus latifolia II 12 20 6 17 Euonymus latifolia III 14 22 Circaea x intermedia III 9 4 6 57 5 Hesperis matronalis III 4 43 7 Tilia cordata I 50 11 Tilia cordata II 7 44 Tilia cordata III 6 Ribes alpinum II 6 8 Ribes alpinum III 33 Circaea alpina III 20 8 50 Staphylea pinnata II 23 11 Asperula taurina III 33 11 Ribes uva-crispa II 5 Botrychium virginianum III 20 AREMONIO-FAGION and ERYTHRONIO-CARPINION species (differential species towards Tilio Acerion) Cardamine trifolia III 73 4 2910087 40 50 17 44 29 68 51 14 Dentaria enneaphyllos III 86 65 5710047 53 28 11 86 92 5 57 Cyclamen purpurascens III 16 14 40 53 40 50 22 22 43 8 Aposeris foetida III 71 6010080 83 6 33 29 Vicia oroboides III 9 8 7160132728 Aremonia agrimonoides III 234 40337 6 28 Primula vulgaris III 6047 7 114456 Omphalodes verna III 86 203917 4 Dentaria trifolia III 5343 7353 57 Hacquetia epipactis III 8 20736772 Helleborus odorus III 8 33505622 Knautia drymeia III 5720 1111 14 Euphorbia carniolica III 57 2050 4 8 Helleborus niger III 537176 29 Dentaria polyphylla III 5 78 57 80 Lonicera caprifolium II 7 39 11 Lonicera caprifolium III 11 Geranium nodosum III 64 118 Crocus napolitanus III 100 53 78 Anemone trifolia III 50 28 67 Calamintha grandiflora III 32 28 Ruscus hypoglossum III 46 Erythronium dens-canis III 40 11 Rhamnus fallax II 43 4 Eranthis hyemalis III 8 Helleborus atrorubens III 4 Epimedium alpinum III 33 89