ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA PRIRODOSLOVNI MUZEJ SLOVENIJE SLOVENSKO ENTOMOLOØKO DRUØTVO ØTEFANA MICHIELIJA LJUBLJANA, JUNIJ 2015 Vol. 23, øt./No. 1 ISSN 1318-1998 CODEN: AESLFM Vsebina / Contents A. Stumpner, n. Stritih, O. mAi, S. BrAdler: diversity of Orthoptera in the south-western karst-region of Slovenia with notes on acoustics and species identification raznovrstnost ravnokrilcev v jugozahodnem kraškem delu Slovenije z zapiski o akustiki in določanju vrst ............................................5 d. thierry, m. CAnArd: Contribution to the knowledge of Green lacewings of Croatia (insecta: neuropterida: Chrysopidae) prispevek k poznavanju tenčičaric hrvaške (insecta: neuropterida: Chrysopidae)..........................................................21 t. BizjAk, t. hrOvAt, n. Orel, l. vAlentič, j. deBetS, m. Ošep, d. prAšnikAr, G. tOrkAr: Butterfly (lepidoptera: rhopalocera) diversity and agricultural land use in Solčava area, n Slovenia pestrost metuljev (lepidoptera: rhopalocera) in kmetijska raba zemljišč na Solčavskem, Slovenija......................................................29 v. švArA, B. zAkšek, r. verOvnik: Contribution to the knowledge of the butterfly fauna of montenegro (lepidoptera: rhopalocera) prispevek k poznavanju favne metuljev črne gore (lepidoptera: rhopalocera).........................................................................37 i. Ari: A contribution to the fauna of neuroptera (insecta) of the kahramanmaraş province, turkey prispevek k favni mrežekrilcev (insecta: neuroptera) province kahramanmaraş, turčija...............................................................49 1 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA, JUNIJ 2015 Vol. 23, øt./No. 1 PRIRODOSLOVNI MUZEJ SLOVENIJE SLOVENSKO ENTOMOLOØKO DRUØTVO ØTEFANA MICHIELIJA ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA Revija Slovenskega entomoloøkega druøtva Øtefana Michielija in Prirodoslovnega muzeja Slovenije Izhaja dvakrat letno / Issued twice a year ISSN 1318-1998 CODEN: AESLFM UDC (UDK) 595.7(051) © Acta entomologica slovenica Izdajatelja / Publishers Slovensko entomoloøko druøtvo Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije Øtefana Michielija Preøernova 20, p.p. 290 ZRC SAZU, Novi trg 5 SI-1001 Ljubljana SI-1000 Ljubljana Uredniøki odbor / Editorial Board dr. Martin Baehr (München), dr. Boæidar Drovenik (Ljubljana), dr. Werner Holzinger (Graz), prof. dr. Mladen Kuœiniå (Zagreb), prof. dr. Joæe Maœek (Ljubljana), dr. Carlo Morandini (Udine), dr. Ignac Sivec (Ljubljana), prof. dr. Stanislav Trdan, dr. Tomi Trilar (Ljubljana), dr. Rudi Verovnik (Ljubljana), Æarko Vrezec (tehn. urednik/Techn. Editor) Urednik / Editor dr. Andrej Gogala Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije Preøernova 20, p.p. 290, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia E-mail: agogala@pms-lj.si letnik/Vol. 23, øt./No. 1, 2015 Tisk / Printed by: Trajanus, d.o.o., Kranj Izølo v 500 izvodih Ljubljana, junij 2015 http://www.pms-lj.si/si/o-nas/arhiv-publikacij/acta-entomologica-slovenica Povzeto v / To be abstracted in: The Zoological Record, CAB Abstracts Revijo dobivajo œlani Slovenskega entomoloøkega druøtva Øtefana Michielija (œlanarina 20 EUR) Cena posamezne øtevilke je 8,50 EUR Zamenjava je zaæeljena / Exchanges appreciated Publikacija je natisnjena s pomoœjo Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost R Slovenije. Uredniøko delo podpira Ministrstvo za kulturo R Slovenije. Vsebina / Contents A. Stumpner, n. Stritih, O. mAi, S. BrAdler: diversity of Orthoptera in the south-western karst-region of Slovenia with notes on acoustics and species identification raznovrstnost ravnokrilcev v jugozahodnem kraškem delu Slovenije z zapiski o akustiki in določanju vrst .............................................5 d. thierry, m. CAnArd: Contribution to the knowledge of Green lacewings of Croatia (insecta: neuropterida: Chrysopidae) prispevek k poznavanju tenčičaric hrvaške (insecta: neuropterida: Chrysopidae)...........................................................21 t. BizjAk, t. hrOvAt, n. Orel, l. vAlentič, j. deBetS, m. Ošep, d. prAšnikAr, G. tOrkAr: Butterfly (lepidoptera: rhopalocera) diversity and agricultural land use in Solčava area, n Slovenia pestrost metuljev (lepidoptera: rhopalocera) in kmetijska raba zemljišč na Solčavskem, Slovenija.......................................................29 v. švArA, B. zAkšek, r. verOvnik: Contribution to the knowledge of the butterfly fauna of montenegro (lepidoptera: rhopalocera) prispevek k poznavanju favne metuljev črne gore (lepidoptera: rhopalocera)..........................................................................37 i. Ari: A contribution to the fauna of neuroptera (insecta) of the kahramanmaraş province, turkey prispevek k favni mrežekrilcev (insecta: neuroptera) province kahramanmaraş, turčija................................................................49 Navodila avtorjem Acta entomologica slovenica je glasilo Slovenskega entomoloøkega druøtva Øtefana Michielija in Prirodoslovnega muzeja Slovenije. 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Avtorji œlankov dobijo brezplaœno 20 posebnih odtisov in œlanek v elektronski obliki. Instructions to authors Acta entomologica slovenica is the Journal of the Slovenian Entomological Society Øtefan Michieli and the Slovene Museum of Natural History. It publishes original scientific works, overview articles, and book reviews in the field of Entomology. Articles may deal with faunistics, systematics, ecology, etology, physiology, or zoogeography of insects. They may be written in Slovene or English, with abstracts in English and Slovene (the editors will ensure translations into Slovene). All articles are reviewed. Two issues are published a year. We ask all authors to model the layout of their manuscripts on a previous issue of the Journal. If possible, send the text by e-mail or on a digital carrier, as well as on paper with double spacing between lines. Drawings must have high contrast. Please, consider that all line widths may be reduced during layout of the issue. 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Diversity of orthoptera in the south-Western Karst-region of slovenia With notes on acoustics anD species iDentification Andreas Stumpner1*, nataša Stritih2, Oliver mAi1,3, Sven BrAdler4 1 Georg-August-university Göttingen, Cellular neurobiology, JFB-institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Schwann-Schleiden-Forschungszentrum, Julia-lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany * Corresponding author 2 national institute of Biology, department of entomology, Večna pot 111, 1000 ljubljana, Slovenia 3 present address: German institute of human nutrition potsdam-rehbruecke, department of molecular Genetics, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 nuthetal, Germany 4 Georg-August-university Göttingen, morphology, Systematics and evolutionary Biology, JFB-institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany dedicated to professor norbert elsner and professor nada Gogala; norbert elsner initiated these excursions, organized them with high enthusiasm and took part up to 2008; we mourn his early death in 2011; nada Gogala was a wonderful host for us and many students therefore giving a brilliant example for Slovenian hospitality; we mourn her unexpected death in 2013. abstract - An area around Brje pri Komnu in the Karst region of Slovenia has been visited between 1995 and 2009 usually for about 10 days in June or July. during these visits Orthoptera have been studied in some detail emphasizing species identification and acoustic behaviour. A species list is provided and – focussing on sibling species – some identification problems and aspects of biology are described. Supplementary lists of cicada and bird species encountered at the same time are provided as well. Key WOrdS: Orthoptera, Karst, Bioacoustics, Barbitistes, Pachytrachis, Slovenia 5 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA, JUNIJ 2015 Vol. 23, øt. 1: 5–20 izvleček - rAZnOVrStnOSt rAVnOKrilCeV V JuGOZAhOdnem KrAŠKem delu SlOVeniJe Z ZApiSKi O AKuStiKi in dOlOČAnJu VrSt V obdobju med leti 1995 in 2009, navadno po 10 dni v juniju oz. juliju, smo obiskovali področje v okolici Brja pri Komnu na slovenskem Krasu. raziskovali smo ravnokrilce (Orthoptera) s poudarkom na identifikaciji vrst in njihovem akustičnem vedenju. V članku predstavljamo seznam vrst, predvsem v primeru sestrskih vrst pa tudi posamezne probleme njihove identifikacije in vidike biologije. dodajamo tudi vrstni seznam ptic in škržadov, na katere smo naleteli v času raziskav. KlJuČne BeSede: Orthoptera, Kras, Bioakustika, Barbitistes, Pachytrachis, Slovenija introduction due to the constantly growing pressure of human civilization on nature, studying biodiversity has gained increasing interest during the last decades (e.g. Singh 2002, luck 2007). A common scheme that crystallizes from many studies is – not unexpectedly – that a landscape rich in structures and plant diversity is able to house more animal species, like arthropods, than agriculturally intensely used areas (often with large areas of monocroppings; e.g. perfecto et al. 1997, hong-Jiao et al. 2007, marini et al. 2008). the Karst region of Slovenia lies in the South-Western part of the country and includes a large region with predominantly rural appearance. here, small vineyards, small farms for various crops and bushy areas or smaller forests are interspersed in a hilly landscape (see e.g. Gogala 2003). Such regions should be able to house certain richness in biodiversity – in plants as well as in animals (tuyet 2001, Griffith et al. 2004, Clements et al. 2006). Since agriculture is rather extensive and since in the Karst region no superficial waters occur, the fields and meadows are not eutrophic and more or less dry grassland is widespread. this seems to be ideal for many Orthoptera species (e.g. Sergeev 1998, Braschler et al. 2009). We studied the occurrence of Orthoptera (= Saltatoria; grasshoppers, crickets, bushcrickets and allies) with a focus on the area around Brje pri Komnu, which we visited for yearly excursions between the years 1995 and 2009. the excursion with advanced students from the Georg-August-university in Göttingen, Germany, typically took place for ten days between mid-June and mid-July. Occasional visits at later times of the year occurred as well. the excursions focussed on acoustically active animals; therefore, in addition to Orthoptera, we also noted the presence of singing cicadas and of birds (see supplementary tables). Material and Methods the area visited is indicated in Fig. 1. We visited the site at the following times: June 17–25 1995, June 23–30 1996, June 21–29 1997, June 21–28 1998, July 4–11 1999 and August 7, 8 and 21 1999, June 16–25 2000, July 15-24 2001, July 18–28 Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 6 2003 (extremely hot and dry year), June 18–27 2006, June 16-27 2008, July 5–14 2009. typical views and habitats of the area are shown in Fig. 2. Orthoptera were studied by listening to their songs and recording them as well as by catching them, determining their species identity and mostly releasing them in the field, while some were preserved for collection or later identification. For studying we used magnifying glasses (10x) and stereo-microscopes (Wild m3, Wild m5, ZeiSS Stemi SV 6). taxonomic literature with keys used for identification was harz (1969, 1975), us (1992), ragge and reynolds (1998), Bellmann (1993), Corey and thorens (2001). Orthopteran taxonomy and systematics largely follows eades et al. Andreas Stumpner, Nataøa Stritih, Oliver Mai, Sven Bradler: Diversity of Orthoptera in the south-western Karst-region of Slovenia 7 fig. 1: map of the Karst region of Slovenia with the gross area studied delimited by the red line (license: GurS). (2015). For recording we used a set of two microphones, one specialized for lower frequencies, one for ultrasound, together with a parabolic screen from flexible pVC, amplifier and headphones (telinga proiii, Sweden). the microphone output was in some occasions connected to an ultrasound detector (petterson d120, Sweden). Alternatively, we used a Brüel & Kjaer ½˝ condenser microphone (4130) and a portable Brüel & Kjaer amplifier type 2804. recordings were made either on a dAt- recorder (pioneer d-C88, 96 khz sampling rate) or on various mini-disc-recorders. the recorded songs were analysed on an oscilloscope (hameg 205) or after digitisation (Cool edit, Syntryllium) on notebooks. photographs were taken using a nikon-Slr with macro-lens or a Canon digital camera (powershot 3, S5 iS). Cicadas were identified by their songs according to Gogala (1998) and a pC-presentation kindly provided by matija Gogala. For bird identification several standard field guides were used. results and discussion List of species, with some notes on their acoustic signals and behaviour table 1 and 2 give a list of Orthoptera including the years, when they were encountered. Altogether we identified 58 species: 5 species of crickets, 30 species of other ensifera (mostly bush crickets) and 23 species of Caelifera. the species observed most frequently, and also the dominant species in the majority of years (see also Fig. 3), were the cricket Melanogryllus desertus (pallas, 1771), the phaneropterid katydids Barbitistes ocskayi (Charpentier, 1850) and Poecilimon ornatus (Schmidt, 1850), the tettigoniid bush crickets Eupholidoptera schmidti (Fieber, 1861), Bicolorana kuntzeni (ramme, 1931), Pachytrachis striolatus (Fieber, 1853), Pholidoptera littoralis (Fieber, 1853), and Tettigonia viridissima (linnaeus, 1758), and the acridid grasshoppers Euchorthippus declivus (Brisout de Barneville, 1848), Odontopodisma schmidti (Fieber, 1853), Omocestus rufipes (Zetterstedt, 1821) and Stenobothrus rubicundus (Germar, 1817). Further characteristic species, but typically occurring in smaller numbers, are the bush crickets Decticus verrucivorus (linnaeus, 1758), tettigoniidae, Barbitistes yersini (Brunner, 1878) and Polysarcus denticauda (Charpentier, 1825), both phaneropteridae, the acridid grasshopper Kisella irena (Fruhstorfer, 1921) and the pamphagid grasshopper Prionotropis hystrix hystrix (Germar, 1817). interestingly, they represent a diverse group of species not only in their ecology and general behaviour, but also seen under the light of acoustic communication. A student report from the research camp dekani 2004 (Koce, 2005) listed 22 species in two localities close to our research area including only one species that we did not find, namely the tettigoniid Modestana modesta (Fieber, 1853). - Pholidoptera littoralis is widely distributed in the study area and typically hidden in the vegetation on or close to the ground. Singing males have been reported at maximum heights between 0.6 and 1.2 m (Keuper et al. 1986). males can be heard all day and parts of the night and show a clear incitement to songs of other males. they usually do not sing synchronously but repeatedly in sequence with three to five males involved. these sequences (e.g. which male starts) appear to be stable at certain times, Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 8 but hierarchies, when tested with the same individuals over several days, are not stable. this behaviour appears to be common in pholidopterini (Jones 1966) and involves some degree of aggressive rivalry and territoriality. it is also found in the more alpine relative Pholidoptera aptera (Fabricius, 1793), an abundant species in the Kucelj area north of the region studied here. - Bicolorana kuntzeni (synonymous: Metrioptera kuntzeni; Fig. 3i) is mostly singing during the days. its song spectrum lies mainly in the ultrasound. if one uses an ultrasound detector, the scenery during the day is dominated by B. kuntzeni’s nearly uninterrupted song (reminding of a helicopter). - Poecilimon ornatus (Fig. 3 A-C) is a widespread species with reduced wings – more frequently found in the denser and slightly more humid vegetation. males sing very short one-syllabic songs with receptive females responding (see heller and von helversen 1986, helversen et al. 2001). Acoustic communication may occur over 20 m or so. Andreas Stumpner, Nataøa Stritih, Oliver Mai, Sven Bradler: Diversity of Orthoptera in the south-western Karst-region of Slovenia 9 fig. 2: photos of typical habitats in the Karst region housing numerous Orthoptera. A) meadows with bushes on slopes; these are typically used for making hay only. B) Vineyards with the typical stony fences around them. Also some relatively loose forests are found, in which e.g. caves with Troglophilus neglectus may occur or bushes with Pholidoptera griseoaptera or grassy areas with Gomphocerus rufus. C) Bushes (Cotinus, Fraxinus) in which the Barbitistes species are very typical, but also Tettigonia viridissima or Eupholidoptera schmidti. - the two Barbitistes species B. ocskayi and B. yersini (see Fig. 4 and below), brachypterous as well, are living in bushes and show extreme variations in density over the years (mainly occurring in June as adults). in some years they are rarely found, in other years one may find several individuals, often sitting less than 20 cm apart in each bush of the many host plants they may occur on. in both species males mainly sing during the days and early night and receptive females may reply to males many meters away. Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 10 fig. 3: photos of various orthopteran species: A) – C) Females of Poecilimon ornatus (po); d) Female of Polysarcus denticauda (pd); e) male and F) female, carrying a male of Prionotropis hystrix (ph); G) male of Odontopodisma schmidti; h) Female and male of Kisella irena; i) Female of Bicolorana kuntzeni; K) male and l) – n) females of Stenobothrus rubicundus (Sr). - Stenobothrus rubicundus (synonymous: S. rubicundulus; Fig. 3K-n) is a species with mainly montane distribution, but in Slovenian istria it also occurs down to about 250 m above nn (Koce, 2005). its behaviour is quite spectacular, with males courting in the sun and producing song flights in which the forewings are clapped together producing loud sound (see e.g. elsner and Wasser 1995). it occurs in high densities in meadows. its colouration (especially among females) may vary widely from green/brown, to combinations of brown to mostly purple (Fig. 3). - the species with the most complex song – only paralleled by songs of some cicadas or grasshoppers – is the large Polysarcus denticauda. this rare insect is adult early in the year. males sing their multi-component song often also during walking (see heller 1988, Kalmring et al. 1997). Females (Fig. 3d) can easily be confused with female Poecilimon ornatus (see below and Fig. 3A-C). - Odontopodisma schmidti (Fig. 3G) and Kisella irena (Fig. 3h) are living in bushes, which is quite unusual for grasshoppers. neither of them produces songs. Kisella is often seen in pairs, with mate guarding males sitting on females (Fig. 3h). Also the large and spectacular grasshopper Prionotropis hystrix hystrix is often encountered as such pairs in the field (Fig. 3e, F), with the considerably larger females carrying a male on the back. it is found on few places only like on exposed meadows close to Škofi, but never in large numbers. A conspicuous structure well seen on the outer cuticle of the second abdominal segment is the “Krauss’ organ”, which appears to have a function in stridulation (massa 2012). Some comments on species identification the majority of species are easy to identify, while for some species identification is more difficult due to sibling species. - phaneropteridae: Barbistini: Barbitistes Barbitistes ocskayi and B. yersini are two members of the Barbitistini of great morphological similarity. the easiest criterion for species identity is the song, described in detail by meyer and Stumpner (2000). even though their distribution indicates slightly different preferences of the two species, we could not identify any clear criterion, what parameters differed. Both species have been found on a number of bushes, which they obviously also use as forage plants (see also Fig. 2); these are mainly Cotinus coggygria and Fraxinus ornus, but also thirteen more plant species (Asparagus acutifolius, Cornus mas, Crataegus spec., Juniperus communis, Ligustrum vulgare, Prunus mahaleb, Quercus pubescens, Paliurus spina-christi, Pistacia terebinthus, Rubus spec., Ulmus spec., Viburnum lantana, Vitis vinifera). On a single bush both species regularly occur in immediate vicinity. nevertheless, in all the years we found no indication that hybridisation might occur – neither from morphology, nor from songs. the overall shape of the body differs in the two species, with B. yersini having a more rounded back and B. ocskayi having an even to saddle like back (especially obvious in some males; Fig. 4A, d, e). the most prominent character to discriminate among the males of the two species is a protrusion of the subgenital plate, which is very prominent in B. ocskayi, but much less clearly expressed in B. yersini Andreas Stumpner, Nataøa Stritih, Oliver Mai, Sven Bradler: Diversity of Orthoptera in the south-western Karst-region of Slovenia 11 Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 12 (Fig. 4i, K). this protrusion obviously has a function in precopulatory sperm removal, when the subgenital plate is introduced into the female genital opening (von helversen and von helversen 1991, see also Fig. 4A, l). the distal part of the male cerci, which are used for grabbing the female ovipositor at its base (see Fig. 4A, l, m), is less evenly curved on the outside in B. ocskayi than in B. yersini. in addition to the body shape and colouration (see below), the posterior margin of the hindwings differs in both sexes, being rather straight in B. ocskayi and more curved in B. yersini (Fig. 4 B-h). Both species vary extensively in colouration from nearly completely light green (only females) to mostly black or brown with dark green or red portions (Fig. 4 A-h). this general variation seems to be correlated with density, as in years with high density (distances of below about 1 m between individuals are frequent) darker individuals are more frequent, while in years with low density (often only single individuals are seen on one bush) lighter colours prevail (e.g. Applebaum and heifertz 1999). this is corroborated by rearing tests with eggs collected from wild captures: these animals reared in the laboratory always were extremely dark. nevertheless, there are some consistent differences in colouration between the two species. B. ocskayi always have a black ring or dorsal and ventral spot on the pro- and mesofemur. proximal and distal of this spot, the femur is red in dark animals, proximally red or greenish in light animals (Fig. 4d, F, G). in mostly green individuals the dark spots may be reduced to minimal size on the ventral femur. in contrast, B. yersini does not have a separate dark spot, but the femur gets increasingly darker towards the knee. the proximal tibia is dark as well (Fig. 4B, C, e). in light green animals at least the area around the tympana is dark (Fig. 4h). Only in very dark B. yersini the femur may be dark up to the middle area where B. ocskayi has a dark spot. All in all, the colours of B. ocskayi are brighter and more brilliant, while those of B. yersini are more moderate. B. ocskayi may have artificially looking “plastic”-green colour, most strongly expressed on the ventral abdomen (see Fig. 4A, d), which is never seen in B. yersini whose abdomen usually is some shade of (greenish) yellow. the epiproct of B. ocskayi is distinctly lighter coloured as a whole than the surrounding cuticle, often nearly pure white, while the epiproct of B. yersini is often as dark as the neighbouring cuticle and lighter only at the edges; in light green animals it is more yellow to greenish (Fig. 4B, C, F-K). this is more obvious in females than in males. light markings on wings have similar colouration as the epiproct, so that wings of B. ocskayi are more red with white, those of B. yersini are more brownish Andreas Stumpner, Nataøa Stritih, Oliver Mai, Sven Bradler: Diversity of Orthoptera in the south-western Karst-region of Slovenia 13 fig. 4: photos of Barbitistes ocskayi (Bo) and B. yersini (By) giving examples for typical differences in colouration, shape of male terminal segment and cerci. A) precopulatory behaviour of B. ocskayi. the male cerci are attached to the female ovipositor and the male subgenital plate is introduced into the female genital opening. B) – e) examples for different colouration. F) A dark B. ocskayi female with a spermatophore attached to its ventral base of the ovipositor. G) A light-coloured female B. ocskayi sitting on a male in the precopulatory phase. i), K) tip of male abdomen with cerci (note the difference in colouration and the much more elevated protrusion on the subgenital plate in B. ocskayi). l), m) Attachment of the male cerci to the female base of the ovipositor in both species. Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 14 fig. 5: Pachytrachis gracilis (pg) male (A, C) and female (e, G) and P. striolatus (ps) male (B, d) and female (F). h) A typically coloured smaller immature Pachytrachis, likely P. striolatus. red with yellow (e.g. Fig. 4C, d). the antennae are annulated with alternating dark and lighter rings. in B. ocskayi the lighter rings are whitish (to reddish in very dark animals) and much smaller than the long darker rings. in B. yersini the lighter rings are always reddish and even smaller than in B. ocskayi and therefore less obvious. - phaneropteridae: Barbistini: Poecilimon ornatus/ Polysarcus denticauda males of the two large species have a number of obvious differences: the most prominent and eponymous for P. denticauda is the elongated subgenital plate standing up between the cerci. Females of the two species can more easily be confused. P. denticauda females are larger and have a long pronotum, which is longer than the fore tibiae. As a consequence, also the short forewings are nearly completely covered by the pronotum, while the distal part of the front wings is well visible in P. ornatus females. P. denticauda females (and males) in the study area have been always green (but are reported to vary widely with a tendency to be dark in populations of high density, e.g. Chobanov and heller, 2010), while those of P. ornatus can be green to colourful green/yellow/brown to very dark (Fig. 3A-C). - tettigoniinae: platycleidini: Pachytrachis two species of Pachytrachis are regularly found in the area, P. gracilis and P. striolatus (Fig. 5). there are some reliable morphological characters (see also ingrisch and pavićević 2010), mostly the shape of the male cerci (straight, slightly thickened at the tip in P. gracilis, but slightly curved, flattened in the middle in P. striolatus) and the shape of the female ovipositor (upwards curved in P. gracilis, but straight, with an oblique end – ventral tip longer – in P. striolatus) (see Fig. 5). Already Brunner von Wattenwyl (1861) mentioned some difference in colouration, with P. gracilis having a more yellowish margin on the pronotum and more uniformly coloured hind femora than P. striolatus. We, however, found that the easiest accessible and quite reliable character in adults is the colour of the ventral abdomen: green in P. gracilis and yellow in P. striolatus. Whether this is true also for instars, we do not know. At least larger instars of P. gracilis are green over most of the ventral body (see Fig. 5). Small instars of Pachytrachis are high-contrast striped green-black (Fig. 5), but we could not reveal their species identity. acknowledgements We thank all members of the Gogala family for their warm hospitality, constant supply with self-made wine and other deliciousness as well as steady support in many aspects; we thank dr. Andrej Gogala for deep insights into the nature and biology of Karst and professor matija Gogala for introduction into cicadas and many helpful discussions on the newest technical developments in sound recording. We thank milan Kosmina and his whole family for the chance to stay with so many – and in some evenings quite loud – people in their house, for letting us use much of their private ground for our studies and for introducing us into specialities of the Slovene kitchen and culture during Osmicas and at other times. We thank the late dr. dagmar von Andreas Stumpner, Nataøa Stritih, Oliver Mai, Sven Bradler: Diversity of Orthoptera in the south-western Karst-region of Slovenia 15 helversen for many discussions, student projects and motivation during her stays at our place in the years 2000 and 2001.We thank hannelore elsner for support in many everyday problems in the years she accompanied us. matthias Schink was important for taking care of the animals in many years and supporting students in various ways. dr. Friederike lang helped in the early excursions with establishing study programs and developing material for helping the students in species identification. We thank Steffi pauls for her helping hands during the time she was part of the team. references applebaum, s.W., heifetz, y., 1999. density-dependent physiological phase in insects. – Annual Reviews of Entomology 44: 317–341 Bellmann, h., 1993. 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[4/16/2015]. elsner, n., Wasser, g., 1995. leg and wing stridulation in various populations of the gomphocerine grasshopper Stenobothrus rubicundus (Germar 1817). i. Sound patterns and singing movements. – Zoology 98: 179–190 gogala, a., 2003. Kamen, voda, sonce in veter. Narava Krasa in slovenske Istre. prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, ljubljana, 176 pp gogala, M., 1998. pojoči škržati Slovenije. - Proteus 60 (9–10): 392–399 griffiths, h.i., Kryštufek, B., reed, J.M., (eds.) 2004. Balkan Biodiversity: Pattern and Process in the European Hotspot. Kluver Academic publishers, 361 pp harz, K., 1969. The Orthoptera of Europe. Vol. I (Ensifera). dr. W. Junk n.V. the hague. 749 pp harz, K., 1975. The Orthoptera of Europe. Vol. II (Caelifera). dr. W. Junk n.V. the hague. 939 pp heller, K.-g., helversen, D. von, 1986. Acoustic communication in phaneropterid bushcrickets: species-specific delay of female stridulatory response. – Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 18: 189–198 helversen, D. von, schul, J., Kleindienst, h.u., 2001. male recognition mechanism for female responses implies a dilemma for their localization in a phaneropterine bushcricket. – Journal of Comparative Physiology A 186: 1153–1158 Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 16 hong-Jiao, c., Zhi-sheng, l., Min-sheng, y., 2007. impact of habitat diversification on arthropod communities: A study in the fields of Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis. - Insect Science 14: 241–249 ingrisch, s., pavićević, D., 2010. Seven new tettigoniidae (Orthoptera) and a new Blattellidae (Blattodea) from the durmitor area of montenegro with notes on previously known taxa. - Zootaxa 2565: 1–41 Jones, M.D.r., 1966. the acoustic behaviour of the bush cricket Pholidoptera griseoaptera. i. Alternation, synchronism and rivalry between males. – Journal of Experimental Biology 45: 15–30 Kalmring, K., sickmann, t., Jatho, M., Zhantiev, r., grossbach, M., 1997. the auditory-vibratory sensory system of the bushcricket Polysarcus denticauda. (phaneropterinae, tettigoniidae) iii. physiology of the ventral chord neurons ascending to the head ganglia. – Journal of Comparative Physiology A 279: 9–28 Keuper, a., Kalmring, K., schatral, a., latimer, W., Kaiser, W., 1986. Behavioural adaptations of ground living bushcrickets to the properties of sound propagation in low grassland. – Oecologia 70:414–422 Koce, u., 2005. poročilo o delu skupine za kobilice, rtŠB dekani 2004. – Raziskovalni tabor študentov biologije, Lovrenc na Pohorju 2005, str. 44–55 luck, g.W., 2007. A review of the relationships between human population density and biodiversity. – Biological Reviews 82: 607–645 Marini, l., fontana, p., scotton, M., Klimek, s, 2008. Vascular plant and Orthoptera diversity in relation to grassland management and landscape composition in the european Alps. - Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 361–370 Massa, B., 2012. the role of the Krauss’s organ in sound production in pamphagidae (Caelifera: Orthoptera). – Italian Journal of Zoology 79: 441–449 perfecto, i., vandermeer, J., hansen, p., cartin, v., 1997. Arthropod biodiversity loss and the transformation of a tropical agro-ecosystem. – Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 935–945 ragge, D.r., reynolds, W.J., 1998. The songs of the grasshoppers and crickets of Western Europe. harley Books, Colchester, essex, 591 pp sergeev, M.g., 1998. Conservation of orthopteran biological diversity relative to landscape change in temperate eurasia. – Journal of Insect Conservation 2: 247– 255 singh, Js, 2002. the biodiversity crisis: A multifaceted review. – Current Science 82: 638–647 tuyet, D., 2001. Characteristics of Karst ecosystems of Vietnam and their vulnerability to human impact. – Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 75: 325–329 us, p.a., 1971. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Orthopteren-Fauna (Saltatoria) von Slowenien. – Beiträge zur Entomologie 21(1/2): 5–31. us, p.a., 1992. Favna ortopteroidnih insektov Slovenije. SAZu, ljubljana. vii + 314 + xii pp Received / Prejeto: 2. 3. 2015 Andreas Stumpner, Nataøa Stritih, Oliver Mai, Sven Bradler: Diversity of Orthoptera in the south-western Karst-region of Slovenia 17 table 1: list of ensifera in the Western Karst region of Slovenia. the years in which the respective species was encountered, is indicated as grey box with lv = only larval stages found; on the right a more generalized abundance is indicated (r = rare, only single individuals encountered; + = few individuals, but seen on several locations; ++ = typically more than one individual seen on one spot; +++ = many individuals seen on one spot, interindividual distance often less than 50 cm. + to +++ = in some years only few individuals, in others many; ??? means: this species may be more abundant later in the year. r, V, e1, e2 following the species names are criteria for listing endangered species (red lists of endangered species of Slovenia; urrS, št. 82/2002) with r = rare, V = vulnerable, e1 = critically endangered, e2 = strongly endangered. Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 18 crickets: 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 03 06 09 abundance Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa r Gryllus campestris ++ Melanogryllus desertus +++ Modicogryllus (Tartarogryllus) burdigalensis + Oecanthus pellucens + other ensifera: 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 03 06 09 Acrometopa servillea/ macropoda (V) 1v 1v 1v 1v + to ++ Barbitistes ocskayi r to +++ Barbitistes yersini r to +++ Bicolorana kuntzeni +++ Cyrtaspis scutata lv ??? Decticus albifrons 1v r Decticus verrucivorus + to +++ Ephippiger discoidalis r Eupholidoptera schmidti (= Eupholidoptera chabrieri) ++ to +++ Leptophyes laticauda 1v 1v r to ++ Meconema thalassinum r Pachytrachis gracilis + Pachytrachis striolatus 1v 1v 1v ++ Phaneroptera nana 1v r Pholidoptera fallax r Pholidoptera griseoaptera + Pholidoptera littoralis (+ to) +++ Platycleis grisea (/albopunctata) r Platycleis (undetermined) lv lv lv ++ Poecilimon elegans (V) lv + Poecilimon ornatus (V) r to +++ * in case of Troglophilus neglectus (cave cricket) data relate mostly to detection of the species in an artificial tunnel close to Brje pri Komnu (about 200 m towards Gorjansko, left to the main road). table 2: list of Caelifera in the Western Karst region of Slovenia. For abbreviations see table 1. Andreas Stumpner, Nataøa Stritih, Oliver Mai, Sven Bradler: Diversity of Orthoptera in the south-western Karst-region of Slovenia 19 Polysarcus denticauda r to ++ Rhacocleis germanica + Ruspolia nitidula lv lv + Saga pedo (e1) lv lv r Sepiana sepium lv lv + to ++ Tettigonia viridissima +++ Troglophilus neglectus * r to +++ Tylopsis liliifolia (V) lv lv lv + Yersiniella raymondi r caelifera: 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 03 06 09 abundance Aiolopus strepens r Anacridium aegypticum (r) r Arcyptera fusca r to + Calliptamus italicus lv lv + to +++ Chrysochraon brachyptera (many holopterous!) ++ Chorthippus biguttulus + Chorthippus brunneus + Chorthippus dorsatus r Chorthippus parallelus r Euchorthippus declivus +++ Gomphocerus rufus + Kisella irena (= Miramella irena) + Myrmeleotettix maculatus r Odontopodisma fallax r Odontopodisma schmidti ++ Oedipoda caerulescens lv lv + Omocestus haemorrhoidalis Omocestus rufipes + to +++ Pezotettix giornae r Prionotropis hystrix hystrix (e2) + Stenobothrus lineatus + to ++ Stenobothrus nigromaculatus ssp. istrianus r Stenobothrus rubicundus (syn. S. rubicundulus) ++ to +++ Supplementary material: table S1 gives a list of singing cicadas noted in the area table S2 gives a list of birds noted in the area Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 20 species in how many years detected (out of 10): Cicada orni 5 Cicadetta tibialis (new: Cicadivetta tibialis) 1 Lyristes plebejus 5 Tettigetta brullei (new: Tettigettula pygmea) 5 Tettigetta dimissa (new: Dimissalna dimissa) 5 Tettigetta argentata (new: Tettigettalna argentata) 4 Tibicina haematodes 5 species non passerines in how manyyears (out of 9): Buteo buteo 8 Pernis apivorus 3 Accipiter nisus 3 Streptopelia decaocto 7 Streptopelia turtur 6 Columbus livia domestica 2 Caprimulgus europaeus 9 Otus scops 6 Strix aluco 1 Upupa epops 6 Cuculus canorum 5 Apus apus 7 Apus albus 1 Dendrocopos major 5 Dendrocopos minor 1 Picoides viridis 3 Jynx torquila 1 song birds (no. of years): Lullula arborea 6 Motacilla alba 9 Motacilla cinerea 1 Delichon urbica 8 Hirundo rustica 8 Phylloscopus collybita 7 Phylloscopus trochilus 1 Parus major 8 Parus caeruleus 8 Parus palustris 1 Parus cristatus 1 Parus ater 3 song birds (no. of years): Sitta europaea 3 Certhia brachydactyla 1 Aegithalus caudatus 2 Turdus merula 6 Turdus viscivorus 1 Erithacus rubecula 7 Muscicapa striata 8 Phoenicurus ochruros 4 Luscinia megarhynchos 5 Lanius collurio 5 Silvia atricapilla 6 Hippolais polyglotta 2 Acrocephalus palustris 1 Oriolus oriolus 9 Sturnus vulgaris 4 Corvus cornix 5 Corvus corax 7 Garrulus glandarius 7 Pica pica 3 Carduelis carduelis 9 Carduelis chloris 6 Serinus serinus 8 Fringilla coelebs 8 Coccothraustes coccothraustes 8 Emberiza cia 7 Emberiza cirlus 9 Emberiza (Miliaria) calandra 3 Passer domesticus 6 Passer italiae (?) 5 Passer montanus 2 CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF GREEN LACEWINGS OF CROATIA (INSECTA: NEUROPTERIDA: CHRYSOPIDAE) Dominique Thierry1, Michel CanarD2 112 rue Martin-Luther-King, F-49000 angers, France, e-mail: 2 47 chemin Flou-de-rious, F-31400 Toulouse, France, e-mail: Abstract – We collected green lacewings in western Croatia by sweeping trees and edges, both at sea level and in more or less mountainous districts. amongst the 11 occurring identified species, four are new to the Croatian fauna: Nineta carinthiaca (hölzel, 1965) registered near the Lokve Lake, in the county of Gorski Kotar, Pseudomallada ventralis (Curtis, 1834) collected near Jezerce in the Plitvice national Park, Ps. inornatus (navás, 1901) near Breze in Gorski Kotar and Ps. venustus (hölzel, 1974) near Pirovac and Vrsine on the Dalmatian coast. Key WorDs: Lacewings, Nineta carinthiaca, Pseudomallada inornatus , Ps ventralis, Ps. venustus, fauna of Croatia. Izvleček – PrisPeVeK K PoZnaVanJU TenČiČariC hrVaŠKe (inseCTa: neUroPTeriDa: ChrysoPiDae). na območju zahodne hrvaške smo zbirali tenčičarice z drevja in robov, v obmorskih in gorskih predelih. Določili smo 11 vrst, od katerih so štiri nove za favno hrvaške: Nineta carinthiaca (hölzel, 1965) iz okolice jezera Lokve v Gorskem Kotarju, Pseudomallada ventralis (Curtis, 1834) iz bližine Jezerca v narodnem parku Plitvice, Ps. inornatus (navás, 1901) iz Breze v Gorskem Kotarju in Ps. venustus (hölzel, 1974) blizu Pirovca in Vrsine na dalmatinski obali. KLJUČne BeseDe: tenčičarice, Nineta carinthiaca, Pseudomallada inornatus, Ps ventralis, Ps. venustus, favna hrvaške. 21 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA, JUNIJ 2015 Vol. 23, øt. 1: 21–28 Introduction samples of green lacewings were collected by the senior author in several places of western Croatia, near the sea shore and in more or less mountainous regions during the summers 1989 and 2008. eleven species were registered not to mention the constituting species of the Chrysoperla carnea (stephens, 1836) complex, i.e. Ch. carnea sensu stricto, Ch. affinis (stephens, 1836), Ch. pallida henry et al., 2002, Ch. agilis henry et al., 2003, for want of a neuropterists’ consensus in the matter. Four species are new to the fauna of Croatia (see below). it bears so to 24 the number of green lacewings occurring in Croatia as previously mentioned by DeVeTaK (1992a,c) and asPÖCK et al. (2001). Method and sites The insects were caught by hand net sweeping in the afternoon, on July 1989 and august 2008. Bushes and the canopy of edges of wooded places were sampled. all collected specimens were kept in alcohol and stored in the collection of D. Thierry. Ten places were investigated (Table i and Figure 1): – 4 are on the sea shore: Vrsar (# 1) and Pula (# 2) in istria, Pirovac (# 3) and Vrsine (# 4) on the Dalmatian coast ; – 3 in hilly areas, at an altitude below 400 m asl: rijeka (# 5), Bosanci (# 6), a more northern place and slavonski-Brod (# 7) in the north-eastern part of the country, – 3 others in various montane sites: near the Lokve lake (# 8) and Breze (# 9), and in the vicinity of Jezerce (# 10) in the Plitvice national Park. Faunistical results and comments The total sample contains 201 specimens of green lacewings, distributed in the various biotopes as registered in the Table ii. it may be noted the lack of Chrysopa spp. and subsequently the prevalence of Chrysoperla carnea s.l. (42 % of the total collection) together with that of Pseudomallada spp., mainly Ps. prasinus (Burmeister, 1839) which is the dominant green lacewing (45 %). amongst the other Pseudomallada, three species are new to the Croatian fauna. Pseudomallada inornatus (Navàs, 1901) is considered by the authors as uncommon, so that the relative observations are rare also. its distribution was first qualified polycentric. however, taking in account various data, it occurs continuously from West to east in the terminal part of the iberic Peninsula: at Lugo (MonserraT, 1985) up to Ukraine and Crimea, cited by ZaKharenKo & KriVoKhaTsKy (1993), and from north to south, the German rhine valley (TrÖGer, 1990) and north-eastern France, in Moselle (CanarD & JaCQUeMin, 2013) up to southern italy and sicily (iori et al., 1995) ; but it never reaches the trans-Mediterranean countries. Pseudomallada inornatus is new to Croatian neuropterological fauna, altough already registered very closely, at osp (near Koper/Capodistria) in the Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 22 slovenian part of the istrian peninsula (DeVeTaK, 1998 and in lit.) but without any more circumstantial details and near the slovenian border, in Podčetrtek (Lower styria) (DeVeTaK, 1984). Pseudomallada ventralis (Curtis, 1834) was collected in the mountainous biotopes of Jezerce (# 10) on isolated trees in a moist dale. its occurrence does not show any surprise, excepted the absence of citation up to the present. Pseudomallada ventralis is common everywhere in europe, from the scandinavian region to the iberian Peninsula and eastwards to romania and Ukraine. it is known in the neighbouring countries: slovenia, hungary, serbia, Bosnia-herzegovina (asPÖCK et al., 2001). Pseudomallada venustus (Hölzel, 1974) was captured in the vicinity of Pirovac (# 3) on an isolated plum-tree, and at Vrsine (# 4), near orchards of olive- and fig- trees. This green lacewing is known as a xerothermophilous species, discreet, never abundant in hand nets of neuropterists. initially described from the south-eastern France (alpes-Maritimes), it has a north Mediterranean distribution (TiLLier, 2008) including continental italy: Liguria and Calabria (iori et al. 1995), mainland of Greece: Peloponesus, Dytiki ellas and attiki (CanarD, 2001), island of Crete, Cyprus (CanarD, 2007), Corsica (LeTarDi et al., 2008), Montecristo (hÖLZeL, 1974), Pantelleria in the sicily Canal (PanTaLeoni & Lo VaLVo, 1995) and sicily (niCoLi aLDini et al., 2012) (Figure 2) . however, it may be more frequent than appearing at now due to a possible confusion with the closely related Ps. venosus (rambur, 1842). The occurrence of Ps. venustus on the Dalmatian coast is not surprising with respect to its Mediterranean distribution. Dominique Thierry, Michel Canard: Contribution to the knowledge of green lacewings of Croatia 23 Fig. 1 – Collection places in Croatia. Table I – Characters of the collection places in Croatia. Nineta carinthiaca (Hölzel, 1965) was caught near the Lake of Lokve, in the midst of the Velika Kapela massif, on the slope of a saddle for the road M 12, at more than 500 m up. Collections were done within the tree canopy vegetation on an open glade in a zone covered by both deciduous and coniferous trees. amongst the seven Nineta navás, 1912 known in europe, only N. flava (scopoli, 1763) was already registered in Croatia. Nineta carinthiaca is thus new to the fauna Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 24 # Location Latitude Longitude County Biotope altitude Comments sea shore 1 Vrsar 45° 09' n 13° 36' e istria sea shore . . . 0-20. . . on bushes 2 Pula 44° 52' n 13° 50' e istria oaks and pinetrees canopy 3 Pirovac 43° 49' n 15° 40' e Šibenik-Knin peri-urban area on an isolated plum tree 4 Vrsine 43° 31' n 31° 16' e split-Dalmatia orchard olive and fig trees hilly area 5 rijeka 45° 19' n 14° 26' e Primorje- Gorski Kotar dry calcareous table-land 300 canopy 6 Bosanci 45° 26' n 15° 16' e Karlovačka scattered treeson meadow 190 canopy 7 slavonski-Brod 45° 16' n 18° 01' e Brod- Posavina sub-urban area 80 canopy montainous area 8 Lokve 45° 21' n 14° 45' e Primorje- Gorski Kotar edge of coniferous and deciduous wood 700 canopy 9 Breze 45° 11' n 14° 52' e Primorje- Gorski Kotar edge of coniferous wood 800 canopy 10 PlitviceLakes 44° 50' n 15° 39' e Lika-senj & Karlovac wet wooded dale 600 canopy grassy table- land 650 on an isolated lime tree Table II – Green lacewing species and numbers of specimens collected in Croatia. of the country. it is a green lacewing everywhere considered rare because most often absent or casual in samples, considered endangered as in slovenia (DeVeTaK, 1992b). it is of great size: its forewing measures 20 to 26 mm, the body is about 16-17 mm long. it is associated with Fagus, Quercus and other deciduous trees, on-wings in July and august, its life cycle is univoltine (ZeLeny, 1984) overwintering probably as prepupae within the cocoon. it is easily separated from the other european Nineta species by means of the following characters: 1) from vittata: scape bulbous, more or less square, slightly longer than broad (vs cylindrical, narrow, at least twice longer than wide) – axial extension of sternite 9 strongly curved forwards with a large brush (vs up- turned or slightly curved, with small brush) 2) from flava, guadarramensis and principiae: anterior margin of the forewing straight or convex (vs concave, sinuous) – cross veins of the costal space and gradates ± black (vs green) 3) from pallida: Pseudomedian vein green (vs black) – thorax green with a yellow axial stripe (vs lateral brown reddish marks) – associated with deciduous trees (vs coniferous) 4) from inpunctata: longitudinal veins green (vs black) – internal gradates’ line parallel to rs (vs converging with) Nineta carinthiaca was first found in Carinthia, south austria, in 1965. it was collected later successively in anatolia (hÖLZeL, 1973), in slovenia (saUre, 1989), in the north eastern part of hungary near the Ukrainian and romanian frontier lines (sZirÁKi, 1990 and in lit.), in the south eastern switzerland (DUeLLi et al., 2006), at in farthest north east of italy (LeTarDi et al., 2010), in the north eastern Czech republic (rymarov) by s. KreJCiK (web ref., 2011), and now in Croatia (Fig. 2). The occurrence of Nineta carinthiaca in Croatia is not surprising if we consider its distribution as above mentioned, i.e. mainly in Central europe and in the anatolian Dominique Thierry, Michel Canard: Contribution to the knowledge of green lacewings of Croatia 25 sites of capture 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total italochrysa italica (rossi, 1790) 1 1 1 3 nineta carinthiaca (hölzel, 1965) 2 2 Pseudomallada flavifrons (Brauer,1850) 3 2 5 Pseudomallada inornatus (navas, 1901) 1 1 Pseudomallada prasinus (Burmeister, 1839) 19 3 6 8 4 52 92 Pseudomallada zelleri (schneider, 1851) 1 1 Pseudomallada ventralis (Curtis, 1834) 7 7 Pseudomallada venustus (hölzel,1974) 1 1 2 Pseudomallada clathratus (schjneider, 1845) 1 1 Cunctochrysa albolineata (Killington, 1935) 2 2 Chrysoperla lucasina (Lacroix, 1912) 5 7 9 12 3 3 4 3 6 52 Chrysoperla carnea (stephens, 1836) s.l. 4 11 1 3 5 9 33 Total 5 34 24 15 11 14 13 2 4 79 201 district closest to europe. Besides, it dwells also in the far east of anatolia, near the armenian border (ari et al., 2007), in Ukraine where precise locations were not indicated, and in numerous sites of russia, as well the occidental part (ZaKharenKo, unpubl. and in lit.) as far-eastern (MaKarKin, 1985), in Kazakhstan, Korea and Japan. nevertheless, asian observations may be doubtful because of a possible confusion with another species previously described from Japan: Nineta alpicola (Kuwayama,1956) (CanarD, 2004), proposed as synonym by TsUKaGUChi (1995). Acknowledgement – We are pleased to thank Pr Dr Dušan Devetak for his kind and efficient help in the knowledge of nW Balkanic green lacewing fauna. References Ari, I., Aktas, M. & Kiyak, S., 2007: notes on the Chrysopidae (neuroptera) fauna of ardahan, igdir and Kars provinces of Turkey. – Turkish Journal of Zoology, 37: 201-208. 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Received /Prejeto: 28. 1. 2015 Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 28 BUTTERFLY (LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA) DIVERSITY AND AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN SOLČAVA AREA, N SLOVENIA Tine BIZJAK1, Tina HROVAT2, Neža OREL3, Lara VALENTIČ4, Jozef DEBETS5, Mojca OŠEP6, Dušan PRAŠNIKAR7, Gregor TORKAR8 1 Resljeva cesta 13, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 Zasip, Rebr 36, SI-4260 Bled, Slovenia 3 Bilje 3, SI-5292 Renče, Slovenia 4 Kajuhova 13, SI-6230 Postojna, Slovenia 5Robanov kot 40, SI-3335 Solčava, Slovenia 6 Robanov kot 36, SI-3335 Solčava, Slovenia 7 Logarska dolina d.o.o., Logarska dolina 9, SI-3335 Solčava, Slovenia 8 University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, Rožna dolina, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia Abstract - The article presents a contribution to the knowledge of butterfly diversity (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) of the Solčavsko, an important area for nature conservation in Slovenia. Survey took place from June to August 2014 at six localities. Field observations were performed twice per month. The localities are characterised by different agricultural land use: pastures and meadows. Altogether 50 butterfly species were recorded at the surveyed localities. Eight species are reported for this area for the first time, two of them threatened and/or protected in Slovenia: Boloria selene and Lycaena alciphron. The study shows that surveyed pastures have predominantly higher butterfly diversity than meadows. KEY WORDS: butterflies, diversity, agriculture, Solčava, Slovenia Izvleček - PESTROST METULJEV (LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA) IN KMETIJSKA RABA ZEMLJIŠČ NA SOLČAVSKEM, SLOVENIJA. Članek predstavlja prispevek k poznavanju pestrosti dnevnih metuljev (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) na Solčavskem, ki je pomembno območje ohranjanja narave v Sloveniji. Podatki so bili zbrani v obdobju med junijem in avgustom 2014 na šestih lokacijah, in sicer dvakrat mesečno. Na vzorčenih lokacijah je prisotna različna kmetijska raba: 29 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA, JUNIJ 2015 Vol. 23, øt. 1: 29–36 pašniki in travniki. Skupaj je bilo opaženih 50 vrst metuljev. Med njimi je bilo 8 vrst metuljev prvič opaženih na tem območju; od tega sta dve ogroženi in/ali zavarovani vrsti v Sloveniji: Boloria selene in Lycaena alciphron. Ugotovili smo, da je bila na vzorčenih pašnikih pestrost metuljev večinoma večja kot na travnikih. KLJUČNE BESEDE: metulji, pestrost, kmetijstvo, Solčava, Slovenija Introduction Altogether, 180 butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) are known from Slovenia, and 59 species were recorded in the Solčavsko area (Verovnik et al., 2012; Russel et al., 2014). Solčavsko lies below the summits of the Kamnik-Savinja Alps and is an important nature conservation area within Slovenia. Almost 80 % of the area is inside Natura 2000 sites. Two Landscape parks (IUCN category V) are located in the area: Robanov kot and Logarska dolina (Nature Conservation Atlas, 2014; ARSO, 2014). Geographically, Solčavsko is situated in the border area with Austria at the headwaters of Savinja River. The special features of Solčavsko are three parallel alpine glacial valleys: Logarska dolina, Robanov kot and Matkov kot (TIC Solčava, 2014). The average temperature of the coldest month is – 3°C and the temperature of the warmest is above 10 °C. The average annual rainfall of the area is between 1600 and 3000 mm, with intense rainfall between October and May (Ogrin, 1996). Forest cover in Solčavsko reaches 80% of the area. The dominant types of forest are fir-beech forest, mountain forest and Alpine beech forest. At higher altitudes spruce forest is dominant although there are also pine forests on steep slopes. The timberline is around 1600 meters high, varying locally because of the orientation or orographic obstacles (Lipnik et al., 2009). Farming, forestry and tourism are the main human activities in the area. During industrialization alpine cattle grazing decreased and many areas were subjected to afforestation, however, due to modern day livestock farming many of the pastures and meadows still remain active (Muri, 2005). Intensification in more productive regions and concurrent abandonment of less accessible and populated ones are the major threat in reducing biological diversity in agricultural landscapes (Stoate et al., 2009). Nilsson et al. (2008) revealed that decline in butterfly diversity coincided with the loss of flower-rich open habitats that had been maintained by late cutting. The aim of this article is to contribute to a better knowledge of butterfly fauna in the Solčavsko area. Furthermore, the article tries to survey the impacts of agricultural land use on diversity of butterflies in this highly valuable area for nature conservation. Materials and Methods The survey was carried out from June to August 2014 (dates of the field trips (FT): 7.6.2014, 29.6.2014, 12.7.2014, 24.7.2014, 9.8.201, 29.8.2014). Field observations were performed twice per month (in the first and second half), between 10:00 AM and 4:00 PM in the sunny or partly cloudy weather. Six observation localities were spread across the Solčava area. The localities have different agricultural land use. Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 30 Two researchers surveyed butterfly fauna at each location for 30 minutes using the linear transect method. Butterflies were caught using butterfly nets (35 cm diameter), determined by field guides (Polak, 2009; Tolman & Lewington, 2008) and immediately released. Only unknown or interesting specimens were collected, photographed and deposited in a private collection of co-author J. Debets. Vegetation from five quadrants (1 square meter) was randomly sampled each time on each location. A number of entomophilous blossoming flowers in each quadrant were counted. The results were ranged into four class intervals (1: 0-10, 2: 10-20, 3: 20-30, 4: more than 30 blossoming flowers). Because of looseness of the classes, the median of results was used. A number of entomophilous blossoming plant species was also defined using the same method. Number of species and arithmetic mean for each location were calculated. Spearman rank correlation was used to determine if the number of entomophilous blossoming plant species and total number of entomophilous blossoming flowers have any impact on butterfly diversity and their abundance. Shanon-Wiener Diversity Index was calculated to compare diversity on the locations. This Index measures species diversity in a given community. It is a commonly used diversity index that takes into consideration both abundance and evenness of species present in the community (Henderson, 2003; Tome, 2006). The list of localities and a short description of the habitat, coordinates and latitude: Gočova pustota: The meadow is located in the Robanov kot valley. The meadow is fertilized with liquid manure every three to five years. The location is used for mowing twice per year and for cattle grazing at the end of summer. Y: 477631.2, X: 138879.9, 651 m. Bevska pustota: The pasture is located in the Robanov kot valley. It is used for cattle grazing (cows). Y: 477631.2, X: 138879.9, 651 m. Klemenče njive: The meadow is located near panoramic road above Logarska dolina. The site is fertilized with liquid manure once annually. The location is annually used for mowing and for cattle grazing.Y: 472589.4, X: 142563.1, 1153 m. Logarjeve njive: The meadow is located by the entry in the Logarska dolina valley. The area is fertilized with liquid manure every three years. The location is used for mowing (twice annually). Y: 472790.6, X: 141570.9, Z: 732 m. Polanc: The pasture is located in the Logarska dolina valley. The site is fertilized with liquid manure every three years. The location is usually used for cattle grazing and at times for mowing. Y: 472205.2, X: 140120.3, 738 m. Logarski kot: The pasture is located in the Logarska dolina valley. The area is not fertilized. The location is used only for grazing (donkeys). Y:470590.6, X:136717.7, 905 m. Results and Discussion Altogether 50 butterfly species were recorded at six locations in Solčava. Tab. 1 presents a list of observed species, their locations and abundance at each location. T. Bizjak, T. Hrovat, N. Orel, L. Valentiœ, J. Debets, M. Oøep, D. Praønikar, G. Torkar: Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) 31 Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 32 Fig. 1. Map of six studied loca - tions (marked with red spots) in the Solčava area. Fig. 2. The Logarjeve njive meadow (Locality D) (Foto: Neža Orel, July, 2014) Fig. 3. The pasture at Polanc (Locality E) (Foto: Neža Orel, June, 2014) According to the Atlas of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) of Slovenia (Verovnik et al., 2012) 59 butterfly species were expected in the Solčava area. Species that we did not find were: Carterocephalus palaemon, Hesperia comma, Parnassius mnemosyne, Iphiclides podalirius, Leptidea reali, Colis alfacariensis, Lycaena virgaurea, Cupido minimus, Phengaris alcon, Aricia agestis, Aricia artaxerxes, Polyommatus coridon, Araschnia levana, Melitaea athalia, Neptis rivularis, Apatura iris, Erebia euryale and Brintesia circe. However, eight new species, not recorded in this area in the Atlas, were observed (marked with * in Tab. 1). Out of these, two are endangered and/or protected (Boloria selene and Lycaena alciphron). In total, 5 endangered and/or protected species were observed. They are described briefly below. Lycaena alciphron This protected species was observed at 29.6.2014 at the locality Logarjeve njive meadow. The species is common at the middle altitudes (Verovnik et al., 2012). It is univoltine and adults can be seen from June until the end of July. Larvae feed on Rumex acetosa and Rumex acetosella. The species is on the Red list of endangered butterflies in Slovenia. Lycaena hippothoe This protected species was common at location Logarski kot at the end of June and at the beginning of July. This butterfly is usually common in damp meadows and hillside bogs. Species has two generations annually from May till June and from June till August. Larvae feed on Rumex spp. and Polygonum spp. The species is on the Red list of endangered butterflies in Slovenia. Boloria selene We found this protected species in Logarski kot at 24.7.2014. The species usually lives in extensive damp meadows and moist headlands (Polak, 2009). Adults can be seen in two generations; first from May till June and second from July till September. Larvae feed on Viola spp. The species is on the Red list of endangered butterflies in Slovenia. Nymphalis antiopa This species was observed several times in August 2014 at different locations (Gočova pustota meadow, Klemenče njive and Polanc). It was observed on the meadows, which are surrounded by forest. This species of butterfly has strong migratory behaviour; usually migrates immediately after hatching from pupae (Polak, 2009). Adults can be seen as one generation from June to July. Larvae feed on Salix spp. and Populus spp. Melitaea diamina This protected species was found only at Polanc on 29.6. 2014 and 12.7.2014. It is common in wet meadows and is rarely found on dry meadows (Polak, 2009). It is univoltine and adults can be found from May till July. Larvae feed on Valeriana officinalis. Species is listed in the Red list of endangered butterflies in Slovenia. T. Bizjak, T. Hrovat, N. Orel, L. Valentiœ, J. Debets, M. Oøep, D. Praønikar, G. Torkar: Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) 33 Tab. 1. The list of butterfly species and localities with the abundance (Fauna Europaea, 2014). Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 34 Family Species LocalityA B C D E F Hesperiidae Erynnis tages (Linnaeus 1758) 1 Thymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer 1808) 1 4 1 1 Thymelicus sylvestris (Poda 1761) 1 11 2 2 Ochlodes venata (Bremer & Grey 1853) 4 3 1 5 Papilionidae Papilio machaon (Linnaeus 1758) 1 1 3 1 Pieridae Leptidea sinapis (Linnaeus 1758) 3 4 1 1 2 2 Anthocharis cardamines (Linnaeus 1758) 1 1 Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus 1758) 3 4 3 11 Pieris rapae (Linnaeus 1758) 5 7 8 48 12 56 Pieris napi (Linnaeus 1758) 2 7 1 5 3 5 Colias croceus (Fuorcroy 1785) 1 1 Gonepteryx rhamni (Linnaeus 1758) 3 3 18 8 7 40 Lycaenidae Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus 1758) 2 1 Lycaena tityrus (Poda 1761) 1 1 Lycaena alciphron* (Rottemburg 1775) 1 Lycaena hippothoe (Linnaeus 1761) 2 14 Lycaena phlaeas* (Linnaeus 1761) 1 1 Callophrys rubi* (Linnaeus 1758) 1 Satyrium spini (Denis & Schiffermüller 1775) 1 Plebejus argus(Linnaeus 1758) 1 7 Cyaniris semiargus (Rottemburg 1775) 1 1 3 Polyommatus amandus (Schneider 1792) 1 Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg 1775) 3 2 7 10 12 2 Celastrina argiolus* (Linnaeus 1758) 1 Polyommatus bellargus* (Rottemburg 1775) 1 1 1 Nymphalidae Argynnis paphia (Linnaeus 1758) 5 7 3 1 8 29 Argynnis aglaja (Linnaeus 1758) 1 3 1 5 Argynnis adippe (Denis & Schiffermüller 1775) 1 Issoria lathonia (Linnaeus 1758) 6 1 Boloria euphrosyne (Linnaeus 1758) 1 1 3 Boloria selene* (Denis & Schiffermüller 1775) 1 Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus 1758) 3 8 7 1 4 3 Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus 1758) 1 3 Aglais io (Linnaeus 1758) 1 1 3 1 34 Aglais urticae (Linnaeus 1758) 2 13 1 1 Polygonia c-album (Linnaeus 1758) 4 1 3 Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus 1758) 1 1 1 Melitaea diamina (Lang 1789) 3 Limenitis camilla (Linnaeus 1764) 5 3 Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus 1758) 1 1 Lasiommata maera (Linnaeus 1758) 2 3 2 2 3 Coenonympha arcania (Linnaeus 1761) 1 9 1 2 4 Coenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus 1758) 7 2 19 21 25 3 Aphantopus hyperantus (Linnaeus 1758) 2 12 15 6 Maniola jurtina* (Linnaeus 1758) 5 8 91 114 27 1 Erebia ligea (Linnaeus 1758) 1 1 3 8 Erebia stirius (Godart 1824) 1 1 1 Erebia pronoe (Esper 1780) 1 Erebia medusa* (Denis & Schiffermüller 1775) 1 Melanargia galathea (Linnaeus 1758) 2 Number of species 19 27 22 26 29 33 Number of specimens 48 99 205 250 141 248 Shannon-Wiener Index (H’) 2.72 3.00 2.08 1.95 2.77 2.57 The number of butterfly species found was higher on observed pastures: Bevska pustota (Locality B), Polanc (Locality E) and Logarski kot (Locality F). On the other hand, abundance of specimens was the highest at Logarjeve njive meadow, Klemenče njive meadow and Logarski kot pasture. The Shanon-Wiener Diversity Index was calculated in order to compare diversity of the localities. Calculated values show that pastures had predominantly higher diversity than meadows (Tab. 1). The aim of the study was also to determine if the number of entomophilous blossoming plant species and total number of entomophilous blossoming flowers have any impact on butterfly diversity and their abundance. Spearman rank correlation was used but no significant correlations were found. There are several possible reasons why the correlation between described variables cannot be confirmed. First, there are other environmental factors with influence on the behaviour of butterflies, such as air temperature and wind speed. Next, habitats surrounding the sampled locations were not systematically compared or clustered, because of their diversity. There is also one methodological limitation that could have affected the results, i.e. the relatively long time period of daily census of butterflies between 10 am and 4 pm, due especially to the mountain climate with warmest monthly temperature just above 10 °C. However, as expected, there are significant positive correlations between number and diversity of entomophilous flowering plants (ρ = 0.484, p < .01, n = 36) and between number and diversity of butterflies (ρ = 0.502, p < .01, n = 36). Conclusions Solčavsko is an important nature conservation area in Slovenia, therefore surveying butterfly fauna is valuable for planning nature conservation related activities in the area. In this study nine additional butterfly species were reported for the Solčava area, with two of them threatened and/or protected in Slovenia: Boloria selene and Lycaena alciphron. The study also confirmed that surveyed pastures had predominantly higher butterfly diversity than meadows. 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The Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature Conservation (IRSNC), 2014: Nature Conservation Atlas. http://www.naravovarstveni-atlas.si/nvajavni/ (14.9.2014) The Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature Conservation (IRSNC), 2014: Robanov kot. http://www.zrsvn.si/sl/informacija.asp?id_meta_type=63&id_informacija=450 (14.9.2014) TIC Solčava, Center RINKA - zavod za turizem in trajnostni razvoj Solčavskega, http://www.solcavsko.info/index.php?id=13 (17.9.2014) Tolman T., Lewington R., 2008: Collins Butterfly Guide: The Most Complete Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe. HarperCollins Publishers. London. 384 pp. Tome, D., 2006: Ekologija : organizmi v prostoru in času. Tehniška založba Slovenije, Ljubljana, 344 pp. Verovnik, R., Rebeušek, F. & Jež, M., 2012: Atlas dnevnih metuljev (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) Slovenije, Atlas of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) of Slovenia. Center za kartografijo favne in flore, Miklavž na Dravskem polju, 456 pp. Received / Prejeto: 26. 10. 2014 Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 36 Contribution to the knowledge of the butterfly fauna of Montenegro (lepidoptera: rhopaloCera) Vid ŠVara1, Barbara ZakŠek2, rudi VeroVnik3 1Maistrova 6, Si-2380, Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia; e-mail: vid.svara@gmail.com 2Center of Cartography of Fauna and Flora, antoličičeva 1, Si-2204, Miklavž na Dravskem polju, Slovenia; e-mail: barbara.zaksek@ckff.si 3oddelek za Biologijo, Biotehniška fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani, Jamnikarjeva 101, Si-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; e-mail: rudi.verovnik@bf.uni-lj.si abstract - During the years 2009 to 2013, three visits to Montenegro were made to study the spring and early summer butterfly fauna. The focus of our study was on the south-western part of the country, especially the coastal region. a total of 31 localities were visited and some interesting observations were made. altogether 112 species were recorded, confirming high diversity of the butterfly fauna of this country. among the observed species, the following are rare or local in Montenegro: Papilio alexanor, Gonepteryx cleopatra, Brenthis ino, Apatura metis, Coenonympha orientalis, Pyrgus sidae, while Cupido osiris is reported for the first time for the country. Based on available literature information the butterfly fauna of Montenegro now includes 168 species. keY WorDS: butterflies, distribution, conservation, rare species, Cupido osiris izvleček – PriSPeVek k PoZnaVanJU FaVne MeTULJeV Črne Gore (LePiDoPTera: rHoPaLoCera) V letih 2009 do 2013 smo opravili tri raziskave dnevnih metuljev v Črni gori predvsem v pomladanskem in zgodnjem poletnem času. Glavni del raziskav je bil usmerjen v jugozahodni obalni del države. Skupno smo obiskali 31 lokacij in zabeležili 112 vrst metuljev, med njimi je tudi nekaj zanimivih najdb. Med opaženimi vrstami se naslednje redko ali lokalno pojavljajo v Črni gori: Papilio alexanor, Gonepteryx cleopatra, Brenthis ino, Apatura metis, Coenonympha orientalis, Pyrgus sidae. Prvič sploh pa smo za Črno goro zabeležili modrina Cupido osiris. na osnovi pregledane literature vključuje favna dnevnih metuljev Črne gore sedaj 168 vrst. kLJUČne BeSeDe: dnevni metulji, razširjenost, varstvo, redke vrste, Cupido osiris 37 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA, JUNIJ 2015 Vol. 23, øt. 1: 37–48 introduction Butterflies are one of the most attractive and recognisable groups of insects, therefore their distribution is usually well known. in Montenegro, first reports of butterfly fauna were made at the end of 19th century (nicholl 1899 – 1902), followed by the more comprehensive studies published by rebel (1913) and rebel & Zerny (1931). after a long gap without surveys caused by political instability and war the next contribution dealing with the fauna of the south-western part of the country was published in 1958 (Carnelutti & Michieli 1958). The authors list 79 species of butterflies, most notably Papilio alexanor (esper, 1800) for Stari Bar. also the next study was centred on the butterfly fauna of the coastal part of Montenegro (Sijarić & Mihljević 1972). However, in 1984 the butterfly fauna of the Durmitor Mts. was published (Sijarić et al. 1984), providing by far the most detailed study of butterflies in Montenegro. even now we can say that Durmitor is the best studied part of the country. Last overview of the butterfly fauna of Montenegro followed in the same year (Sijarić, 1984) with a total of 160 species listed. Since then no additional faunistic papers were published, but the provisional distribution maps published by Jakšić (1988) indicate presence of several additional species for Montenegro, however without traceable background information. Given the size of the country, relatively large number of butterfly species is known from Montenegro, owing mainly to very diverse and highly structured landscape, large altitudinal span and variable climate. These factors provide a multitude of different habitats important for both habitat generalist and specialist species. additionally most parts of the country are little affected by human activity and extensive farming is still prevailing. Besides intensively cultivated areas around Podgorica and Skadar Lake, the habitats of coastal area are most disturbed due to large scale building of tourist infrastructure. in recent years, no new data about fauna of butterflies were published for Montenegro. The main goal of our overview is therefore to contribute new and more detailed data about distribution of Montenegrin butterflies, especially species flying in spring, with the spring aspect of fauna being commonly neglected in previous butterfly studies. Materials and Methods Butterflies were observed during three surveys in Montenegro. The first survey took place from 26.4.2009 until 2.5.2009 covering the south-western part of the country. The second visit was between 29.6.2011 and 3.7.2011 in Durmitor Mts. and Skadar Lake. The final visit was carried out from 28.4.2013 until 4.5.2013 in the coastal part including Podgorica region. in total, 31 localities were visited. The selection of localities with potential interesting habitats was based on investigation of Google earth satellite images. adult butterflies were netted using entomological nets and released after identification. Butterflies were identified in the field by field guide Butterflies of Britain and europe (Tolman & Lewington, 1997). Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 38 List of localities The list of localities contains the relevant toponyms, a short description of the habitat, altitude, coordinates and date of the visit. The localities are arranged in chronological order. 1. Bar, Tomba, meadows and bushes 12 km S of Bar, 45m, 42° 3’54.02”; 19° 7’35.75”; 26.4.2009 2. Bar, Stari Bar, rocky slopes bellow the fortress, 95 m, 42° 5’26.24”; 19° 7’56.47”; 26.4.2009, 29.4.2013 3. Bar, Pečurice, Mrkovsko polje, meadows and pastures Se of the village, 230 m, 42° 1’27.46”; 19°11’30.03”: 27.4.2009 4. Ulcinj, Donja klezna, Briško polje, bushes and pastures Se of the village, 10 m, 41°59’0.64”; 19°17’33.48”; 27.4.2009 5. Ulcinj, Velika plaža, pastures by the beach, 5 m, 41°54’32.60”; 19°15’28.01”; 25.4.2009 and 27.4.2009 6. Ulcinj, Šas, Šaško Lake, meadows and bushes n of the lake, 5 m, 41°58’48.15”; 19°20’18.36”; 25.4.2009 and 29.4.2009 7. Virpazar, Donji Murići, Skadarsko Lake, rocky slopes by the road to Virpazar, 250 m, 42° 9’15.34”; 19°12’46.92”; 30.4.2009 8. Virpazar, Godinje, Skadarsko lake, rocky slopes and bushes by the road to Virpazar, 90 m, 42°13’51.77”; 19° 6’11.50”; 30.4.2009 9. Virpazar, Boljevici, meadows e of the village; 15 m, 42°13’26.01”; 19° 5’2.39”; 30.4.2009, 30.4.2013 Vid Øvara, Barbara Zakøek, Rudi Verovnik: Contribution to the knowledge of the butterfly fauna of Montenegro 39 fig. 1: Map of sampling sites for butterflies during the surveys in Montenegro. The numbers corr e - spond to the list of localities in the Materials and Methods section. Sl. 1: Zem lje - vid lokacij s po - datki o dnevnih metuljih v Črni gori. Številke lo - kacij ustrezajo se - znamu lokacij v Materialih in metodah. 10. Virpazar, Gluhi Do, Crmničko polje, meadows S of the village, 10 m, 42°13’46.91”; 19° 4’19.06”; 30.4.2009 11. Petrovac, Buljarica, meadows and bushes S of the village; 5 m, 42°11’34.57”; 18°58’16.46”; 2.5.2009, 28.4.2013 12. Pivska Planina, Unač, grassy slopes along the road from Piva to Durmitor S of the village, 1110 m, 43°10’48.03”; 18°52’12.49”; 29.6.2011 13. Durmitor, Mt. Stožina, southern slopes above the road at Suva lokva, 1700 m, 43° 5’29.22”; 19° 4’53.36”; 29.6.2011 14. Durmitor, Žugića Bara, rocky slopes S of the bogs, 1400 m;43° 6’11.81”; 19°10’33.39”; 29.6.2011 15. Durmitor, Žabljak, meadows at Barno Lake, 1500 m, 43° 9’18.08”; 19° 5’28.77”; 30.6.2011 16. Durmitor, Žabljak, meadows W of riblje Lake; 1410 m; 43° 5’32.89”; 19° 8’55.87”; 30.6.2011 17. Durmitor, njegovuđa, meadows Se of the Zminičko Lake; 1310 m; 43° 5’59.66”; 19°14’57.36”; 30.6.2011 18. Skadar, Dodoši, along the river S of the village; 5 m; 42°19’30.51”; 19° 8’1.22”; 1.7.2011 19. Podgorica, Dinoša, rocky slopes along the Cijevna river e of the village; 90 m; 42°24’28.01”; 19°20’55.83”; 3.7.2011, 1.5.2013 20. Podgorica, Dinoša, pastures on the n side of Cijevna river at the first bridge e of the village; 95 m; 42°23’47.67”; 19°22’49.70”; 3.7.2011, 1.5.2013 21. Podgorica, Cijevna, above the gorge of the Cijevna river W of the village; 170 m; 42°25’26.85”; 19°27’40.03”; 3.7.2011 22. Petrovac, Lučice, meadows and bushes in the village, forest pathway, 10 m, 42°12’4.67”; 18°57’9.29”; 28.4.2013 23. Bar, Sutomore, grassy slopes and bushes Se from town; 60 m, 42° 8’27.01”; 19° 2’33.96”; 29.4.2013 24. Petrovac, novoselje, meadows by the road to Petrovac; 660 m, 42°13’4.04”; 18°58’22.88”; 30.4.2013 25. Virpazar, rocky slopes and forest pathway Se from town; 40 m, 42°14’43.69”; 19° 5’30.78”; 30.4.2013 26. komarno, meadows around village; 240 m, 42°17’16.10”; 19° 3’37.02”; 30.4.2013 27. rijeka Crnojevića, meadows e from village; 25m, 42°21’20.86”; 19° 1’26.75”; 30.4.2013 28. kotor, grassy slopes on the W of the town ; 220 m, 42°25’29.03”; 18°46’19.63”; 3.5.2013 29. Lastva Grbaljska, Glavati, meadows around the village; 210m, 42°18’19.61”; 18°46’7.23”; 3.5.2013 30. kotor, njeguši, rocky slopes and meadows S of the village; 915 m, 42°25’40.88”; 18°48’19.40”; 4.5.2013 31. Cetinje, Bjeloši, meadows by the road to Cetinje; 990 m, 42°21’56.66”; 18°52’48.95”; 4.5.2013 Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 40 results table 1: The distribution of recorded butterfly species in Montenegro. The numbering of localities corresponds to the list of localities in Materials and Methods section. nomenclature follows Van Swaay et al. 2010, and Fauna europaea (2014). Vid Øvara, Barbara Zakøek, Rudi Verovnik: Contribution to the knowledge of the butterfly fauna of Montenegro 41 Species localities papillionidae Papillio machaon Linnaeus, 1758 2, 5, 7, 8, 11, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 30 Papillio alexanor esper, 1800 2 Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 19, 30 Zerynthia polyxena (Dennis & Schiffermuller, 1775) 1, 3, 9, 10, 11, 19, 20 23, 26, 30, 31 Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) 13 Parnassius mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) 12 pieridae Aporia crategi (Linnaeus, 1758) 12 Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) 4, 11, 24, 25, 30 Pieris balcana Lorković, 1968 12 Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 11, 18, 23, 27, 28 Pieris mannii (Mayer, 1851) 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 27, 30 Pieris napi (Linnaeus, 1758) 9, 11, 18, 30 Pieris ergane (Geyer, 1828) 13, 20, 21 Pontia edusa (Fabricius, 1777) 1, 23 Euchloe ausonia (Hübner, 1804) 2, 5, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30 Antocharis cardamines (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 Colias alfacariensis ribbe, 1905 16 Colias croceus (Geoffroy, 1785) 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29 Gonepteryx rhamni (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 3, 8, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 29, 30 Gonepteryx cleopatra (Linnaeus, 1767) 11 Leptidaea sinapis/juvernica 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 28, 29, 30 lycaenidae Satyrium ilicis (esper, 1779) 12 Callophrys rubi (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 11, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26, 31 Lycaena phleas (Linnaeus, 1761) 1, 2, 3, 11, 20, 24, 27, 30 Lycaena ottomana (Lefebvre, 1830) 3, 9, 11, 19, 22, 26, 37, 29 Lycaena tytirus (Poda, 1761) 12 Lycaena candens (Herrich-Schaffer, 1844) 13, 15 Tarucus balkanicus (Freyer, 1844) 19, 20 Celestrina argiolus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 3, 5, 11, 18, 22, 23 Cupido argiades (Pallas, 1771) 22 Cupido minimus (Fuessly, 1775) 12, 17, 20 Cupido osiris (Meigen, 1829) 29 Glaucopsyche alexis (Poda, 1761) 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 20, 22, 23, 24, 29, 30, 31 Phengaris alcon (Dennis & Schiffermuller, 1775) 12, 17 Phengaris arion (Linnaeus, 1758) 12 Iolana iolas (ochsenheimer, 1816) 21 Scolitantides orion (Pallas, 1771) 6, 8, 19, 20, 22, 24, 27, 29, 30 Pseudophilotes vicrama (Moore, 1865) 11, 24 Plebejus argus (Linnaeus, 1758) 12, 13, 14, 17 Plebejus idas (Linnaeus, 1761) 12, 13 Aricia eumedon (esper, 1780) 12, 15 Aricia agestis (Dennis & Schiffermuller, 1775) 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 30 Aricia artaxerxes (Fabricius, 1793) 12, 15, 17 Aricia anteros (Freyer, 1838) 12, 15 Cyaniris semiargus (rottemburg, 1775) 12, 13, 14, 15, 17 Polyommatus amandus (Schneider, 1792) 12, 13, 17 Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 42 Polyommatus dorylas (Dennis & Schiffermuller, 1775) 14 Polyommatus icarus (rottemburg, 1775) 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,25, 26, 28, 29 Polyommatus eros (ochsenheimer, 1808) 13 libytheidae Libythea celtis (Laicharting, 1782) 11, 19, 26, 33 nymphalidae Apatura metis Freyer, 1829 18 Limenitis reducta (Staudinger, 1901) 12, 19, 20, 21 Limenitis camilla (Linnaeus, 1764) 12 Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758) 9, 19, 25, 27 Aglais io (Linnaeus, 1758) 6, 9, 16, Aglais urticae (Linnaeus, 1758) 9, 15, 16, 27 Nymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus, 1758) 31 Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 15, 19, 24, 25, 28, 31 Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) 5, 11, 15, 29, 31 Issoria lathonia (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 19, 20, 26, 30 Polygonia c-album (Linnaeus, 1758) 17 Polygonia egea (Cramer, 1775) 18 Argynnis paphia (Linnaeus, 1758) 21 Argynnis aglaja (Linnaeus, 1758) 15 Argynnis niobe (Linnaeus, 1758) 21 Brenthis hecate (Dennis & Schiffermuller, 1775) 12 Brenthis daphne (Bergstrasser, 1780) 12, 15 Brenthis ino (rottemburg, 1775) 12, 15 Boloria titania (esper, 1793) 15 Boloria euphrosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) 15 Melitaea cinxia (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 3, 9, 12, 14, 17, 25, 29 Melitaea phoebe (Dennis & Schiffermuller, 1775) 12 Melitaea diamina (Lang, 1789) 15 Melitaea didyma (esper, 1778) 12, 17, 21 Melitaea athalia (rottemburg, 1775) 12, 15, 17 Melitaea aurelia nickerl, 1850 12 Euphydryas maturna (Linnaeus, 1758) 12 Euphydryas aurinia (rottemburg, 1775) 2, 12, 15, 19, 29 Melanargia galathea (Linnaeus, 1758) 12 Melanargia larissa (Geyer, 1828) 19, 20 Hypparchia syriaca (Staudinger, 1871) 18, 20 Hypparchia fagi (Scopoli, 1763) 12 Satyrus ferula (Fabricius, 1793) 21 Brintesia circe (Fabricius, 1775) 20 Erebia medusa (Dennis & Schiffermuller, 1775) 13 Erebia ottomana Herrich-Schaffer, 1847 13, 16 Erebia oeme (Hübner, 1804) 13, 14 Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758) 12 Coenonympha rhodophensis elwes, 1900 13, 14 Coenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 11, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29 Coenonympha arcania (Linnaeus, 1761) 15, 17, 21 Coenonympha orientalis rebel, 1910 17 Coenonympha glycerion (Borkhausen, 1788) 12,14,16 Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 18, 22 Lasiommata megera (Linnaeus, 1767) 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 19, 20, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30 Lasiommata maera (Linnaeus, 1758) 11, 12, 15, 28 hesperiidae Pyrgus malvae (Linnaeus, 1758) 3, 12, 30 Pyrgus alveus (Hubner, 1803) 14 Pyrgus armoricanus (oberthur, 1910) 16 Pyrgus serratulae (rambur, 1839) 14 a total of 112 species were observed during our surveys, representing approximately 70% of all known species for the country (Sijarić, 1984). as no specimens were collected we could not examine the genitalia of Leptidea sp., and have therefore listed them as L. sinapis/juvernica, the first being much more likely widespread in Montenegro. The most common species was P. icarus, which occurred at 21 sites, followed by I. podalirius, P. mannii, A. cardamines, C. croceus, L. sinapis/juvernica, G. alexis, A. agestis, L. megera, all observed at 14 or more localities. Mostly due to single short summer visit to the mountainous interior part of Montenegro 48 species were observed only at a single location. discussion Due to lack of recent publications we can compare our results only to historical records published thirty or more years ago. Based on these published records we selected some of the rare and local species in Montenegro and for them we provide a more detailed discussion: Papilio alexanor - the species was reported from Montenegro for the first time by nicholl (1899) for surroundings of Cetinje. interestingly rebel quotes nicholl, but mentions village Boljevići as the location where she observed P. alexanor. one additional observation is reported by Carnelutti & Michieli (1958) for Stari Bar. Since then, there was one additional record from Montenegro for kotor (Bollino & Sala 2004), however without any additional information on location and date of observation. a photograph of an adult specimen from njeguši village just above kotor in May 2008 corroborates this record (Chirs Dowson, pers. comm.). The species was considered extinct in Yugoslavia (Collins & Morris, 1985). We have observed several specimens flying on steep slopes below the Stari Bar fortress confirming its presence at one of the historical sites after more than half a century. The larval host plant Opopanax chironium was also observed on the site. P. alexanor is protected in Montenegro (Službeni list rCG, 2006) and we hope this possibly extremely isolated population will not be targeted by collectors. Gonepteryx cleopatra – the species was reported from Montenegro only in 1950’s from the vicinity of Sutorman (Carnelutti & Michieli 1958). it is widespread along the adriatic coast in Dalmatia (Jakšić 1988, Withrington & Verovnik 2008) and also in Greece (Pamperis 2009), but there is an evident gap in the distribution in Vid Øvara, Barbara Zakøek, Rudi Verovnik: Contribution to the knowledge of the butterfly fauna of Montenegro 43 Pyrgus sidae (esper, 1784) 2, 12 Spialia orbifer (Hubner, 1823) 12, 16, 20 Carcharodus alcae (esper, 1780) 18, 24 Carcharodus floccifera (Zeller, 1847) 15 Carcharodus orientalis reverdin, 1913 2 Erynnis tages (Linnaeus, 1758) 3, 17, 20, 24 Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas, 1771) 17 Heteropterus morpheus (Pallas, 1771) 12 Thymelicus acteon (rottemburg, 1775) 21 Thymelicus lineola (ochsenheimer, 1808) 12 Thymelicus sylvestris (Poda, 1761) 12 Ochlodes sylvanus (esper, 1777) 12 Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 44 fig. 2: Habitat (a) and adult (b) photo of Papilio alexanor from Stari Bar in Montenegro (photo Vid Švara). Sl. 2: Habitat (a) in odrasli osebek (b) Papilio alexanor iz okolice Starega Bara v Črni gori (foto Vid Švara). Montenegro and possibly northern albania. During our surveys only a single male was observed patrolling over bushy vegetation near Buljarica village. Cupido osiris – this species is not mentioned in any of the historical publications, therefore we consider it as a new species record for Montenegro. it is known from all neighbouring countries (rebel 1913, Lelo 2000, Popović & Đurić 2011), therefore its discovery was anticipated. a single male was observed flying over rough grassy terrain near Glavati village. Brenthis ino – no previous published records, but indicated as present in Montenegro in the bordering area to Bosnia and Hercegovina in distribution maps by Jakšić (1988). This species has been found in low numbers below Pivska planina in dry grasslands and more commonly on wet meadows at Barno Lake near Žabljak, both in Durmitor Mts. The species possibly expanded its range recently, as it was not observed during the detailed surveys in the past century (Sijarić et al. 1984). Apatura metis – another species with no published records, but indicated as present in Montenegro at Skadar Lake according to distribution maps by Jakšić (1988). indeed, this species has been found at several sites around Skadar Lake by Filip Franeta (pers. comm.). We observed several males imbibing minerals on muddy shores of Biševina river near Dodoši village (Skadar Lake area), while females were perching on trees. Coenonympha orientalis – the species was first mentioned for Montenegro by nicholl (1902) for Durmitor Mts. however it has not been found there again during Vid Øvara, Barbara Zakøek, Rudi Verovnik: Contribution to the knowledge of the butterfly fauna of Montenegro 45 fig. 3: Cupido osiris male from vicinity of Glavati village in Montenegro (photo Vid Švara). Sl. 3: Samec Cupido osiris iz okolice vasi Glavati v Črni gori (foto Vid Švara). intensive surveys in the past century (Sijarić et al. 1984). Unexpectedly, it was found at much lower altitude (800 m) in Tara river canyon near Gornje Dobrilovine. authors also mention its presence on Mt. Goleš and Mt. Sjekirica further eastwards (Sijarić et al. 1984). We found the species at Zminičko Lake, where it was flying together with its much more abundant close relative C. arcania. Their behaviour was markedly different with C. orientalis almost exclusively staying among juniper bushes, while C. arcania commonly ventured into glades visiting flowers. Pyrgus sidae – so far only reported for Lovćen (Sijarić, 1984) and Cetinje area (rebel, 1913). The species is possibly more widespread as it was found in Durmitor region at Pivska planina (several specimens) and near Sutomore at the coast (single fresh specimen). in the absence of any recent checklists of Montenegrin butterflies Sijarić’s list (Sijarić 1984) could be considered as baseline source for a comparison. He lists 160 species, but omitted three previously published records by rebel & Zerny (1931): Gonepteryx farinosa (Zeller, 1847) mentioned for Bar and Erebia triaria (De Pruner, 1798) from Volujak and rikavac, and possibly by mistake also very common Glaucopsyche alexis first recorded from Cetinje. He also does not include Pieris balcana, which he recorded in Durmitor (Sijarić et al. 1984). The only subsequent published addition is Danaus chrysippus recorded from Budva, Boka kotorska and risan by Jakšić & ristić (1999). The species count becomes more complicated when taking into account distribution maps of Jakšić (1988) who indicates the presence of several additional species: Leptidea duponcheli (Staudinger, 1871), Satyrium w-album (knoch, 1782), Lycaena thersamon (esper, 1784), Polyommatus escheri (Hübner, 1923), Charaxes jasius (Linnaeus, 1767), Apatura ilia (Dennis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Apatura metis, Brenthis ino, and Hipparchia fatua (Freyer, 1884). although these records are not entirely unlikely, they remain anonymous as no additional literature source indicating the presence of these species could be found. We have, however, confirmed the presence of Apatura metis and Brenthis ino, and together with Cupido osiris, bring the total number of observed species in Montenegro to 168. The list is by far not complete, as several records remain unpublished (Filip Franeta, pers. comm.) and the north-eastern mountainous part of the country has hardly been surveyed. Based on our surveys and incomplete geographic coverage it is hard to judge the endangerment of particular species. However some of the eC Habitat directive species are still widespread in Montenegro and should be taken into consideration for establishment of emerald network of protected sites in this country. in particularly Zerynthia polyxena is widespread in coastal part of the country and possibly threatened by habitat degradation caused by building of tourist infrastructure. Apatura metis is another species with an important stronghold around Skadar Lake which is of high conservation importance in general. in addition Parnassius apollo, P. mnemosyne, Phengaris arion, Euphydryas maturna could have important strongholds in the Montenegro mountains, but further studies are required. european red List of Butterflies (Van Swaay et al. 2010) includes some additional species of conservation importance among which Coenonympha orientalis is considered vulnerable (VU). Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 46 The legislative part of butterfly conservation in Montenegro is at present almost non-existent, as only four species from family Papilionidae are protected. interestingly, the possibly threatened Zerynthia polyxena is not included, while common and widespread Papilio machaon and Iphiclides podalirius are. Papilio alexanor, included also in annex iV of the eC Habitat directive, is probably the most threatened butterfly species in Montenegro due to general habitat degradation along the coast and possible isolation of the single known population. in many respects Montenegro is still an uncharted territory and certainly holds many important new discoveries. We hope that our publication will contribute to the beginning of a more systematic research of butterflies in Montenegro and hopefully also to conservation of its rich flora and fauna. acknowledgments We are thankful to Milan Đurić, Miloš Popović, Matjaž Bedjanič, Sanja Behrič, Mateja Delač, nika kogovšek, Bia rakar, katja Zeme, anže Suhadolnik, anja Štular, Tajda Gredar, andrej Peternel, Luka Šturm and Blaž Vončina for their company during field work and Chirs Dowson for sharing his observation of Papilio alexanor. We are especially grateful to Filip Franeta who kindly commented the first version of the manuscript and for his help during field work. Surveys in 2009 and 2013 were part of student research camps organized by Biology Students’ Society from Slovenia. literature bollino, M. & Sala, g., 2004: Synopsis of Papilio alexanor esper, 1799, natura, edizioni scientifiche, Mediterranea Stampe Digitali, Lecce, 64 pp. Carnelutti, J. & Michieli, Š., 1958: i. Beitrag zur Lepidopterenfauna der Crna Gora, Fragmenta Balcanica, 10 (2): 67–81. Collins, n.M. & Morris, M.g., 1985: Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World, The iUCn red Data Book. iUCn, Gland and Cambridge, 401 pp. fauna europaea, 2014: Fauna europaea version 2.5. http://www.faunaeur.org [accessed 10.10.2014]. Jakšić p., 1988: Privremene karte rasprostranjenosti dnevnih leptira Jugoslavije (Lepidoptera, rhopalocera). Jugoslavensko entomološko društvo, Posebna izdanja 1, 214 pp. Jakšić, p. & ristić, g., 1999: new and rare species of lepidoptera in Yugoslavia. Acta entomologica serbica, 4(1/2): 63–74. lelo, S., 2000: revised inventory of the butterflies of Bosnia and Herzegovina (insecta: Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionidea). Natura Croatica 9(2): 139 – 156. nicholl, M. d.l.b., 1899: Butterfly hunting in Dalmatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Entomologists Record, 11, 1–8, London. nicholl, M. d.l.b., 1902: The Lepidoptera of Bosnia and Montenegro. Entomologists Record, 14, 141–146, London. Vid Øvara, Barbara Zakøek, Rudi Verovnik: Contribution to the knowledge of the butterfly fauna of Montenegro 47 pamperis, l.n., 2009. The Butterflies of Greece. - editions Pamperis, athens. 768 pp. popović, M. & Đurić, M., 2011: Dnevni leptiri Srbije – priručnik. HabiProt, Beograd, 198 pp. rebel, h., 1913: Studien über die Lepidopterenfauna der Balkanländer, iii. Teil: Sammelergebnisse aus Montenegro, albanien, Mazedonien und Thrazien. Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hof museums, Wien, 27: 282–343. rebel, h. & Zerny, h., 1931: Die Lepidopterenfauna albaniens. Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 103: 37-161. Sijarić, r. & Mihljević, b., 1972: Prilog poznavanju faune rhopalocera i Hesperioidea Lepidoptera primorskog podrucja Crne gore. Glasnik republiškog zavoda za zaštitu prirode – Prirodnjačkog muzeja, Titograd, 5: 103–114. (in Serbo-Croat) Sijarić, r., 1984: istraženost rhopalocera (Lepidoptera) u Crnoj Gori. Glasnik odeljenja prirodnih nauka, 4: 163–175. (in Serbo-Croat) Sijarić, r., Z. lorković, J. Carnelutti, Jakšić, p., 1984. in: Fauna Durmitora, Sveska 1. rhopalocera (insecta, Lepidoptera). Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti. Posebna izdanja, odjeljenje prirodnih nauka, 11: 95–184. (in Serbo- Croat) Službeni list rCg, 2006: riješenje o stavljanju pod zaštitu pojedinih biljnih i životinjskih vrsta. Službeni list RCG 76/06, 27 pp. (in Serbo-Croat) tolman, t. & lewington, r., 1997: Butterflies of Britain and europe, London, 528 str. Van Swaay, C., Cuttelod, a., Collins, S., Maes, d., lopez Munguira, M., Šašić, M., Settele, J., Verovnik, r., Verstrael, t., warren, M., wiemers, M., wynhof, i., 2010: european red List of Butterfies, Luxembourg: Publications office of the european Union, 47 str. withrington, d. k. J., & Verovnik, r., 2008: Butterflies (rhopalocera) of the Croatian islands. Entomologist’s Gazette 59: 3 – 25. Received / Prejeto: 5. 1. 2015 Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 48 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE FAUNA OF NEUROPTERA (INSECTA) OF THE KAHRAMANMARAŞ PROVINCE, TURKEY Ismail ARI Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kilis 7 Aralık University, 7900 Kilis/Turkey; ismailari@kilis.edu.tr Abstract - Neuroptera specimens were collected between June and September in the years of 2010-2014 in the Kahramanmaraş province, Turkey. Collected specimens were determined to belong to 34 species, 22 genera, and 7 families, which is 16 percentage of the number of neuropteroids recorded in Turkey. The existence of 7 species previously reported from the area has not been confirmed during the fieldwork. 22 species are the first records for the Neuroptera fauna of Kahramanmaraş. KEY WORDS: Neuroptera, Fauna, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. Izvleček – PRISPEVEK K FAVNI MREŽEKRILCEV (INSECTA: NEUROPTERA) PROVINCE KAHRAMANMARAŞ, TURČIJA Primerki mrežekrilcev so bili zbirani med junijem in septembrom v letih 2010 – 2014 v provinci Kahramanmaraş, Turčija. Zbrani primerki so bili določeni in pripadajo 34 vrstam, 22 rodovom in 7 družinam, kar je 16 odstotkov števila nevropteroidov, zabeleženih v Turčiji. Prisotnost sedmih vrst, predhodno zabeleženih v območju, med terenskim delom ni bila potrjena. 22 vrst je prvič zabeleženih v favni mrežekrilcev Kahramanmaraşa. KLJUČNE BESEDE: Neuroptera, favna, Kahramanmaraş, Turčija. Introduction Most adults of neuropteran insects are predaceous. They feed on aphids, mites, and several other agricultural pests, and these insects can be used in integrated pest management (Ghahari et al., 2010). The Neuroptera includes 687 species and 17 49 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA, JUNIJ 2015 Vol. 23, øt. 1: 49–62 subspecies in the Palaearctic region and about 6000 species in the world (Aspöck, et al., 2001). The first Turkish faunal data on Neuroptera was published in the paper by Schneider (1845). After 1960, the exploration of the local fauna in Turkey was increased dramatically. In the ensuing years, the new species and faunistic records from Turkey were given (Aistleitner, 1982; Aspöck, 1987, 1989, 1996; Aspöck & Aspöck 1965a, 1965b, 1966, 1969a, 1969b, 1979, 1980, 1994; Aspöck et al., 1978, 1984; Gepp, 1974; Hölzel, 1965, 1966, 1967a, 1967b, 1968, 1969, 1972a, 1972b, 1978, 1987; Hölzel & Ohm, 1986; Kačírek, 1998; Koçak, 1976; Meinander, 1972; Monserrat & Hölzel, 1987; Rausch & Aspöck, 1978; Rausch et al., 1978; Şengonca, 1978, 1979, 1980a, 1980b, 1981a 1981b). Turkish and European neuropterologists have started to increase the works on the Neuroptera since 2000. These researchers have provided new records to Turkish neuropteran fauna and new species to the world neuroptean fauna (Abrahám & Mészáros, 2002; Ari, 2014; Ari et al., 2007a, 2007b; Ari & Kiyak, 2000, 2003; Berber & Canbulat, 2009; Canbulat, 2007a, 2007b, 2013; Canbulat & Kiyak, 2002a 2002b, 2003a, 2003b, 2005; Dobosz & Abraham, 2009; Kemal & Koçak, 2006; Kiyak & Özdikmen, 1993; Koçak & Kemal, 2008; Kovanci & Canbulat, 2007; Kovanci et.al., 2014; Ohl, 2009; Onar, 2007; Özgen, et al., 2012; Satar, 2005; Satar & Özbay,2002, 2003; Rausch & Weißmair, 2007). By 2015, as a result of Neuroptera researches above, The Neuroptera order is represented by 11 families, 210 species, and 4 subspecies in Turkey (Table 1). In the present study, 34 species are listed for the Kahramanmaraş province. Table 1: The number of species and subspecies of each family in Turkey. The neuropterid fauna of Kahramanmaraş was insufficiently investigated up to now, and only sporadic papers on species occurrence in the province existed. To date, 20 Neuroptera species have been recorded from Kahramanmaraş (for review, see Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 50 Family Number ofspecies Number of subspecies Family Number of species Number of subspecies Ascalaphidae 12 2 Mantispidae 5 Berothidae 2 Myrmeleontidae 55 1 Chrysopidae 56 Nemopteridae 13 Coniopterygidae 27 Osmylidae 4 Dilaridae 2 Sisyridae 3 Hemerobiidae 31 1 Hölzel, 1967a, 1968; Şengonca, 1978, 1979, 1980a, and 1981a, 1981b; Kačírek, 1998; Ari & Kiyak, 2000; Bahadıroğlu & Daymaz, 2001). Kahramanmaraş is located in the south part of Turkey. The province is characterized by mountains, plains, plateaus, and various forest types. The north part of Amanos Mountains, Başkonuş Kubalı Mountain, Ahır Mountain, and Kartal Kaya Mountains exist in the west part of Kahramanmaraş. A big part of surface area of the province is constituted by plains namely Narlı, Sağlık, and Maraş and plateaus, including Erkenez, Aksu, Imalı, Büyükmine, and Karacasu. Majority of Kahramanmaraş is covered with various forest types, including deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests. The objective of this study is to provide detailed information about the Neuropteran fauna and their distribution in the Kahramanmaraş province. Materials and Methods The specimens examined in this study were collected from 23 randomly located sampling sites in the Kahramanmaraş province. A total of 165 specimens of 34 species Ismail Ari: A contribution to the fauna of Neuroptera (Insecta) of the Kahramanmara∂ province, Turkey 51 Fig. 1: Map of Kahramanmaraş, Turkey belonging to 22 genera and 7 families were collected by sweep net and light trap between June and September in the years of 2010-2014. Specimens were killed in jars with ethyl acetate. After that they were prepared, labeled according to the standard procedures for museum materials. Then they were stored in the Biology Department of Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Kilis 7 Aralık University. To determine the species of the samples, the diagnostic keys and descriptions in the literature were used (Aspöck, et al., 1980; Bozsik, 2010; Gruppe, 2006; Hölzel, 1972a; Şengonca, 1980a, 1980b, 1981b). Results List of species Family: Ascalaphidae Lefébvre, 1842 Deleproctophylla dusmeti Navás, 1914 Materials examined: 1♀, 1♂, Bank of Kahramanmaras-Narlı road (Hukukçular Ormanı), 37026’57’’N 37005’43’’E, 687m., 24.07.2011. Libelloides macaronius (Scopoli, 1763) Material examined: 1♂, Çağlayancerit County (Vicinity of Ağbeyli Village), 370 44’03’’N 37013’48’’E, 1600m., 21.07.2011. Family: Berothidae Handlirsch, 1908 Isoscelipteron fulvum Costa, 1863 Materials examined: 1♀, 1♂, Bank of Kahramanmaraş-Narlı road (Hukukçular Ormanı), 37026’57’’N 37005’43’’E, 687m., 13.09. 2014. Family: Chrysopidae Schneider, 1851 Brinckochrysa amseli (Hölzel, 1967) Material examined: 1♂, Nurhak County (Gövdeli Village), 370 58’54’’N 37038’08’’E, 1103m., 20.07. 2011. Chrysopa abbreviata Curtis, 1834 Material examined: 1♂, Vicinity of Tekir County, 37054’24’’N 360 35’58’’E, 1125m., 23.07.2011. Chrysopa dorsalis Burmeister, 1839 Material examined: 1♂, Vicinity of Fatih District, 370 23’24’’N 36040’55’’E, 1012m., 21.08.2010. Chrysopa formosa Brauer, 1851 Material examined: 1♀, Vicinity of Tekir County, 37054’24’’N 360 35’58’’E, 1125m., 23.07.2011; Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 52 Chrysopa perla (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: 3♀♀, Başkonuş, 37034’11’’N 36034’52’’E, 1348m., 20.07.2010. Chrysopa viridana Schneider, 1845 Material examined: 2♀♀1♂, Vicinty of Fatih District, 370 23’24’’N 36040’55’’E, 1012m., 21.08. 2010; 1♀, Topçalı Village –Andırın, 37033’35’’N 36034’46’’E, 14499 m, 01.09. 2011; 1♂, Vicinty of Çağlayancerit District, 370 44’26’’N 37015’43’’E, 1274m., 21.07.2011; 1♀2♂♂, Bank of Kahramanmaraş-Narlı road (Hukukçular Ormanı), 37026’57’’N 37005’43’’E, 687m., 13.09. 2014. Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) sensu lato Material examined: 1♂, Kahramanmaraş-Narlı road (Hukukçular Ormanı), 37027’23’’N 37005’32’’E, 722m., 14.06.2010; 2♂♂, Başkonuş, 37034’11’’N 36034’52’’E, 1348m., 20.07.2010; 1♀, Vicinty of the thermal power plant in Afşin, 38023’28’’N 36058’23 E’’ 1249m., 19.07.2011; 2♀♀, Vicinty of the thermal power plant in Afşin, 38012’08’’N 37006’48 E’’ 1128m., 19.07.2011; 1♀, Elbistan–Nurhak road (Hırsızpınarı Cemetery), 38002’14’’N 37018’32 E’’ 1520m., 20.07.2011; 1♀, Nurhak–Gölbaşı road (Gövdeli Village), 37058’54’’N 37038’08’’E, 1103m., 20.07.2011; 1♀, 10 km. to Çağlayancerit from Gölbaşı, 37044’00’’N 37021’37 E’’ 964m., 21.07.2011; 2♀♀, Çağlayancerit (Ağbeyli Village), 37044’03’’N 37013’48 E’’ 1600m., 21.07.2011; 2♀♀, Vicinty of Tekir County, 37054’24’’N 36035’58’’E, 1117m., 23.07.2011; 1♀, Kahramanmaraş-Narlı road (Hukukçular Ormanı), 37026’57’’N 37005’43’’E, 687m., 24.07.2011; 2♀♀1♂, Başkonuş, 37033’57’’N 36035’45’’E, 1410m., 01.09.2011; 2♀♀1♂, Suluyayla-Andırın, 37034’07’’N 36031’38’’E, 1128m., 02.09.2011; 3♀♀2♂♂, Başkonuş, 37034’05’’N 36035’09’’E, 1348m., 03.09.2011. Italochrysa italica (Rossi, 1790) Material examined: 3♀♀3♂♂, 10 km to Çağlayancerit from Pazarcık, 37039’15’’N 37028’02’’E, 964m., 21.07.2011; 3♀♀, 1♂, Bank of Kahramanmaraş-Narlı road (Hukukçular Ormanı), 37026’57’’N 37005’43’’E, 687m., 20.08. 2014. Nineta guadarramensis (Pictet, 1865) Material examined: 2♂♂, Nurhak-Gölbaşı road (Vicinity of Tatlar Village), 37057’50’’N 37035’22’’E, 1129m., 20.7.2011. Peyerimhoffina gracilis (Schneider, 1851) Material examined: 5♀♀3♂♂, Başkonuş, 37034’03’’N 36035’14’’E, 1323m., 20.07.2010. Pseudomallada flavifrons (Brauer, 1850) Material examined: 2♀♀, Nurhak (Gövdeli Village), 370 58’54’’N 37038’08’’E, 1103m., 20.07. 2011; 1♀2♂♂, Vicinity of Çağlayancerit (The Murat Mountain), 997m., 21.7.2011; 2♀, Vicinity of Tekir County, 37054’24’’N 360 35’58’’E, 1125m., Ismail Ari: A contribution to the fauna of Neuroptera (Insecta) of the Kahramanmara∂ province, Turkey 53 23.07.2011; 3♀♀4♂♂, Başkonuş, 37034’11’’N 36034’52’’E, 1348m., 19.07.2011; 3♀♀2♂♂, Bank of Kahramanmaraş-Narlı road (Hukukçular Ormanı), 37026’57’’N 37005’43’’E, 687m., 13.09. 2014. Pseudomallada prasinus (Burmeister, 1839) Material examined: 3♀♀1♂, Nurhak (Gövdeli Village), 370 04’07’’N 36031’38’’E, 1103m., 20.07. 2011. Pseudomallada subflavifrons (Tjeder, 1949) Material examined: 2♀♀1♂, Suluyayla Village-Andırın, 370 58’54’’N 37038’08’’E, 1128m., 02.09. 2011. Pseudomallada zelleri (Schneider, 1851) Material examined: 1♂, Afşin (Tanır District), 380 26’02’’N 36055’34’’E, 1239m., 19.07.2011. Family: Hemerobiidae Latreille, 1802 Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) subnebulosus (Stephens, 1836) Material examined: 1♂, Başkonuş, 37034’11’’N 360 34’52’’E, 1348m., 20.07.2010. Family: Mantispidae Leach in Brewster, 1815 Mantispa aphavexelte H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1944 Materials examined: 1♀2♂♂, Topçalı village – Andırın, 37033’35’’N 36034’46’’E, 1449m, 01.09. 2011; 1♀1 ♂, Nurhak (Gövdeli Village), 370 58’54’’N 37038’08’’E, 1103m., 20.07. 2011. Mantispa scabricollis McLachlan, 1875 Material examined: 1♂, Nurhak (Gövdeli Village), 370 58’54’’N 37038’08’’E, 1103m., 20.07. 2011. Mantispa styriaca (Poda, 1761) Material examined: 1♀, Nurhak (Gövdeli Village), 370 38’54’’N 37038’08’’E, 1120m., 20.07. 2011. Family: Myrmeleontidae Latreille, 1802 Creoleon plumbeus (Olivier, 1811) Materials examined : 1♀2♂♂, Vicinity of thermal power plant in Afşin, 380 23’28’’N 36058’23’’E, 1249m., 19.07. 2011; 1♂, 20 km to Çağlayancerit From Pazarcık, 37037’52’’N 37029’08’’E, 963m., 21.7.2011; 1♀, Vicinity of Elbistan County (Cemetery), 38002’14’’N 37018’32’’E, 1519m., 20.07.2011; 1♀, Bank of Kahramanmaras-Narlı road (Hukukçular Ormanı), 37026’57’’N 37005’43’’E, 687m., 24.07.2011. Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 54 Dendroleon pantherinus (Fabricus, 1787) Materials examined: 1♀1 ♂, Bank of Kahramanmaras-Narlı road (Hukukçular Ormanı), 37026’57’’N 37005’43’’E, 687m., 29.8.2014; 1♀, Bank of Kahramanmaras- Narlı road (Hukukçular Ormanı), 37026’57’’N 37005’43’’E, 687m., 24.07.2011. Distoleon tetragrammicus (Fabricus, 1798) Material examined: 1♀, Topçalı Village – Andırın, 37033’35’’N 36034’46’’E, 1449m., 01.09. 2011; 2♀♀, Bank of Kahramanmaras-Narlı road (Hukukçular Ormanı), 37026’57’’N 37005’43’’E, 687m., 12.09.2014. Myrmecaelurus major McLachlan, 1875 Material examined: 1♀, Nurhak (Boyalıceylanlar Village), 380 04’28’’N 37009’37’’E, 1120m., 20.07. 2011. Myrmecaelurus trigrammus (Pallas, 1771) Materials examined: 2♀♀, Vicinity of thermal power plant in Afşin, 380 23’28’’N 36058’23’’E, 1249m., 19.07. 2011; 1♀, Nurhak (Tatlar Village), 370 57’50’’N 37035’22’’E, 1203m., 20.07. 2011; 1♂, 20 km to Çağlayancerit from Pazarcık, 37037’52’’N 37029’08’’E, 963m., 21.7.2011; 2♂♂, Vicinity of Çağlayancerit, 37039’15’’N 37028’02’’E, 997m., 21.7.2011. Neuroleon (Ganussa) tenellus (Klug, 1834) Material examined: 1♂, Nurhak (Gövdeli Village), 370 58’54’’N 37038’08’’E, 1113m., 20.07. 2011. Neuroleon (Neuroleon) assimilis (Navás, 1914) Materials examined: 21♀♀3♂♂, Bank of Kahramanmaraş-Narlı road (Hukukçular Ormanı), 38004’40’’N 37013’01’’E, 687m., between 25.08.2014 and 13.09.2014. Neuroleon (Neuroleon) egenus (Navás, 1914) Materials examined: 2♂♂, Ekinözü (Akpınar Vicinity), 38004’40’’N 37013’01’’E, 1339m., 20.07.2011. Nicarinus poecilopterus (Stein, 1863) Materials examined: 2♂ ♂, Bank of Kahramanmaras-Narlı road (Hukukçular Ormanı), 37026’57’’N 37005’43’’E, 687m., 11.9.214. Palpares libelluloides (Linnaeus, 1764) Materials examined: 1♀1 ♂, 37023’24’’N 36040’55’’E, Fatih District, 1012m., 20.7.2010; 2♀♀1 ♂, 37023’24’’N 36040’55’’E, Bank of Elbistan-Nurhak road, 1519m., 20.7.2011; 2♀♀, 370 54’24’’N 360 35’58’’E, Vicinity of Tekir, 1117m., 23.07.2011. Ismail Ari: A contribution to the fauna of Neuroptera (Insecta) of the Kahramanmara∂ province, Turkey 55 Solter ledereri Navás, 1912 Material examined: 1♂, Bank of Kahramanmaraş-Narlı road (Hukukçular Ormanı), 38004’40’’N 37013’01’’E, 680m., 20.07. 2011. Family: Nemopteridae Burmeister, 1839 Lertha extensa (Olivier, 1811) Material examined: 1♀, Bank of Ekinozu-Elbistan road, 37026’57’’N 37005’43’’E, 687m., 14.09.2011. Nemoptera sinuata Olivier, 1811 Materials examined: 1♂, Vicinity of Fatih District, 37023’24’’N 36040’5’’E, 1012m., 20.06.2010; 2♀♀, 5♂♂, Firniz, 37042’29’’N 36041’23’’E, 1012m., 29.06.2010. Discussion In previous studies, 20 species belonging to 5 families, namely Berothidae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Myrmeleontidae, and Nemopteridae, were recorded from Kahramanmaraş (Hölzel, 1967a, 1968; Şengonca, 1978, 1979, 1980a, and 1981a, 1981b; Kačírek, 1998; Ari & Kiyak, 2000; Bahadıroğlu & Daymaz, 2001). In this work, existence of Chrysopa pallens, Chrysotropia ciliata, Chrysopa dubitans, Chrysopa hungarica, Chrysopa nigricostata, Italochrysa vartianorum of Chrysopidae, and Sympherobius (Sympherobius) pygmaeus has not been confirmed. There was no species belonging to Ascalaphidae and Mantispidae in previous studies; however 5 species of both families have been recorded in this study. Total of 34 species belonging to 22 genera and 7 families have been determined. Of 34 species, 12 (Isoscelipteron fulvum, Brinckochrysa amseli, Chrysopa formosa, Chrysopa viridana, Chrysoperla carnea, Italochrysa italica, Pseudomallada flavifrons, Pseudomallada prasinus, Pseudomallada subflavifrons, Palpares libelluloides, Lertha extensa, and Nemoptera sinuata) were recorded in previous documents. The rest of 34 species have been added to Kahramanmaraş neuropterid fauna by this study. Chrysopa dorsalis and Peyerimhoffina gracilis are confined to coniferous trees, and Mantispa aphavexelte, Mantispa scabricollis, Mantispa styriaca, Nineta guadarramensis, Italochrysa italica, Chrysopa viridana, Chrysopa abbreviata, Brinckochrysa amseli, and Neuroleon (Ganussa) tenellus were captured from deciduous trees. Lertha extensa, Deleproctophylla dusmeti, Myrmecaelurus major and Libelloides macaronius are common in steppe habitats. Specimens belonging to Palpares libelluloides, Myrmecaelurus trigrammus, Creoleon plumbeus, Distoleon tetragrammicus, Pseudomallada subflavifrons, Pseudomallada prasinus, Pseudomallada flavifrons, Chrysoperla carnea are commonly found on broad-leaved trees such as oak, poplar, plum, pear, and coniferous trees such as Pinus brutia, Pinus nigra, Cedrus libani, Abies cilicica, herbaceous plants, shrubs, and steppe. In table 2, collecting methods of specimens are presented. Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 56 Table 2: Collecting methods of species. Plus (+) indicates the method used to capture species. References Ábrahám L. & Mészáros Z, 2002: Ascalaphid studies I. New genera and species of ascalaphids from Palaearctic region (Neuroptera: Ascalaphidae). Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 37, 385–405. Aistleitner, E., 1982: Libelloides jungei sp. n., eine neue Ascalaphidae aus der Türkei (Neuroptera, Planipennia, Ascalaphidae). Entomofauna, 3(14), 209–216. Ari, I., 2014: A checklist of Turkish Neuropteran species (Insecta: Neuroptera) with remarks on provincial distribution in Turkey. Acta Entomologica Slovenica, 22 (1), 59–86. Ari, I. & Kiyak, S., 2000: New and additional distributional and faunistic data of Turkish Planipennia. Journal of Entomological Research Society, 2(1), 9–15. Ari, I. & Kiyak, S., 2003: Micromus lanosus (Zelený, 1962) (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) new to the fauna of Turkey. 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Ismail Ari: A contribution to the fauna of Neuroptera (Insecta) of the Kahramanmara∂ province, Turkey 57 Name of the Species Capturing Methods Name of the Species Capturing Methods Insect Net Light Trap Insect Net Light Trap Deleproctophylla dusmeti + - Pseudomallada zelleri + - Libelloides macaronius + - Mantispa aphavexelte + - Isoscelipteron fulvum - + Mantispa scabricollis + - Wesmaelius (K.) subnebulosus + - Mantispa styriaca + - Brinckochrysa amseli + - Creoleon plumbeus + + Chrysopa abbreviata + - Dendroleon pantherinus - + Chrysopa dorsalis + - Distoleon tetragrammicus + + Chrysopa formosa + - Myrmecaelurus major + - Chrysopa perla + + Myrmecaelurus trigrammus + + Chrysopa viridana + - Neuroleon (Ganussa) tenellus + - Chrisoperla carnea + + Neuroleon (N.) assimilis - + Italochrysa italica + + Neuroleon (N.) egenus - + Nineta guadarramensis + - Nicarinus poecilopterus - + Peyerimhoffina gracilis + - Palpares libelluloides + + Pseudomallada flavifrons + + Solter ledereri - + Pseudomallada prasinus + - Lertha extensa + - Pseudomallada subflavifrons + - Nemoptera sinuata + - Aspöck, H. & Aspöck, U., 1965a: Die Neuropteren Vorderasiens. 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Şengonca, Ç., 1981b: Türkiye Nemopteridae (Insecta: Neuroptera) faunası üzerine taksonomik araştırmalar II. Faunistik. Türkiye Bitki Koruma Dergisi, 5(2), 101– 114. Received / Prejeto: 12. 5. 2015 Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 62 Ismail Ari: A contribution to the fauna of Neuroptera (Insecta) of the Kahramanmara∂ province, Turkey 63 Acta entomologica slovenica, 23 (1), 2015 64 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA PRIRODOSLOVNI MUZEJ SLOVENIJE SLOVENSKO ENTOMOLOØKO DRUØTVO ØTEFANA MICHIELIJA LJUBLJANA, JUNIJ 2015 Vol. 23, øt./No. 1 ISSN 1318-1998 CODEN: AESLFM Vsebina / Contents A. Stumpner, n. Stritih, O. mAi, S. BrAdler: diversity of Orthoptera in the south-western karst-region of Slovenia with notes on acoustics and species identification raznovrstnost ravnokrilcev v jugozahodnem kraškem delu Slovenije z zapiski o akustiki in določanju vrst ............................................5 d. thierry, m. CAnArd: Contribution to the knowledge of Green lacewings of Croatia (insecta: neuropterida: Chrysopidae) prispevek k poznavanju tenčičaric hrvaške (insecta: neuropterida: Chrysopidae)..........................................................21 t. BizjAk, t. hrOvAt, n. Orel, l. vAlentič, j. deBetS, m. Ošep, d. prAšnikAr, G. tOrkAr: Butterfly (lepidoptera: rhopalocera) diversity and agricultural land use in Solčava area, n Slovenia pestrost metuljev (lepidoptera: rhopalocera) in kmetijska raba zemljišč na Solčavskem, Slovenija......................................................29 v. švArA, B. zAkšek, r. verOvnik: Contribution to the knowledge of the butterfly fauna of montenegro (lepidoptera: rhopalocera) prispevek k poznavanju favne metuljev črne gore (lepidoptera: rhopalocera).........................................................................37 i. Ari: A contribution to the fauna of neuroptera (insecta) of the kahramanmaraş province, turkey prispevek k favni mrežekrilcev (insecta: neuroptera) province kahramanmaraş, turčija...............................................................49 1