109
ter ozaveščanje splošne javnosti. V projektu MOČ so se 
zdravstveni delavci, delavci na področju socialnega varstva 
in policisti usposabljali za prepoznavanje težav v duševnem 
zdravju in tveganja za samomorilno vedenje, vzpostavljena 
je bila mreža svetovalnic, potekale so aktivnosti ozaveščanja 
in program za krepitev duševnega zdravja strokovnjakov. V 
projektu SUPER PSIHOLOG so se na področju duševnega 
zdravja usposabljali psihologi, razvit je bil sistem 
supervizirane prakse psihologov začetnikov. V projektih 
smo ugotovili, da imajo strokovnjaki, ki delujejo na področju 
duševnega zdravja, potrebo po dodatnih znanjih in veščinah. 
Pri njih je nujno še bolj sistematično razvijati znanja s tega 
področja in krepiti strokovno kompetentnost. Širšo javnost 
je treba ozaveščati o duševnih motnjah, pomenu kvalitetnih 
strokovnih storitev in razpoložljivih storitvah. V simpoziju 
bomo predstavili glavne ugotovitve projektov in smernice 
za usposabljanje strokovnjakov ter ozaveščanje javnosti.
Prispevki znotraj simpozija
MOČ – Help to people, knowledge to experts
Saška Roškar, Nuša Konec Juričič, Urška Kolar, Alenka Tančič 
Grum, Ksenija Lekić, Mojca Vatovec, Vita Poštuvan, Bogdan 
Dobnik
General goal of the project MOČ was to increase the level of 
mental health services in Slovenia. Furthermore, the project 
had two specific goals; to (i) increase the number of trained 
professionals for recognition of mental health distress and 
suicidal risk and (ii) upgrade the existing counselling services 
and establish new ones in deficient regions. A training 
programme for professionals aimed at recognition of mental 
health problems and suicidal behaviour was delivered at site. 
Furthermore, a mindfulness-based program was provided 
to the same group of professionals. New (6) psychological 
counselling services were established and new programmes 
were offered next to individual counselling in already existing 
counselling centres (3). A campaign was launched to raise 
awareness on mental health and suicide prevention. Training 
programme on mental health issues and suicide prevention was 
well received by primary health care and other professionals 
working with vulnerable population. Professionals expressed 
a desire in further training and attending mindfulness 
programmes. A great need for counselling services was shown; 
however attendance was greater in pre-existing counselling 
centres. The evaluation revealed that individuals are inclined 
to awareness campaigns on mental health, although not evenly 
throughout regions. More than half of the interviewed have 
already experienced mental distress, but only half of them 
have sought help. The recommendations deriving from the 
project are compatible with legislative documents in the field 
of mental health. It would be advisable to support, develop 
and keep the network of counselling centres; however reasons 
for smaller attendance in vulnerable regions need to be 
explored. Also, reasons for the gap between those in need of 
help and those seeking help should be investigated. Knowing 
the causes for the gap in treatment and search for help would 
offer opportunities to further develop measures in the field of 
mental health in Slovenia. 
Public Awareness Campaign on Mental Health and 
Suicide Prevention
Urška Kolar, Saška Roškar, Nuša Konec Juričič, Ksenija Lekić, 
Alenka Tančič Grum, Bogdan Dobnik, Vita Poštuvan, Mojca 
Vatovec, Mark Floyd Bračič
Stigmatizing attitudes toward depression are important barriers 
in obtaining professional help. Knowledge and understanding 
of depression should be promoted in society, hopefully 
leading to reduced stigma and increased help-seeking. For 
addressing the public appropriately, WHO’s Guidelines for 
Responsible Reporting on Suicide are available. In the project 
MOČ, we conceived from September until October 2015 a 
public awareness campaign addressing mental health issues 
and suicide prevention on multiple levels. It focused on the 
TV ad; other elements included leaflets, posters, and radio 
broadcasts. In accordance with WHO’s Guidelines, imagery 
showing suicidal methods, use of sensationalistic language 
and direct references to suicidal behaviour were avoided. The 
present research evaluated the public awareness campaign 
on a representative sample of adult Slovene population (N 
= 594) via an on-line questionnaire four months after the 
campaign had finished, measured attitudes towards seeking 
professional psychological help using standardized Inventory 
of Attitudes toward Seeking Mental Health Services 
(Mackenzie et al., 2004) and linked those attitudes to mental 
health indicators in Slovenia. Evaluation findings show that 
the campaign message and elements did not interfere with 
the likability of the campaign and understanding of the 
campaign message. The campaign encouraged individuals 
to seek additional information on mental health issues. 
Awareness campaign materials (TV ad, posters and leaflets) 
were more frequently noted in the North Eastern regions 
of Slovenia, where indicators of mental health are low, 
although individual elements of the campaign were noted to a 
different degree by different target groups. Results regarding 
attitudes toward seeking mental health services revealed that 
people in Slovenia are generally inclined towards seeking 
psychological help, however, there are important differences 
among different target groups which need to be addressed 
when designing public awareness messages. More than half 
of the interviewed have already experienced mental distress, 
although only half of the distressed have sought help. The 
reasons for this »treatment gap« should be studied in the 
future, which would enable us to develop new evidence based 
intervention strategies encouraging people to seek help.
SUPER PSIHOLOG 1: Usposabljanje psihologov za 
vodenje supervizirane prakse in skrb za duševno zdravje
Anja Podlesek, Katarina Kocbek, Vlasta Zabukovec, Vita 
Poštuvan, Mateja Štirn, Per A. Straumsheim, Tina Pirc
V projektu Supervizirana praksa psihologov: Razvoj 
programa usposabljanja mentorjev in modela supervizirane 
prakse – SUPER PSIHOLOG smo razvili celosten program 
usposabljanja mentorjev supervizirane prakse, ki vključuje tri 
module. V modulu 1 se mentorji usposobijo za prepoznavanje 
in razvijanje specifičnih strokovnih kompetenc pri psihologih 
Simpoziji / Symposia
110
začetnikih in za ocenjevanje, ali je psiholog začetnik 
pripravljen za samostojno izvajanje psihološke dejavnosti. 
V modulu 2 mentorji spoznajo metode in razvijejo veščine 
supervizije, naučijo se vzpostaviti ustrezen supervizijski 
odnos, podpreti profesionalno rast mentoriranca in reflektirajo 
svoje izkušnje z izvajanjem supervizije. V modulu 3 spoznajo 
načine prepoznavanja, preventivnega delovanja na področju 
duševnega zdravja in krepitve duševnega zdravja pri sebi in 
mentorirancih. Skozi usposabljanja se tako mentorji naučijo 
podpirati osebno rast, skrb za duševno zdravje in etično 
strokovno delovanje mentorirancev. Prispevek bo predstavil 
vsebine posameznih modulov usposabljanja. Predstavil bo 
rezultate evalvacije usposabljanja in pridobljene izkušnje. 
Predstavil bo tudi smernice za usposabljanje psihologov 
za vodenje supervizirane prakse in na področju duševnega 
zdravja. Vključevanje psihologov v taka usposabljanja in 
stalni strokovni razvoj na področju duševnega zdravja lahko 
prispeva k višji kakovosti psiholoških storitev.
SUPER PSIHOLOG 2: Supervizirana praksa psihologov
Katarina Kocbek, Vlasta Zabukovec, Vita Poštuvan, Mateja Štirn, 
Per A. Straumsheim, Tina Pirc in Anja Podlesek
V projektu Supervizirana praksa psihologov: Razvoj programa 
usposabljanja mentorjev in modela supervizirane prakse 
– SUPER PSIHOLOG smo razvijali sistem supervizirane 
prakse v Sloveniji. Supervizirana praksa pomeni opravljanje 
prvega leta psihološke dejavnosti pod supervizijo 
usposobljenega supervizorja, mentorja supervizirane prakse. 
Supervizirana praksa psihologov začetnikov je učinkovit 
način za zagotavljanje visoko kakovostnih psiholoških 
storitev. Med supervizirano prakso psiholog začetnik razvije 
tiste kompetence, ki jih med študijem še nikakor ni mogel: 
razvije svojo poklicno vlogo, integrira praktična in teoretična 
znanja ter veščine in jih uporabi v konkretnem delovnem 
okolju, usposobi se za delo s specifičnimi skupinami klientov, 
razvije profesionalno odzivnost in samorefleksijo, sooči se z 
realnimi etičnimi dilemami. Pri tem nujno potrebuje pomoč, 
podporo in usmerjanje. To mu lahko nudi izkušen in za 
mentoriranje usposobljen psiholog, ki ve, katere kompetence 
je potrebno razvijati pri psihologu začetniku in na kakšen 
način. Cilj projekta je bil vzpostaviti vzdržen in trajnosten 
sistem supervizirane prakse, v katerega se bodo sčasoma 
lahko vključili vsi, ki bodo želeli začeti z opravljanjem 
psihološke dejavnosti. V projektu smo poleg razvoja programa 
usposabljanja mentorjev supervizirane prakse razvili in 
preizkusili model izvajanja supervizije, v katerem se mentor 
in mentoriranec srečujeta vsaka dva tedna v rezerviranem 
času in analizirata ter reflektirata mentorirančeve izkušnje. 
Mentorji se vključujejo v redno supervizijo, kjer analizirajo 
in reflektirajo svoje mentoriranje. V prispevku bomo 
predstavili razviti model supervizirane prakse in sistem 
za njeno spremljanje. Predstavili bomo, kako bo izvajanje 
supervizirane prakse psihologov potekalo v prihodnosti.
Varieties of impulsivity in opiate and 
stimulant users
Moderators: Jasmin Vassileva, Georgi Vasilev, Kiril Bozgunov
Virginia Commonwealth University, 
e-mail: jasmin.vassileva@vcuhealth.org
Impulsivity is implicated both as an antecedent risk factor and 
a consequence of drug addiction. However, progress in the 
field is hampered by the multi-dimensionality of impulsivity, 
which is characterized by multiple personality, psychiatric, 
and neurocognitive dimensions that are rarely examined 
concurrently within the same population. Further, our 
understanding of how the different dimensions of impulsivity 
are manifested in users of different classes of drugs is limited 
by the high rates of polysubstance dependence among drug 
users. To circumvent these methodological challenges, we 
have developed a program of addiction research in Bulgaria, 
where we have access to mono-substance dependent (»pure«) 
heroin and amphetamine users. We have conducted one of 
the most comprehensive characterizations of the multiple 
dimensions of impulsivity among 248 Bulgarian drug users 
(93 heroin, 81 amphetamine, and 74 polysubstance-dependent 
individuals) and 157 non-substance dependent controls. Our 
results reveal significant differences in neurocognitive, 
personality, and psychiatric manifestations of impulsivity 
in users of different classes of drugs. In addition, we found 
different associations of impulsivity dimensions with HIV 
risk behaviors among opiate and stimulant users. Overall, 
our findings suggest that opiate and stimulant addictions 
may be driven by different underlying mechanisms, 
thereby challenging the unitary account of drug addiction.
Prispevki znotraj simpozija
Personality, psychiatric, and neurocognitive 
manifestations of impulsivity among opiate and 
stimulant users
Jasmin Vassileva
Psychopathy and impulsivity among opiate and stimulant 
users    
Kiril Bozgunov
Associations of different dimensions of impulsivity with 
HIV risk behaviors among opiate and stimulant users  
Georgi Vasilev
Simpoziji / Symposia