G V GEODETSKI VESTNIK | letn. / Vol. 60 | št. / No. 3 | 3 I6G/3j GIBANJE GOSPODARSKEGA PROFILA NA LOKALNI DYNAMICS OF THE ECONOMIC PROFILE AT RAVNI: ŠTUDIJA PRIMERA THE LOCAL LEVEL: THE CASE SLOVENIJE 2000-2013 STUDY OF SLOVENIA IN 2000-2013 Alma Zavodnik Lamovšek, Katarina Vidmar, Samo Drobne UDK: 659.2: 338.1 :(497.4) Klasifikacija prispevka po COBISS.SI: 1.01 Prispelo: 5. 8. 2016 Sprejeto: 9. 9. 2016 DOI: 10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2016.03.423-454 SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Received: 5. 8. 2016 Accepted: 9. 9. 2016 _ IZVLEČEK V Sloveniji v zadnjih dveh letih poteka prenova dveh ključnih razvojnih dokumentov: Strategije razvoja Slovenije in Strategije prostorskega razvoja Slovenije. Izdelane so bile različne študije, s katerimi se ocenjujejo zastavljeni cilji, kot tudi raziskave, s katerimi poskušajo opredeliti novo vizijo (prostorskega) razvoja Slovenije do leta 2050. S tem namenom smo izdelali raziskavo o gospodarskem profilu slovenskih občin, ki temelji na klasifikaciji gospodarstva v tri skupine: rezidenčno gospodarstvo (R), proizvodno gospodarstvo (P) in ustvarjalno gospodarstvo (U). V prispevku zato analiziramo gibanje gospodarskega profila slovenskih občin po predlagani klasifikaciji v obdobju 2000—2013. Analizo gibanja gospodarskega profila smo izvedli za 192 občin z začetka obravnavanega obdobja. Posebej smo analizirali gospodarski profil ter njegovo gibanje v občinah petnajstih regionalnih središč Slovenije. Rezultati študije kažejo, da se je Slovenija iz države s pretežno proizvodnim gospodarstvom (P) preusmerila v državo s pretežno rezidenčnim gospodarstvom (R), hkrati pa postaja vse močnejše ustvarjalno gospodarstvo (U). Nov pristop bolje ustreza razvojnim izzivom kot dosedanja delitev gospodarstva na primarni, sekundarni, terciarni in kvartarni sektor. KLJUČNE BESEDE gospodarstvo, gibanje gospodarstva, profil gospodarstva, rezidenčno gospodarstvo, proizvodno gospodarstvo, ustvarjalno gospodarstvo, občina, Slovenija ABSTRACT _ In Slovenia, two key development documents, i.e. Slovenia's Development Strategy and Spatial Development Strategy of Slovenia, have been revised over the last two years. Various studies that assess the objectives or try to define a new vision of (spatial) development of Slovenia by 2050 have been conducted. To this end, we studied the economic profiles of Slovenian municipalities, basedon the classification ofeconomy into three groups: residential economy (R), productive economy (P), and creative economy (C). This paper therefore analyses the dynamics of the proposed economic profile of Slovenian municipalities in 2000—2013. TThe analysis ofthe economic profile dynamics was done for192 municipalities from the beginning ofthe period In particular, we analysed the economic profile and its movement within the municipalities of15 regionalcentres ofSlovenia. The results ofthe study show that Slovenia shifedfom a predominantly productive economy (P) to a country with a predominantly residential economy (R), while it is becoming even stronger in creative economy (C). This new approach addresses the development challenges better than the previous division ofthe economy into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors. KEY WORDS _ economy, economic dynamics, economic profile, residential economy, productive economy, creative economy, municipality, Slovenia Alma Zavodnik Lamovšek, Katarina Vidmar, Samo Drobne | GIBANJE GOSPODARSKEGA PROFILA NA LOKALNI RAVNI: ŠTUDIJA PRIMERA ZA SLOVENIJO 2000-2013 | DYNAMICS OF THE ECONOMIC PROFILE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: THE CASE STUDY OF SLOVENIA IN 2000-2013 | 423-454 | | 423 | |60/3| GEODETSKI VESTNIK ^ 1 INTRODUCTION g The working documents of Slovenia's Vision 2050 (SVRL, 2016) state that by 2050 Slovenia will become as an open and innovative society whose prosperity will depend on social, technological, and institutional ^ innovation. In this respect, prosperity is the most important goal (Vasle, 2014) that can be achieved only = by a balanced social environmental, economic, and spatial development (EC, 1999). Nowadays, Slovenia's 5 Development Strategy (VRS, 2005; hereinafter: SRS) and Spatial Development Strategy of Slovenia g (MOP, 2004; hereinafter: SDSS) are being revised. Although SDSS remains in force, Slovenia is currently s without a development strategy as the last one (VRS, 2005) was adopted for the period 2007-2013 only. In 2013, the Ministry of the Economic Development and Technology (MGRT, 2014) produced a draft of the new Slovenia's Development Strategy for the period of2014-2020 that, among other goals, focuses on prosperity, economic growth, increased labour productivity, strengthening of innovation and creativity, and an encouraging business environment for a socially responsible entrepreneurship, efficient management of spatial potentials and activation of comparable advantages of Slovenian regions. In terms of content, the latter two goals are particularly closely connected with SDSS (MOP, 2004), which supports economic development particularly by focusing on polycentric development of urban networks with an efficient distribution of spatial activities. Nared et al. (2016) called these activities »services of general and general economic interest«. s The draft of SRS 2014-2020 (MGRT, 2014), as well as other studies emerging in recent years as part of SDSS revision (Zavodnik Lamovšek et al., 2014; Pogačnik et al., 2011; Golobič et al., 2014), finds that Slovenia's polycentric urban development model did not develop in the direction desired. Some functional areas of urban centres along Slovenia's motorway cross are being reinforced at the expense of remote areas (Pogačnik et al., 2010; Drobne and Bogataj, 2011). The study Policentrično omrežje središč in dostopnost prebivalstva do storitev splošnega in splošnega gospodarskega pomena [English: Polycentric Network of Centres and Accessibility of Population to the Services of General and General Economic Interest] (Nared et al., 2016) was also produced to analyse the implementation of SDSS. The focus was on the analysis of the network of central settlements, where the authors raised the issue of »services of general interest, i.e. services defined by public authorities as services of general interest for which specific requirements of public services are used« (Nared et al., 2016, p. 4). In doing this, the authors relied on contemporary studies putting to the fore discussions on the relationship between cohesion and competitiveness and discussions about functional regions and functional polycentrism. New findings led to a different definition of central activities, which cover services of general and general economic interest, »which are defined by public authorities as services of general interest for which specific requirements of public services are used« (Nared et al., 2016, p. 4). Likewise, this applies to the field of economic activities. The division of economy into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors (Bole, 2008; SURS, 2010) is thus no longer sufficient for attaining the goals set, so, using the literature, we looked for the most recent approaches to analysing the economy. An important step was taken in the ESPON Town (2014) project, under which economic profiles of small and medium-sized towns were determined. The working method was based on the works by Hamdouch (1999, 2005) and Demaziere, Banovac, and Hamdouch (2013) who proposed to look at the dynamics in the economy at the local/regional level through three groups of economic activities: Alma Zavodnik Lamovšek, Katarina Vidmar, Samo Drobne | GIBANJE GOSPODARSKEGA PROFILA NA LOKALNI RAVNI: ŠTUDIJA PRIMERA ZA SLOVENIJO | 424 | 2000-2013 | DYNAMICS OF THE ECONOMIC PROFILE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: THE CASE STUDY OF SLOVENIA IN 2000-2013 | 423-454 | GEODETSKI VESTNIK | 60/3 | — residential economy (R) — which includes activities relating to the demand of both residents and visitors, — productive economy (P) — which includes activities of manufacturing production and of tertiary production for export, and — creative economy (C) — which includes activities representing the basis for creativity and development at the local/regional level.1 A local community (a town or a municipality) or a region is specialised when a significant percentage of the working population is included in a specific group of economy (R, P, or C). A local community or a region that is predominantly oriented towards residential economy mostly contains activities to satisfy the needs of local/regional population and tourists in its area. This includes activities such as: retail trade, accommodation and food service activities, construction, financial services, transportation services, education, health, recreation, and governmental services. A local community or a region with a prevailing productive economy develops the activities whose products (goods and services) are required mostly outside its area. Such economy is mostly oriented towards agriculture, wholesale trade, manufacturing production, research, energy production, etc. According to Demazière and Wilson (1996), local communities or regions with a strong concentration of productive activities are most vulnerable to an economic crisis. Local communities or regions with prevailing creative economy are mostly based on (creative) activities that are less sensitive to various economic fluctuations. Activities based on knowledge and innovation (activities provided for by the information and communication technologies) represent a long-term opportunity for local communities and regions. According to Hamdouch and Moulaert (2006), knowledge, innovation, learning, and competences are the key factors behind the economic growth and competitiveness at all territorial levels. Thus, creative economy addresses creativity as planned and mass produced goods with a high market value and large-scale use. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the economic dynamics, i.e. the changes in the R-P-C economic profile, of Slovenia's municipalities in the period 2000-2013, and thus to establish the following: — which municipalities saw the biggest economic changes, — what was the economic dynamics in Slovenian municipalities in important urban centres defined in SDSS (MOP, 2004), and — how did the economic structure change, particularly in urban municipalities. The results of this study will help to address the challenges of economic and spatial development of Slovenia, in the light of the economic crisis which affected the world in the analysed period of 2000-2013. Already in 2008, the decrease in demand strongly affected the open Slovenian economy (Kajzer, 2011). In 2008, the real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of Slovenia started to decline, while in the same year, the average annual inflation rate reached its peak (OECD, 2009). Following the Introduction section, we first present the working methodology, i.e. data bases, the ways of classification of activities into residential, productive, and creative economies and other methods of analysis, followed by a presentation of the analysis results concerning the R-P-C economic profile of 1 According to Florida (2002, 2003, 2008), this should additionally attract the so-called creative class. By increasing the presence of the creative class, the conditions for living and working in large urban centres increase; this, in turn, attracts other »creative« and highly skilled workers, companies, and capital. Alma Zavodnik Lamovšek, Katarina Vidmar, Samo Drobne | GIBANJE GOSPODARSKEGA PROFILA NA LOKALNI RAVNI: ŠTUDIJA PRIMERA ZA SLOVENIJO 2000-2013 | DYNAMICS OF THE ECONOMIC PROFILE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: THE CASE STUDY OF SLOVENIA IN 2000-2013 | 423-454 | | 425 | |60/3| GEODETSKI VESTNIK ^ Slovenia's municipalities by year between 2000 and 2013 as well as the dynamics of the R-P-C economic != profile of Slovenia's municipalities in the period. The paper concludes with a discussion about the economic dynamics by Slovenia's municipalities, with an emphasis on the activities in the municipalities of ^ regional centres of Slovenia (including urban centres of national significance; MOP, 2004), and conclusa sions and proposals for future work. g 2 METHODOLOGY The data on the number of persons in employment by municipalities of employment and activities according to the Standard Classification of Activities of20082 (SKD; SURS 2010) by year in the period 2000-2013 were obtained at the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (SURS), while the spatial data on the municipalities were obtained at the Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia (GURS, 2015). The analysis of the economic profile was done for Slovenia's municipalities by each year in the period 2000-2013, and the analysis of the change of the economic profile of the municipalities was done for the 192 original municipalities from 2000. During 2000-2013, 19 new municipalities were established in Slovenia (1 new municipality in 2002, 17 in 2006, and 2 in 2012); however, for the sake of methodological consistency in analysing the economic profile dynamics, we combined the data on the new municipalities, and compared the data on the original municipalities s from 2000. The number of persons in employment by 20 activity classes according to SKD 2008 (SURS, 2010) was divided into the three groups of economy mentioned in the introduction (Hamdouch, 1999, 2005; Demazière, Banovac, and Hamdouch, 2013). The key for transforming the activities according to SKD 2008 into residential economy (R), productive economy (P), and creative economy (C) was adopted from ESPON Town (2014); it is defined in Table 1. The proportions of the number of persons in employment according to the three economic groups (R, P, and C) by municipalities were experientially classified into eight classes (at an interval between 0% and 70% into classes of 10%, while the data for more than 70% were grouped under one class). The economic profile of a municipality was defined using a combined record of the decreasing proportions of the three groups of economy. The economic profiles of Slovenia's municipalities were presented on thematic maps for the municipalities from the individual years studied, and separately on thematic maps for the 192 municipalities from the beginning of the study period (from 2000). On the maps, the combined records of the economic profile were presented given the prevailing group of economy (R, P, or C): — above 70% as »extremely prevalent«, — between 60 and 70% as »very highly prevalent«, — between 50 and 60% as »highly prevalent«, — between 40 and 50% as the »prevalent« economy. 2 The Standard Classification oof Activities (SKD; SURS, 2010) is the Slovenian statistical standardfor the recording, collection, analysis, and dissemination of the data significant for illustration of economic characteristics. SKD is a statistical tool developed based on the European Statistical Classification of Economic Activities, NACE (French: Nomenclature statistique des activités économiques dans la Communauté européenne), which was first introduced in 1994. SKD is continuously updated according to NACE. The recent versions of the classification contain more recent activities, which are mostly related to information and communication technologies and financial services. The latest version of SKD of2008 is the result oof a general revision of the NACE classification, which came in force in the same year (ibid.). Alma Zavodnik Lamovšek, Katarina Vidmar, Samo Drobne | GIBANJE GOSPODARSKEGA PROFILA NA LOKALNI RAVNI: ŠTUDIJA PRIMERA ZA SLOVENIJO | 426 | 2000-2013 | DYNAMICS OF THE ECONOMIC PROFILE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: THE CASE STUDY OF SLOVENIA IN 2000-2013 | 423-454 | GEODETSKIVESTNIK | 60/3 | Table 1: Classification of activities according to the Standard Classification of Activities 2008 (SURS, 2010) into residential economy (R), productive economy (P), and creative economy (C). Activities according to SKD 2008 The economic profiles examined A Agriculture, forestry and fishing B Mining and quarrying C Manufacturing D Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Productive economy (P) E Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities H Transportation and storage (7/13) S Other service activities (1/3) F Construction G Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles H Transportation and storage (6/13) I Accommodation and food service activities K Financial and insurance activities L Real estate activities Residential economy (R) N Administrative and support activities O Public administration and defence; compulsory social security Q Human health and social work activities S Other service activities (2/3) T Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities of households for own use J Information and communication M Professional, scientific and technical activities P Education Creative economy (C) R Arts, entertainment and recreation J Information and communication If the percentage of the group with the highest proportion of persons in employment was below 40%, the prevalent economy was not defined. When there were two similar prevailing groups of economy (i.e. with similar proportion classes of 30—40%), the economic profile was defined as »similar proportions«. The order of the records of the group in the combined record (code) was conditional on the proportion of the group (from the largest to the smallest one). When all three proportions were similar (± 5%), they were defined as »approx. 1/3 of each type of economy«. The dynamics of the economic profile was analysed separately by groups of economy (R, P, and C) by Slovenia's municipalities in 2000-2013. The analysis was made using the LINEST function in Microsoft Excel 2013. For each of the 192 municipalities from the beginning of the analysed period we calculated the dynamics trend of the proportion of the persons employed in the individual group of economy. The results of the analysis concerning the changes in the economic profile by municipalities were shown on three separate thematic maps: dynamics of residential, productive, and creative economies in 2000-2013. Alma Zavodnik Lamovsek, Katarina Vidmar, Samo Drobne | GIBANJE GOSPODARSKEGA PROFILA NA LOKALNI RAVNI: STUDIJA PRIMERA ZA SLOVENIJO 2000-2013 | DYNAMICS OF THE ECONOMIC PROFILE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: THE CASE STUDY OF SLOVENIA IN 2000-2013 | 423-454 | | 427 |60/3| GEODETSKI VESTNIK According to the densification of data concerning the dynamics of the proportion of the persons in employment in a group of economy by a municipality (the Jenks breaks classification method), they were classified as follows: — between 0.0451 and the highest value as a »very strong growth«, — between 0.0201 and 0.0450 as a »strong growth«, — between 0.0101 and 0.0200 as a »growth«, — between 0.0001 and 0.0100 as a »weak growth«, — between —0.0099 and 0 as a »light decrease«, — between —0.0199 and —0.0010 as a »decrease«, — between —0.0449 and —0.0200 as a »strong decrease«, between the smallest value and —0.0450 as a »very strong decrease«. The economic profile according to groups R, P, and C was separately analysed according to Slovenia's municipalities and in detail by the municipalities of 15 regional centres defined in SDSS (MOP, 2004). 3 RESULTS The analysis of the changes in the economic profile of Slovenia's municipalities was conducted by year for the entire period in question. The interested reader can find more detailed results in Vidmar (2016). Due to spatial limitations of this paper, we present only the economic profile of the municipalities from the beginning (thematic map of 192 municipalities from 2000, see Figure 1a) and the end of the analysed period (two thematic maps: thematic map of 192 of municipalities from 2000 with the situation in 2013, see Figure 1b, and thematic map of 211 municipalities from 2013, see Figure 1c). The changed profile of the three groups of economy is presented on three separate thematic maps (the trend in residential economy on Figure 2, the trend in productive economy in Figure 3, and the trend in creative economy in Figure 4). 3.1 Economic profile of the municipalities by year between 2000 and 2013 In 2000, there were more production-oriented municipalities (with a prevailing productive economy) than 13 years later (compare Figures 1a and 1b). Figure 1a show several groups of spatially connected municipalities that in 2000 focused mostly on productive economy, less municipalities with mostly residential economy, and none with mostly creative economy. In 2000, there were still many municipalities with similarly developed residential end productive economies.3 13 years later (see Figure 1b) the number 3 Spatially connected municipalities with prevailing productive economic activities are Loška dolina (65), Loški Potok (66), Sodražica (179), Bloke (150), Pivka (91), Ribnica (104), Dobrepolje (20), Žužemberk (193), andTrebnje (130). A similar group was formed by municipalities Cerkno (14), Gorenja vas — Poljane (27), Železniki (146), Žiri (147), Idrija (36), Ajdovščina (1), Komen (49), and Miren — Kostanjevica (75). Municipalities Semič (109), Metlika (73), Črnomelj (17), Bovec (6), Kamnik (43), Luče (67), Gornji Grad (30), Ljubno (62), Nazarje (83), Vransko (189), Zagorje ob Savi (142), Slovenj Gradec (112), Slovenska Bistrica (113), Mislinja (76), Ormož (87), Lendava (59), Gornja Radgona (29), and many other small municipalities were production-oriented The municipalities with prevailing residential economy in 2000 were Izola (40), Piran (90), Koper (50), Postojna (94), Kranjska Gora (53), Preddvor (95), Jezersko (163), Solčava (180), Ig (37), Ljubljana (61), Grosuplje (32), Šmarje pri Jelšah (124), Podčetrtek (92), Celje (11), Brežice (9), Maribor (70), Žetale (191), Podlehnik (172), Moravske toplice (78), Murska Sobota (80) and many other small municipalities in the Pomurska region. Residential economy was developed in Dornava (24) and its neighbouring municipalities, which attract tourists with their spas. In 2000, there were many municipalities that were similarly oriented towards both residential and productive economies. Such major municipalities were Bohinj (4), Tržič (131), Radovljica (102), Sevnica (110), Laško (57), Šentjur (120), Slovenske Konjice (114), Lenart (58), Selnica ob Dravi (178), Ilirska Bistrica (38), Hrpelje — Kozina (35), Kočevje (48), Novo mesto (85), Litija (60), Tolmin (128), Kobarid (46), and some others. Alma Zavodnik Lamovšek, Katarina Vidmar, Samo Drobne | GIBANJE GOSPODARSKEGA PROFILA NA LOKALNI RAVNI: ŠTUDIJA PRIMERA ZA SLOVENIJO | 428 | 2000-2013 | DYNAMICS OF THE ECONOMIC PROFILE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: THE CASE STUDY OF SLOVENIA IN 2000-2013 | 423-454 | GEODETSKI VESTNIK | 60/3 | of municipalities with mostly residential economy increased in Slovenia. Some of these municipalities ^ shifted from a balanced economy, i.e. an economy with similar proportions of productive and residential ^ economies, into (mostly) residential economy, and others even from mostly productive economy into s mostly residential economy. As described below, most of the shifts from productive to residential economy started in 2008 when Slovenia was already hit by the global economic crisis.4 The most important changes by year from 2001 until 2012 are taken over from Vidmar (2016). In 2001, == the economic structure by Slovenia's municipalities as compared with 2000 did not change significantly. s In 2002 some major changes were made: some municipalities characteristically shifted from residential to productive economy, and vice versa, this was the first time that there was a municipality with similar proportions of R, P, and C economies.5 In 2003 and 2004, the economic structure by Slovenia's municipalities did not change significantly (with a few small exceptions). In 2005, there are again some major changes, particularly the shift to a mostly residential economy; a municipality with an increased proportion of creative economy was also identified.6 In 2006, the number of municipalities with similar proportions of R, P, and C economies increased and in some municipalities there was a characteristic transition from a mostly residential economy to a mostly productive economy, and vice versa; again, a new municipality with mostly creative economy was identified.7 In 2007, some major changes occurred particularly in small municipalities, while many other municipalities slowly shifted from mostly EN productive to mostly residential economy.8 In 2008 when Slovenia was also hit by the global economic crisis (Kajzer, 2011), the shift into mostly residential economy continued; another new municipality with predominantly creative economy was identified.9 In 2009, the proportion of persons employed in productive economy significantly decreased, and increased only in one municipality.10 The following year, in 2010, the trend of the increasing proportion of residential economy continued (particularly at the expense of reducing the proportion of productive economy), while the proportion of creative economy significantly increased in three municipalities.11 In 2011, there was an interesting turnaround in five municipalities where the proportion of productive economy increased, while the proportion of creative 4 The municipalities that shiftedfrom (mostly) productive economy to (mostly) residential economy are: Ajdovščina (1), Gornji Grad (30), Kamnik (43), Radeče (99), Luče (67), Bloke (150), Sodražica (179), Velike Lašče (134), Dobrepolje (20), Kozje (51), Bistrica ob Sotli (149), Lendava (59), Železniki (146), and others. The cases of larger municipalities whose economic profiles shiftedfrom a balanced economy, i.e. economy with similar proportions of productive and residential economies, to (mostly) residential economy are the following: Kočevje (48), Trebnje (130), Sevnica (110), Krško (54), Ormož (87), and other small municipalities. Other cases of municipalities oriented towards residential economy in the 2000—2013 period are municipalities Bohinj (4), Hrpelje - Kozina (35), Ilirska Bistrica (38), Litija (60), Šentjur (120), Šoštanj (126), Laško (57), and others. 5 Vrhnika (140) and Borovnica (5) are the cases of the municipalities whose economy in 2002 characteristically shiftedfrom residential to productive economy; the opposite was identified in the small municipality Gornji Petrovci (31) whose economic profile shiftedfrom a strongly productive economy to a strongly residential economy; in municipality Mirna Peč (170) a profile with similar proportions of D, P, and C economies developed. 6 Cases ofthe characteristic shift from the mostly productive to a mostly residential economy in 2005 were identified in municipalities Turnišče (132), Velika Polana (187), and Lendava (59); in municipality Sveta Ana (181) the proportion ofthe persons employed in creative economy significantly increased. 7 In 2006 there were three municipalities with similar proportions of persons employed in the three groups of economy, i.e. municipalities Kozje (51), Veržej (188), and Dobrovnik (156); in Turnišče (132) and Majšperk (69) there was a significant shift to mostly productive economy, and in Puconci (97) and Bistrica ob Sotli (149) there was a characteristic shift into mostly residential economy; in the municipality of Razkrižje (176) the proportion ofthe persons employed in creative economy increased significantly. 8 Žirovnica (192), Radovljica (102), and Majšperk (69) are examples of the municipalities where the shift from mostly productive to mostly residential economy started in 2007. 9 The municipalities that shifted to (mostly) residential economy in 2007 were the following: Osilnica (88), Ormož (87), Škocjan (121), Tabor (184), and Litija (60); in Veržej (188) the proportion of creative economy increased significantly. 10 In 2009 the proportion of productive economy decreased significantly — thus increasing the proportion of residential economy — in municipalities Tržič (131), Gornja Radgona (29), Kamnik (43), Kobarid (46), Kočevje (48), Kozje (51), Lenart (58), Ljutomer (63), Mislinja (76), Slovenska Bistrica (113), Šentjur (120), Šoštanj (126), and Zagorje ob Savi (142); the proportion ofproductive economy increased only in municipality Bloke (150). 11 The municipalities where the percentage of residential economy increased in 2010 were the following: Medvode (71), Trebnje (130), Radlje ob Dravi (101), and Slovenj Gradec (112); there was a (strong) increase in creative economy in municipalities Starše (115), Sveta Ana (181), and Veržej (188). Alma Zavodnik Lamovšek, Katarina Vidmar, Samo Drobne | GIBANJE GOSPODARSKEGA PROFILA NA LOKALNI RAVNI: ŠTUDIJA PRIMERA ZA SLOVENIJO 2000-2013 | DYNAMICS OF THE ECONOMIC PROFILE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: THE CASE STUDY OF SLOVENIA IN 2000-2013 | 423-454 | | 429 | |60/3| GEODETSKI VESTNIK Alma Zavodnik Lamovšek, Katarina Vidmar, Samo Drobne | GIBANJE GOSPODARSKEGA PROFILA NA LOKALNI RAVNI: ŠTUDIJA PRIMERA ZA SLOVENIJO | 430 | 2000-2013 | DYNAMICS OF THE ECONOMIC PROFILE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: THE CASE STUDY OF SLOVENIA IN 2000-2013 | 423-454 | GEODETSKI VESTNIK | 60/3 | Economic structure S3 R(70+) extremely prevalent residential economy R(60-70) very highly prevalent residential economy R(50-60) highly prevalent residential economy R(40-50) prevalent residential economy I C(50-60) highly prevalent creative economy C(40-50) prevalent creative economy . R(40-50)-C(40-50) similarly strong residential and creative economies R( 3[WO )-C( 30-40) similar residential and creative economies P(40-50)-R(40-50) similarly strong productive and residential economies R|3(M())-P(30-40) similar residential and productive economics 31 P{70+) extremely prevalent productive economy P( 60—70) very highly prevalent productive economy P(50-60) highly prevalent productive economy P( 40-50) prevalent productive economy @ regional centre © conurbation I 1 new municipality established in the 2000-2013 period Figure 1: Economic profiles of municipalities and regional centres according to SDSS (MOP, 2004): (a) in 2000, (b) in 2013 according to the municipalities of 2000, (c) in 2013. Alma Zavodnik Lamovšek, Katarina Vidmar, Samo Drobne | GIBANJE GOSPODARSKEGA PROFILA NA LOKALNI RAVNI: ŠTUDIJA PRIMERA ZA SLOVENIJO 2000-2013 | DYNAMICS OF THE ECONOMIC PROFILE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: THE CASE STUDY OF SLOVENIA IN 2000-2013 | 423-454 | | 431 | |60/3| GEODETSKI VESTNIK ^ economy significantly increased in one municipality and decreased in three municipalities.12 In 2012, f= the proportion in creative economy increased in two municipalities, while the number of municipalities p with a mostly residential economy increased; we also identified five municipalities where the proportion s of productive economy increased.13 In the last year analysed, i.e. in 2013, the trend of the increasing sL number of municipalities with mostly residential economy grew, while in all three municipalities the 5 trend of creative economy increased.14 g Most municipalities of Slovenia's major regional centres, as defined in SDSS (MOP, 2004), showed a mostly residential economy both at the beginning (2000) and at the end of the period investigated (2013), and similarly strong residential and productive economies, with the exception of municipalities Krško (54), Velenje (133), Slovenj Gradec (112), Ravne na Koroškem (103), Hrastnik (34), and Zagorje ob Savi (142) — with mostly productive economy in 2000, with Ravne na Koroškem (103) and Hrastnik (34) also in 2013. Over the period considered, 19 new municipalities were founded and established.15 Their economic profile changed due to the split of the new municipalities from the old ones. The change and impact of the split can be seen by comparing Figures 1b and 1c. In 2013, there were 10 new municipalities with mostly residential economy, five with mostly productive economy, three with similar residential and productive economies, and only one economy with mostly creative economy; this was Sveti Tomaž (205), which split from the old municipality of Ormož (87) with similar residential and productive economies. 3.2 Dynamics of the economic profile of municipalities in the 2000-2013 period In general, between 2000 and 2013 in Slovenian municipalities the proportions of both residential and creative economies grew, while the proportion of productive economy decreased. The proportion of creative economy increased in as many as 170 (88.54%) municipalities, while the proportion of residential economy increased in 126 (65.63%) municipalities. The proportion of productive economy decreased in 157 (81.77%) municipalities (see Table 2). In most municipalities (119 or 61.98%) there was a (weak) growth in residential economy (see Figure 2). A very strong growth and decrease, respectively, in residential economy was recorded in otherwise small municipalities: strong growth in municipality Osilnica (88), and strong decrease in municipalities Odranci (86), Hodoš/Hodos (161), and Veržej16(188). As in most municipalities there was a (weak) growth in residential economy, there was, in most municipalities (142 or 73.96%), also a (light) decrease 12 In 2011 the proportion of productive economy increased in Kobarid (46), Logatec (64), Šoštanj (126), Puconci (97), and Ruše (108); the proportion of creative economy increased in Razkrižje (176), and decreased in Veržej (188), Dol pri Ljubljani (22), and Sveta Ana (181) (in the latter three municipalities the proportion of residential economy increased). 13 In 2012, the proportion of creative economy increased in Puconci (97) and Kobilje (47); the proportion of residential economy increased in Ruše (108), Šoštanj (126), Laško (57), and Dobrepolje (20); and the proportion of productive economy increased in Slovenska Bistrica (113), Sevnica (110), Zagorje ob Savi (142), Tolmin (128), and Gorenja vas - Poljane (27). 14 In 2013 the proportion of creative economy increased in Dobrova - Polhov Gradec (21), Puconci (97), and Veržej (188); in Muta (81) and Železniki (146) the proportion of residential economy increased significantly. 15 The municipality of Ankaran was established in 2014. 16 Other municipalities with strong growth are Gornji Grad (30), Kobilje (47), Bistrica ob Sotli (149), Sodražica (179), Velika Polana (187), and Vransko (189). Growth was also recorded in municipalities Beltinci (2), Črna na Koroškem (16), Dobrepolje (20), Gorenja vas - Poljane (27), Izola (40), Kanal (44), Kozje (51), Kuzma (56), Lendava (59), Ljubno (62), Lukovica (68), Majšperk (69), Mislinja (76), Podčetrtek (92), Rače - Fram (98), Ruše (108), Škocjan (121), Turnišče (132), Velike Lašče (134), Bloke (150), Dolenjske Toplice (157), Grad (158), Hajdina (159), Jezersko (163), Mirna Peč (170), Oplotnica (171), Polzela (173), Sveti Tomaž v Slovenskih goricah (182), Tabor (184), and Trnovska vas (185). A decrease in residential economy was recorded in municipalities Tišina (10), Dobrovnik (156), Razkrižje (176), Starše (115), Markovci (168), Braslovče (151), and Dobje (154). Alma Zavodnik Lamovšek, Katarina Vidmar, Samo Drobne | GIBANJE GOSPODARSKEGA PROFILA NA LOKALNI RAVNI: ŠTUDIJA PRIMERA ZA SLOVENIJO | 432 | 2000-2013 | DYNAMICS OF THE ECONOMIC PROFILE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: THE CASE STUDY OF SLOVENIA IN 2000-2013 | 423-454 | GEODETSKI VESTNIK | 60/3 | in productive economy (see Figure 3). A very strong decrease in productive economy was recorded in ^ municipalities Kobilje (47), Osilnica (88), and Velika Polana (187), and a strong growth only in Odranci ¡= (86). Previously we found that the proportion of creative economy in general increased, but in most p municipalities (153 or 79.69%) this was only a weak growth (see Figure 4). A strong growth in creative a economy was identified in municipalities Verzej (188), Kobilje (47), and Velika Polana (187), and a sL decrease in municipalities Salovci (33), and Odranci (86). Table 2: Dynamics of the economic profile in the municipalities between 2000 and 2013. Dynamics Residential economy (R) Productive economy (P) Creative economy (C) number percentage number percentage number percentage very strong growth 1 0.52% strong growth 6 3.13% 1 0.52% 3 1.56% growth 30 15.63% 4 2.08% 14 7.29% weak growth 89 46.35% 30 15.63% 153 79.69% light decrease 56 29.17% 89 46.35% 20 10.42% decrease 7 3.65% 53 27.60% 2 1.04% strong decrease 3 1.56% 12 6.25% very strong decrease 3 1.56% total 192 100% 192 100% 192 100% Figure 2: Trend of residential economy (R) in the 2000-2013 period (municipalities from 2000). Alma Zavodnik Lamovšek, Katarina Vidmar, Samo Drobne | GIBANJE GOSPODARSKEGA PROFILA NA LOKALNI RAVNI: ŠTUDIJA PRIMERA ZA SLOVENIJO 2000-2013 | DYNAMICS OF THE ECONOMIC PROFILE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: THE CASE STUDY OF SLOVENIA IN 2000-2013 | 423-454 | | 433 | |60/3| GEODETSKI VESTNIK m % Murska i 1Bf 2S Vho' W; 1 01 93 Maribor W 2«i$ 3 i ca IN 35 RaVnenaKX^l4U-Gradec 178 16 "- J « M 115 MuJ 24 lit; Uelerj#13? 113 15 '"J 122 71 » ,172 191 r V-v » » > w » : ...» "V* . 39 130 L < A, 13» 20 193 170 Novo mesto ' (S A)19> 179 ™ 109 W O! i Trend in productive economy in 2000-2013 I strung growth 51 growth weak growth light decrease decrease I strong decrease very strong decrease © regional centre tE*)^ conurbation Figure 3: Trend of productive economy (R) in the 2000-2013 period (municipalities from 2000). Figure 4: Trend of creative economy (R) in the 2000-2013 period (municipalities from 2000). Alma Zavodnik Lamovšek, Katarina Vidmar, Samo Drobne | GIBANJE GOSPODARSKEGA PROFILA NA LOKALNI RAVNI: ŠTUDIJA PRIMERA ZA SLOVENIJO | 434 | 2000-2013 | DYNAMICS OF THE ECONOMIC PROFILE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: THE CASE STUDY OF SLOVENIA IN 2000-2013 | 423-454 | GEODETSKI VESTNIK City Municipality Ljubljana (60) 23,8% 18,1% 24,0% 14,6% 24,9% 14,0% 25,5% 13,4% 15,2% 61,1% 59,9% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 year City Municipality Maribor (70) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 18,1% 18,1% 18,3% 18,6% 18,4% 19,1% 18,8% 18,6% 18,8% 20,1% 20,7% 22,3% 22,1% 21,9% 28,7% 27,9% 28,5% 28,6% 28,6% 26,9% 26,3% 25,8% 25,6% 23,2% 23,3% 22,3% 22,1% 22,2% i © s o