S. SURENDRANATH et al.: A SINGLE-LAYER FSS FOR S-, C-, X-, KU- AND K-BAND APPLICATIONS
85–90
A SINGLE-LAYER FSS FOR S-, C-, X-, Ku- AND K-BAND
APPLICATIONS
ENOJNA PLAST FREKVEN^NO SELEKTIVNE POVR[INE ZA
UPORABO S-, C-, X-, Ku- IN K-PASOV
Srigitha Surendranath
1,*
, Varalakshmi Subramanian
2
, Arthi Devarani Paulretnam
3
,
Elakkiya Azhagar
4
1
ECE, Saveetha Engineering College, Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, RMK College of Engineering and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
4
Assistant professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Saveetha Engineering College, Thadalam, Chennai, Tamil
Nadu, India
Prejem rokopisa – received: 2022-12-08; sprejem za objavo – accepted for publication: 2023-01-10
doi:10.17222/mit.2022.710
This research introduces an ultra-wideband frequency-selective surface (FSS) that offers a very good bandwidth for insulation
and communication applications. It consists of two layers: a dielectric substrate layer and a metal layer. The basal layer, which
is the substrate, is made of FR4; and the top patch, which is the metal, is made of copper. The FSS is constructed without using
several layers or several resonators in a single unit cell. This single-sheet, planar-structure-based FSS has an ultra-level band-
width of 20.3 GHz, ranging from 2.3 GHz to 22.6 GHz. It will be employed in microwave applications in the S-, C-, X-, Ku-,
and K-bands, with a centre frequency of 10.6 GHz. The polarisation and angle stability of the transverse electric (TE) and trans-
verse magnetic (TM) modes are examined, and it was found that they are insensitive up to 90 degrees. Plots depicting the distri-
bution of the magnetic field, surface current, and electric field are used to analyse the structure’s physical mechanism. The per-
formances from previous studies are compared and contrasted with that of the current work.
Keywords: ultra-wideband, frequency-selective surface, high bandwidth, polarization insensitive
V raziskavi je predstavljena ultra-{iroka pasovna, frekven~no selektivna povr{ina (FSS; angl.: frequency selective surface), ki
ponuja zelo dobro pasovno {irino za izolacijske in komunikacijske aplikacije. Sestavljena je iz dveh plasti oziroma dveh slojev:
dielektri~ne podlage in kovinske plasti. Osnovna plast, ki je podlaga, je izdelana iz materiala FR4 (kompozitni laminatni s
steklom oja~ani epoksidni material), na vrhu nje pa je tanka kovinska plast iz bakra. Predlagana FSS je enovita, in ni sestavljena
iz posameznih plasti ali ve~ resonatorjev v celi~ni enoti. Ta enojna plast na osnovi ploskovne FSS strukture ima pasovno {irino
na frekven~ni ravni 20,3 GHz v obmo~ju med 2,3 GHz in 22,6 GHz. Uporabna bo za mikrovalovne aplikacije v S-, C-, X-, Ku-,
in K-pasovih z osnovno frekvenco pri 10,6 GHz. Preu~evana je bila polarizacija ter kotna stabilnost transverzalnega elektri~nega
(TE) in magnetnega polja (TM). Ugotovljeno je bilo, da sta le-ti lastnosti neob~utljivi do 90 stopinj. Izdelane slike podajajo
porazdelitev magnetnega polja, povr{inskega toka in elektri~nega polja, ki so jih uporabili za analizo strukturnih fizikalnih
mehanizmov. V ~lanku je tudi predstavljena primerjava med v ~lanku predstavljeno raziskavo in kakovost naprave s predhodno
opravljenim delom oziroma raziskavo.
Klju~ne besede: ultra{iroki pas, frekven~no selektivna povr{ina, visoka {irina pasu, polarizacijska neob~utljivost
1 INTRODUCTION
A frequency-selective surface (FSS) is a sequential
structure with band-stop or passband (transmitting or re-
flecting coefficient) features that is printed in a single-,
double-, or tri-array on a dielectric substrate.
1
It is used in many applications including absorbers,
digital circuits (CA), geographical filters, filters, radios,
band-pass filters or wideband filters, monitors, mirrors,
and attenuators for nanotechnology.
2
Its important pur-
pose is to inhibit the response at particular frequencies in
electromagnetic (EM) shielding. Due to the recent devel-
opment of numerous power devices for both wireless and
wired communication technologies, research in the
EM-shielding sector has increased. These devices are
easily impacted by other electronic and electrical equip-
ment because of their size reductions and high voltage-
regulation requirements.
3–5
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues due to ra-
diation from different sources can prohibit the gadget
from working properly. An ultra-wideband (UWB) fre-
quency is employed in imaging applications as the wide
frequency range improves the image resolution.
6
Highly
advanced UWB FSS is deployed for shielding to mini-
mise interference and boost the efficiency of the UWB
antennas. The literature contains numerous reports of
UWB FSS. In one investigation, a dielectric substrate
was sandwiched between two metallic layers of specified
FSS, producing 7.5 GHz of ultra-wide bandwidth and
spanning the resonant frequency between 6.5 GHz and
14 GHz.
7
However, owing to fringes effects, there was a
broadband drop of up to 50 % for different orientations,
which is a significant drawback.
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 57 (2023) 1, 85–90 85
UDK 537.871.6 ISSN 1580-2949
Original scientific article/Izvirni znanstveni ~lanek MTAEC9, 57(1)85(2023)
*Corresponding author's e-mail:
srigithasnath@rediffmail.com (Srigitha Surendranath)

In another method, a few levered square cycles were
created and isolated by a length (width) of 'K' using a
customizable FSS device. The device was used to di-
rectly alter the K
th
position. This system had a communi-
cation range of 3.5–8 GHz and was very expensive. Be-
sides, the system also developed shimmering chambers
when the separation 'K' was adjusted past a certain
point.
8
Some other models included switching devices
positioned crosswise for each corner and varied shapes
of loops joined together by outstretched arms. The FSS
were programmable for up to four GHz width with di-
odes, and the inverter’s operation might change the
band.
9
Three major compounds were used in a multilayer
FSS to generate a wideband frequency for the S, C, and
X-bands, but creating it was tedious and the performance
was subpar.
10
FSSs have been utilised most frequently in prism
mirrors, passband or concert filters, circuit analogue ab-
sorbers, combination radomes, and household appli-
ances. A pair of multi FSSs that operate as a multichan-
nel transmit array with a simple design at 13.5 GHz are
appropriate for double or circularly polarised purposes.
11
The multilevel FSS stack used as the crystal structure in
the described architecture retains its large capacity and is
promising in terms of productivity, despite its small pro-
file.
12
When there are no active devices, the classical
control device that regulates the distance with bevel
gears offers a wide resonant frequency.
The infinitely customizable FSS is increasingly used
for broadband sheltering. A broad FSS incorporated with
a biasing system for radio frequency (EM) shielding in
several bands was proposed for its use.
13
Rectifiers are
added, which cause the concert reaction to change from
lower to higher frequency. For the S and C areas, a super
(UWB) FSS made of hexagonal rings offers EM filter-
ing. Metal vias are used to join the areas on the top and
basal layers of the 2.5-D octagonal layout. Major com-
pounds are used in a continuous multiple layer FSS to
display the transition between several radio frequencies.
Air separators are used in the construction of the layers,
thus creating a multi-layered structure. It is possible to
tailor impedance FSS to achieve both minimal and
wideband absorption. Both the X and Ka frequencies are
EM shielded by a separate FSS. The FSS unit cell’s two
printed parts are coupled in a way that displays
band-stop reaction. By altering the traditional loops type,
a small UWB bandpass filter was previously created. By
altering the traditional circuit type FSS, a smaller
wide-band FSS was constructed to shift the overall
band-stop reaction with the insertion of a rectifier.
Greater bandwidth and complex physical response are
produced by the metal plate layers when they are split
with a dielectric material. Uninvestigated up to this point
is a small UWB FSS with a concert response.
14,15
The following are the proposed design’s primary
goals:
1. To obtain an ultra-high-bandwidth frequency re-
sponse, ranging from 2.3 GHz to 22.6 GHz, encompass-
ing S-, C-, X-, Ku-, and K-band frequency response, and
to develop an ultra-thin-dimension-based one layer and
planar patch structure.
2. To create a straightforward structure with outstand-
ing polarisation and angle insensitivity for a
20.3-GHz-wide bandwidth.
2 PROPOSED FSS MODEL
Figures 1a and 1b show the planned FSS’s unit cell
structure. The structure is a single metal plate imposed
on a 0.8-mm-high, FR4 (Flame Retardant fibre glass ep-
oxy) dielectric substrate material. The 0.035-mm-thick
metallic patch is created in two shapes, including a
square and an eclipse.
Figures 1a and 1b show the planned FSS’s unit-cell
structure. The structure is a single metal plate imposed
on a 0.8-mm-high, FR4 (Flame Retardant fibre-glass ep-
oxy) dielectric substrate material. The 0.035-mm-thick
metallic patch is created in two shapes, including a
square and an eclipse. All the dimensions of the sug-
gested FSS framework are given in Table 1. The trans-
mission coefficient (S12) and the reflection coefficient
(S11) of the S-parameter characteristics of the planned
FSS structure model section is examined. The properties
of the transmission and reflection coefficients, respec-
tively, exhibit band stop and bandpass responses. S11 is
the S-reflection parameter’s coefficient, and S12 is its
transmission coefficient.
Table 1: Parameters and their respective values used to design the FSS
Parameters
Values
(mm)
Substrate length and width (L × W) 9 × 9
Top patch outer square length and width
(L
1
×W
1
)
8.98 × 8.98
Top patch inner square length and width
(L
2
×W
2
)
7×7
Ellipse X-radius and Y-radius (x, y) 2.5, 2.8
Length and width of the small square
(L
3
×W
3
)
2 × 0.8
Height of the patch 0.035
Height of the substrate 0.8
S. SURENDRANATH et al.: A SINGLE-LAYER FSS FOR S-, C-, X-, KU- AND K-BAND APPLICATIONS
86 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 57 (2023) 1, 85–90
Figure 1: Planned FSS structure: a) forward-facing view and b) per-
spective view

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Different stages of the frequency-selective surface
unit cell
The planned Frequency Selective Surface is devel-
oped and simulated using the widely available Computer
Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio Soft-
ware. Figure 2 depicts the suggested FSS structure’s
many stages of operation along with the corresponding
transmission coefficient. The way the FSS design with
TE modes works at each level has been explained. In
Stage 1, a basic square patch PEC material was applied
over a square-shaped substrate layer to achieve a 3-GHz
resonance with a 50-dB transmission coefficient. In
Stage 2, an eclipse structure with a small square is
placed alongside the Stage 1 structure. This helps to ob-
tain a single frequency band at 20 GHz, and an associ-
ated transmittance of 32 dB. In Stage 3, the unique FSS
structure proposed in the current study is created. It has
an eclipse shape encircled by four square arms and an
outer square metallic layer. It supports an ultra-level
bandwidth of 20.3 GHz, in an extremely broad band
ranging from 2.3 GHz to 22.6 GHz. It has a transmission
coefficient of 55 db, which is exceptionally high in com-
parison to that of earlier studies. This suggests that the
proposed FSS structure is promising for creating a small
structure with a high bandwidth and transmission coeffi-
cient.
3.2 Transmission and reflection coefficient
The transmission coefficient (S12) describes how the
wire transmits the signal, and the reflection coefficient
(S11) refers to the amount of electromagnetic wave re-
flected back due to the transmission’s insertion loss or
impedance discontinuity. It is typically characterized as
the coefficient of reflection between the point frequency
and the channel’s frequency response, shown in Fig-
ure 3.
3.3 Transmission coefficient for transverse electric and
transverse magnetic mode polarization
The transmission coefficient (S12) value was ana-
lysed for both the transverse electric and transverse mag-
netic modes. The frequency of operation is the same for
both modes. The insertion and the return loss values are
also the same. This implies that the structure has polar-
ization-independent characteristics Shown in Figure 4.
3.4 Polarization ( ) and incident angle ( ) stability
By varying the angles between 0 and 90 degrees, the
polarisation angle ( ) and the obliquely incident angle
( ) of the structure are computed. The proposed FSS,
which is seen in Figure 5, is polarisation- and inclina-
tion-angle independent in nature since the theta and pi
values remained constant while the angles changed.
3.5 Electric field (E), magnetic field (M) and sur-
face-current distribution plots
Plots of the surface, magnetic field, and electric field
current distribution are used to examine the physical op-
erations of the structure. The suggested FSS ranges in
frequency between 2.3 GHz and 22.6 GHz, and its centre
S. SURENDRANATH et al.: A SINGLE-LAYER FSS FOR S-, C-, X-, KU- AND K-BAND APPLICATIONS
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 57 (2023) 1, 85–90 87
Figure 3: Outcomes of the recommended FSS structure using S pa-
rameters to explain S11 and S12
Figure 2: Different evolving phases of the proposed FSS structure
Figure 4: Outcomes of the suggested FSS simulated for TE and TM
mode polarization stages

frequency is 10.6 GHz. Figure 6 shows the current dis-
tribution plots on the surface, magnetic field, and electric
field at 10.6 GHz. Figure 6a shows the electric field dis-
tribution, with the patch structure and a few other loca-
tions on the dielectric surface showing the strongest elec-
tric field distribution. The magnetic field distribution is
given in Figure 6b. The patch resonator structure and a
few locations on the dielectric surface where the field is
the strongest. The surface current distribution plot at the
centre frequency of 10.6 GHz is given in Figure 6c. The
surface current flow is a maximum at the patch struc-
ture’s top and basal parts and at the dielectric layer’s sur-
face.
The comparisons are shown in Table 2. The dielec-
tric materials and their constant values, bandwidth, cov-
ering bands, dimensions and number of layers, etc. have
been compared there. This helps in studying and observ-
ing the proposed FSS work with that of previous studies.
4 CONCLUSIONS
This study contributes towards electro-magnetic
shielding in wireless and wired communication technolo-
gies. It proposes, fabricates, and studies an Ultra-
Wideband Frequency-Selective Surface with an ultra-
level bandwidth of 20.3 GHz, encompassing an ex-
tremely broad band ranging between 2.3 GHz and
22.6 GHz. The top patch of the structure is composed of
copper and the basal patch is made of a substrate from
Flame-Retardant fibre glass epoxy. Thus, the proposed
FSS is designed without using multiple layers or multi-
ple resonators in one single unit cell. Its performance is
analysed in S-, C-, X-, Ku- and K-band applications in
the microwave regime with its centre frequency at
10.6 GHz. The polarization and angle stability for trans-
verse electric and transverse magnetic modes were ex-
amined using the Computer Simulation Technology Mi-
crowave Studio Software. Simulation outcomes show
that the polarization and angle stability are insensitive up
to 90 degrees. The physical operation of the structure is
S. SURENDRANATH et al.: A SINGLE-LAYER FSS FOR S-, C-, X-, KU- AND K-BAND APPLICATIONS
88 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 57 (2023) 1, 85–90
Figure 6: Distribution plots at 10.6 GHz for: a) electric field current, b) magnetic field current and c) surface current distribution
Figure 5: Transmission coefficient (S12) of TE mode: a) polarization angle ( ) and b) various angles of incidence ( ) up to 90 degrees

analysed by surface, magnetic field, and electric field
current distribution plots and the outcomes are compared
with that of the previous works. The proposed approach
is found to be better and therefore promising for use in
shielding and communication applications.
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S. SURENDRANATH et al.: A SINGLE-LAYER FSS FOR S-, C-, X-, KU- AND K-BAND APPLICATIONS
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 57 (2023) 1, 85–90 89
Table 2: Assessment of the outputs of the proposed approach with that of the previous outputs
Ref.
No.
Dimension
(mm × mm)
No. of layers
Covering
band MW
Frequency
range (GHz)
Bandwidth (GHz)
Polarization
Stability
Angle Stabil-
ity
Dielectric and
dielectric con-
stant value
16 4.6 × 4.6 One side S, C, X 3.05–10.73 7.68
Insensitive up
to 60
0
Insensitive up
to 60
0
FR4(6.15)
17 7.5 × 7.5 Two Sides X, Ku 8–18 10
Insensitive up
to 60
0
Insensitive up
to 60
0
F4B-2 board
(2.65)
18 6 × 6 Two Sides
C, X, Ku,
K
6.0–19.25 13.25
Insensitive up
to 30
0
Insensitive up
to 30
0
F4B-2 (2.65)
19 4.98 × 4.98 Two Sides
S-, C-, X-
and Ku
2–13 11
Insensitive for
0 and 85 de-
grees
Insensitive for
0 and 85 de-
grees
RO3210 (10)
20 15 × 15
Metallization
on both sides
of FR4
L, S, C, X,
Ku
1.75–15.44 13.69
Insensitive up
to 60
0
Insensitive up
to 60
0
FR4 (4.3)
21 10 × 10 One side X, Ku 8–18 10
Insensitive up
to 60
0
Insensitive up
to 60
0
Arlon CuClad
(2.17)
22 30 × 30
Metallization
on both sides
of FR4
S, C, X, Ku 2.19–13.49 11.3
Insensitive up
to 45
0
Insensitive up
to 45
0
FR-4 (4.4)
23 10 × 10 One side S, C
Dual stop
band freq.
4, 5.5
Insensitive up
to 60
0
Insensitive up
to 60
0
FR-4 (4.4)
24 7.5 × 7.5 One side
X, Ku, K,
Ka
6 Reso-
nances
10.47, 14.74,
19.08, 23.59,
27.86, and 28.74
Insensitive up
to 45
0
Insensitive up
to 45
0
Rogers
R04003C
(3.55)
25 10 × 10 One side
S, C, X,
Ku
3.1–13.3 10.2
Insensitive up
to 45
0
Insensitive up
to 45
0
FR4 (4.3)
26 6.79 × 6.79 One side X 8–12 4
Insensitive up
to 60
0
Insensitive up
to 60
0
Rogers 5880
(2.2)
Pro-
posed
work
9 × 9 One side
S, C, X,
Ku, K
2.3–22.6 20.3
Insensitive up
to 90
0
Insensitive up
to 90
0
FR-4 (4.3)

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90 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 57 (2023) 1, 85–90